Advanced Quantum

Advanced Quantum Theory
Advanced Quantum Theory

Oliver Freyermuth
Wintersemester /
Abstract
These are notes taken in the lecture on Advanced Quantum Theory.
Contents
u. Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u. Advanced Quantum: Topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
i Scattering Theory z
. Preludium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Isometric Operators: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Convergence of elements (vectors) in Hilbertspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Operator limit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
.. Quantum scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Orthogonality and Completeness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Scattering Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u
..6 Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Quantum crosssection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..S Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Rotational Invariance (central Potentials only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..u Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Repetitorium 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Greens Operator (Resolvent) and Transition Operator . . . . . . . . . .
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Relation to the Mller-Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Stationary scattering states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..6 Repetitorium S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Partial wave stationary scattering states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..S Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u
.. Repetitorium u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..u Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. A small excursion on Jost-function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
z Relativistic Wave equations qq
.u. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.u. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u
.u.6 Repetitorium 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.u. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.u.S Repetitorium S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
.u. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
.u.u Repetitorium u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. Solutions of the free Dirac-equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Wave packets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.. Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
..6 Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fundamentals of many-body problems g
.u. Repetitorium 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
.u.S Repetitorium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u
.u. Repetitorium S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u
6
o.i Information
Exercises: h in 6 groups
DropIn Fr. -h
http://www.itkp.uni-bonn.de/~metsch/AQT/aqt.html
Assistent: Christoph Ditsche, Kerstin Helfrich (both for organisation of exercises)
Examinations: after lecturing period (..u)
. beginning of February
. end of March
Prerequisite for the examination: Present exercise more than once
o.z Advanced Quantum: Topics
. Scattering Theory: J. R. Taylor, Scattering Theory, Dover
. Relativistic Wave Equations (Dirac, KleinGordon): Franz Schwabl, Advanced Quantum
Mechanics
. ManyParticle Systems
i Scattering Theory
i.i Preludium
Some denitions on operators:
Inverse: Let

A be a linear operator (mapping, Abbildung)
A
_
a [) +b [)
_
a, b C
= a

A[) +b

A[)
In a space ]
A : T
_
A
_
A
_
]
T is the domain (Urbild) of the Operator and is the range.
A has an inverse

A
1
if:
[) , = [)

A[) , =

A[)
mapping injective, then
A
1
: A
1
:
_
A
_
T
_
A
_
equivalent:
[) , = 0

A[) , = 0
Denition of a unitary operator

U:

U is linear & T
_
U
_
=
_
U
_
= ]
&
_
_
_
U
_
_
_ =|| ]
|| :=
_
[) =
_
, )
If equivalency is fullled, then

U
1
exists.
IMAGE
every [) has a unique image [
t
)
every [
t
) is the image of unique [)
Lemma:

U

U = 1
Argument:
_
_
_
U
_
_
_ =|| [

U[) = [) ]
put
[) = [) +[)
+[

U[ +) = +[ +)
Seite z Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. ISOMETRIC OPERATORS:
put
[

U[) +[

U[) = [) +[)
. . .
[

U[) = [) , ]

U = 1
also:
U
_

U
_
[) =

U [) ]
_
U

U
_

U [) =

U [) ]
U [) covers all ].

U

U
= 1
i.z Isometric Operators:
Denition: An operator

is isometric, if
.

is linear on ]
. T() = ]
. for all [) ]: || =||, norm preserved.
but: , = ]
unitary operators are isometric.
Example: Let [n) be a discrete Basis of ], n N
0
.
: [n) = [n + 1)
IMAGE
inverse
1
exists.
T
_
1
_
,= ]
Although
= 1 we have

,= 1
indeed:

[)
. .
[)
= [) ]
[)

[) =
1
[) [)
_
_
now if [) / ()
[
[) = 0 ]
[
[) = 0 ]
[) = 0
[) = 0
=
_
_
_
1
on ()
0 on ()
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite

CHAPTER . SCATTERING THEORY
i. Convergence of elements (vectors) in Hilbertspace
lim
t
[
t
) = [)
if:
lim
t
|
t
| = 0
A more useful criterion is the one by Cauchy:
lim
t,t
|
t
t
| = 0
Special case:
[
t
) =
t
_
0
d [
)
then Cauchy:
lim
t,t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
t
_
t
d [
)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
= 0
This is implied by:
lim
t,t
_
t
d|
| = 0
(triangle inequality)
| +| || +||
so it is sucient that:
_
0
d|
| <
i.e. it exists.
i..i Repetitorium i
U unitary:
T
_
U
_
=
_
U
_
= ]
_
_
_
U
_
_
_ =|| ]
isometric:
T
_
_
= ]
_
_
_
_
_
_ =||
Seite q Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
but in general:
() ,= ]
|| =
_
[) =
_
,
[) = lim
t
[
t
)
if lim
t
|
t
| = 0
lim
t,t
|
t
t
| = 0 Cauchy
Special:
[
t
) =
t
_
0
d [
)
then:
_
0
d|
| <
lim
t,t
_
t
d|
| = 0
lim
t,t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
t
_
t
d [
)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
= 0
Remark:
[
t
)
t
[)
[
t
)
t
[) ]
But the converse is not true:
let e.g. [
t
) be a wave packet |
t
| = 1 t.
Nevertheless, the wave packet will spread thus:
lim
t
[
t
) = 0 ]
i..z Operator limit
A
t
has a limit

A if
A
t
[)
t
[) =:

A[) ]
Notation:
lim
t
A
t
=

A
A
t

t
A
i.q Scattering
IMAGE
Note:
Potential
must fall
of faster
than
Coulomb-
potential
and not
have a
singularity,
so e.g.
Yukawa-
potential
is okay
i.q.i Quantum scattering
t.d.S.E. (time-dependent Schroedinger equation):
i

t
[
t
) =

H[
t
)
H =

H
0
+

V (time independent)
free motion:
p
2
2m
=

2
2m
p i
Formal solution t.d.S.E.

[
t
) =

U (t) [
0
)
[
0
) ] [
t
) ] t
] = L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
(x) = x[) wave function
For any [) ] we shall call

U(t) [) the orbit (specied by ).
Now we let the orbit

U(t) [) be the evolution of some scattering process.
then for t it behaves (almost) as a free wave packet. So we expect (U
0
is time operator
for free movement,

U(t) = exp
_
i
/t

H
_
):
U (t) [)
t
U
0
(t) [
in
)
U
o
(t) = exp
_
t

H
0
_
Likewise:
U(t) [)
t+
U
0
(t) [
out
)
Assumptions:
V (x) = V
_
[x[
_
= V (r)
Denition: V (r) = O(r
p
) if c R
V (r)
c r
p
. V (r) = O
_
r
3
_
r ( > 0)
. V (r) = O
_
r
3
/2+
_
r 0
. V (r) is nite, piecewise continuous, 0 < r <
Seite 6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
Asymptotic condition:
[
in
) ] [) ]
U(t) [)

U
0
(t) [
in
)
t
0
This is similar for
out
and +.
Argument:
to show: [)

U
(t)
U
0
(t) [
in
)
t
0 The substracted term has a limit.
now: calculate
d
dt
(t)
U
0
(t) =
i
e
i
/t

H
_
H

H
0
_
e
i
/t

H
0
=
i
(t)
V

U
0
(t)
(t)
U
0
(t) [
in
) +
i
t
_
0
d

U()
V

U
0
() [
in
)
This integral-term should have a limit for t .
It is sucient that:
0
_
d
_
_
_
V

U
0
(t)
in
_
_
_ <
0
_
d
_
_
_
V

U
0
()
in
_
_
_ <

U(t) unitary
i.q.z Repetitorium z
t.d.S.E.:
i

t
[
t
) =

H[
t
)
H =

H
0
+

V
solved by:
[
t
) =

U(t) [)
[) = [
0
)
L

2
2m
U(t)exp
_
t

H
_
U
0
= exp
_
t

H
0
_
U(t) [) is called orbit specied by [) ] = L

2
_
R
3
, C
_
asymptotes:
U(t) [)
t
U
0
(t) [
in
)
U(t) [)
t+
U
0
(t) [
out
)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite y
asymptotic condition:
[
in, out
) ] [) ]
U(t) [)

U
0
(t) [
in, out
)
0 for t
in fact:
[) =

[
in, out
)
with:
:= lim
t
U
(t)
U
0
(t) MllerOperators
are isometric (norm preserving) but not unitary

Now: Continuing the last lecture. To show:
0
_
d
_
_
_
V

U
0
(t)
in
_
_
_ <
idea: special case:
in
(x) = x[
in
) =
1
_
b
_3
/2
e
|x a|
2
/2b
2
Now we calculate and nd:
x[U
0
()[
in
)
2
=
1
b
3
3
/2
1
_
1 +

2
2
m
2
b
4
_3
/2
e
|x a|
2
/
_
b
2
+
2
2
/m
2
b
2
_
in
(, x)
2
= above
_
_
_
V

U
0
()
in
_
_
_
2
=
_
d
3
x
V (x)
2
1
b
2
3
/2
1
_
1 +

2
2
m
2
b
4
_3
/2
e
|x a|
2
/
_
b
2
+
2
2
/m
2
b
2
_
__
d
3
x
V (x)
2
_
1
_
1 +

2
2
m
2
b
4
_3
/2
1
b
2
3
/2
0
_
d
_
_
_V

U
0
()
in
_
_
_
_
d
3
x
V (x)
2
. .
<
1
b
2
3
/2
0
_
d
1
_
1 +

2
2
m
2
b
4
_3
/4
. .
<
<
The statement Any L
2
(R, C) can be suitably approximated by a nite sum of Gaussians
then completes the argument.
So we found:
Any [
in
) ] is the inasymptote of some

U(t) [)
In fact, the actual state [) at (e.g.) t = 0 is given by:
[) = lim
t
(t)
U
0
(t) [
in
) =:
+
[
in
)
also:
[) = lim
t+
(t)
U
0
(t) [
out
) =:
[
out
)
Seite B Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
with:
:= lim
t
(t)
U
0
(t)
the Mller(Wave)Operators.
IMAGE
let
[
in
) = [) [
in
)
+
[)
[
out
) [
in
) =: [
+
)
[
out
) = [) [) [
+
) [
out
) =: [
)
[
) [)
i.q. Orthogonality and Completeness
Question: Does every [) in ] dene an orbit

U(t) [) that has asymptotes? No!
Orthogonality: all bound states B ] all states with asymptotes
States with asymptotes:
R
+
=
_
[) ]
[) =
+
[
in
)
_
R
=
_
[) ]
[) =
[
out
)
_
now R
] and BR
Argument: let [) R
+
i.e.

U(t) [)
t
U
0
(t) [
in
)
or [) =

+
[
in
)
let [) B: H[) = E [)
then:
[) = [U
(t)
. .
close to the potential origin
U(t)[
. .
move away
) independent of t
but also t , [) = 0.
Also:
[) = e
/tE
[
U(t)[) = lim
t
e
i
E
/t
[
U
0
(t)[
in
) = 0
because of spreading.
BR
Asymptotic completeness states

R
+
= R
= R and ] = B R
without proof!
i.q.q Summary
[) R
U [)
t

U
0
(t) [
in
)
U [)
t+

U
0
(t) [
out
)
or: [) =

+
[
in
) [) =

[
out
)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite g
every
in, out
labels a unique actual orbit

U(t) [).
are isometric (but not unitary).

