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= 95 + 2300 + 5
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0 = x 1364
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392
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= 10 + 6 - 27
= (5 + 3) - 18
= 6 x 2 - 15
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254706 + 25 + 161 + 3
2547000
25400
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256000
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10
(2 x 579) x 5
(25 x 13) x (4 x 3)
795 x 938 x 0 x 2164
104 x 210 : AGyG M hO
2140
210 000
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..................... 4056 x 75 x 0
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........................8074 x 1002
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f
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11
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Y = (17 + 4 ) x (9 + 3)
Z = (49 x 37) + (51 x 37)
T = (278 x 12) - (278 x 2)
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15 x 5067 + 45 x 17
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312
412
365
.YdG
q G dG OY jH MG
q qdG
q dG OGYCG ib - II
: W U OY Ib
q eQh jJ - 1
ABCD
52j 5 x 5 AGG
z 2 Ib
q 5 { CGjh
zHq e 5 { hCG
CGjh 85 j
QhG dG
q (1
5 V He g
? Me g e
8x8x8x8x8 2
z 5 Iqb 8 {
: dq dG HdG cCG q K fG
4
12
= .........................
10
32 x 32 x 32 x 32 x 32 = 32
114
...
= 114 x .....................
= 5x5x5x5x5x5
...
...
30
= 10 x 10 x 10 x 10
121
= 30 x ...........
....
34
3 f
.HG dG
q eq CJ
fG
q IdG
q qHG OY g e (CG
? dG q G LhC
fG
u IdG
q q G OY MG (
.dG u d
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
J
.Sj CG qK dqdG G fG
.................. dO .............. Od Ib
q g 4 (CG
31
hJ
hJ
(
(
: dq dG idG e qc MG (1
2
11
,
1
(2356 + 176)
,
,
2006
,
0
,
10
,
,
174
1
6
OGYCG e OY qc MGd d dO W U OY Ib
q U cG (2
: dq dG
49 , 36 , 125 , 25 , 27 , 9 , 32 , 16 , 8
35
HLEG J jJ He MG QT
: JBc Dajh SCG e Y Y
Y j U hCG HLEG fc GPEG .e 10
Y j
U dGG HLEG fc GPEG q
.HdG HLEG UG QGG Ge IY
.j a GPEGh
a U de HLCG 3 Y MG LCG GPEG (CG
? Y G
QGG g
q
dG G g a de HLCG 4 GPEG (
? Y j
q
G g a de HLCG 8 MG GPEG (
? Y j
dG
q
YG e Y q c H HQyG K SGq c Y fG
. B YG
g 10 OdG ib
idG HCG e
HM
2
10 = 100
4
10 = 10000
6
10 = 1000 000
9
e SG dH
QG
dCG
dG
G
QdG
10
10
10
10
10
12
15
14 x 10 = 14000
4
77 x 10 = ........
...
3 x 10 m/s
a PEG
(
(O
23 x 10 = ........
...
31 x 10 = 3100
(CG
(
(`g
36
.SG fG (*) eY V q K j e fG
C N GU
8
1000 hj W1
CG GZc
.Gec 1 hJ Ge 103
6
eGZ 5 x 10 hJ WCG 5
1t = 10 kg
YS hJ fK 36 x 10
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
g dG
q e cc bCGh f qJG dG
q M cGc J QhJ
.CGh q dG hG fG . jq a VQCG q K IgdG jh OQY
edG j dG
q Y dG H dG
q Y dG H dG
q Y dG
58
cGdG
OQY
108 x 10
IgdG
150000000000
VQCG
228000000000
jq G
.q dG e Se GOY V q K j e fG
...
...
...
5732 = 5 x 10 + 7 x 10 + 3 x 10 + 2 x 10
5
...
....... = 4 x 10 + 3 x 10 + 7 x 10 + 2 x 10 + 8 x 10
...
...
...
q dG Hc q J
ah Hc : OGYCd
dG qdG
37
dG
q dG OGYCG ib U
q N - 2
.SG OGYCG qdG e V qK SCG qG fG (CG
4
1 f
....
: dq dG GAGG e q c QN f q dG SG (
2
12 x 12
27 x 27
35 x 35
38
Sj cCG (
11
...
12
2 = 2 x 2
...
...
3 = 3 x 3
OdG Ib
q g d
q d W U OY Jb
q AGL
.dq dG hj dO
n
n+m
a x a =a
J
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
: dqdG GAGG e qc MG q K NG
6
2 x 2
10 x 10
10 x 10
12 x 12
10 x 10
10 x 10
11 x 11
10 x 10
2
10
3x3 x 3
3
11
21
g q dH VQCG c qCG d
. 10 ib e GZdH VQCG c L (CG
ca VQCG c Iq e 330 0000 Qj e g dG c CG Y GPEG (
. 10 ib e qdH c
12
dW e Me Hq G H MG (CG
dG cGh 200 m VYh 5000 m
.W U OY Ib
q U
. (ha) Qg 2500 Me VQCG (
? Hq G H Me g e
25 x 10 U q dG cG
13
6 x 10
10 000hj QdG
He e
CG
4
1 ha = 10 m
...
39
2x2x2x2
e V q K fG (CG
.SG OGYCG qdG
2 f
5x5x5x5
...
: dqdG GAGG e qc QN f dG SG (
121 x 2 x 2
49 x 9
8 x 27
36 x 25
dq dG f d W U jOY Jb
q AGL
d
q d ddG f d FG Ib
q g
CG
n
a x b = (a x b)
J
: dq dG OGYCG e OY q c W U OY Ib
q U cG
400
3600
8100
12100
14
160000
40
4 3
(5 )
q dG e V q K j e fG
.SG OGYCG
5 x ... x ...
...
Ib
q g d
q d W U OY Ib
q Ib
q
.dq dG AGL dO OdG Gd
CG
n m
nxm
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
(a ) = a
J
: Sj cCG qK fG
... 4
(15 ) = 1
...
(10 ) = 10
...
15
7 3
= (5 )
V W qCG Y Hq G H Me MG .dG
q Hq e VQCG b
.ec
16
: dq dG GAGG e AGL q c W U OY Ib
q U cG
17
4 x 2
13
81 x 9
11
(125) x 5
4 3
3 4
(2 ) x (5 )
5
6
41
18
MG
L H IQY M Y
qEa SGbCG Hh Ibh
q Vh
H qdG q d jq dhCG
Sb
19
3 x 0 + 1 = ........
2
3 x 1 + 1= ........
2
3 x 2 + 1 = ........
L H IQY M Y
qEa SGbCG hO Ibh
q Vh
Id
q qjdhCG
: dq dG GQdG MG
3
2 x5
10 x 10
5 x2
(2 x 3)
2x 3
4 x 10
2
2 x5
5 + 2
10 + 10
20
10 + 10
. dG GG eCG (x) eY V qK fG
.hJ 5 + 5 x 2 jOdG IQdG
10 x 8 (CG
5 x 10 (
5 + 40 (
(O
15
21
(dG)
SG dBG SG
q
5
yx
12
CGf q K
x2
(1
125 : q dG CGf
: dq dG idG MG
: dqdG MGG qf
=
,
Qq dG SG dd z2 Ib{
q g SG cCG IdG
q - CG (2
. ITe qdG
42
: j c
f : e
49 : CGf
QG g 7 qCG jCG fh 7 OdG qHe g 49 qCG f 7 = 49 qCG f (
: j c Qq dG SH dP e qd . 49 Od Hq dG
x2
49
OY q c ec Hq e q f
jo q W U
U Od qHe U
.q W
: CGf
.ec Hq e dq dG OGYCG e OY q c c qGE qM (
7
169 ;
456 ;
625 ;
45 ;
81 ;
17
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
j jbEG dG
G e UCG bdG
: CG
1 f
eJ 5 Y gb
q GPEG ,40 h 20 H Q gOY b Y
d H hdH eJ 4Y gb
q GPEGh AT d j hdH
? dG OY e .b 3
43
III
2 f
3 f
? 6 Y ? 3 Y ? 2 Y q W U OY d G bdG g e
J
: gP CG
`d jbEG dG QN
`d jbEG dG QN
`d jbEG dG QN
`d jbEG dG QN
dG g e . 64 g 5 Y W U Od jbEG dG QN qCG f
? OdG Gd G
1000
: dqdG MG H e
,
131 = 12 x 10 + 11
102 = 6 x 15 + 12
d (
.HGL qY ? jq bEG b HdG g q g
44
W U OY SGb - 2
. 9 Y dG Hbh S 30 h
20H Q IQq S Y
5 f
? IQq S Y g e
. 12 cm Meh q W U GOY GH e f
.G OHCG L (CG
(q feEG q c YG) AGL U Me PEG cG (
. 12 OdG SGb L (
6 f
H q e Z JGY bQ M 28 .0 OdG f
G bdG Y HG (CG
3 Y dG Hb OY Y d
q
(q feEG q c YG)
OdG g
? 15 Y ? 5Y dG Hb dM qc Y G
q
7 f
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
FH f Qb .q W jOY AGL U
OdG cG (CG
.FeR
.q W U OGYCG KK AGL U 24 OdG cG (
.gL ,SGb fK 24 Od (
H H U
Sbh OdG
OY q d Sb 1 OdG W U
W U OY qc d Sb g d
q d
dh
45
24
8 f
9 f
b d
dG qdG dG
q OdG j
Hb a c GPEG a qdG dG
q Od Sb
jbEG dG bH c GPEG CG b Y d
.GU hj b Y a Od
q H ae j
5 h 3Y dG Hb . 4. OdG j H Se bH q dG jJ jf
: q G
hCG 0 hj OMBG bQ j CG j 5 Y dG Hb . 4 . OdG d
. 3 Y dG Hb ebQCG j CG j 3 Y dG Hb . 4 . OdG dh
: dq dG QNEG IT q f CG
5
Ggh
240 g M q S Y f
q
J
? eqdG OY f H ja 12 EG GJ 254 J g
13
1
1
4
3
135
```d Sb
123 ```d Sb d
111 ```d Sb
213 ```d Sb
213 ```d Sb d
45
12
5
4
15
46
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
U Od qjbEG b
b W U OY Y a W
bqEa d
q d bdG c GPEG
a `d Sb j
651
250
4h0h 5
.CGh q dG hG fG
bQCG SGH
bQCG KqdG GP Lhq dG OGYCG cG
5 Y dG J dGh
bQCG KqdG GP Lhq dG OGYCG cG
9 Y dG J dGh
bQCG KqdG GP LhdG OGYCG cG
.MGh BG 9 h 5 Y dG J dGh
935
738
273
132
Od Sb 2
Od Sb 3
Od Sb 4
Od Sb 5
Od Sb 6
Od Sb 9
: dq hCq G OGYCG -3
d
10 f
11 f
47
29
.f Yh 1 Y qEG dG j h 22h18 H Q dH
q eS Y 12 f
? eS Y g e
1
e cCG W U OY g hCq G OY
f Yh 1 Y qEG dG j h
(JGQEG HZ) :
1
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
2
12
22
32
42
52
62
72
82
92
3
13
23
33
43
53
63
73
83
93
4
14
24
34
44
54
64
74
84
94
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
6
16
26
36
46
56
66
76
86
96
7
17
27
37
47
57
67
77
87
97
8
18
28
38
48
58
68
78
88
98
9
19
29
39
49
59
69
79
89
99
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
.... , 8, 6, 4
JYe q H PEG ,
q hCq G 2
.f , qdhCq G d
.... , 12, 9, 6 JYe q H PEG ,hCq G 3
.f ,q dhCq G d
q dhCq G OGYCG j j qdG H UGf
q c Y a
JYe q H fh
q
(hG fG) . 100 e UCG qdhCq G OGYCG
J
.
