System Model

7/13/2008
System Model
Text: 5.8 5.11
Topics

System Model Regulating Transformers
Copyright 2008 Henry Louie
www.slackbus.com
7/13/2008
System Model
weve discussed transmission lines, transformers, per unit, one line diagrams now we put them all together to model the system we will also discuss power flow control devices
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System Model

G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. T2: 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at 154 kV Draw the impedance diagram
T1
40 160 j
T2 G2
4
G1
20 80 j
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7/13/2008
System Model
G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. T2: 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at 154 kV
we have 3 sections convert all quantities to a common base assume transmission line section base is given as: V3B =132 kV SB = 100 MVA
T2 G2
5
T1 G1
40 160 j
20 80 j
20 80 j
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System Model
G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. T2: 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at 154 kV
T1 G1
power base remains the same for all sections find the other section base voltages by transformer ratios: G1 section: V1B= 132 x (12.2/161) = 10.002 kV G2 section: V2B 132 x (13.8/161) = 11.31 kV
T2
40 160 j
20 80 j
20 80 j
G2
6
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7/13/2008
System Model
G1: 50 MVA, 12.2 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. G2: 20 MVA, 13.8 kV, X = 0.15 p.u. T1: 80 MVA 12.2/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u. T2: 40 MVA 13.8/161 kV, X = 0.10 p.u.
new Z p.u. old Z p.u. new SB VBold old S B VBnew 2
T1 G1
40 160 j
now convert all parameters to p.u. on the common base G1: X = 0.15 x (100/50) x (12.2/10.002)2 = .4463 p.u. G2: X = 0.15 x (100/20) x (13.8/11.31)2 = 1.1166 p.u. T1: X = 0.1 x (100/80) x (12.2/10.002)2 = 0.1 x (100/80) x (161/132)2 = 0.18596 p.u. T2 = 0.1 x (100/40) x (13.8/11.31)2 = 0.3719 p.u. T2
20 80 j
20 80 j
G2
7
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System Model

G1: X = 0.4463 p.u. G2: X = 1.1166 p.u. T1: X = 1.1166 p.u. T2: X = 0.3719 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at 154 kV
T1 G1
40 160 j
now for the transmission lines: Z3B = (132)2/100 = 174.24 p.u. Zline,a = (40 + j160)/174.24 = 0.2296 + j0.9183 Zline,b = (20 + j80)/174.24 = 0.1148 + j0.4591 p.u. and for the load: S = 50(.8 + j.6) = 40 + 30j MVA Zload = {(154)2/(40 + 30j)}* = 379.456 + j284.529 = 2.18 + j1.63 p.u. T2 G2
8
20 80 j
20 80 j
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7/13/2008
System Model

G1: X = 0.4463 p.u. G2: X = 1.1166 p.u. G1 T1: X = 0.1859 p.u. T2: X = 0.3719 p.u. Load: 50 MVA, 0.80 PF (lagging), operating at j0.1859 154 kV
Z = 0.2296 + j0.9183 Z = 0.1148 + j0.4591 p.u. Zload = 2.18 + j1.63 p.u.
j0.4463
T1
40 160 j
T2
G2
20 80 j
20 80 j
0.2296 + j0.9183 j0.3719
0.1148 + j0.4591 2.18 + j1.63
0.1148 + j0.4591
j1.1166
G1
G2
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System Model
we can use this circuit for per-phase analysis of the system

0.2296 + j0.9183
j0.1859
j0.3719
j0.4463
0.1148 + j0.4591 2.18 + j1.63
0.1148 + j0.4591
j1.1166
G1
G2
impedance diagram
Copyright 2008 Henry Louie www.slackbus.com
10
7/13/2008
Regulating Transformers
we can now describe the system model in per unit with the impedance diagram we have seen that using per unit on normal systems, we have eliminated the transformers however, this is not a general result as there are some transformers that do not disappear when per unit normalization is used
regulating and off-nominal transformers
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11
transformers used to adjust voltage magnitude or phase are called regulating transformers they do this by adding a small amount (+ or 10 %) of voltage to the line or phase voltages voltage can also be changed by adjusting the turns ratio of the transformer (called tap changing) tap changing may be automatic and may occur while the transformer is energized (load-tapchanging)
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7/13/2008
a a b c b c
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Regulating Transformer
a
Va ' n Vb ' n Vc ' n Van Vbn Vcn Van Vbn Vcn
a b c
b c
Van Van
voltage magnitude increase

Vcn Vcn Vbn Vbn
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7/13/2008
Phase-Shifting Transformer
basic idea: add a voltage that is 90 degrees out of phase

Vbc 3Van e
j 2
Va ' n
Van 1 p 3e
j 2
Van 1
jp 3
phase shift, and small voltage magnitude change occur

Van Va ' n
phase shift
Vc ' n
Vcn
Copyright 2008 Henry Louie www.slackbus.com
Vbn Vb ' n
15
Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

consider two transformers in parallel with different ratios assume system is per unit normalized to T1 ratio, n T1 disappears from the impedance circuit assume T2 has the ratio n (off-nominal) n' define: n n T1: X = 0.2 T2: X = 0.4, n is such that n 1.05 45 V2 1 0 Load: I load 1.05
I1 T1 I1
V1
I2
T2
I2 V2
16
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7/13/2008
T2 does not disappear from the circuit, we must include it using a transformer model how does arrangement affect power flows through each transformer?
I1 I1 I1 + I2 V1 1: n 1.05
I1 I2
I load 1.05 45
I2
V1
I2 V2
V2
1 0
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using KVL and KCL:

I1'
' I2
1.05
45 1 ' 0 j 0.4 1.05I 2 1.05 ' j 0.42 I 2 0.0476

Z1=j0.2
V1 1 0 j 0.2 I1'
I1'
' I2
j 0.2 I1'
0.5030 0.2395
j 0.4262 j 0.3163
I1 I2
I1 I2
I load 1.05 45
+ V1 -
Z2=j0.4
V2
1: n 1.05
1 0
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7/13/2008
finding the power:

ST1 ST2 V2 I1' VI
' 2 2
0.5030 0.2395
j 0.4262 j 0.3163
if the turns ratios were the same:

ST1 ST2 0.4950 0.2475 j 0.4950 j 0.2475
I1 I2 + V1 1: n 1.05
I1 I2
I load 1.05 45
note the large effect on VARS
V2
1 0
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Summary
the system model procedure discussed takes a one line diagram of a power system and produces an impedance diagram
per unit is convenient and lends itself to three phase or single phase quantities most transformers disappear from the system
regulating transformers can be used to adjust real and reactive power flows through the system next lecture we begin to focus on two other representations of the system using network matrices
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20
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System Model

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7/13/2008

Text: 5.8 5.11

System Model Regulating Transformers

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

0.2296 + j0.9183 j0.3719

0.1148 + j0.4591 2.18 + j1.63

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

we can use this circuit for per-phase analysis of the system

0.1148 + j0.4591 2.18 + j1.63

regulating and off-nominal transformers

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

voltage magnitude increase

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

basic idea: add a voltage that is 90 degrees out of phase

phase shift, and small voltage magnitude change occur

Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

using KVL and KCL:

45 1 ' 0 j 0.4 1.05I 2 1.05 ' j 0.42 I 2 0.0476

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

Off-Nominal Turns Ratio

finding the power:

if the turns ratios were the same:

note the large effect on VARS

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

Copyright 2008 Henry Louie

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