IMAGE
i.q. Scattering Operator
is isometric,

has an inverse.
[) =

[
out
)
[
out
) =

[)
[
out
) =

+
. .
=:S
[
in
)
where

o is the scattering operator.
[
in
) = [) prepared by an accelerator
[
out
) = [) measured by a detector
Lemma:

H
0
intertwining relations
argument: consider ( xed):
e
i
/

H

= e
i
/

H
lim
_
e
i
/t

H
e
i
/t

H
0
_
= lim
_
e
i
/(t+)

H
e
i
/t

H
0
_
=
_
lime
i
/(t+)

H
e
i
/(t+)

H
0
_
e
i
/

H
0
=

e
i
/

H
0
_
d
d
_
e
i
/

H

_
_
=0
=
_
d
d
e
i
/

H
0
_
=0

H
we have
= 1

H
0
Thus follows:

H
0
=

H
0
now:
o

H
0
=

+

H
0
=

+
=
_
+
=
_

H
0
_
+
=

H
0
+
=

H
0

o
o,

H
0
_
= 0
Seite o Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
We draw from that:
in
[
H
0
[
in
) =
in
[o
+
H
0
o[
in
)
out
[
H
0
[
out
)
We used here:
oo
+
= o
+
o = 1
_
H
0
,

o
_
= 0
So we nd that the ingoing energy (expectation value) is equal to the outgoing energy
(expectation value)
(

H is time independent) Energy conservation
We can always write:
[
in
) ] = L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
in
(x) = x[
in
) =
_
d
3
ka
in
_
k
_
k
(x)
remember:
k
(x) = x[
k) =
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kx
_
H
0
k
(x) =

2
2
2m

k
(x)
k
/ ]
nevertheless:
a L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
k
[
q
) =
(3)
_
q
k
_
i.q.6 Repetitorium
[) =
[
in,out
) = lim
t
(t)
U
0
(t) [
in,out
)
MllerOperators
R(
+
) = R(
) = R
R +B = ]
RB isometric
Scattering operator:

o :=
o : ] ] unitary
Intertwining relations

H
_
o,

H
0
_
= 0
Energy Conservation
IMAGE6
for [
in
) ]
in
(x) = x[
in
) =
_
d
3
ka
in
_
k
_
k
(vecx)
where
k
(x) = x[
k) =
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kx
_
H
0
k
(x) =

2
2
2m

k
(x)
a ]
in
]
but
k
L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
we have
k
[
q
) =
(3)
_
k q
_
out
(x) =
_
d
3
k a
out
_
k
_
k
(x)
with
a
in,out
_
k
_
=
k
[
in
) =
1
(2)
3
/2
_
d
3
xe
i
_
kx
_
in,out
(x)
a
out
_
k
_
=
1
(2)
3
/2
_
d
3
xe
i(veckx)

o
_
d
3
q e
i( qx)
a
in
(q)
. .
in
(x)
=
_
d
3
q a
in
(q)
k
[
o[
q
)
k
[
o[
q
) is the probability amplitude to go to from q
k.
Now we have
0 =
k
[
_
H
0
,

o
_
[
q
)
=
k
[
H
0

o

o

H
0
[
q
)
=
_
_
_
_
2
2m

2
[q[
2
2m
_
_
_
_
k
[
o[
q
)
k
[
o[
q
) will vanish unless:
E
k
=

2
2
2m
= E
q
=

2
[q[
2
2m
We expect
k
[
o[
q
)
_
E
k
E
q
_
We write:
o = 1 +

R
The 1 means no scattering, the

R is the scattering operator.
We write:
k[
R[q) = 2 i
_
E
k
E
q
_
t
_
k q
_
or
k[
o[q) =
(3)
_
q
k
_
2 i
_
E
k
E
q
_
t
_
k q
_
Here, t
_
k q
_
is the transition amplitude, which is only dened for E
k
E
q
.
_
E
k
E
q
_
means scattering took place,
(3)
_
q
k
_
is the part for no scattering.
.. SCATTERING
Dene the scattering amplitude:
f
_
k, q
_
:=
(2)
2
m
2
t
_
k q
_
k[
o[q) =
(3)
_
q
k
_
+
i
2
2 m
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
_
i.q. Quantum crosssection
Starting point: Probability that for some [
in
) we will scatter into a cone with direction

k and
solid angle .
IMAGE
W (
in
) =
_
0
dk k
2
out
_
k
_
2
k =
in
_
k
_
=
_
k
_
= e
i
_
k
_
k
_
assume:
_
k
_
is centered
around

k
0
=
ke
3
Assume: That the displacement
b is random uniform in plane
k
0
. b =
is called the impact

parameter.
Then:
N
Sc
=
_
,
k
_
=

i
W (
i
)
_
plane
k
0
d
2
b n
inc
W
_

b
_
= n
inc
_
k
0
d
2
b W
_

b
_
Here, N
Sc
is the number of scatterings into the cone and n
inc
is the density, that is, particles
per area.
This last integral is the cross-section (area)!
Crosssection:
(
b
) =
_
k
0
d
2
b W (
b
)
=
_
d
2
b
_
0
dk k
2
[
out
[
2
i.q.8 Repetitorium q
uniform distribution (n
inc
) of wave packets
b
_
k
_
= e
k
_
k
_
, in which
b
are the Four-
iercomponents
IMAGE
N
SC
(
k
) = n
inc
_
d
2
b W (
k

b
)
. .
(eective) cross section
_
k
0
_
(area)
W (
k

b
) =
k
_
0
dk k
2
out
_
k
_
2
S Matrix element
k[o[q) =
(3)
_
k q
_
2i
_
E
k
E
q
_
t
_
k q
_
scattering amplitude
f
_
k, q
_
=
(2)
2
m
2
t
_
k q
_
E
k
E
q
H
0
[
k) =

2
2
2m
[
k)
Lets continue:
out
_
k
_
=
_
d
3
q
k[
o[q)
in
(q)
=
in
_
k
_
+
i
2
2m
_
d
3
q
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
_
in
(q)
in
_
k
_
= e
i
_
b
_
k
_
with || = 1
k
_
0 if

k ,=
k
0
(no forward scattering)
i
2
2m
_
d
3
q
_
E
q
E
k
_
f
_
k, q
_
e
i
_
q
b
_
(q) for

k ,=
k
0
_
_
_
_
k

..
k
0
_
_
_
_
=
k
4
(2)
2
m
2
_
d
2
b
_
0
dk k
2
We now need the expressions:
_
d
3
q
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
_
e
i
_
q
b
_
(q)
_
d
3
q
t
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
t
_
e
i
_
q
b
_
(q)
Notation:
IMAGES
Now:
_
d
2
b e
i
_
( q
q)
b
_
= (2)
2
(2)
_
q
t
_
.. SCATTERING
Now it follows:
_
d
2
be
i
_
( q
q)
b
_
_
E
k
E
q
_
E
k
E
q
_
= (2)
2
m
2
q
_
E
q
E
k
_
_
(3)
_
q
t
q
_
+
_
q
t
+q
_
_
k
0
_
=
k

2
m
_
0
dk k
2
_
d
3
q

_
E
q
E
k
_
q
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
f
_
k, q
_
(q)
2
+f
_
k, q
_
f
k, q
_
(q)
_

q
_
. .
k
_
=0 for

k,=
k
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
k
0
_
=
k
_
d
3
q
k
q
f
_
k, q
_
(q)
[ q[=
=:k
Again (q) = 0 if q ,=
k
0
q
= k
0
= k
k
0
_
=
k
f
_
k,
k
0
_
2
_
d
3
q
(q)
2
. .
=1
=
k
f
_
k,
k
0
_
k
0
Write:
k
0
_
=
k
d
d
k
d
d
k
_
k
0
_
=
f
_
k,
k
0
_
k
0
i.q.g Rotational Invariance (central Potentials only)

Rotation in R
3
( rotation axis)

/[ [ direction of rotation axis
[ [ rotation angle
We write:
g

SO(3)
g

x =
_
exp
_
A( )
_
_
x
where A( )
h =
_

h
_
Rotation of a wave funtion (x), L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
:
_
D(g

)
_
(x) :=
_
g
1
x
_
=
_
_
exp
_
L
_
_
_
_
(x)
Now, rotational invariance means:
_
D(g

) ,

H
_
= 0
L
k
,

H
_
= 0
D(g
) is unitary.
now:
g SO(3)
D(g)
=

D(g) lim
t
e
i
/t

H
e
i
/t

H
0
=

D(g)
_
D(g),

o
_
=
_
D(g),

+
_
= 0
so:

o = D
(g)

oD(g)
scattering operator

o commutes with rotations.
_
L
k
,

o
_
= 0 D
_
g
( )
_
k = 1, 2, 3
therefore:
k
t
[
o[
k) = g
k
t
[
o[g
k)
since
x[
k) =
k
(x) =
1
(2)
3
/2
exp
_
i
_
k x
_
_
_
Dg
k
_
(x) =
k
_
g
1
x
_
=
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kg
1
x
_
=
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
g
kx
_
=
g
k
(x) = x[g
k)
also:
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
= f
_
g
k
t
, g
k
_
although f
_
k
t
,
k
_
depends in general on variables
E
k
=
k
2
2m
=

2
k
t2
2m
= E
k
for central potentials it only depends on 5 3 = 2 variables, i.e.

E
k
=

2
k
2
2m
and =
_
k,
k
t
_
Common Eigenfunctions of

H
0
,
2
,

L
3
Starting point:
(x) = x[) =
_
d
3
k x[
k)
. .
=
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
(
kx
)
k[)
. .
(T
1
)
_
k
_
=
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
(
k y
)
(y)
where
k
= x[
k) common eigenfunctions (/ ] = L
2
_
R
3
mC
_
) of p
1
, p
2
, p
3
with eigenvalues
k
1
, k
2
, k
3
.
Also:
H
0
k
(x) =

2
2
2m

k
(x)
.. SCATTERING
Alternatively: Common eigenfunctions of

H
0
,
2
,

L
3
(regular at r = 0)
spherical coordinates r, ,
kl
(r, , ) = ^ j
l
(kr) Y
l
(, )
with: j
l
(x) := (x)
l
_
1
x
d
dx
_
l
_
sin(x)
x
_
l N
0
Note that
klm
(r, , ) / ]. j
l
(x) are the spherical BesselFunctions.
H
0
kl
=

2
k
2
2m

kl
In fact:
e
i
_
kx
_
= 4
l=0
i
l
j
l
_
[x[
_
l
=l
Y
l
_
k
0
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
k
0
=

k
x
0
=
x
[x[
We shall use:
El
(x) =
2m
2mE
i
l
j
l
_
2mE
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
=: x[El)
Remember: E
k
=
2
2m
then:
E
t
l
t
t
[El) =
_
E
t
E
_
follows from:
_
0
dz z
2
j
n
(z) j
n
(z) =