q hCG Z dq dG OGYCG e q c GP qY
10
11
48
12
13
? e MGh q c Y c
Sb b h a c GPEG
qEa c Od dhCq G
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
(a x b)
c `d Sb j
: q G
2 x 5 x 7 AGG
70 Od J g
70 = 5 x 14
70 = 2 x 35
70 = 2 x 5 x 7
2x5x7
70 = 1 x 70
70 = 7 x 10
d
q d hCG Z W U OY c
dhCq G eGY AGL EG J j MGdh
49
14
J
.q dhCq G eGY AGL EG J Y q J qdG HdG dq dG MG H e YCG
2 x 2 x 17
59 x 3
63 x 5
51 x 13
15
15 x 22
h3h
120 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 5
3
120 = 2 x 3 x 5
Y a
q
CG
120
60
30
15
5
1
2
2
2
3
5
qH bae j
hCq G jdG
q
G
4900 = 49 x 100
2
= 7 x 10
d (CG
a q f
= (70)
a = 70
PEG
70 = 2 x 5 x 7
2
OdG qa (
4900 = (70) = (2 x 5 x 7)
4900 = 2 x 5 x 7
eGY AGL EG J SG (
4900 Od q dhCq G
50
G
4356
2178
1089
363
121
11
1
2
qdG jdG
q
2
2
3
3
11
11
Hq e U b Od Hc SG (
.W U Od
PEG
4356 = 2 x 3 x 11
2
b = (2 x 3 x 11)
2
b = 66
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
OdG f
.q dhCq G eGY AGL EG b OdG qa (CG
b = 4356
d (CG
J
3 x 5 x 120
15 x 9 x 8
4900
676
10 000 000
.Hq e e
5625
1 000 000
Me Hq e V W L (O
cCG G SdG -4
51
72
36
18
9
3
1
2
2
2
3
3
W U OY SGb Y OjEG
: ``e
72 OdG SGb Y Y dG jf
.dhCq G eGY AGL EG 72 OdG J (CG
3
72 = 2 x 3
: j
16
Od SGb HQCG Y f
, 3 dO 2 hCq G edG (
q
2 h 2 g
2 h 2 h
3
8
2
1 (x)
24 12 6
72 36 18 9
CG
Od SGb KK Y f
, 2 dO 3 hCq G edG (
q
9
CG
J
YG e q c UY Oq M
17
? dq dG GAGG e q c SGb OY g e
18
D324 h D200
4x5x 9
2x3 x 5
2 x 3
13
45 h 27 jOd cG SGdG Y L
(
jOd e Sb cCG SG
354 OdG SGb Y L (CG (2
531 OdG SGb Y L (
531 h 354 jOd cG SGdG Y L (
.jOd e Sb cCG SG
52
b EG 26 cm h 39 cm GH e T c J Iq S jJ
hO) W U OY dH
IMGdG V dG
q
q qHeh je
.(dG e AL
q CG JEG
OY cCG Y J
CG jJ qfCG Y IMGdG dG V g e (1
q
? dG e
OY q bCG Y J
CG jJ qfCG Y IMGdG dG V g e (2
q
? dG e
30 h AGM IgR 42 h AH IgR 12
de jM e Y L
.d q c e QgRCG OY f Y bH jd AGU
? QgRCG q c SH jJ qdG bdG e OY cCG g e
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
IgR
14 f
15 f
16 f
qH bae j
53
: hCq G jq dG
45 h 30 jOd cCG G SdG L : GDdG
q
: q``G
45 h 30 jOdG dhCq G eGY AGL EG qf ( 45 , 30) CG . . OjE
45 = 9 x 5 = 3 x 3 x 5
30 = 2 x 15 = 2 x 3 x 5
: Y f
q
45 h 30 `d cG SGdG g 15 h 5 h 3 h 1 OGYCG
5 h 3 g 45 h 30 jOd cG q dhCq G SGdG
(45 , 30) CG = 15 PEG
cCG G SdG
qW U jOd
dhCq G eGdG AGL g
AYEG e d cG
.e q d Ibq dO UCG
: qdG jqdG
180 h 48 jOd cCG G SdG L : GDdG
q
: q G
180 h 48 jOd dhCG eGY AGL EG J Gg
2
180 = 2 x 3 x 5
180
h 48 `d ce SGb g
48 = 2 x 3
12 h 4
h 3 h 2 h 1 OGYCG
3h 2
CG OjE fK jW
( 45 , 30) CG OjEG : 1 `e
5 e 45 h 30 jOd ce Sb f
45 h 30 jOdG e
q d 5 Y dG QN f
q M dG f
1 G Sb jOY Y f
q
45
30
5
5 Y 45 b QN
5 Y 30 b QN
3 Y 6 b QN
3
3 Y 9 b QN
3
1
(45 , 30)
CG
= 5 x 3 x1
54
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
48
: 2 `` ` e
(180 , 48) CG jd CGh q dG qG fG
J
(70,161)
(90,75,105)
Sb a c GPEG
qEa b `d
(a,b) CG = a
55
(6,24)
(12,13)
MG
CG
(90,105) CG
(105,75) CG
GC
q gP MG
GC
(34567,1) CG
CG (300,12600) CG
19
20
UC G G YG - 5
cCGh dq dG HdG fyG 17 f
..... h ... jOd Ye 48 PEG (48 = 24 x 2)
... h ... jOd Ye 33 PEG 33 Od Sb 11 h 3 GOdG
... h ... jOd Ye 55 PEG 55 Od Sb 5 h 11 GOdG
14 Od Ye ..... PEG 56 = ... x 14
.... Od Ye 37 PEG 37 = ... x ....
