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Wikipedia is a Valid Alternative to Britannica (Second Revision)
There is now a public debate about Wikipedia, the free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit
(http://en.wikipedia.org), and its validity as a reference source. The issue has only grown more
prominent with recent revelations about significant false editing of Wikipedia by politicians and their
aides. Wikipedia has seen increased media coverage, adding to the alreadystrong doubt about it,
especially among teachers who believe students should not use it for schoolwork. As more people use
it, it is important to discuss its credibility. Some of the criticisms of Wikipedia are valid and some are
not. In comparison with Encyclopædia Britannica, the preeminent printed encyclopedia, which also has
an online edition (http://www.britannica.com), there are aspects where Wikipedia is better than a
traditional encyclopedia but also aspects where it still needs to improve.
The most obvious difference between Wikipedia and Britannica is size. The Englishlanguage
Wikipedia celebrated its 1.5 millionth article in November 2006, while Britannica has about 100,000
articles. It may have fifteen times the number of articles of Britannica, but when it comes to the
number of words, Wikipedia has only about three times as many. This is because it has a large number
of “stubs,” entries of only a few sentences that require more development to become fullfledged
articles.
The size advantage might be the first reason for its superiority that a Wikipedia supporter might
cite, but in a reference source, quantity is not everything. Style elements such as the quality of the
writing and the bias of an article are important, and in these areas it is evident that Wikipedia is still
behind Britannica. However, because of its wiki nature, which allows articles to continually improve as
multiple people make edits, its quality should increase as fewer new articles are created and more
energy is spent on improving existing articles. Wikipedia already meets or exceeds the quality of
Britannica on hundreds of “featured articles,” and approaches or meets its rival's quality on thousands
of other “good articles.” These are designations given by the Wikipedia community to recognize an
article's outstanding quality, based on strict criteria regarding an article's content, organization, and
style.
However, Britannica's overall quality of writing is clearly better than Wikipedia's; the
preponderance of badlywritten articles in Wikipedia lowers its quality greatly. Anyone who has
experience with both encyclopedias cannot deny this fact, and even the most strident Wikipedia
supporters admit it. The quality disparity exists for several reasons. Firstly, Britannica contributors are
chosen because of their expertise in a certain field, so they are all welleducated and they can write
well; they probably have experience writing about their specialty in books or academic journals. It is
not that most Wikipedia editors are uneducated, or even that higher education in a specialty is required
to write well about it, but there are certainly some editors whose bad writing lowers the overall quality
of the encyclopedia. Secondly, the cutandpaste nature of the wiki form of editing can lead to
disjointed articles. Collaborative editing is good for creating simple articles or when each person
contributes a full article. However, when used to create more detailed articles, the result often lacks
organization and a clear sense of purpose. For example, in many biographical or historical articles,
Wikipedia often has simple lists of events where Britannica would have a more purposeful recounting
of a person's life. Thirdly, because Britannica is a corporation, it can employ people to check every
sentence and word for spelling and grammar errors. Though Wikipedia does have a dedicated group of
volunteer copyeditors, it is still riddled with misspelled words and bad grammar. No amount of
volunteerism can match the motivational power of being paid, as Britannica copyeditors are.
There is also an issue with bias in Wikipedia and, to a lesser extent, Britannica as well. A
common argument of doubtful teachers is that because it can be edited by anyone, Wikipedia is more
likely to contain an inaccurate representation of a subject added by a person intending to reduce the
quality of the encyclopedia or someone related to the information in an article. For example, it was
recently discovered that, for four months, a Wikipedia article falsely claimed that a former assistant to
Robert F. Kennedy was involved in the assassination of his brother. There have been numerous
instances of biased edits of articles about politicians being traced back to Capitol Hill IP addresses. It is
true that Wikipedia can be prone to this type of biased editing, but these examples are hopefully the
exception rather than the rule. Wikipedia has thousands of volunteers who work tirelessly to ensure that
articles keep a neutral point of view, and there are strict policies agreed on by the community.
Wikipedia also has a “systemic bias” due to the relatively narrow demographics of its editors;
the average Wikipedian is a white male, 1549 years old, from an industrialized nation in the Northern
Hemisphere, and is more likely to be employed in intellectual pursuits than skilled or unskilled labor.
(This information is from the page of a project within Wikipedia that aims to counter systemic bias.)
This causes the world views of females, people in developing nations, and less educated people to be
underrepresented.
Britannica might seem to be less biased, but there is in fact a certain amount of bias inherent in
its nature as well. Since each Britannica article is written by a single expert on the topic, articles can be
biased towards that expert's particular view of his field, and may not necessarily represent the complete
spectrum of other experts' opinions. However, it probably is true that Britannica is less biased than
Wikipedia, because it has fewer biased contributors and a reputation for impartiality to uphold.
Apart from the quality of writing or amount of bias in an encyclopedia, the reliability of the
information is also important. Whether intended or not, factual inaccuracies undermine the validity of
a reference source. In this area, Britannica is ahead of Wikipedia, but Wikipedia can still improve. A
recent Nature study examined articles about fifty topics in both encyclopedias and found that the
average Wikipedia article had about four factual errors, while the average Britannica article had about
three. However, this study is controversial and, in any case, it only examined articles about scientific
topics. Still, because Britannica can employ dedicated factcheckers, it does seem likely that it has
fewer factual errors than Wikipedia. However, like the quality of Wikipedia's articles, this will also
change over time.
There are factors involved apart from the actual content of the encyclopedias as well. For
example, the fact that Wikipedia articles are constantly revised and updated is a benefit because articles
are more uptodate than the yearly Britannica, but also a detriment because it is difficult to use a
dynamic source for research. Wikipedia's accessibility from anywhere there is a computer is another
important independent factor. But perhaps the most important is cost: Wikipedia is free, while a full
print set of the most recent Britannica edition costs more than a thousand dollars.
Overall, Britannica may be a better encyclopedia than Wikipedia, but this does not mean that
Wikipedia should not be used, or that it is not a valid reference source. To a certain extent, trying to say
that one is better than the other is the wrong approach, because they have fundamentally different goals.
One aims to be a communitybased encyclopedia about anything anyone thinks is important, and
recognizes that its quality will never be perfect, while the other aims to be an authoritative reference
source that gives a broad overview of only what it thinks is important. Both meet these goals, and the
most important thing to remember is that any encyclopedia is only a reference source; it should be used
only as a starting point for research, and always verified. In today's information age, both Wikipedia
and Britannica serve this purpose and will continue to coexist.