2
2
( )
for the FourierTransform we nd
_
T
1
El
_ _
k
_
=
k[El)
k[El) =

_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
lm
_
k
0
_
Completeness:
1 =
_
dE
l,
[El) El[
Consistency check:
x[
k) =
_
dE
l,
x[El) El[
k)
=
_
dE
l,
_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
2m
2mE
i
l
j
l
_
_
2mE
[x[
_
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
= . . .
=
1
(2)
2
/3
4
l,
i
l
j
l
_
[x[
_
Y
lmu
kY
l
x
0
= e
i
kx
1
(2)
3
/2
i.q.io Repetitorium
d
d
_
k
t

k
_
=
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
dierential cross section scattering amplitude

for central Potentials V ([x[)
_
L,

o
_
= 0
_
H
0
,

o
_
= 0
Basis
k
(x) = x[
k) =
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kx
_
Alternate Basis
El
(x) = x[El) =
2mE
i
l
j
l
_
2mE
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
x
0
=
x
[x[
common eigenfunction of
p
= i

x
_
_
_
_
H
0
=
2
2m
_
_
_
_
with eigenvalues
k
_
_
_
_
2
2m
_
_
_
_
k[
o[q) =
(3)
_
k q
_
+
i
2m
_
E
k
E
q
_
f
_
k, q
_

=[q[
.. SCATTERING
E
t
l
t
t
[El) =
_
E
t
E
_
1 =
_
dE
l,
[El) El[
k[El) =

_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
k
0
=

k
k[q) =
(3)
_
k q
_
_
d
3
k [
k)
k[ = 1
x[
k) =
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
_
kx
_
Let us continue:
k
t
[
o 1[
k) =
i
2
2m
(E
k
E
k
) f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
_
dE
t
_
dE
k
t
[E
t
l
t
t
) E
t
l
t
t
[
_
o 1
_
[El) El[
k)
We have
E
t
l
t
t
[
_
o,

H
0
_
[El) = 0 and also
_
L
k
,

o
_
= 0
E
t
l
t
t
[
o[El)
_
,

o
_
= 0
=
_
E
t
E
_
S
l
(E)
We have:
=

L
1
i
L
2
L
+
=

o
L
+
=

o
_
L
3

L
2
3
_
El[
L
+
[El)
=
_
_
l(l + 1) ( + 1)
_
2
El + 1[o[El + 1)
= El[o[El)
2
_
l (l + 1)
2
_
= Sl
(E)
does not depend on : write S
l
(E)
i
2
2m
(E
k
E
k
) f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
_
dE
l,
_
m
k
t
(E E
k
) Y
l
_
k
t
0
_
E
k
=

k
t
2
2m
_
S
l
(E) 1

_
m
(E E
k
) Y
l
_
k
0
_
2
2m
(E
k
E
k
) (E E
k
)
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
2
i
l,
Y
l
_
k
t
0
_
_
S
el
(E) 1
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
E
k
=

2
2m
=

k
t
2
2m
f
_
g
k
t
, g
k
_
, g SO(3)
= f
_
k
t
,
k
_
We conclude: Take

k
0
= e
3
. Then:
Y
l
(e
3
) =
2l + 1
4

,0
with

k
t
0
= (, )
Y
l0
(, ) =
2l + 1
4
P
l
(cos ) LegendrePolynomial
f (E
k
, ) = f
_
k
t
,
e
3
_
=

2
i
l=0
2l + 1
4
=2
_
S
l
(E
k
) 1
_
P
l
(cos )
This is called the partial wave expansion of the scattering amplitude.
Remember: The eigenvalue of an unitary operator has complex modulus 1 (i.e. is a phase
factor).
We write (because

o is unitary):
S
l
(E) = e
2i
l
(E)
S
l
(E)
= 1
l
(E) is called the scattering phase. We can also dene:
f
l
(E) :=
S
l
(E) 1
2i
Seite zo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory

.. SCATTERING
partial wave scattering amplitude.
=
e
2i
l
(E)
1
2i
= e
i
l
(E)
sin
_
l
(E)
_
f (E, ) =
l=0
(2l + 1) f
l
(E)P
l
(cos )
We have:
d
d
=
f (E, )
2
Total elastic (angular integrated) cross section:
(E) =
_
d
f (E, )
2
=
2
_
0
d
_
0
d sin
f (E, )
2
. . .
(E) =
l=0
l
(E)
where
l
(E) = 4 (2l + 1)
sin
2
_
l
(E)
_
2
4
2l + 1
2
unitary bound
E =

2
2
2m
with
l
being the partial wave cross section.
i.q.ii Repetitorium 6
Central potential scattering
f (E, ) =
l=0
(2l + 1)f
l
(E)P
l
_
cos ()
_
= f
_
k
t
, k e
3
_
Here P
l
are the Legendre-Polynomials.
E =

2
k
2
2m
k
t
= k
=
_
k
t
,
k
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite z
particle scattering amplitude:
f
l
(E) =
s
l
(E) 1
2ik
=
e
2i
l
(E)
1
2ik
= e
i
l
(E)
sin
_
l
(E)
_
k
particle scattering phase (shift)
l
(E)
d
d
(E, ) =
f(E, )
2
(E) =
_
d
f(E, )
2
=
l=0
l
(E)
l
(E) = 4 (2l + 1)
sin
2
_
l
(E)
_
k
2
Lets continue.
i.q.iz Greens Operator (Resolvent) and Transition Operator
Greens Operator (resolvent) to self-adjoint operators
H
0
=
2
2m
H =

H
0
+

V
Denition:
G
0
(z) :=
_
z 1

H
0
_
1
z C / Spec
_
H
0
_
G(z) :=
_
z 1

H
_
1
z C / Spec
_
H
_
Certainly exist for [z] ,= 0, then:
_
z 1

H
0
_
G
0
(z) = 1
_
z 1

H
_
G(z) = 1
We have
x[
H
0
[)
. .
_
H
0
_
(x)
=

2
2m
x[)
. .
(x)
_

2
2m
+z
_
x[
G
0
(z)[y) =
(3)
(x y)
So x[
G
0
(z)[y) is the coordinate space matrix element of

G
0
(z) and is the Greens function
to the operator
_
2
/2m +z 1
_
Likewise, the c.s.m.e. of G(z) is the Greens function of the operator
_

2
2m
V (x) +z 1
_
Inspect:
Let [n) be an eigenvector of

H with eigenvalue E
n
_
E
n
1

H
_
. .
this has no inverse
[n) = 0
Seite zz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
We conclude that G(z) is undened for z = E
n
Spec
_
H
_
Example:
Suppose

H has a discrete Spectrum only, [n) with eigenvalues E
n
.
n
[n) n[ = 1
G(z) =
_
z

H
_
1
1
n
[n) n[
=

n
1
z E
n
[n) n[
Denition:
G(z) is called an analytic (operator) function of the complex variable z if [
G(z)[) is an
analytic function of z for all [) , [) ].
Example:
[
G(z)[) =

n
[n) n[)
z E
n
analytic z / E
n
at z = E
n
this has simple poles with residues: [n) n[)

G(z) . . . [n) n[ Projection on the n-th eigenstate.
Example z:
H has only a continuous spectrum:

H
0
(e.g.), then
G
0
(z) =
_
0
dE
l,
[El) El[
z E
However, this is only ok if z / R
+
.
IMAGE
Inspect:
lim
0
[
G
0
(E
0
+i) [) [
G
0
(E
0
i) [)
for E > 0
= lim
0
_
0
dE
_
1
E +i E

1
E i E
_
. .
exercise:2i(E
0
E)
l,
[El) El[)
lim
0
[
G
0
(E
0
+i) [) [
G
0
(E
0
i) [)
= 2i
l,
[El) El[)
Knowledge on

G(z) knowledge on eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of

H.
IMAGEu
Relation between

G(z),

G
0
(z)
is given by the Lippmann-SchwingerEquation:
G(z) =

G
0
(z) +

G
0
(z)

V

G(z)
Transition operator:

T(z)
T(z) =

V +

V

G(z)

V
L-SEq.
T(z) =

V

G
0
(z)

T(z)
Let

V be weak:
T(z) =

V +

V

G
0
(z)
V +

V

G
0
V

G
0
V +. . .
i.q.i Repetitorium
GreenOperator

G(z) (Resolvent) and transition operator

T(z) (

H =

H
0
+

V )
G(z) =
_
z1

H
_
1
z C, z / spec
_
H
_
G
0
(z) =
_
z1

H
0
_
1
z / spec
_
H
0
_
T ( z) =

V +

V

G(z)

V
Lippmann-SchwingerEq.
G(z) =

G
0
(z) +

G
0
(z)
V

G(z)
T(z) =

V +

V

G
0
(z)
T(z)
IMAGEu
BornSeries
T(z) = V
k=0
_
G
0
(z)
V
_
k
=

V +

V

G
0
(z)
V +

V

G
0
V

G
0
(z)
V +. . .
i.q.iq Relation to the Mller-Operators
Remember:
if [
in
) = [) H then at t = 0 : [) =

+
[
in
) =

+
[) =: [+)
if [
out
) = [) H then at t = 0 : [) =

[) =: [)
= lim
t
(t)
U
0
(t)
we also know:
d
dt
(t)
U
0
(t) =
i
(t)
U
0
(t)
[) =

[) = lim
t+
(t)
U
0
(t) [)
[) = [) +
i
_
0
d

U
()
V

U
0
() [)
Seite zq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
(this is absolutely convergent (exist. Mller-Operators))
= [) + lim
0
_
0
d e
()
V

U
0
() [) . exercise
Likewise:
[+) = [) +
i
lim
0
_
0
d e
()
V

U
0
() [)
To evaluate

U
0
() [), we insert
_
d
3
k [
k)
k[ = 1:
[) = [) +
i
lim
0
_
0
d
_
d
3
k
_
e
()
V

U
0
() [
k)
k[ [)
_
we use

H
0
[
k) =

2
k
2
2m
. .
E
k

U
0
() [
k) = e
i
/E
k
k)
Inspect:
_
e
()
V

U
0
()
_
_
e
e
i
/

H
e
i
/E
k

V
_
= exp
_
_
E
k
1
$
$
$
$
i () 1

H
_
_

V
Now:
_
0
d exp
_
E
k
i

H
_

V
=
_
i
E
k
i

H
_
1
exp
_
E
k
i

H
_
_
. .
(01)
0
= i
G(E
k
i)

V
[) =

[) = [) + lim
0
_
d
3
k

G(E
k
i)

V [
k)
k[)
also:
[+) =

[) = [) + lim
0
_
d
3
k

G(E
k
+i)

V [
k)
k[)
These expressions give

in terms of the operators:
G(E
k
i) V
. .
=

G
0
(Ei)
T(E
0
i)
Now the scattering operator:
o :=

+
[
o[) = [
+
[) = lim
t
t
0

U(t)
_
t
t
_

U
0
_
t
t
_
[)
Take t
t
= t, same trick . . . :
[
o[) = [)
i
lim
0
_
0
dt e
t
[
0
(t)
V

U(2t)
0
(t) +

U
0
(t)
U(2t)
V

U
0
(t)[)
We used here:
U
(t) = exp
_
(t)

H
_
=

U(t)
So we calculate:
k
t
[
o[
k) =
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
lim
0
_
0
dt
k
t
[
V e
i
/
_
E
k
+E
k
+i2