71 e cCG 5
a qdG
dG
q OdG j
dG
q Od Ye
d
q dG b qdG
a `d Sb b c GPEG
Od Ye L
62 e UCG 5 Od Ye L
63 h 35 H IQG 11 Ye L
18 f
? 3`d Ye 46 qCG g
? 9 `d Ye 1051 OdG qCG g
? 5 `d Ye 258 x 15 OdG qCG g
19 f
20 f
20 Od Ye 120
9 h 2 jOd Ye 252
1 Od Ye 291
90 Od Ye 181
251 Od Ye 251
45 Od Ye 270
3 Od Ye 1200
10 Od Ye 10
3 Od Ye 3 x10
0 Od Ye 1345
56
q H ae j
100 e UCG 12 Ye Y
L : GDdG
q
: `q `G
100 = 12 x 8 + 4
d
g 100 e UCG 12 Ye PEG
12 x 4 = 48 h 12 x 3 = 36 h 12 x 2 = 24 h 12 x 1 = 12 h 12 x 0 = 0
12 x 8 = 96 h 12 x 7 = 84 h 12 x 6 = 72 h 12 x 5 = 60 h
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
22 f
23 f
ce Ye a W U OY j
c h b W U jOd
c `d h b `d bdG f Ye a c GPEG
SJh fK 12 c
q qFV IQTEG IQe SJ
q IQTEG iNCG IQe
JQG fG .fK 16 c
j fK e c H .e JQTEG SQEG
? Iq e hCq e JQTEG SQEG
57
21 f
24 f
W U jOd UCG G YG
jd d d e Ye UCG g d d
`H d ej c h a jOd UCG G YG jOdG
CG..(a,c)
UCG G YG
g q W U jOd
cG dhCq G eGdG AGL
AYEG e d cG Zh
.e q d Ib
q dO cCG
24 = 8 x 3 = 2 x 3
2
20 = 4 x 5 = 2 x 5
(20, 24)
x
1
28
PEG
2 e
: hCG jW
: qdG qG M
6
15
2 x 3 x 5 = 120
(90,168) CG
168
90
GC =
: fK jW
.q dhCq G eGY AGL EG 90 h 168jOdG qf
90
45
15
5
1
2
3
3
5
168 2
84
2
42
2
21
3
7
7
1
3
168 = 2 x 3 x 7
90 = 2 x 3 x 5
3
2
(90,168) GC = 2 x 3 x 5 x 7 = 2520
58
J
SyGh qdG qG J cCG (CG 21
(120,126) CG G
MG (
(10,15,20)CG Gh (124,144)CG G h (72,48) CG G
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
b `d YV a c GPEG
qEa
(a,b) CG = a
q gP MG
(6,7) CG
(12,9) GC
(35274,1) CG
(18, 3672) GC
(1000, 3758000) CG
59
22
23
q e
qh qjJ Y g qdG dG
q OGYCG L
j
OhM JJ J d j OGYCG IY M Y
jOdG H jq M jJh
qW U OGYCG KK c h b h a c GPEG
qEa c e cCG b M
a + c = b j a = b - c
OdG f e MW hCG dEG VCG GPEG jqM H dG qj
CG
qEa c e cCG b h b e cCG a M q W U OGYCG KK c h b h a c GPEG
(a - c) - (b - c) = a - b h (a + c) - (b + c) = a - b
dG qG e f OdG MW h GOY e qM EG VCG GPEG jOY j
CG
qEa c e cCG a M q W U OGYCG KK c h b h a c GPEG
(a - c) + (b +c) = a + b
qEa c e cCGb M qW U OGYCG KK c h b h a c GPEG
(a + b) - c = a + (b - c)
qEa b+ce cCG a H W U GOGYCG c h b h a c GPEG
a- (b + c) = (a - b) - c
h jJ Y g dG dG OGYCG V
j
HM H eY AGL jJ hCG eGY JJ J d j OGYCG IY AGL M Y
qEa q W U GOGYCG c h b h a c GPEG
a x (b + c) = a x b + a x c
G Y qjRJ dG
q qY qCG f
qEa c e cCG b M qW U GOGYCG c h b h a c GPEG
a x (b - c) = a x b - a x c
qdG Y q jRJ dG
q q Y qCG f
60
q e
.OdG Gd Ib
q q j W U Od jhe eGY AGL
.IdG
q dO q j AGG eGY OY
dO OdG Ib
q g d
q d W U OY Jb
q AGL
.dq dG hj
CG
n
n+m
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
a xa =a
d
q d dq dG f d W U jOY Jb
q AGL
ddG f d FG Ib
q g
CG
n
a x b = (a x b)
dO OdG Gd Ib
q g d
q d W U OY Ib
q Ib
q
.dq dG AGL
CG
n m
nxm
(a ) = a
61
q e
Od Sb b d d W U OY j
H q W U OY Lh EG a W U
a= bxq
62
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
q qdG
q dG OGYCG Y q dG - I
q K q dG dG SGc Y fyG
hj OY q c qCG Y GPEG CG
jOLG jO dG H dG
QdG e IAGdG J) .SCG
.(dG EG
(40 - 25 = 15) : e
Qq JCG
: jW jCH ddG eG MG
87 + 15 + 13 + 35 ( CG
189 + (403 + 211) + 17 (
3503 + 185 + 12 (
60000 + 70 + 10 + 4600 + 230 (O
5
3
q qdG dG
q OGYCG
15
40
25
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dG HG SGc Y fG
eG J H CG q K
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8
7
CD
(3)
(2)
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? TdG dG jd j K OY a
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27
24
21
18
15
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10
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103 - .... = 47 (
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: dq dG OGYCG H e
60000000 58000000 57000000
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: dq dG OGYCG
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13 000
14 000
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380 000 - 370 000
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4 + 6 x 75 (CG
45 x 8 + 2 (
(12 + 19) x 3 + 1 (
(24 - 15) x 4 + 6 (O
13 x 327 - 327 x 3 (
78 x 65 + 78 x 35 (h
IMdG EG q M K SGc Y fG
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10
32 km = ....... dm (1
54 hm = ............. m
45 000 mm = ....... m
2200 dm = ....... dam
4 h 20 mn = ..... mn (2
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704 s = ......... mn .....s
372 mn = ........h ........ mn
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qXhCG
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cT eq b JLe jhd
VdG SCG e d
: dG UG
q
e e Y 5 jT GPEG{
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q
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N
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HY H UdG aG qCG Y.QeCG 8
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q G AG M e q
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794 = 7
100
39784300
57893
13
245
10
527800 = 39256500
999
13
1 = 56893
755 = 13000
18
q qdG
q dG OGYCG ib - II
7
...
12
...
2 x 5 = 10
...
...
...
...
...
...
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...
6 =2 x3
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...
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7
2
16 x 5
27 x 15 x 125
48
21
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h 2x3 +5 h
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81 x 5
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26 x 169 x 2
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(19 x 3 ) x (19 x 3)
5
4
6
3
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2
4
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6
12
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11
7
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13
13
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19
12
3 x 5 + (2 x 3)
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2
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10000 x 10 x 10
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2 x2x2
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66
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21 x 30
2 x3 x5
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3
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100 ; 88 ; 83 ; 69 ; 35 ; 28 ; 15
13
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407 h 740 h 74
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225
125
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2325213
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750 ; 288 ; 51 ; 38 ; 24 ; 16
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15
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378 h 2200
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(6430 ; 10) CG h (81 ; 9) CG e
2
2
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378 x 2200 h 378 h 2200
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(85 ; 17)
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MG (
(126 ; 21) CG h (126 ; 21)
GC
16
11
2 3
10 [(1600) ] ; 8 x 9
70
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jOU ZGaEG feEH a
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100
5,43
2,35
7+
85
25
33
;
6
110
3 1
10
38
1000
GMh 5
FG e AL 43 h
12 f
S c AGT g
1 f
2 f
.HGL qY ? dG G
19
19
<1
a<b
=1
a=b
21 ; 19
17 ; 21
;
17
23
19
17
17
101 ; 15
19
;
;
19
100
13
23
53
29
3 f
29
9
11
4 f
91
86
jc jOY fQ
dGh G
Jh ee MJ
jc jOY fQe IYb
.G f d
5 f
q H ae j
21
23
9 Y 1309
`dh
28
h 19
Qb (CG
17
2590 `d jq bEG dG SG (
19
17
e cCG g
19 > 21
23
17
1309
9
145 4
9
q G
OdG (CG
PEG f
d (
OdG
1309 = 145 x 9 + 4
2590 = 92 x 28 + 14
jCG
PEG
2590 = 92 + 14
28
28
2590 h 145 g dG DhL 1309 PEG
9
28
2590 > 1309 : dHh
q
28
9
1309 = 145 + 4
9
9
92
g dG DhL
J
.dM q c jq dG jOdG Qb
87
27
55
14
35
23
25
31
23
(CG
359
38
382
57
(O
28
34
14
15
11 , 3,05 , 11
7
3
367,5
12,25
57,24
0,09
MG
461,08
10
0,5
0,1
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()
()
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jq dG OGYCG Y q dG -V
MWh j
q dG OGYCG L -1
g c je Me EG J
q G e H FM d
.SdG e
1 f
d jc jOY
d c OY g G f
Hh G f
CG dG
a + b = a+b
c
c
c
? q G MG EG dH I qG MG dG dG OdG g e
J K G MG 3 J j FG J E{ Ra b
5
.HGL qY ? aGJ g zN
jc jOY aG eS b SQG EG g d 2 f
M
N
q f G
o aG h G H UdG
M IYb q fh ee .YdG
q oK I aG cQ K YdG
q (1)
5
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bdG
Y
dH
g
e
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q
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? aG bj qfCG Y SQGh G
88
q H ae j
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5
23
+ 7
4
3147 + 45300
3
19
2
(CG
+ 125
q G
19 + 125 = 9,5 + 125 = 134,5
2
3147 + 45300 = 1049 + 45300 = 46349
3
7 x 23
4 x 23
= 161
92
5 +
23
7
4
5 =
23
.dG HQ M bh hCG Me .e Y H M jf
.K M bh dK Me h N M bh fK Me h
dG q dG dG OdG jW e cCH MG (CG
jq dG OGYCG L
.M bh qdG
q jJ q Y g
dG Y G e dG MGG g qe g (
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89
5
23
5 x 4 = 20
92
23 x 4
7 = 20 + 161
= 181
92
4
92
92
(CG
eh
3 f
SGbCG e eqdG
YGdG f EG j
GQY M q G
q W U OGYCG H
: dq dG eG MCG
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2
5
1
7
4 + ( 3 + 3 ) 12
+
7
5
7
5
d jc jOY H dG
d c OY g G f
H dG Hh G f
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2
5
6
5
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0,29 + 5 + 2,71
4
(O
e H De
q d 25 S SCc
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4
? IQhQdG qG dG qc g e
4 f
a
b =a-b
c
c
c
MG
jc jOY H dG
qMf G
M IYb qfh ee
d jc jOY H dG
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3 - 2
3
4
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1305 - 0,5 (
2500
11 - 9 (
32 192
2
5 - 9
6 191
5 f
(O
4
3 + 1 )4
5
3
4
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4
2
6 f
7 f
.SQe ed jdG
q HdG f dq dG G 8 f
80%
1
8
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q Y Gq J jqdG edG f
90
j
q dG OGYCG V - 2
9 f
: dq dG HdG cCG q K fG
...
5 + 5
+ 5 = 3 x ..... =
12
12 12 12
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = ..... x 3 = ...