H
_
t
+ e
i
/
_
E
k
+E
k
+i2

H
_
t
V [
k)
= . . .
=
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
+
1
2
lim
0

k
t
[V G
_
E
k
+E
k
2
+i
_
+G
_
E
k
+E
k
2
+i
_

V [
k)
with

V

G(z) =

T(z)

G
0
(z)
and

G(z)
V =

T(z)

G
0
(z)
=
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
+
1
2
lim
0
_
_
_
1
E
k
+E
k
2
E
k
+i
+
1
E
k
+E
k
2
E
k
+i
_
_
_
k
t
[
T
_
E
k
+E
k
2
+i
_
[
k)
=
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
+ lim
0
_
1
E
k
E
k
+i
+
1
E
k
E
k
+i
_
. .
=2i(E
k
E
k
)
k
t
[
T
_
E
k
+E
k
2
+i
_
[
k)
k
t
[
o[
k) =
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
2i (E
k
E
k
) lim
0

k
t
[
T (E
k
+i) [
k)
with:
E
k
=

2
2
2m
E
k
=

2
k/
2
2m
Where
k
t
[T(z)[
k) is the o-shell T-matrix, which fullls the Lippmann-SchwingerEq.,

i.e.
k[T(z)[
k) =
k
t
[V [
k) +
_
d
3
q

k
t
[V [q)
z E
q
q[T(z)[
k)
Therefore:
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
(2)
2
m
2
lim
0
lim
0

k
t
[T (E
k
+i) [
k)
E
k
=E
k
=
2
[
k
[
2
2m
Seite z6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
In Bornapproximation:
k
t
[
T (E
k
+i) [
k)
k
t
[V [
k)
E
k
=E
k
=
1
(2)
3
_
d
3
xe
i
_
_
_
_
x
V (x)
q :=
k
t
k momentum transfer
1
(2)
3
/2
_
T
1
V
_
(q)
Local potential:
(x y) V (x)
k
t
[V [
k) =
_
d
3
xd
3
y
k
t
[x) x[V [y) y[
k)
i.q.i Stationary scattering states
For an orbit with an in-asymptote [) we have:
[) =
_
d
3
k [
k)
_
k
_
Also at t = 0:
[+) :=

+
[) =
_
d
3
k
_
k
_

+
[
k)
. .
[
k+)
[
k) =

k)
Intertwining relations:

H
0
Thus:
H[
k) =

H
k) =

H
0
[
k) =

2
2m
[
k)
=
E
k
[
k) = E
k
_
k)
_
= E
k
[
k)
The states [k) fulll the stationary Schrdinger-Equation

H[) = E [)
again: [
k) / ]. Nevertheless:
k
t
+[
k) =
k
t
[
+
[
k) =
k
t
[
k) =
(3)
_
k
t
k
_
We had:
[) = [) + lim
0
_
d
3
k

G(E
k
i)

V [
k) k[)
_
d
3
k
_
k
_
[
k) = lim
0
_
d
3
k
_
k
_ _
[
k) +

G(E
k
i)

V [
k)
_
]
[
k) = [
k) + lim
0
G(E
k
i)

V [
k)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite zy
Some relations:
T (E
k
i) [
k) =
_
V +

V

G(E
k
i)

V
_
[ [
k) lim
0
=

V
_
1 +

G(E
k
i)

V
_
[
k) =

V [k)
Transition amplitude:
t
_
k
t

k
_
=
k
t
[
V [
k)
[k) = [k) + lim
0
G(E
k
i)

V [
k) = [
k) + lim
0
G
0
(E
k
i)

T (E
k
i)
[
k) = [
k) + lim
0
G
0
(E
k
i) V [k)
i.q.i6 Repetitorium 8
f
_
k
t
,
k
_
=
(2)
2
m
lim
0

k)
t
[
T (E
k
+i) [
k
. .
t
_
k
_
E
k
=
2
[
k
[
2
2m
=
2
[
[
2
2m
where:
k
t
[
T(z)[
k) =
k
t
[
V [
k) +
_
d
3
q
k
t
[V [
k)
1
z E
q
q[
T(z)[
k)
[q)

G
0
(z) q[ Lippmann-Schwinger Equation for the transition operator

T.
[) :=

[) = [) + lim
0
_
d
3
k

G(E
k
i)

V
. .
G
0
(E
k
i)
T(E
k
i)
[
k)
k[)
E
k
=

2
2
2m
[) =
_
d
3
k [
k)
k[)
[) =
_
d
3
k [
k)
k[)
[k) :=

k)
H[
k) = E
k
[
k)
[k) = [
k) lim
0
G
0
(E
k
i)

V [
k)
Lippmann-Schwinger Equation for stationary scattering states.
Lets continue:
Seite zB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
We know (Home exercise):
lim
0
x[
G
0
(E i) [y) =
m
(2)
2
[x y[
exp
_
i[x y[ k
_
E =

2
k
2
2m
k =
x[
k) = x[
k) +
_
d
3
y x[
G
0
(E i) [y) V (y) y[
k)
= x[
k)
m
(2)
2
_
d
3
y
e
ik[xy[
[x y[
V (y) y[
k)
[y[ [x[
expand [x y[ =[x[
_
1
2 (x y)
[x[
2
+
[y[
2
[x[
2
[x[
_
1
(x y)
[x[
2
+O
_
[y[
_
[x[
_
x
0
:=
x
[x[
x[
k) x[
k)
. .
1
(2)
3
/2
e
i
(
kx
)
me
ik[x[
2
2
[x[
_
d
3
y e
ik(x
0
y)
. .
(2)
3
/2
kx
0
[y)
V (y) y[
k)
1
(2)
3
/2

_
_
e
i
_
kx
_
(2)
2
m
2
kx
0
[
V [
k)
. .
=f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
_
For [x[ range R of the Potential.
Since:
V [
k) = lim
0
T (E i) [
k)
In particular:
x[
k+)
[x[
1
(2)
3
/2
_
e
i
_
kx
_
+f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
Sommerfelds-Radiation condition (Abstrahlbedingung).
i.q.i Partial wave stationary scattering states
(central potential V
_
[x[
_
)
Dene:
[El) :=

[El)
H[El+) = E [El+)
2
[El+) =
2
l(l + 1) [El+)
L
3
[El+) = [El+)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite zg
We had:
x[El) =
El
(x) =
2m
2m
i
l
j
l
_
2mE
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
H
0
El
(x) = E
El
(x)
similarly:
x[El+) =
2m
2mE
i
l
1
R
lk
_
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
where:
_
_

2
2m
_
d
2
dr
2
+
2
r
d
dr

l(l + 1)
r
2
_
+V (r) E
_
_
R
lk
(r) = 0
E =

2
k
2
2m
i.q.i8 Repetitorium g
x[
k+)
[x[
1
(2)
3
/2
_
e
i
_
kx
_
+f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
E
k
=

2
k
2
2m
k =
x
0
=
x
[x[
i.e. if [
in
) =
_
d
3
k
_
k
_
[
k)
then [) =
_
d
3
k
_
k
_
[
k+)
is the actual scattering state at t = 0.
Central potentials: V
_
[x[
_
[El+) :=

+
[El)
H[El+) = E [El+)
Wave function:
x[El+) =
2m
2mE
i
l
1
k
R
lk
_
[x[
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
E
k
=

2
k
2
2m
Fullls:
_
_

2
2m
_
d
2
dr
2
+
2
r

l(l + 1)
r
2
_
+V (r) E
_
_
R
lk
(r) = 0
.. SCATTERING
Lets continue.
Choose solutions which are regular at r = 0, i.e. r R
lk
(r)
r=0
= 0.
also: one requires:
E
t
l
t
t
+[El+) =
l
_
E
t
E
_
_
0
dr r
2
R
lk
(r)R
lk
(r) =

2
_
k
t
k
_
xes the normalisation.
Starting point:
x[
k) =
_
dE
l,
x[El) El[
k)
=
_
dE
l=0
l
=l
_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
l
_
k
0
x) [El
_
also: x[
k+) = x[
+
[
k)
=
_
dE
l,
x[El+)
. .
=x[
+
[El)
2
_
m
_
_
_
_
E
2
2m
_
_
_
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
=
_
dE
l,
2m
2mE
i
l
R
lk
_
[x[
_ 1
k
mk
_
E

2
k
2
2m
_
Y
l
_
k
0
_
Y
l
(x
0
)
We use:
l
=l
Y
l
(x
0
) Y
l
_
k
0
_
=
2l + 1
4
P
l
_
cos
_
_
x
0
,
k
0
_
_
_
and thus get:
=
l=0
2l + 1
4
P
l
_
x
0
k
0
_
2
&
& m
&
& m
k
i
l
R
lk
_
[x[
_ 1
k
=
1
(2)
3
/2
l=0
(2l + 1) i
l
R
lk
_
[x[
_
P
l
_
x
0
k
0
_
1
k
expansion of the stationary scattering states in terms of R
lk
(x).
We know:
x[
k+)
[x[
1
(2)
3
/2
_
_
_
e
i
_

kx
_
+f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
_
_
also:
f
_
kx
0
,
k
_
=
l=0
(2l + 1) f
l
_
_
P
l
_
x
0
k
0
_
x[
k+)
x
1
(2)
3
/2
l=0
_
i
l
j
l
_
[x[
_
+f
l
_
_
e
ik[x[
[x[
_
P
l
_
x
0
k
0
_
it follows (r =[x[):
i
l
R
lk
(r)
r
i
l
j
l
(kr) +f
l
(k)
e
ikr
r
r R
lk
(r)
r
kr j
l
(kr) +kf
l
(k)e
ikr
e
i
/2l
. .
=i
l
r
sin
_
kr l
2
_
+ e
i
l
(k)
sin
_
l
(k)
_
. .
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2i
e
i(kr)l
/2
r R
lk
(r)
r
=
e
i(krl
/2)
e
i(krl
/2)
2i
+
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2i
e
i(krl
/2)
= . . .
= e
i
l
(k)
sin
_
kr l
2
+
l
(k)
_
Thus for r the radial part of the stationary partial wave scattering state has the form of
a free stationary wave, but with a phase-shift
l
(k).
Suppose we know R
<
lk
(r) which is regular at the origin (e.g. by numerical integration of the
stationary SchrdingerEquation). The normalisation is arbitrary. Then build:
l
(k) := R
_
d
dr
log
_
R
<
lk
(r)
_
_
r=R
where V (r) 0 for r R.
IMAGE
for r > R we neglect the Potential and the solution to the stationary SchrdingerEquation
can be written as a superposition of the solutions of the free SchrdingerEquation.
j
l
(kr) and
l
(kr)
for r > R.
Proposition: In fact:
R
>
lk
(r) = k e
i
l
(k)
_
cos
_
l
(k)
_
j
l
(kr) sin
_
l
(k)
_
l
(kr)
_
indeed has the asymptotic form given by our previous approach to R
lk
(r).
Argument:
R
>
lk
(r) = k
_
e
i
l
(k)
cos
_
l
(k)
_
j
l
(kr) e
i
l
(k)
sin
_
l
(k)
_
l
(kr)
_
Using:
sin
_
l
(k)
_
=
e
l
(k)
e
l
(k)
2i
we can rewrite to:
= kj
l
(kr) +k
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2i
_
_
e
i
/2
..
i
j
l
(kr)
l
(kr)
_
_
.. SCATTERING
We also know:
l
(kr)
kr
cos
_
kr l
2
_
kr
j
l
(kr)
kr
sin
_
kR l
2
_
kR
Continuity of the logarithmic deivative at r = R then yields:
l
(k) = R
d
dr
R
<
lk
(r)
R
<
lk
(r)
r=R
!
= R
d
dr
R
>
lk
(r)
R
>
lk
(r)
r=R
l
(k) is known (analytically or numerically)
l
(k) = k R
cos
_
l
(k)
_
j
t
l
(kR) sin
_
l
(k)
_
t
l
(kR)
cos
_
l
(k)
_
j
l
(kR) sin
_
l
(k)
_
l
(kR)
= . . .
tan
_
l
(k)
_
=
(kR) j
t
l
(kR)
l
(k)j
l
(kR)
(kR)
t
l
(kR)
l
(k)
l
(kR)
Example: hard sphere potential
IMAGE
tan
_
l
(k)
_
=
j
l
(kR)
l
(kR)
0
(k) = kR
low energy scattering

2
k
2
2m
[V
0
[
IMAGE
= kr
j
l
()

l
(2l + 1)!!
l
()
(2l 1)!!
l+1
0
k 0
tan
_
l
(k)
_
=

l
l1
(2l+1)!!

l
(k)
l
(2l+1)!!
(2l 1)!! (l + 1)
1
l+2
+
l
(k)
(2l1)!!
l+1
tan
_
l
(k)
_
k0

2l+1
l
l
(k)
(2l + 1)!! (2l 1)!!
_
l + 1 +
l
(k)
_
for low energies only partial waves with small l contribute.
Special cases: if l + 1 +
l
(k) = 0, i.e.
l
(k
R
) (l + 1)
then tan
_
l
(k
R
)
_
= , i.e.
l
(k
R
)
_
n +
1
2
_
, n Z
then
l
(k
R
) =
4
k
2
R
(2l + 1) sin
2
_
l
(k
R
)
_
=
4
(k
R
)
2
(2l + 1) unitary bound.
Lets expand around E
R
=

2
k
2
R
2m
,
l
(k
R
) = (l + 1).
l
(E) =
l
(E
R
) + (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
) +. . .
= (l + 1) + (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
) +. . .
tan
_
l
(E)
_
(2l + 1)
2l+1
_
l
_
l (l + 1) + (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
)
_
_
(2l + 1)!! (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
K
)
i.q.ig Repetitorium io
Let R
<
lk
(regular at r = 0) solution to
_

2
2m
_
d
2
dr
2
+
2
r
d
dr

l(l + 1)
r
2
_
+V (r)

2
k
2
2m
. .
=E
_
_
R
lk
(r) = 0
for R with V (r) = 0 (r R) build
l
(k) = R
_
d
dr
log
_
R
<
lk
(r)
_
_
r=R
then:
tan
_
l
(k)
_
=
(kR)j
t
l
(kR)
l
(k)j
l
(kR)
kR n
t
l
(kR)
l
(k)n
l
(kR)
kR_1
(kR)
2l+1
l
l
(k)
(2l + 1)!!(2l 1)!!(l + 1 +
l
(k))
Lets continue:
let:
l
(k
R
) = l + 1 E
R
=

2
k
2
R
2m
expand:
l
(E) =
l
(E
R
) +
t
l
(E
R
) (E E
R
) +O(E E
R
)
2
tan
_
l
(E)
_
(2l + 1)
2l+1
_
l (l 1) + (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
)
_
(2l + 1)!! (E E
R
)
t
l
(E
R
)
E E
R
= kr
=
2l+1
(2l + 1)
2
(2l + 1)!!
t
l
(E
R
)
1
E E
R
(2l + 1)

2l+1
(2l + 1)!!
+O(E E
R
)
2
The rst term is the dominant one and thus called the resonance term, the other terms are
smal l regular terms.
tan
_
l
(E)
_ EE
R

2l+1
E E
R
+ smaller regular terms . . .
=
1
l
(E
R
)
(2l + 1)
2
(2l + 1)!!
scattering amplitude:
f
l
(k) =
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2i k
...
=
tan
l
(k)
k
_
1 i tan
_
l
(k)
_
_
l
=
4(2lm)
k
2
tan
2
_
l
(k)
_
1 + tan
2
_
l
(k)
_
EE
R
4
k
2
(2l + 1)
_
(kR)
2l+1
_
2
(E E
R
)
2
+
_
(kR)
2l+1
_
2
This is the Breit-Wigner formular for the partial cross section.
Remember:
f
l
(k) =
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2ik
kf
l
(k)
.. SCATTERING
This is called the Argand amplitude (see exercises).
=
1
2
_
i + e
i(2
l
(k)
/2)
_
If E E
k

l
(k)

2
, and kf
l
(k) i.
f
l
(k)
EE
R
1
k
(kR)
2l+1
(E E
R
) +i(kR)
2l+1
IMAGE
As a complex function of complex energies E has a pole of E = E
R
i(kR)
2l+1
.
Now: PDF-presentation (see web page).
i.q.zo Repetitorium ii
Low energy scattering
E
k
V
= kR 1
tan
l
(k) = (kR)
2l+1
_
l
l
(k)
_
(2l + 1)
_
(2l + 1)!!
_
2
_
l + 1 +
l
(k)
_
l
log derivative at r = R where V (r) = 0, r > R
if
l
(E
k
) = l 1
l
(k
R
) =
_
n +
1
2
_
l
(k) maximal resonance
then
tan
_
l
(E)
_
=
(kR)
2l+1
E E
R
+ regular terms
=
1
t
l
(E
k
)
(2l + 1)
(2l + 1)!!
E E
R
f
l
(E) =
1
k
(kR)
2l+1
E E
R
+i(kR)
2l+1
Breit-Wigner Formula
scattering amplitude has a pole at
E = E
R
i(kR)
2l+1
f
l
(k) =
e
2i
l
(k)
1
2ik
kf
l
(k) =
1
2
_
i + e
i(2
l
(k)
/2)
_
IMAGE
Compare
f
l
(E) =
1
k
A(E)
E
_
E
R
i
(k)
/2
_
(k
R
) = 2 (k
R
R)
2l+1
is called width of the resonance.
Lets continue...
We consider l = 0 for very low energies kR 1
IMAGE
tan
0
(k) = kR
0
0
(k)
1 +
0
(k)
cot
0
=
1 +
0
0
1
kR
k cot
0
=
1
0
R

1
R
=
1
a
0
+O
_
k
2
_
. .
1
2
r
0
k
2
a
0
is called the scattering length and r
0
is the eective range (perhaps later).
1
R
1 +
0
(0)
0
(0)
=
1
a
0

0
(0)
1 +
0
(0)
=
a
0
R
kR 1 in fact k 0
sin
2
0
tan
2
0

2
0
= (kR)
2

0
(0)
2
_
1 +
0
(0)
_
2
= k
2
R
2
a
2
0
R
2
= k
2
a
2
0
then
0
4a
2
0
partial wave cross section for l = 0.
scattering amplitude:
f
0
=
e
2i
0
1
2ik
=
&& 2i
cot
0
i

1
&& 2ik
=
1
1
/a0 ik
=
a
0
1 ika
0
f
0
a
0
if ka
0
1
We can inspect f
0
and nd:
f
0
(k) =
a
0
1 ika
0
has a pole at k = i with =
1
/a0
This corresponds to an energy E =

2
k
2
/2m =
2
/2m < 0
Radial Schrdinger-Equation (l = 0):
_
_

2
2m
_
d
2
dr
2
+
2
r
d
dr
_
+V (r) E
_
_
R
k
(r) = 0
for r > R where V (r) = 0
u
k
(r) := r R
k
(r)
u
tt
(r) =
2
u(r)
where indeed: E =
2
k
2
2m
< 0
u
tt
(r) e
r
.. SCATTERING
is the regular solution for r with eigenvalue E =

2
k
2
/2m
So for a
0
> 0 then this corresponds to a bound state with Energy
2
/2m and a bound state
wave function
e
r
r
=
e
r
/a0
r
Note:
[R[ =[kR[ 1
We conclude: The Scattering length a
0
is then determined by the properties of a very weakly
bound state with wave function
e
r
/a0
/r
Then we nd:
0
= 4
a
2
0
1 +k
2
a
2
0
= 4
2
2m
2
2m
1
a
2
0
+

2
k
2
2m
=
2
2
m
E
k
E
b
Lets inspect the stationary scattering state
r > R R
>
ok
(r) = e
i
0
_
j
0
(kr) cos
0
0
(kR) sin
0
_
(l = 0) =
e
i
0
kr
_
sin(kr) cos
0
+ cos(kr) sin
0
_
kR 1
e
i
0
kr
_
kr cos (
0
)
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
_
1
1
2
(kr)
2
_
sin
0
_
=
e
i
0
kr
sin
0
(1 +kr cot
0
)
=
e
i
0
kr
_
1
kr
ka
0
_
sin
0
=
e
i
0
sin
0
kr
_
1
r
a
0
_
r small
scattering wave function crosses the r-axis at r = a
0
. For a
0
< 0, there are no bound states.
IMAGE6
. remarks: IMAGE
Application:
n-p:
m
p
c
2
m
n
c
2
1 GeV a
_
3
S
1
_
total spin S = 1 l = 0
with J = L +S and 2S + 1 = 3
experimental number: 5.4 fm
Estimate for bound state energy of
_
3
S
1
_
=

2
/2
1
a
2
0
=
(c)
2
2c
2
a
2
0
=
(0.2 GeVfm)
2
1 GeV (5.4)
2
fm
2
= 1.3 MeV
is the reduced mass
=
m
p
m
n
m
p
+m
n
1
2
m
p
=
1
2
m
n
experimentally the binding energy of the deuteron (m
p
in
3
S
1
)
E
exp
b
2.2 MeV
i.q.zi A small excursion on Jost-function
Special case l = 0:
H =

2
2m
+

V (r)
l=0

tt
k
(r) +
_
k
2
U(r)
_
k
(r) = 0
U(r) :=
2mV (r)
k
(r) = r R
K
(r)
Consider solutions with special boundary conditions (r = 0), i.e.
k
(0) = 0,
t
k
(r)
r=0
= 1
U(r) = 0 for r > R
Statements:
. There are functions f(k), g(k) with
k
(r) =
1
2ik
_
f(k)e
ikr
g(k)e
ikr
_
Argument: of course: for r :
tt
k
(r) = k
2
k
(r)
tho boundary conditions
k
(0) = 0,
t
k
(r) = 1 then xes f(k), g(k)
. it follows:
g(k) = f(k) for real k
f
_
k
_
= f(k) for complex k
Argument: inspect
k
(r) =
1
2ik
_
f(k)e
ikr
g(k)e
ikr
_
at least for r > R
tt
k
(r) = k
2

k
(r)
uniqueness of the solution (xed by boundary conditions) then requires: f(k) = g(k)
for real k. Therefore:
k
(r) =
1
2ik
_
f(k)e
ikr
f(k)e
ikr
_
.. SCATTERING
is called the Jost-solution.
Consider
_
k
(r)
_
and
k
(r)
. . .
k
(r) =
_
k
(r)
_
. . . f
(k) = g
(k) = f (k
)
f(k) =
_
f (k
)
_
And f(k) is called the Jost-function.