5
5
5
5
5
5
10 f
Sq dG M
GOGYCG c h b h a c GPEG
b 0 M q W U
qEa
cx a = cxa
b
b
J
: ddG GAGG MG
1 x 2002
1000
36 x 1
9
0 x 572
4008
1 x 32
65
7 x 1
2
5
11 f
11 x 9
10 10
? J GPe .c OY T f q c cG
: q dG Sq dG eq CJ
1m
1m
12 f
c OY g jc jOY AGL
jdG H AGL H
.ee AGL eeh jdG
CG
a
c
axc
x
=
b
d bxd
x J
125 x 4 h 4 x 3 h 2 x 3 : ddG GAGG MG (CG
q
55
2
8
5
2
9
10 h 15 dq dG jOdG e OY
q c eY AGL U cCG (
14
6
0 x 2002
25633 2001
1256 x 13
1256 26
0 x 29
35
4 x 5
4
5
N N
q 28740 m Me Ad U VQCG qjQqY dch Cqg
.AGG Wd bdG MG SSh b qd MG
dH AGG Wd G
MG q qdG
q
q dG OdG Y HG (CG
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.AGG Wd G
MG MG (
q
.1995 h 1990 H UdG IdG N bMCG jRGdG HZ e 3%
.bMCG qdG MG f q qdG
q dG OdG Y HG (CG
127700 m fc HdG d q G MG CG Y GPEG (
.G MG HQ MG
2
92
1225 x 4
1225
12
17
55663
x
55663
17
9 x 15
23
11
a
b
a
x
=
b
d
d
2 x 7
5
3
15 x 9
11
23
5 x 3,2
8
1 x
4
13 f
.dM qc Qbh MG
(CG
3,2 x 5
8
7
3
1 x 2
5
4
q gP MG
q Y g jq dG OGYCG V
CG q h q jJ
a
c
c
a
x
=
x
b
d
d
b
h
(
a x c
b
d
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e = a x( c x e
d
f
f
b
J
jW jCH MG
350 753
2 , 13 x 12 x 11
250
, 15 x 7 x 6 , 0,25 x 4 x
x
x
200 250
5
13
5
5
6
753
5
4
15 f
YS
16 f
3
4
H bJ .YdG
q ec 80 YS q h JQq H MCG qJ (CG
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q q e H jW UGh q K jdH Oh
q q d
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4
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q
Yq jRJ q Y g jq dG OGYCG V
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a
b
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c e = a x c + a x e
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10
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94
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68
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0
100
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12 x 1 h 2 x 1
2
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f qc e V qK SGq c Y fG (
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1114 x = 1
6 x =1
515 x = 1
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5
MG
18 f
e V q K SGq c Y fG
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95
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1
a
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5
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5
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ef
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1
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110 x
111
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a
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b
b
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5
6
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1
6
1
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1
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4
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= x
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3 x 1
5
3
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3
6
h
h
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6
5
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2
2
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3
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330
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1
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10
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b
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9
10
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3
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2
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100
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b
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=
c
b
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b
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2
5
1
6
3
4
3
4
4
2
3
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1
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97
1
2
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2
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2
3
4
18
qq dG - jFe f ` q jJ b -VI
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21,74 h
0,5 h 3,478 h 6,095 h 0,985
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25,478 h 8,72 h 0,409 h 87,351
.aG d Qjq dH q jJ b YCGh SCG IQJdG eq CJ
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dG qEa jhj hCG 5 e cCG bqdG Gg c GPEG 1e dG
q FL g Od OMBH qjqdG
42,82 Od OMBH q jq dG dG : e
43 g
dG qEa 5 e UCG bqdG Gg c GPEG dG
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142 g 142,28 Od OMBH qjqdG dG : e
2 f
SGq c 0,750
c 4,950
b 1,050
12,560
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3
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3
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3,524
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? K h J qdG Ua GqdG Y dG qjdG OGYCG g e (CG
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H q dG Qj Yh 11
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8
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7
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98765
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59875
55648
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22,5% g YdG J Y qXG (T.V.A) aG dG Y AGOCd
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14350
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102
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HS S
250
35%
iG
eq dG OY
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9%
36%
47%
qe VGQCG
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1 cm
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aGj q dG Y U 1
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10 km
1
1000000
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2,5
10
5100
10
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q
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q
x
b
b
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b
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bxn
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a
=
b
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a
c qEa
a x d = c x b j
=
b
d
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105
q e
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= c
c
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c
a x 1 = a qEa d
q d q W U GOY b h q W U GOY a c GPEG
b
b
bxd
] [
] [
c + e
f
d
a
c
a
e
x
+
x
b
d
b
f
c - e
f
d
a
c
a
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106
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30,695
112,96
113,265
126,135
30,011
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435 x 275 = 119625
623 x 1002 = 624246
HdG
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275 x 4,35
0,623 x 0,1002
1,002 x 6,23
43,5 x 2750
2,75 x 43,5
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550
100
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100
359
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500 x 12400000
3
10
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9
2,5 x 80 x 10 x 0,00001
4
2,001 x 300 x 10
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5
3
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;
28
40
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;
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21
18
16
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;
10
9
8
5
8
3
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1
2
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1
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50%
(1)
(2)
1
3
(3)
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18
93 = 31
...
96
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104
18
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7
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25 ,
100
4200 ,
5100
15 , 14 , 18 , 16
40
9
21
20
750 , 28 , 26 , 63
36
39
250 42
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625
8 +( 5 + 1 )
15
6
15
109
451
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270
240
170
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63
36
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q AG L 23
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13
512
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109
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3
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26
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8
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35000
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2700
700000
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125
=