. inspect
u
k
(r)
r
:=

+
j
0
(kr) u
k
(r) = r R
k
(r)
rR
k
(r)
r
r j
0
(kr) +r
S
0
(k) 1
2ik
e
ikr
r
=
e
ikr
e
ikr
2ik
+
S
0
(k) 1
2ik
e
ikr
=
1
2ik
_
S
0
(k)e
ikr
+ e
ikr
_

k
(r)
f(k)
=
1
2ik
_
f(k)
f(k)
e
ikr
+ e
ikr
_

k
(r)
f(k)
= u
k
(r)
S
0
(k) =
f(k)
f(k)
We already had R
k
(r).
i.q.zz Repetitorium iz
low energy scattering (l = 0)
1
a
0
= lim
k0
k cot
_
0
(k)
_
scattering length
f
0
(k)
a
0
1 ika
0
(l = 0) scattering amplitude
o
4
a
2
0
1 +k
2
a
2
0
partial wave cross-section
bound state w.f. u(v) e
r
/a0
with
E
b
=
k
2
2m
=

2
2ma
2
0
0
(E)
2
2
/m
E E
b
stationary scattering wave for r > R, kR 1, u
>
(r)
_
1
r
/a0
_
IMAGE6
IMAGES
Jost-function: rad. Schrdinger-equation (l = 0, (r) = r R(r), U(r) =
2mV
/(r)
2
)
tt
k
(r) +
_
k
2
U(r)
_
k
(r) = 0
b.c.
k
(r) = 0
t
k
(0) = 1
k
(r) =
1
2ki
_
f(k)e
ikr
f(k)e
ikr
_
Properties of the Jost-function f(k):
f(k) =
_
f
_
k
_
_
o-matrix o
0
(k) =
f(k)
f(k)
u
k
(r) =

k
(r)
f(k)
for:
u
k
(r)
r
:=

+
j
0
(kr)
o
0
(k) = e
2i
0
(k)
Lets continue. . .
Proposition:
f(k) =
f(k)
e
i
0
(k)
Arguments:
let f(k) =
f(k)
e
i(k)
Inspect real k:
f(k) =
_
f(k)
_
f(k)
e
i(k)
k R
f(k)
f(k)
= e
2i(k)
= s
0
(k) = e
2i
l
(k)
(k) =
0
(k)
Zeroes of f(k) poles of the s
0
-matrix.
. Suppose k R. If f(k) = 0 f
(k) = 0, because f(k) = f(k)
if k R, f(k) = 0
k
0, but this contradicts
t
k
(0) = 1.
Jost-Function does not have zeroes for real k.
. Let k = i, R, > 0
(ik)
(r) =
1
2
_
f(ik)e
r
+f(i)e
r
_
Now, if f(i) = 0, then:
(ik)
=
1
2
f(ik)e
r
This is a square integrable solution of the (l = 0) Schrdinger-Equation with eigenvalue
k
2
=
2
< 0, so this corresponds to a bound state.
. k = i, k R, > 0 no square integrable solution of the Schrdinger-Equation
(anti-bound states).
. k = + i C, k ,= 0, > 0, so k is in the upper complex half plane. For f(k) = 0,
we then have
k
e
r
e
ikr
which is square-integrable. However, the eigenvalue is k
2
=
2
+ 2i.
Seite qo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
. Let k = i, k ,= 0, > 0
then
k
=
1
2ik
_
f(k)e
r
e
ir
f(k)e
r
e
ir
_
suppose f(k) = 0, we have f(k)e
r
e
ir
, this is not square-integrable, but will correspond
to a stationary scattering solution, in fact to a resonance.
IMAGE
f( i) = 0
f( i) = 0
fm f(k) = f
_
k
_
. example: Suppose that f(k) can (for some k) be approximated by:
f(k) = (k k
0
)
_
k +k
0
_
where
k
0
= +i [[ [[
Check:
f(k) = (k k
0
)
_
k +k
0
_
= (k +k
0
)
_
k k
0
_
f
_
k
_
=
_
k
k
0
_ _
k
+k
0
_
_
f
_
k
_
_
=
_
k k
0
_
(k +k
0
)
So this is okay as an Ansatz.
Calculate s-wave scattering amplitude
f
0
(k) =
s
0
(k) 1
2ik
. . .
f
0
(k) =
2
k
2
_
k
2
+
2
_
+ 2ik
0
_
4
2
_
k
2
2
_
+ 4
2
2
i.q.z Repetitorium i
Jostsolution:
k
(r) =
1
2ki
_
f(k) e
ikr
f(k) e
ikr
_
of
tt
k
(r) +
_
k
2
U(r)
_

k
(r) = 0
k
(0) = 0
t
k
(0) = 1
We have: f(k) =
_
f
_
k
_
_
s
0
(k) =
f(k)
f(k)
f(k) =
f(k)
e
i
0
(k)
Singularities of s
0
(k) zeroes of f(k)
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite q
. Ansatz: f(k) = (k k
0
)
_
k +k
0
_
, k
0
= +i,
0
(k) =
4
2
_
k
2
2
_
2
+ 4k
2
2
Lets continue. . .
Example z:
f(k) =
k +i
k i
, R
+
f(k) =
k +i
k i
=
k i
k +i
f
_
k
_
=
k
+i
k
_
f
_
k
_
_
=
k i
k +i
= f(k) okay!
Ansatz:
f(k) k +i = 0 bound state
k = i E
b
=
2
2m
lim
k
f(k) = 1
f(k) =
k
2
+
2
k
2
+
2
e
i
0
(k)
f(k) =
k +i
k i
=
(k +i) (k +i)
k
2
+
2
f(k) =
k
2
+i ( +) k
_
k
2
+
2
_
tan
0
(k) =
( +) k
k
2
cot
0
(k) =
k
2
( +) k
k cot
0
(k) =
k
2
+
=

+
+
1
+
k
2
For k very small, compare with eective range expansion:
=
1
a
0
+
1
2
r
0
k
2
With a
0
the scattering length and r
0
the eective range. So we get for the scattering length:
a
0
=
1
+
1
1
a
0
=

+
=
( +)
+

2
+
=
1
2
r
0
2
E
b
=
2
2m
Seite qz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SCATTERING
And for the eective range:
r
0
=
2
+
Example: np scattering:
3
S
1
channel, i.e. S = 1, L = 0, J = 1
Experimental numbers:
r
0
= 1.72 fm
a
0
= 5.40 fm
E
3
S
1
b
= 2.225 MeV
2
c
2
[E
b
[
2c
2
4.32 fm

1
2
1
GeV
/c
2
reduced mass
1
(5.40)
?
=
1
(4.32)

1
2
(1.72)
(4.32)
2
0.185 0.183
z Relativistic Wave equations
Intro:
non-rel. Schrdinger-Equation:
i

t
(t, x) =
_

2
2m
+V (x)
_
(t, x)
If rotational invariance:
V (x) = V
_
[x[
_
_
H, D
g
_
= 0
where:
_
D
g
_
(t, x) :=
_
t, g
1
x
_
g SO(3)
D
g
is unitary, in face:
D
g( )
= e
i
/
_

L
_
g : R
3
R
3
_

L
_
:=
1
L
1
+
2
L
2
+
3
L
3
L
i
components of angular momentum operator
Consequences: If (t, x) is a solution to the Schrdinger-Equation
_
V (x) = V
_
[x[
_
_
then
also D
g
(t, x) is also a solution of the Schrdinger-Equation.
Solutions are representatives of the rotation group in L
2
_
R
3
, C
_
Now we shall turn this around: We want to have an equation of which the solutions are
representations of a symmetry group.
We shall investigate the PoincarGroup.
This group acts in R
4
with MinkowskiMetric.
x, y R
4
g
_
x, y
_
:= g
This is called Einsteins summation convention.

_
R
4
, g (_, _)
_
Seite qq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
is called MinkowskiSpace,
M= R
1,3
x R
4
x =
_
x
0
, x
_
x
0
= ct x R
3
g (x, x) =
_
x
0
_
2
_
x
1
_
2
_
x
2
_
2
_
x
3
_
2
=
_
x
0
_
2
[x[
2
= g
g
00
= 1 g
ii
= 1, i = 1, 2, 3
g
= 0 otherwise
Subgroup of the PoincarGroup: LorentzGroup L
L
: MM
x M: g (x, x) = g (x, x)
f
_
x, y
_
= g
_
x, y
_
x, y M
i.e. the Lorentztransformations are isometries of the metric g (_, _)
PoincarGroup T are all Lorentztransformations plus space and time translations, i.e.
A T : a M, L
Ax = x +a
_
a
0
a
_
= a
Statement:
is Lorentz-Transformation
g (x, x) = g (x, x) x
1
,
2
0, 1
R
O
1
, O
2
SO(3)
such that:
= O
1
0
O
2
P
1
T
2
O
1

_
_
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 0
0
0

O
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
O
1
: R
3
R
3
O
1
: MM
with:
P
_
x
0
x
_
=
_
x
0
x
_
space reection
T
_
x
0
x
_
=
_
x
0
x
_
time inversal
CHAPTER . RELATIVISTIC WAVE EQUATIONS
0
is a boost in the 1direction. Its matrix form is:
0
(v) :
_
_
_
_
_
_
0 0
0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_
_
_
_
_
_
where:
:=
v
c
:=
1
_
1
2
We now dene a representation of the Poincargroup in the space of complex functions:
: MC
The idea is that this should give an equation of motion. Let indeed:
: MC
x (x)
with:
Ax = x +a = A(, a) x
then dene:
_
(A)
_
(x) =
_
A
1
x
_
indeed:
A
1
x =
1
(x a)
Check:
A
_
A
1
x
_
=
_
A
1
x
_
+a
=
_
1
(x a)
_
+a
= x a +a = x
In order that (A) is a representation: one should have (1)
MM
= 1 (multiplied by 1)
and also:
(A
1
) (A
2
) = (A
1
A
2
)
with:
A
1
A
2
= (
1
2
, A
1
a
2
+a
1
) exercise
A
1
(
1
, a
1
)
A
2
(
2
, a
2
)
Seite q6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
We are looking for an operator K (invariant) (for free motion), such that
K(x) = 0
_
K
_
(A)
_
_
(x) = 0
Now:
: MC
Known operators:
MM
which can be used to construct:
(MC) (MC)
. 1 1
. x
, so inspect:
_

x
_
(x) = x
(x)
multiply by x
, = 0, 1, 2, 3
.
p
:= i

x
= i
(derivative)
p
0
= i
0
= i

x
0
= i
1
c
t
p
k
= i
k
= i

x
k
=
_
i
_
k
i = 1, 2, 3
p
k
= i

x
k
= i
k
k = 1, 2, 3
Now:
. 1 is Poincarinvariant:
(A) 1 = 1 (A)
candidate for a part of

K
.
x
2
:= x
this however is not Poincarinvariant

Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite qy
z.o.zq Repetitorium iq
Wanted: Operator

K on : R
1,3
C with
_
K
_
(x) = 0
_
K
_
(A)
_
_
(x) = 0
A T
A = A(, a)
Ax = x +a
L
i.e.
_
x y
_
=
_
x y
_
=
_
x
0
y
0
_
(x y)
_
(A)
_
(x) :=
_
A
1
x
_

_
_
_
(A
1
) (A
2
) = (A
1
A
2
)
(1) = 1
linear operators:
1, x
= i

x
= i
p
0
= p
0
=
i
c
t
p
i
= i

x
i
p
i
= i

x
i
i = 1, 2, 3
Lets continue. . .
Remark:
if
_
K, (A)
_
= 0 then indeed:
_
K
_
(A)
_
_
(x) =
_
_
_(A)

K
..
0
_
_
_(x) = 0
Candidates for

K:
.

K = 1, 1(A) = (A)1
. x
2
= (x x) = x
is indeed Lorentz-invariant but not Poincar-invariant.

Argument: take e.g.
Ax = x +a = 1
(A)
_
x
2
(x)
_
= (x a)
2
(x a)
=
_
x
2
2 (x a) +a
2
_
(x a)
,= x
2
(A)(x)
(xa)
if a = 0
Seite qB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
. also something like x
is not Poincar-invariant, thus no candidate for

K
. but p
is indeed Poincar-invariant. (exercise!)

So the simplest operator is:
K = p
m
2
c
2
1
with m being the mass of the particle and c the velocity of light.
=
2
c
2
2
t
2
+
2
. .
=:
2
m
2
c
2
DAlembert-Operator: :=
1
c
2
2
t
2

So the equation of motion for a relativistic particle with mass m (Spin 0):
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x)
. .
=(t,x),x
0
=ct
= 0
This is the free KleinGordon equation.
Goal: On the space of solutions to the KleinGordon Equation we want to dene a scalar-
product in order to construct a Hilbert-space. Then (A) should be unitary with respect to
this scalar-product.
NRQM:
(t, x) =
(t, x) (t, x) (t, x) =

2mi
_
(t, x)

(t, x) (t, x)

(t, x)
_
(t, x) + div (t, x) = 0
This is the continuity equation (compare E-Dyn.).
if: i
t
(t, x) =

H (t, x)
So we are looking for a -vector eld:
j
(x) =
_
c (t, x) , (t, x)
_
j
0
(x) = c (t, x)
j
i
(x) = j
i
(t, x)
with the properties:
.
( )
(x) = j
_
(x)
=
1
x
_
for

(x) =
_
1
x
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite qg
.
_
[]
_
(x) = 0 continuity equation
if
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
(x)
_
= 0
Then indeed:
, ) =||
2
:=
_
t=0
d
3
xj
0
[] (t = 0, x)
should dene a norm, which is Poincar-invariant.
z.o.z Repetitorium i
Poincar-invariant operator for scalar functions:
: R
1,3
C
K = p
m
2
c
2
1 Klein-Gordon Equation
:=
1
c
2
2
t
2

_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
Wanted: scalar product, norm Hilbert-space
current j []
j
0
(x) = c (t, x)
j (x) =
_
c (t, x) , (t, x)
_
such that for
(x) =
_
1
(x a)
_
we have:

(x) = j
_
(x) =
1
x
_
a = 0
with
(x) being a -vector-eld. Furthermore:

_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
[] (x) = 0
This is the continuity equation. Then:
||
2
C
= , )
C
=
_
d
3
xj
0
[] (t, x)
t=0
should dene a Poincar-invariant norm.
Lets continue . . .
Inspect a hypersurface (-dimensional) R
1,3
, call this . can be parametrised by paramet-
ers: u, v, w, so:
= x
[ x
(u, v, w)
We can then dene an innitesimal surface / volume element:
d
(x) :=
u
x
v
x
w
dudv dw
with
being the Levi-Civita tensor and:
0123
= +1
It is antisymmetric in all indices. Now built:
j (x) = j
(x) d
(x)
How does this transform under Lorentz-transformations? Suppose j is a -vector-eld:

(x) =
1
x
_
then:
(x) :=
(x) d
(x) =
1
x
_
. .
=:y
u
x
v
x
w
dudv dw
x = y
= j
_
y
_
. .
[det[
. .
=1
u
y
v
y
w
dudv dw
= j
_
y
_
d
_
y
_
= j
_
y
_
y =
1
x
Proposition:
_
(x) =
_
(j) (x)
if
(x) = 0
Argument:
_
(x) =
_
_
y
_
d
_
y
_
y =
1
x =
1
=
_
j
_
y
_
Inspect:
Q :=
_
_
y
_
d
_
y
_
(x) d
(x)
First consider a nite hypersurface :
IMAGEu
Q =
_
V
4
j
(x) d
(x)
_
V
4
\ ,
j
(x) d
(x)
(orientation!)
=
_
V
4
(x)
. .
=0
d
4
x
_
V
4
\ ,
j
(x) d
(x)
The second part goes to zero, too, if the borders of () where we suppose:
lim
x
j (x) = 0
So Q = 0:
(x) d
(x) =
_
(x)
Independent of the parametrisation.
Now take:
t = 0 u = x
1
, v = x
2
, w = x
3
then:
d
(x) =
0123
. .
=1
dx
1
dx
2
dx
3
. .
d
3
x
Then:
j
(x) d
(x) = j
0
(t = 0, x) 1 d
3
x
_

0
(t = 0, x) d
3
x =
_
j
0
(t = 0, x) d
3
x
We propose:
j
[] (x) =
i
2mc

(x) (
) (x)
_
_
(x) (x)
For solutions of:
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
Then indeed:
(x) = 0 (exercise!)
and also:

(x) =
_
j
_
_
_
(x) =
1
x
_
(x) =
_
1
x
_
i.e. j is a -vector eld (exercise!).
And nally (already proved):
_
t=0
d
3
xj
0
[] (x)
is indeed invariant.
However, rst inspect the solutions to the free Klein-Gordon Equation:
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
Ansatz:
(x) =
_
d
4
k f (k) e
i(kx)
(x) =
_
d
4
k f (k) (ik
)
_
ik
_
e
i(kx)
=
_
d
4
k f (k) k
2
e
i(kx)
k
2
= (k k)
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) =
_
d
4
kf (k)
_
m
2
c
2
2
k
2
_
e
i(kx)
!
= 0
_
m
2
c
2
2
k
2
_
f (k) = 0
_
if k
2
,=
m
2
c
2
2
then f (k) = 0
So f (k) ,= 0 only if
_
k
0
_
2
2
=
m
2
c
2
/
2
k
0
=
m
2
c
2
2
+
2
Dene:
k
=
m
2
c
4
2
+
2
c
2
thus: k
0
=
k
C
IMAGE
which is the support of the solutions to the free Klein-Gordon equation.
We thus write:
f (k) = g (k)
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
accordingly:
(x) =
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
g (k) e
i(kx)
Now for a Lorentz-transformation:
L
k
2
=
2
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
invariant
k = k
d
4
k =[det[
. .
=1
d
4
k = d
4
k
we could propose a norm:
|| =
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
g (k)
2
Now two questions arise:
. Is this indeed Poincar-invariant? Yes! (exercise!)
. Is this norm consistent with the current norm||
C
we dened with j
0
? No!
Remarks on item :
We had:
j
(x) =
i
2mc

(x) (
) (x)
_
_
(x) (x) (.)
We take the form:
(x) =
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
g (k) e
i(kx)
(.)
=
_
d
3
k
_
dk
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
k
2
0
2
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
. .
2
k/c
2
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
g
_
k
0
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
0
x
0
k
_
_
(.)
We remember the mass shell and nd:
E
k
=
k
=
_
m
2
c
4
+
2
. .
p
c
2
(.)
_
f(x)
_
=

i
(x x
i
)
f
t
(x
i
)
(.)
for f (x
i
) = 0 f
t
(x
i
) ,= 0
(.6)
=
_
d
3
k
_
dk
0
C
2
k

_
k
0

k
c
_
+
_
k
0
+

k
c
_
g
_
k
0
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
0
x
0
kx
_
(.)
x
0
= ct (.S)
=
_
d
3
k
C
2
k
g
_
k
c
,
k
_
. .
=:g
+
_
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
+g
_
k
c
,
k
_
. .
=:g
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
(.)
we have:
(x) = (t, x) =
_
d
3
k
C
2
k
g
+
_
k
_
e
i
_
_
kx
_
k
t
_
+
_
d
3
k
C
2
k
g
k
_
e
i
_
_
kx
_
+
k
t
_
(.u)
=
+
(t, x) +
(t, x) (.)
Linear combination of positive / negative frequency solutions.
Now with equation (.) calculate:
||
C
=
_
d
3
xj
0
[] (t = 0, x)
. . .
(2)
3

2m
_
d
3
k
2
k
g
+
_
k
_
k
_
2
=||
C
So this is unfortunately indenite!
. . .however:
||
2
=
_
d
3
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
g (k)
2
. . . = c
_
d
3
k
2
k
g
+
(k)
2
+
(k)
z.o.z6 Repetitorium i6
Current:
h
(x) =
i
2mc

(x) (
) (x)
_
_
(x) (x)
Klein-Gordon Equation:
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
(x) = 0
j []
(x) = 0
_
(A)
_
(x) =

(x) :=
_
1
(x a)
_

(x) =
_
j
_
(x)
_
=
1
(x a)
_
-vector eld
_
d
3
xj
0
(t, x)
t=0
=||
2
c
Poincar-invariant
(x) =
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
e
i(kx)
g (k)
=
_
d
3
k
c
2
k
g
+
_
k
_
e
i
_
_
kx
_
k
t
_
. .
=:
+
(t,x)
+
_
d
3
k
c
2
k
g
k
_
e
i
_
_
kx
_
+
k
t
_
. .
=:
(t,x)
k
:=
[k[
2
c
2
+
_
mc
2
_
2
2
g
k
_
= g
_
k
c
,
k
_
||
2
c
= (2)
3

2m

_
d
3
k
2
k
_
g
+
_
k
_
k
_
2
_
indenite
Lets continue. . .
We now dene a sesqui-linear form (scalar product)
1
,
2
)
c
:=
i
2mc
_
d
3
x
_
1
(x)
_
2
_
(x)
2
(x)
_
1
_
(x)
_
x
0
=ct=0
Which is (anti-)linear in the rst and second argument.
Proposition:
+
,
)
c
= 0
Argument:
+
,
)
c
=
i
2mc
_
d
3
x
_
+
(x)
_
_
(x)
_
+
_
(x)
(x)
_
x
0
=0
+
,
)
c
=
i
2m
_
d
3
x
_
d
3
k
_
d
3
k
t
_
g
+
_
k
t
_
e
i
_
x
_
(i
k
) g
k
_
e
i
_
x
_
(i
k
) g
+
_
k
t
_
e
i
_
x
_
(i
k
)
1
2
k
1
2
k
k
_
e
i
_
x
_
_
_
d
3
xe
i
_
_
_
x
_
= (2)
3
(3)
_
k
t
_
=