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48
33
31,5 x 8
15
8
x 0,93
3
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91
3
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x
2
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3
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q
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2
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119
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900
1200
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200
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J
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300
2700
700
1200
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143000
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135
.Y e hCG GS dG N W Rh QJ
q q dG qG q j
(GZdH) RdG
(TCH) dG
? IOdG Y dG Rh g e -CG (1
? 11,5 kg fRh H eY qdG Y c -
.q G qH qG FMEG hG CG (2
? gZ e SCG dG Rh QJ
q a j dG IdG g e (3
136
SqdG
AGdG
OYCGh SG
jQe
MGh AMEG
137
dG
q
q FGY Vd eCG - II
.SCG bq dG Y S qFGY H OGDa eQ (1
? dq dG KG H e MG cCG G jCGQ M g e -CG
1 f
dG be
12
15
Gq G OY
: ddG FdG Y a
q
q dG LdG bQ
- 1 - 3 - 4 - 1 - 2 - 3 - 3 - 6 - 2 - 1 - 3 -4 - 2 - 1 - 6 - 1 - 3 -5 - 2 - 1
3 - 2 - 5 - 1 - 4 - 6 -2 - 1 - 1 - 5 - 5 - 1 - 5 - 4 - 6 -2 - 1 - 2 -3 - 5 -
dG GG OY bQ q H aj hL FGdG dG g Ff qf (1
.
q dG LdG Y a Md
3 f
GjdG OY
qdG
? dH GjdG OY e (1
. qG Gg aGj hL CG (2
.GjdG jDhQ hO dG e IMGh Ijc GSG MCG e W (3
GSG MG jFe f U q K
q c OY T cG -CG
.MCG fd Ijc
.dG e LGSG MG M GdCG qJQ -
138
.je Yb
16
IQhG dH Lj
CG Y GPEG .dG
q Y j CH MG f d b qc dG
q jhJ Y
q Hh JdH 50% h UCH e 3 h QRCH fe
q YdG HQ
16
.NCH fe
q YdG
: CGh qdG hG fG ( 1
MGh AMEG
NCG
JH
UCG
dG d
e qjFG qdG
G OdG
Yd
? jhJ H dG
q Y j CH MG q bCG d
q CG (2
: dqdG KG f (3
zNCG hCG JH hCG UCG hCG QRCG fd b Y dG j{ A G
zMCG fd b Y dG
q j{ B G
? bdG cCG KG
q CG
qEa e G c GPEG @
? B h A KG e q c MG e
.d
q jhe j dMG
( 0% hCG)
dMG qEa GcCG G c GPEG @
( 100% hCG) .MGd jhe j
139
QRCG
4 f
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
AMEG
O Y EG dG G j 3 iMEG q Y Q LC c j a
(QjdH) SDG
Ic ja S dG GgCG
.He
q S dG
300 300 320 270 300 250
S Y
q d G g qf (CG
.qFMEG
? FMEG dG g Ge g e (
.SDq G H QLCG q eh ie MG (
hL G e e qf (CG e M ee SCG qG j 2
.FMEG .jRZ Hh iNCGh e Ae jQGb
GgC d G O dG g e (
? G
GgCd HG q G MG (
.IMGdG HG
q G
INH cQ Od c j a 4
N N Gae 120 `d J
e Ae
.de MQ qjRZ Hhe
5
96
78 120 54
IdG
q bQ
72 jaG OY
600
: G jQGd G OdG
qjFG qdG
INdG d
140
MGh AMEG
MG
? U q e e Lj c (1
.CGh q dG hG fG (2 Ub 11 h AH UGbCG 6 hCG H LJ 6
fG
3 2 1 0
q LhCG OY
AH UGbCG 9 fK H LJh OSCG
IdG
q qG OY
.OSCG Ub 15 h
IdG G q c Vh (3 cCG HCG Ub S j Y CG e
? MG
e MGh q e S bh q K c
.FGY jH dG Gg
MG c OY U cG . 16 EG 1e be Ijc 16 H LJ 7
: dq dG GMCG e M c
.FGY jH dG e Ijc f
.fe
q LhCG KK d q e S (CG K c OY T zdM c { cG
Lh qbCG Y d q e S (
: jFe f U
.e
. 5 bQ IjdG GSG MG (CG
q
.jOa GOY Ijc GSG MG (
141
RGdGh
edG
q
q
e d OdG SG
q
RGq dGh eq dG q UN
II
e Y f H
III
eh IFGd q q dG q VdG
IV
e d OdG Sq G - I
.dq dG Sq dG M
1 f
. dq dG dG e b q d OdG SG
Oq M
q
.HGL qY [AB] h [DC] h [GH] h [EF]
: fCG q K q dG Sq dG M
b EG q dH G q GPe (CG
.HGL qY ? [AB]G
.EB h EA Qb K CB h CA jdG Qb (
. B h A Y dG jhe D f qY (
FA FB H F f Y (O
? J GPe (
Bh A Y dG jhe D
j
2 f
g e d OdG SG
q
jhG G f Y
dG W Y dG
DB = DA
HG Sq dG 3 f
YTh A gce qdG IFGq dG WJ f g N h M
3 cm YTh B gce qdG IFGq dGh 3 cm
? NBh NAh MB h MA OHCG dH g e (CG (1
[AB] dG EG qdH (MN) G q GPe (
[AB] e I q dG Oq M (
AB = 5 cm
143
Nh M
f SGH OdG Se
q HG qK [AB] G b SQ YCG (2
(AB)
G EG dH G f e
J
Id GQe q HG Sq dG
(biliard) zQdG{ d
.QG Gg W MG
.dG GhOCG SG hH
ABCD
YHq dG MG
IB = 4,3 cm
SCG Sq dG
.Sq dG J A q dG
IM = 1,3 cm qCG Y GPEG AM dG MG
g
M [AB] `d OdG SG
q
144
RGq dGh eq dG q UN - II
Y
q OY e AH jf : q dG
M ee f e q h q e e
1 f
. EG J Mq dG (1
HG qK M e e b SQG (CG
.OdG Se
q
.G AdG q c SG (
. EG J M q dG (2
Jh M gce IFGO SQG (CG
OdG SG
HG . B h Af
q
[AB] d
.G AdG qc SG (
qjOY e c GPEG
e Y
f
f e q MGh e Lj
q e e Y OYh ee
D EG J A
f q Yh D e SQG
A e QG D' G SQG qK D Y OdGh A e Qq G G HG
? D' h D `d q dG q VdG g e . Y OdGh
D' h D c GPEG
jRGe e
D' // D f
2 f
G f Gej e
jRGe g
M ee f e q h q e e `dRGe 1 e AH jf : q dG 3 f
EG J M qdG (1
e e
jRGe g
145
EG J
q dG (2
f e q MGh e Lj
ee
q e RGeh
J
M ABCD e T HG (CG
G HG (
[DC] `d OdG SG
q
? (AB) h d dG q VdG g e (
.JYb iMEG g
[AB]
.d b
[AB]
h O gce
(C)
G HG (
? ' h `d q q dG q VdG g e (
e Y f H - III
[BC]
d OdG SG
g (MH) M SCG Sq dG fG
q
1 f
146
B h A e Gq dG Y Gq h M
MB .... MC
, MH.... MC
MH .... MB
MH.....MA
G Y M q dG H q j MH dG e f
q CGh M H OHCG UCG
Y M d OdG G q J H q dG -
gh
g jRGe e H dG
gMCG e f H dG
NBG Gh
J
? A q dG dEG bCG
q G
Gq G
AG i
147
1 G
q CG
Gq a e e g SCG G Sq dG
(x) eH q AG d q h
. 1 m aGj 1 mm dG Gg Y
FG d H jJ b YCG
AG i qaM H j dG fCd
.Gh
' //
3,8
M q dG dG
q M
2,6 cm H dGh
qG Me Qb
EBC h ABC
: eh IFGd q dGq
q VdG - IV
1 f
: ddG Sq dG M
fqdG q VdG
dqdG qVdG
. G Y
hCG q VdG
q e
= {H}
IFGd
qCG f
q S
q
SdG
q f g H dG
q H
= {I,J}
148
2 f
f IFGd SG
q
G g e
YT Y OdG
.dG J
J
Y A q d OdG G B h e h 2 cm YTh A gce IFGO g C
dM qc Gh C IFGq d q q dG q VdG Oq M
AB = 1,8 cm
AB = 2,4 cm
.dq dG Sq dG e q c Gh
AB = 2 cm
(CG
IFGq d q dG q VdG Oq M
: jd ,HG Sq dG
CB = 5 cm -
(BC) h 2 cm
YT IFGO g I q dG d S
q
ABC qG Me MG
149
`` ` J
j [AB] e I
(IMGh eSG Y B h A h I) h (IA = IB)
jhG G f Y g e d OdG SG
q
dG W Y dG
q e e Y OYh ee f e q MGh e Lj
jRGe g G f Gej e
gMCG Y OY e q c qEa jRGe e c GPEG NBG ej
NBG ej gMC RGe e q c qEa jee e c GPEG NBG RGj gMC RGe e qc qEa jRGe e c GPEG q e RGeh ee f e q MGh e Lj
.NBG Wj gMC We e q c qEa jRGe e c GPEG
M H OHCG UCG gh G Y M q dG H q j MHdG e f q CGh
Y M d OdG G q J H qdG xM
Gh gMCG e f H dG g jRGe e H dG
NBG
J YT Y OdG G g e f IFGd SG
q
.dG
150
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
3
A
x
Qq JCG
1
B
x
eM f HG qK SGq c Y fG
dG jhe J G
B h A Y
RGq dGh edG
: q dG Sq dG eq CJ
SG
g (AC) a dG G cPG
q
.HGL qe [BD] `d OdG
A
2
x
OdG SG
g
q
s CG KCG (CG
[AD] `dh [BC] `d
qCG Y GPEG AD h AB MG (
BC = 3,2 cm h AC = 5,6 cm
151
j H D q dG HG q K SGq c Y fG
[AD] `d OdG SG
: qdG Sq dG M
1
A
x
q dG q VdG g e (1
qY ? (AD)h (BC) d
HGL
ABCD YHdG W SG (2
q dG HG K SGq c Y Sq dG fG (CG
K dGh 1 Y A `d OdG G
. Y A `d OdG G
A dG d jJ b dH YCG (
1 h G e qc Y
H
qXhCG
he REG dUh q Y QT
q e SGH IQhG IdG e G
bCG qY qK SGq c Y Sq dG fG Y q G Vd SG G Oq M
G EG IFGq dG e f
.IdG V
q Yh O gceC IFGO SQCG (1
(OA) H I h A f Y
(OI) Y OY
C `d SG
G HG ( CG (2
q
I C `d SG
' h A
q
. `d q dG q VdG g e (
? (OI) h
' qCG KCG (
152
M ABCD e SQyG (1
AD = 3 cm h AB = 5 cm
A gce dG C IFGq dG SQyGh
3 cm YTh
IFGq d q dG q VdG Oq M (2
(DC)G e
q ch C
(BC) h
G H dG Y ( CG (3
(BD)Y A d OdG
AH h AD jdG Qb (
q dG q VdG SG (
(BD) Gh C IFGq d
12
M q dG Sq dG SGq c Y fyG
CD = 6 cm
10
CB = 4 cm
hj (BC) Y H e HG
2 cm hj (CD) Y H ' eh
. ' h WJ f I q Y q K
. ICB h ICD qyG Me PEG Qb
g ABCD M SCG Sq dG M 11
3 cm
9 cm
12 cm
OHCG e
dH MND G Me MG ( CG
(cm ) Hq G
ANCM G T Me MG (
2
153
jGhq dG
- IQhG - eG - eq G : jGh
q dG
SCG
q dH HG jGh
q dG
jhG
q dG e
q
II
III
1 f
u
y
`````jGh`````````dG
jhGR c
jhGR f
q ee
q
q
90b
jhGR c
q ee jhGR f
q 180b
[ox, oy] jhGdG
q EG ef
ea SdEG g j GPEG xoy `H
xoy b EG dc
155
140
q dG Sq dG M
G MG (CG
xoz + yoz
xoy b SG (
? toyb g e (
SCGq dH
je SCGq dH He jhGR q c xoz = yot
zoy = xot
yot = 90 M xoy
.q dG Sq dG M
eq e jhGR cPG
.ee jhGRh
jhqGd IQh
yot
jhGR HG (
xot MG (
q dG Sq dG M
G SEG hH MG
toy h yoz e qc
156
FEM = 49
KCL = 53
BAC = 37
QCR = 25
NOM = 41
jhGq dG
q e - II
e
q HGh xAy jhGR SQG (CG 1 f
h [Ax) Y M `d OdG G H HG K [At) Y M f qY (
MK = MH qCG qM q K [Ay) YM `d OdG
[Ay) h [Ax) e
q c Y jH Qb K [At) Y N fK f q Y (
[At)
`````jGh`````````dG
jhGR e
q e f qc
Y dG jhe J
jhGq dG V
C
.njp rob He Z Kh H f Y qYh O gceC IFGO SQ G
HG (CG
' h H C `d SG
K C `d SG
q
q
h ' WJ f I q f
? MJ GPe . HIK jhGq dG e
q HG (
dG jhe jhGR e f qc
V Y
jhGdG J e
q EG J
157
2 f
jhGq dG f Y g jhGq dG e
q
V Y dG jhG
J
ucv = 30h xoy = 45
M ucv h
xoy jhGR HG
f HG q K eq e g c ' h e SQG
' h Y dG jhe M
M qdG Sq dG qeCJ
G Y M q dG H LhCG
.HGL qY
MI = 3 cm
.(ox)
q e g c KqdG AGLCG L EG L V (
G SG q K (2) dyG
A+O+C
158
(2)
(1)
`````jGh`````````dG
.YHQ jGhR f CG jf
: q dG ABCD YHq dG fG (CG
[AC] dG SQG (
.Y G
qG jGhR MG (
q
ABCDYHq dG jGhR SG
qdG EG Ud iNCG jW LJ g (O
? f
2 f
180hj
J
EFGH
E
B
65
50
159
C
H
BAD
h ACI MG K SCG dG
q qeCJ
MG qK SCG Sq dG qeCJ
xAy
160
`` ` J
.JQhe qfCG f ,V jhGR WJ GPEG qEa jQhe jhGR yoz h xoy c GPEG xoy + yoz = xoz
90
b jhGR q c eq e jhGR q f
180b jhGR
q c ee jhGR q f
.je SCGdH He JhGR q c
`````jGh`````````dG
xoz = yot
zoy = xot
180hj
qG jGhR bCG
360hj VCG YHQ jGhR bCG
161
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
Qq JCG
: q dG Sq dG M 2
cCG qK G fG (1
jhGR g KAH h KAJ
............................. h ....................
KAH jhGq dG e
q g [AB) qCG KCG (2
KAJ jhGq dG e
q g [AC)h
BAC jhGq dG b SG
jGhR bCG MCG q K q dG dG
q M
BCD qG
e
q
M SCG Sq dG eq CJ
OK = OL h KAC jhGq dG
HCB jhGq dG e
q EG J O dG qCG q H
[AO)
162
B
J
`````jGh`````````dG
163
q dG Sq dG eq CJ
.HGL qY ? G
a b g e
q
.SCG Sq dG fG
' h G Y dG jhG IFGq dG f q Y
QG XdG
e EG qdH f IXe - XJ Q
QG Xq dG q UN II
Q XH T IQU III
e EG dH
q f IXe - XdG
q Q
-I
1 f
qfCG Y GPEG q dG dG
q SQ cCG q K jq qe bQh Y q dG Sq dG fG
G EG q dH Xe
2 f
QG Xq dG
e d
. G EG J f M @
G EG q dH M q d IXe M q dG J @
g G c GPEG
[MM'] d OdG SG
q
. G EG J f N @
.f N g G EG qdH N dG IXe
J
. EG J M fh e SQG
IFGdG SQG B h A f j h M ce jFGO Sb SQG
B gce dG ' IFGdG SQG q K AM YTh A gce dG
BM YTh
M' fK fh M WJ ' h
. EG dH JXe M' h M qCG q H OYH EG dH N' JXe HG K EG J N fK f qY .dG
f
q
O h B h A f K q Y
B h O dG CG Y GPEG e EG dH A IXe A' dG HG
EG dH JXe e J
QG XdG
q q UN
B h Af (D)Y q Y q K (D)h e T bQh Y SQG (CG
G EG dH GdG YB h A JXe B' h A' dG SQG
(A'B') G SQG q K
- II
1 f
166
eSG Y aj QG Xq dG
dG Y aj QG Xq dG
QG Xq dG
J
J Q XH IMGh eSG Y P h N h M f K IQU CG q H
. (eSG Y aj QG Xq dG qCG f) IMGh eSG Y
[IK] dG e J M qdG Sq dG M
IQU a IG SH SQG - CG
qdG QG XqdH (IJ) G
Q
Y K h J JXe K' h J'f -
EG q dH Gq dG
IK = 3 cm qCG Y GPEG J'K' MG
167
.SGc Y HG SdG fG
B h A JXe B' h A' dG SQG -CG
. G EG dH GqdG Y
AB h A'B' Qb -
.e T AA' BB' q YHdG CG q H -
.IMGh eSG Y B' h I h A' dG qCG qH -O
xoy
2 f
J
.e T
ABCD
jd HG SdG
. BCD qG jGhR MG -CG
. ACB SG K ADB jhGdG Oq M -
168
QG EG q dH K IXe K'
q dG SQG -CG
VCG je KJK' qG qCG q H -
Q XH T IQU - III
1 f
QG Xq dG
? G EG dH jXe NCGh UG dG j dM
q CG
169
2 f
3 f
EG q dH GXe T
jhe T g e
MGh G b
: GdG Y
J
. e EG dH GXe EFGH h ABCD Hq G
.dM qc XdG Q SQG qK T bQh Y SQ qc fG- CG
fqdG dG
hCG dG
.L qc eCG zCN{ hCG zU{ LCG qK fG -
fqdG dG
g EG q dHA IXe
G g EG qdH DIXe
E g EG q dH C IXe
hCG dG
g EG q dH A IXe
Hg EG qdH D IXe
F g EG q dH C IXe
170
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
q c IQU HG q K SGc Y fG
. Q dG XdH T
: q dG G fG
QG Xq dG
: dG dG M
ABCD
G Xe SQG -
(AC) G EG q dH
dG a j qdG dG g e
? EG q dH jXe
: G q K fG
..... EG dH JXe F h E
.......... EG dH JXe D h B
...... g (BD)EG dH I IXe
.mT e GAL q dG SdG q
GPEG SQ cCG q K SGc Y fCG
.d XJ GQ g ' h qCG Y
(2)
(1)
1cm
2cm
171
(4)
(3)
eSG Y f K fc GPEG -O
EG dH JGX e qE a IMGh
.IMGh eSG Y J e
EG dH IFGO e f IXe -
f EG IQhdH J e
.IFGdG
IXe A' dG
. e
. G SQG q K SdG fG -CG
ABC Xe A'B'C' qG SQG -
. EG dH
EG dH
172
qG
qe AH fCG
qG IG G II
UG
qG III
q
qe AH fCG - I
: (dG g IMdG ) ddG G e dM qc IJK qe HG
JK = 6 h IK = 5 h IJ = 3 (CG
SCGQ
JK = 6 h IJ = 3 M I Fb IJK (
I FdG q b dG je IJK (
V
JK = 5 h IJ = 3 M
jhGR
IJ = 3 M VCG je IJK (O
dM q c
AC + CB h AB
Qb
1 f
2 f
A
A
x
B
x
( dG g IMdG)
EG = 4 h EF = 6 jd EFG qe
[EF] dG SGc Y SQG (CG
3 f
Sj G qK fG (
...... YTh ..... gce dG IFGdG EG J G dG
. IFGdG SQG
.ddG G e dM c dP eCG EG EFG qG SQ G (
SOBdG dG eG dG HGqdG dG dqdG dG fqdG dG hCG dG
FG 10
FG 2
FG = 6
FG = 12
FG = 1
FG = 5
q c b j qe
a H Q V
dG b h
.jNBG
CB - CA < AB
AB < CA + CB
174
J
1
HGL qY ? q ShDhQ C h B h A dG q dM
q CG
dqdG dG
fqdG dG
hCG dG
AB = 7, AC =4, BC= 2
qG IG G - II
q jOdG
Sq G
q
.q dG Sq dG fG
.[BC]`d OdG SG
EG JO q dG qCG q H (CG
q
.ABC qH G IFGq dG SQG (
1 f
qG
e d OdG SG
q
Se
q q j qG VCG
.qG Gd jq OY
jq OdG SG
WJ
q
ce g f q
.qH G IFGq dG
G IFGq dG ce jd
WH AcG q
Gd jOY Se
q
qG
175
C
B
Gq N REG Mqa KK TG
jh QhG OGdG e G d
q dH qG dRe Y aG f
C h B h A
C h B h A dG T bQh Y fG
.OGdG q qdG dG dch
SG bG q dG qdG qY -CG
.Gq d
qdG OGdG e SG bG q Y -
.G e q
qG jGhR
q e
I
B
M q dG dG
q M 1 f
?[BC] dG
q Y I q dG H g e -CG
. C^ jhGq dG e
q EG J I qCG SG
dGC IFGq d q dG VdG g e -
V
q qch 1,1cm YTh I gce
? qG VCG e
SQGh T bQh Y dG
q fG -
C IFGq dG
IH = 1,1 cm
jGhR e
q WJ
ce g f qG
.qH WG IFGq dG
176
J
1
qe e GAL q dG Sq dG q
J . ^ jhGdG e EG J
A
M f AH jf
q
q
WJ f{ : j e Ra eR bG -CG
.zdG
q q J^ h jhGq dG e
q
.HGL qY ? dP Y aGJ g
? jhGq dG e
q EG J iNCG Wf L -
AIJ
qG YJQG
A
qG
b g qG JQG
MCG J qdG G
OdG H ShDhQ
qd eyG yG Y
.SCGdG dd HG
177
G G q K SGq c Y q dG Sq dG fG -CG 1 f
: ddG
ABC qd .......... g [AH]
ABC qd [CL] h [BK] YJQEG SQG -
? J GPe
ABC
qCG dM dG f CG
2 f
G WJ
qG YJQ eG
cG q J f
.qd FdG
J
q dG dG
q M (1
? ABC qG EG q dH I q dG q GPe -CG
ABI d FdG cG g C qdG qCG qH -
? I e QOdG
q ABI qG JQG g e -
Y GPEG (BC) G Y A SCGq dG H MG (2
BC = 5cmh 18,5 cm hJ ABC G Me qCG
qG Sq e
[BC]e I
A
M T Qh Y q dG dG
q fG
( [AC] d
SQG-CG
q aGG) B e QOdG
q SG
q
( [AB]d
SQG -
q aGG) C e QOdG
q SG
q
? MJ GPe
b g qG Se
q
MCG J qdG G
dG
q ShDhQ
.SCGdG dd HG
A X
Se
q WJ
q J f qG
qG K ce
.q dG Sq dG fG - CG
Se
q qCG Y GPEG ABC G SQG -
.[AI] g A e QOdG
q
BX
1 f
I X
178
.q dG Sq dG fG - CG
C q b qCG Y GPEG ABC qG SQ CG -
[Ax) EG j G K ceh [By) EG J
IC = IB
qG
M q dG dG
q M
AIB h AIC qG Me Qb
.HGL qY
: U
q G qG - III
FdG qG
B
Fb
ABC e SQG- CG
^ +C
^ MG-
A
? J GPe . C e QOdG
q JQEGh A e QOdG
q JQEG Oq M -
: jd Fb qe
.eq e JOq G jhGq dG .FdG jhGq dG SCGQ g FdG cG 179
1 f
Fb qe g ABC M qdG dG
q M
[BC] e g I dGh
IC h IB h IA OHG H Qb -CG
.SQGh ABC H G (C) IFGq dG ce SG -
? (C) IFGdG EG qdH [BC] JdG q GPe
2 f
.H G IFGq dG b g FbdG qG Jh
CG
SG
W V JdG j Fb qe
q
.FdG jhGq dG e QOdG
q
J
BC = 6 cm h AB = 3 cm
IB = 5,2 cm
A Fb ABC qe HG
M
h
jhGq dG MG -
dG jG qG
je e
H
K
M q dG dG
q M
[JH] JYb dG
q
(IK) G EG dH JIK qG Xe g e - CG
Sj cCGh ddG G fG -
gh I e QOdG IJH qG ........ g [IK] dG . I e QOdG IJH qG .......... jCG
....... jhGdG......... g [IK) G f J
........................ IHJ h IJH jhGq dG IJH
1 f
180
.dG
q je qe
.je IYd JQhG jhGq dG qd XJ Q q IYd OdG SG
q
SGh
jhGq dG e
q
q e qc j IYd OdG SG
q
.qFq dG q dG e jQOdG JQGh
A = C = 50 M ABC
e T bQh Y SQG - CG
BC h AB H qdG SGH Qb -
. ABC G W SG -
qG
jhGR d qe qc
qe g je
.dG
q je
181
.HG dG
q M
JIH h IJH MG- CG
IHK h xJy MG -
? dG
q je qG Gg qCG g
.HGL qY
dGh
SAC = 30 M S Fb qe g SAC
SIC
ISC
.qG Gd SQ G - CG
h SIA h SCA MG -
VCG jG qG
? jGhR bCG g e .VCG je ABC qe HG - CG
.SQG ? ABC qd XJ Q e Lj c -
.H G IFGq dG ce HG -
? FdG ce ? K ce be SG g -O
J VCG je qe - ?? MJ GPe ? H WG IFGq dG ce
q d aGG IG G
.V
qd qjOdG SG q .d XJ Qh VCG jG
1 f
J
SG hH) 60b jhGR SQG - CG
.(G
Y bCG jGhR AH SG -
150h 30h 120 GdG
1 cm
182
J
q jq OdG SG
WJ q
G IFGq qdG ce g f
.H
qG
qG jGhR e
WJ q
GH WG IFGq dG ce g f
.qG
eG G WJ g f qG YJQ
.qd FdG cG
f qG Se WJ .qG K ce g
183
: jd Fb qe @
qee JOq G jhGq dG .FdG jhGq dG SCGQ g FdG cG j Fb qe CG H G IFGq dG b g FdG qG Jh .FdG jhGq dG SCGQ e QOdG
W V JdG
q SG
q
.dG
q je qe @
je IYd JQhG jhGq dG .XJ Q q IYd OdG SG
q
SGh
jhGq dG e
e qc j IYd OdG SG
q
q
q
.q Fq dG q dG e jQOdG JQGh
.dG
q je qe g je jhGR d qe q c @
q d aGG IG G J VCG je qe @
.V
.d XJ Qh jq OdG SG q VCG je qe @
184
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
qK T bQh Y Sq dG g fG
e I g q dG AG LCG SQ CG
.G YJQG
G G
SR =4
SUR
Qq JCG -I
qG HG
h UR =2 h SU =3 ( 1
h UR =12 h SU =3 (2
SR =4
I q dG Yh EFG e SQG 4
G SQyG K[EG] e SU =3h dG jeh S Fb SUR (3
[EF]
`d OdG SG
q
Gh
OdG SG
q
WJ f O qYh [FG] `d
' h
(OI) (EG) qCG q H
FdG b dG je SUR (4
SR =2
SUR =45
UR =2
UR =8
SUR
(5
qG
Y Dh O h A M GG Sq dG f
dq dG Sq dG e SQ q c q
H e Ue ABC e
e J h I M AGLCG
GdG Y [AB] h [AC]
.IMGh eSEG
OCD h COD
h AOE MCG
qe dq dG Sq dG e SQ q c q 3
ce H M AGLCG H e Ue
.FdG
ABC
ABC. qG K ce G
q f
j e q qdG Sq dG g e
? bf g e aVEG hH G q dG
G dG qY qK SdG Gg fG
185
G q GPe (CG (1
? ABC qG EG dH 2h
2 h 1G q GPe (
? ACD qG EG dH
IB = ID qCG q H (CG (2
J gce dG IFGdG qCG q H (
C h D e q JA YTh
Z Vh q c eCG (x)eY V 6
.VCG jeh Fb qe (1
.Fb h dG je e (2
60
jGhR MCG dG je qe (3
110
H IJS e HG (CG
SIJ = 45h IJS = 60h IJ = 7 cm
ISJ MG (
SIJ jhGq dG e
q [Ix) HG (CG (2
H [JS] j dGh
IHJ MG (
IJS jhGq dG e
q [Jy) HG (CG (3
O [Ix) j dGh
ISO MG (
10
11
jGhR MCG Fb qe (4
60 h70 jGhR dG je qe (
50
. 6 h 12 h 8 OHCG qe (6
[BC]JYb dG
q je ABCe HG
A e QOdG
q YJQGh 4 cm dW
5 cm dW
C h B f SQG K qdG Sq dG fCG
qe ABC j H G qG e
A jhGq dG Fb
{J} = 1 2
M q dG Sq dG eq CJ
h {I} = 1 3
186
qXhCG
c GPEG dG f REG g (
q CG Se OGQCG 12
? Y jq OY(AB) G qe T VQG b j
j M e F dG HG ( c J Mh MG f d b 6 EG
q b dG je CDF qG : dG SdG Ca qe T e IMGh q
. C q Fq dG
.HGL qY ? feEG e g c
f
q Gg j M CG 15
GIRE e SQG (CG
je RIK e SQG (
. R q Fq dG q b dG
q
.M H b e Ggh
REG Gg
q U e qd
GAC h GAB qG Me Qb (CG
GAB h GAC qG Me Qb (
? J GPe (
qG
GG Sq dG fG
13
SGq c Y Sq dG Gg AH YCG
16
HIK
qG Me MG (CG
H e QOdG
q HIK qG JQG W SG (
KHIR YHq dG Me MG (
.SGq c Y q dG Sq dG fG
C
14
D
A
B
ABE qG j M
e E dG HG ( CG
g c . E q Fq dG q b dG je
.HGL qY ? feEG e
187
16,1 cm g qdG dG
q 20
Y q G OHCH SQ YCG
.HM j e M H SGq c
21
gce IFGOC GG Sq dG
qe g OYA . 1,5 cm YTh
YA = 2,7 cm Mh AL j
I C IFGd SG
g h
q
O
18
[AB]
ABC G M SCG Sq dG f 22
(EF) //(AC)
h VCG je
(EG) // (BC) h
IYO h A MG (CG
IYO qG MG (
19
188
? EBF qG W g e (CG (1
? EAG qG W ge (
K
H dG Lgh eCG GNCG OGQCG (2
de e bfG LQq GO Y
C
qG G eCG JG A dH qG
S
ABC G VCH
B
C EG B e K B EG A e bfG)
A
( A EG C e GNCGh
dG
q VCH qG G Lg qJG
eh B EG A e fG) ABFEGA
G b e I dG q G EG E e h E EG F eh F EG B
b e C dG qh [AB]
( A EG G e GNCGh
.[BK] G
? ae cCG b jNCG
q CG
? BAK qG W ge (1
? JIA qG W ge (2 OI > 4 M I h O f q Y 23
? (BK)h (IJ) `d q dG q VdG ge (3 YTh O gce (C) IFGO SQG (CG
. 2 cm
. [IJ] e g (S) dG qCG q H (4
[OI] gb (C1) IFGO SQG (
CIA h CJA qG Me Qb (5
K gceh
HQ g JIA G Me qCG q H (6 . B h A f (C1) h (C) WJ
BAK G Me ? KAOh IKA qG W ge (
? AIO qG W ge (O
IJ = 1 BK qCG SG (7
2
e Qq e e Ad jW SG (
. (C) `d Sh
I dG
q
? feEG e LJ c
qG
: dG Sq dG M
189
24
VCG YHQ
Hq G - q G - G
VCG RGe
II
Hq G - q G - G - I
: dq dG dG
q fG
(2)
1 f
(1)
q qfCG qe Y f
NGO f qc HQ GPEG
J e H
.qG Gg NGO IG
VCG YHQ
O ce q Y q K ABCD
g G
VCG YHQ
Fb jGhR
: jd G
Q VCd jq OdG SG .d XJ
.jeh jRGe He V q c .e Wjh je GdG -
191
2 f
J
OBA = 25,8 h OC = 2,3 cm h BC = 2 cm M SCG SdG M
AOD qG MG (CG
B
A
25,8
?
2,3
DOA . jhGdG b
MG (
JK = 4cm
[EG]
[EG]
e b SQG (CG
jb MCG e EFGH YHdG j H H h F f q Y (
h SA = 3cm M SAFI e SQG (1
QG EG dH [SA] dG If [S' A'] d (2
A' h S' dG q Y (CG
.HGL qY ? SAA'S' YHdG W g e (
SAA'S' YHdG Me MG (
SI = 2 cm
(FI)
FdG b dG je ADB e HG (1
q
YHQ g q G
BD = 2 cm h AB = 3cm M
YVCG q
je
(BD) G EG dH A If C dG HG -CG (2
3 f
: jd q G
q jd eG G .d XJ Q
.e Gee GdG -
ce dG dG q G M
jhGdG Qb q K EFG h EHG jhGdG Qb (CG
.HGL qY , FGH h HEF
jhGdG EG dH [EG) G f q GPe (
.HGL qY ? HEF
? q G jGhR H EG dH MJ GPe
I
4 f
VCG YHQ
: jd q G
.je HG jGhq dG .jGhR
GdG q
45
X
q G AH CG q K q dG Sq dG fG
G fh ce q O dG qCG Y GPEG
.YVCG MCG j [Ax)
? Y G
qd fK J LJ g
q
ABCD
50 jGhR iMEGh 3 cm
V qe SQG (CG
.q H WG IFGdG HG (
4 cm
193
5 f
6 f
.jG bJ H U b GHh
? VQCG d G OHCG H g e (CG
? J q bCH VQCG b J e q dG q feEG g e (
? dG J VQCG b T EG q dH MJ GPe
: g XJ Qh HQCG Hq d
.YVC jq OdG SG
q
.jd eG G Wjh Geeh je GdG
.e
f Hq d
q UN
q Gh G
J
: ddG G e L c eCG zCN{ hCG zU{ `H LCG q K hG fG
e g Fb jGhR K d q YHQ
e g Hq G
Hq e g 5 Me e
q e g Hq G
a XJ GQ Hq d
.CG q K fG ,qbe Hq e KH qj q dG hG
Me
V
Hq G
bQ
2 cm
bQ
16,4 cm
bQ
36 dm
194
b Hq e q dG Sq dG q
? Me j c (CG
Qq dG OYH d qjJ b YCG (
6 cm
6cm
.SG dBd
: VC G RGe - II
(D)
A
VCG YHQ
'h
(D')
'
1 f
: Sq dG Gg M
dh
(D')h (D)
d q q dG q VdG Oq M (CG
? ABCD q YHq dG W g e
g VCG RGe
a iRGj BC
q YHQ BC h AD jdG Qb q K CD h AB ,jdG Qb (
He V q c ABCD q YHdG ce O q dG q Y q K Sq dG fG (
.q YHq dG Gg b EG q dH q dG q GPe
2 f
VCG RGe ie
q Qh Y SQG
.SCG dG
q qe g c AGLCG HQCG EG b
q qK
. H h I jhGq dG Qb q K O h I jhGq dG Qb (CG
? MJ GPe . L EG L J h I jhGq dG V (
IJOH
195
10
: jd VnCyG RGe
je He V q c je He jhGR q c ee JRhe jhGR qc e GdBG Wj A
H
A
M
1,5cm
J
VCG RGe e GAL Sq dG Gg q
qdG HG . D SCGq dG j M ABCD
D SQ hO [BD] e
YHq dG e q c dG
q Gg
.VCG RGe g SITE h SAMI h
qCG Y GPEG [GA] dG
q W MG
11 cm hj IMAGE G W
SAGE
I
3cm
S
G
.IMGh eSG Y d C h Bh A f K V
[BD] h [AC] Mh CD = AB h AD = BC H D q dG HG ( CG
.We
(AD) // (BC) h (AB) // (CD) qCG qM (
? J GPe
3 f
He V q c jJ GPEG
VCG RGe qfEa VCG YHQ
196
MN =6 cm H MNPQ
4 f
VCG YHQ
J
M JENYVCG RGe HG (CG
RO = 3cm h MO = 5 cm M OMAR VCG RGe HG (
10 cm hJ Meh
? MJ GPe . OMAR h JENY Qb (
hj h RE = 5cm M EROS VCG RGe AH g (O
? 20 cm hJ Meh 16 cm
5 cm2 hJ Meh JY = 3 cm h JE = 5 cm
197
ee f e q h q e RGe e AH
EG J I fh e SQG ( CG
IJKL YHq dG j H L q dG Oq M q K Y K h J f V (
.VCG RGe
.ee f e q h q e RGe e AH q c SG (
198
VCG YHQ
199
q
. e Gee GdG XJ Q q jd eG G .d
: jd G
q
.je HG jGhdG
q .jGhR
GdG q
je YVCGh Fb jGhR YHQ g Hy
q G
: g XJ Qh HQCG Hd
q
.YVC jOdG
SG
q
q
.jd eG G Wjh Geeh je GdG HG
q
.e
.He V c
q a RGj YHQ g VCG RGe
: jd VCG RGe
je He V c
q je He jhGR c
q ee de jhGR c
q qfEa He V c
q jJ GPEG ,VCG YHQ
.VCG RGe
hJ VCG RGe Me
b
b x h hj VCG RGe
2 (a +b)
`` ` ` jQ`` ` ` `
Qq JCG
ABI
qG Me Qb (CG
IJ SGh CID h
JIADYHq dG Me MG (
: q dG Sq dG eq CJ
B
M e g OEUF
FO = 4,2 h FU = 10,6
[OE] e M dG f
ME = a M
L
O
D
qG Me dH MG (
MOU
Me MG (
MOU h EMU qG
? MJ GPe
EMU Me d a L (O
.je MOU h
KI = 4 cm M MIKE q Sh e HG
IE = 5 cm h
ABCD M qdG dG
q M
BI = 5 h BC = 6 h DC = 8 h
200
b e U h R dG Oq M
RAUL j H [SI] G
. Hq e
Mh I ce q e g POTE 11
.ePUCE M q dG dG
q M 6
CE = 4 h TC = 2 qCG f
? MJ GPe
12
YH
dG
SC
G
S
dG
ABCD
q
q
ABE Gh VCG RGe
TO = 5 cm H FORTq e HG (CG 7
hj EC M VCG je
QcdGh IG e FR =4cm h
EB K
VCG YHQ
.a
FORT Me MG (
RI = 5 cm
.Hq e
BIEN
qe HGp
RAE = 60 h
M q dG Sq dG M
RAIE
ECU L (CG
ECU qG W SG (
EA
V gAUD
h EU Qb (
qCG qH (O
ECU
[NE] e g U dG qCG q H (1
(TU) h (CR) G qCG q H (2
.Gee
? TRUC YHq dG W ge (3
201
MG (CG (1
.HGL qe zCN{ hCG zGU{ `H cCG 13
RGe g jRGe V d YHQ q c (1
BA = BC qCG KCG (
.VCG
AED jhGq dG e
q [Ey) HG (CG (2
.e g Fb jGhR d YHQ qc (2
.F [Ax) j dqGh
.VCG RGe g e q c (3
AEF MG (
.e g Hq e q c (4
? AEF qG W g e (
.Hq e g q e q c (5
MG e e q c Y LCG 15 e cCG e T jGhR (6
3
zCN{ hCG zGU{ `H dq dG
.e jGhR
qEa e ABCD c GPEG (1 .q e g Gee Gb VCG q YHQ q c (7
AC = BD
.Gee Gb e g Hq e q c (8
VCG RGe ABCD c GPEG (2
(AB) // (AD) qEa
14
RGe ABDE M q dG Sq dG M
qEa q e ABCD c GPEG (3
BAE jhGq dG e
q [Ax)h VCG
AC = BD h (AC) (BD)
qEa Hq e ABCD c GPEG (4
CAE
AC = BD
h (AB) // (CD)
C
A
202
EA = AC CG Hu (1
OBAK W ge (CG (2
Hq e NOIR M q dG Sq dG M 18
K qCG qH ?
[OE] e B qCGh [OC]
VCG YHQ
e
VCG RGe e dG Lj c (
.? e T eh
KBEC G T Me g e (
? 750 m2g OCE qG Me qCG Y GPEG
M q dG Sq dG M
M ce I h qe
BE = AE = RA = HO = SH
q CG q H (CG (1
ARIE YHq dG W SG (
(RE) `d qdG qVdG ge (
? (BC) h
RI = RA = EI
203
19
ABCD
17
? (SO) h
.jRGe (RO) h (ES) qCG q H (2
? ROSE YHq dG W g e (3
f g ROSE Me qCG qH (4
BACH Me
J dG
q e q HQR d (5
:(1SQ fG) qdG PCG Y AM
1 qdG M PCG :1 SQ
10
1
50
: 2 S
qdG M q HQdG e A J
6 cm
4,5 cm
204
FdG QTG
jq FG
q dG fGSG
FdG QTG I
FdG jq FGdG fGSEG II
FdG QTG - I
: dqdG G
M
q
1 f
Nq dG G
bQ IFGH MCG ( CG
q
.G
q d cG UG
cG (
q
q
: jd FdG QTG
je qe g JYdG e g q fG LhCG JQGh je FdG QTd q fG MCG .JYdG H UGdG aMCG W g
206
FdG jq FG
q dG fGSEG - FdG QTG
: dqdG G
M
q
2 f
CG q K q dG hG fG (CG
dG OY
S
OY
MCG
OY
LhCG
T
LhCG
T
IYdG
G
q
Fb KK QTe
qe
G RGe
? MJ GPe
F+S-A
MG (
G
e ch
q
q 3qdG M ie
q Qh Y dq dG jq dG fG
.aGG
207
3 f
1 dH eq G FdG GQTG e
q d Gf SQG
3 cmYJQG Fb QT IYb q q dG Sq dG
4 f
5 f
CG q K 2 qdG M ie
q Qh Y fG (CG
.QTG Gd f Y d
q
.aGG G
c
q
q (
: qdG d
Gf SQG (CG
q
.q fG MG bCG MG (
JQEG IYdG AGL MG (
.HdG
q q dH fQbh
6 f
Me hJ Fb QT qfG MG
qfG LhCG
CG
iMEG AGL hJ Fb QT qfG MG
.YJQG JYb
d
fG MG jH MG (CG
q
.HG
G
Gg fG (
q
MG K IYdG Me MG (
.d
q G
q
7 f
hJ Fb QT q G MG
.JYb Meh q fG Me
208
J
4 cm aM W q q G MG MG
JYb Fb GQTe q q dG dG
q
.Fb e T T
FdG jq FG
q dG fGSEG - FdG QTG
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1 dm
aM q e e SCG G RGe j
q
1 dm g q G M qCG Y GPEG M MG
3
4 dm
1 dm
1 dm
1 dm
5d
6 dm
AGL hj G RGe M
KqdG OHCG
209
8 f
gh I AG e q dG G
j
q
q
QTe gh II AGh e RGe
.Fb qe JYb Fb
II h I jCGG e
q c M MG (CG
.d
q
.d
G G SG
q
Meh G
JQG AG L MG (
q
? MJ GPe JYb
9 f
J
1dm3 hj d 1
: qdG G
M MG
q
210
AYdG AG e d
q U bh (CG
? AYdG Gg AG JQG g e
FdG jq FG
q dG fGSEG - FdG QTG
,AYdG NGO jq jM Ic Vh H (
1,2 cm `H AG ie JQG
.IdG M MCG
? Nq dG G
g e (CG
q
.G
q d cG q UG cG (
q
211
1 f
: dq dG G
M
q
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1000
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750
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500
500
520
1000
1020
720
700
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229