2m
1
2
_
d
3
k
2
k
_
g
+
_
k
_
g
k
_
g
+
_
k
_
g
k
_
_
= 0
In fact one can write the norms |
|
C
in an explicit Poincar-invariant form (apart from
time reections).
|
+
|
C
=
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
_
k
0
_
g
_
k
_
2mc
(2)
3
|
|
C
=
_
d
4
k
_
k
2
m
2
c
2
2
_
_
k
0
_
g
_
k
_
2mc
(2)
3
(x) =
_
_
_
1 for x > 0,
0 for x < 0.
Thus:
] = ]
+
]
with:
]
:=
_
_
_
: R
1,3
C
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
= 0;|
|
2
C
0; g
= 0
_
_
_
] :=
_
_
_
: R
1,3
C
_
+
m
2
c
2
2
_
= 0
_
_
_
With ]
+
]
. Moreover ]
are invariant subspaces:

(A)]
A representation of P on ] thus decomposes in irreducible representations on ]
with|
|
2
C
positive / negative denite.
Both irreducible representations describe particles with spin 0 and mass m with a frequency:
k
=
k
=
2
c
2
+
_
mc
2
_
2
2
and:
E
p
=
_
[ p[
2
c
2
+
_
mc
2
_
2
for
+
and frequency:
k
=
k
for

z.o.z Repetitorium i
NRQM: Spin
1
/2 particles (Pauli-Equation)
for rotations ( SO(3)) representations of SU(2):
L
2
_
R
3
, C
2
_
_
D( g)
_
(x) = g
_
( g)
1
x
_
g SU(2)
g = ( g) SO(3)
e.g. if:
g

= e
i
/2( )
( ) =
1
1
+
2
2
+
3
3
then:
g = ( g) = e
A( )
with:
A( ) x = [ x]
and we found:
D( g

) = e
i
/
_

J
_
J
k
=

L
k
1
C
2 + 1

S
k
C
2
S
k
:=
1
2
k
SU() covering group of SO():
: SU(2) SO(3)
surjective only:
1
SU(2)
1
SO(3)
1
SU(2)
1
SO(3)
= traceless, herm. 2 2 matrices, basis
k
g(h) g
=
_
_
( g)
_
h
_
h R
3
g SU(2)
This is a basic property of ( g)

_
h
_
g
//
g (h) g
R
3

h
LL
( g)
//
( g)
KK
R
3
Lets continue. . .
We also want to construct a covering group for L
+
(group of all orthochronous Lorentz-trafos
with det = +1)
We start with the Poincar-Group T
A T
A(, a)
Ax = x +a
L
a R
1,3
= M
A
1
A
2
= (
1
, a
1
) (
2
, a
2
) = (
1
2
, a
1
+
1
a
2
)
This is called the semi-direct product and one writes T = L M
for the covering group of T, denoted by T = L M
So to construct:
:SL(2, C) L
+
SL(2, C) =
_
End C
2
: det = 1
_
: C
2
C
2
Note: SU(2) SL(2, C)
now put:
(h) := h
0
1
2
+
3
i=1
h
i
i
: R
1,3
t
= hermitean 2 2 matrices
and then for g SL(2, C)
g (h) g
=
_
(g) h
_
: SL(2, C) L
+
Properties:
.
(g
1
g
2
) = (g
1
) (g
2
) group homomorphism
_
1
SL(2,C)
_
= 1
/
+
. indeed for g SL(2, C) then (g) L
+
this follows from:
(h h) = det
_
(h)
(h) =
_
h
0
+h
3
ih
2
+h
1
ih
2
+h
1
h
0
h
3
_
det
_
_
(g)h
_
_
= det
_
(h)
_
(g)h (g)h
_
= (h h) h M
.
ker [] = 1, 1
indeed:
g ker [] (g) = 1
g
_
(h)
_
g
= (h) h M
Take h
0
,= 0, h
i
= 0, i = 1, 2, 3
gg
= 1 g unitary
Here, the Kernel ker means all elements mapped to the unity matrix. For unitary matrices,
we already know ker 1, 1
Again we have a covering only, the correspondence is to
.
_
p
_
(h)
_
p
_
=
_
G
p
h
_
G
p
:=
p
e
0
with
p
h = h 2
_
p h
_
p
with
_
p p
_
= 1
.
p[
_
p p
_
= 1 p
0
> 0
g
_
(h)
_
g
= (p)(h)(p)
g =(p) =
_
_
_G
p
O
. .
h
_
_
_ = (h)
O =
_
_
_
1
O SO(3)
_
_
_
: most general orthochronous, proper Lorentz-trafo. So indeed:
Range [g] = L
+
Now dene: representations of spin-
1
/2 particles.
g SL(2, C)
(g) L
+
L
2
_
M, C
2
_
_
T(g, a)
_
(x) = g
_
1
(x a)
_
_
T
_
g, a
_
_
(x) = g
_
1
(x a)
_
g :=
_
g
_
1
Seite 6o Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
T is called the adjoint representation. In general for g SL(2, C):

_
g
_
1
,= g
If however:
g SU(2) SL(2, C)
g =
_
g
_
1
= g
Indeed, these are representations:
_
T(g
1
, a
1
) T(g
2
, a
2
)
_
(x)
def
= g
1
_
T(g
2
, a
2
)
_
_
1
1
(x a
1
)
_
= g
1
g
2
1
2
_
1
1
(x a
1
) a
2
_
_
= g
1
g
2
_
_
_
_
_
1
2

1
1
. .
=(
1
2
)
1
(x a
1
1
a
2
)
_
_
_
_
_
=
_
T
_
(g
1
, a
1
) (g
2
, a
2
)
_
_
(x)
also:
_
T(g
1
, a
1
)

T(g
2
, a
2
)
_
(x) = g
1
g
2
1
2
_
1
1
(x a
1
) a
2
_
_
now:
g
1
g
2
=
_
g
1
_
1
_
g
2
_
1
=
_
g
2
g
1
_
1
=
_
(g
1
g
2
)
_
1
= g
1
g
2
= g
1
g
2
_
(
1
2
)
1
(x a
1
1
a
2
)
_
=
_
D
_
(g
1
, a
1
) (g
2
a
2
)
_
_
(x)
Remark:
g =
_
g
_
1
g
1
= g
gg
= 1
_
g
= 1
g g
= 1
g
1
= g
g =
_
g
1
_
Dene the so-called Weyl-Operators: W,

W : C
2
C
2
.
W =
= 1

ct

_
_
_
=
_
(use summation convention). And:
W =
= 1

ct

_
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite 6
where:
0
:= 1 =
0
i
:=
i
. . . One can show:
W

T = TW
WT =

T

W
Such relations are called intertwining relations. So T and W do not really commute: The
representation goes over into the adjoint representation.
Nevertheless, the following statements hold:
. if

(x) solves W

= 0 then also

T
solves this.
. if (x) solves

W = 0 then also T solves this.
Argument:
.
W

T
= TW

..
=0
= 0
.
WT =

T

W
..
=0
= 0
The Weyl-equations:
W

= 0
W = 0
Calculate:
W

W =
=
1
2
_
2
x
2
x
_
=
1
2
_
_
2
x
= g
2
x
= =

WW
Thus:
W = 0 0 = W

W =
W

= 0 0 =

WW

=
and

solve the Klein-Gordon equation but with m = 0.
So the solutions of the Weyl equations are spin
1
2
particles with m = 0.
Seite 6z Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
z.o.z8 Repetitorium i8
Representations for spin
1
/2 particles:
T(g, a)
T(g, a)
] = L
2
_
R
1,3
, C
2
_
]
g SL(2, C)
a R
1,3
= (g) L
+
: SL(2, C) L
+
_
T(g, a)
_
(x) = g
_
1
(x a)
_
_
T(g, a)

_
(x) = g

1
(x a)
_
g :=
_
g
_
1
=
_
g
1
_
(adjoint representation)
Weyl-operators:
W :=
= 1

ct

_
W :=
= 1

ct

_
_
=
3
i=1
x
i

0
=
0
= 1
2

k
=
k
k = 1, 2, 3
Intertwining relations:
W

T(g, a) = T(g, a) W
WT(g, a) =

D(g, a)

W
Weyl-equation:
W

= 0 W

T
= TW

= 0
W = 0

WT =

T

W = 0
W

W =

WW =
W = 0
W

= 0
= 0
= 0
Klein-Gordon equation mass m = 0 particles. Lets continue. . .
In order describe particles (spin
1
/2) with a nite mass m, we try:
_
W +
mc
1
2
_

(x) = 0

T
_
W +
mc
1
2
_
= 0

TW =
mc
T
calculate:
_
W +
mc
1
2
_

T
(x) = W

T
(x) +
mc
(x)
= TW

TW

=
_
T

T
_
. .
,=0
W

,= 0
We observe: (x) T (x)

WT (x) =

T

W (x)
W transforms like

.
So we will use coupled equations:
W +
mc
= 0
W

+
mc
= 0
We thus take as an equation of motion:
_
0 W
W 0
__
_
+
mc
_
= 0
We check:
W
_
_
+
mc
(T) = TW

+
mc
T
= T
_
_
_
_
_
W

+
mc

. .
=0
_
_
_
_
_
= 0 ok!
W (T) +
mc
T
_
= . . . = 0 ok!
We can now dene:
D :=
_
0 W
W 0
_
D : C
4
C
4
D
2
=
_
W

W 0
0

WW
_
=
_
0
0
_
Seite 6q Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Then indeed:
0 =
_
D +
mc
1
4
_
_
_
. .
R
1,3
C
4
,

: R
1,3
C
2
_
D
mc
1
4
__
D +
mc
1
4
_
_
_
=
_
D
2
m
2
c
2
2
1
4
__
_
= 0
_
_
m
2
c
2
2
0
0
m
2
c
2
2
_
_
_
_
= 0
All four components of
_
_
full the free Klein-Gordon equation with mass m!
(free) Dirac-equation:
_
D +
mc
1
4
_
_
_
= 0
_
_
=
D
Dirac-Spinor:
D
: R
1,3
C
4
D =
_
0 W
W 0
_
=
_
0
0
_
=
_
0
0
_
dene:
i
:=
_
0
0
_
=
_
0 i
0
_
specically:
0
:=
0
=
_
0
2
i1
2
i1
2
0
2
_
k
:=
k
=
_
0
2
i
k
i
k
0
2
_
k = 1, 2, 3
Then:
_
i
+
mc
1
4
_
0
(x) = 0
_
i
mc
1
4
_
0
(x) = 0
Properties of the -matrices:
0
=
_
0
_
2
= 1
4
k
=
_
k
0
0
k
_
0
=
_
k
0
0
k
_
0
,
k
_
+
= 0
0
,
0
_
+
= 21
4
k ,= l
_
k
,
l
+
_
= 2
kl
1
4
k, l 1, 2, 3
In short:
[
]
+
= 2g
1
4
Take:
U =
1
2
_
1
2
i 1
2
1
2
i 1
2
_
U(4)
then:
0
D
= U
0
U
=
_
1
2
O
2
O
2
1
2
_
k
D
= U
k
U
=
_
0
2

k
k
0
2
_
This is called the Dirac-representation of the matrices.
z.o.zg Repetitorium ig
Dirac-Equation:
_
0 W
W 0
__
_
+
mc
_
= 0
_
T(g, a)
_
(x) = g
_
1
(x a)
_
_
T(g, a)

_
(x) = g

1
(x a)
_
=
_
g
1
_
=
_
g
_
1
W =
= 1

(ct)

_
W =
= 1

(ct)

_
_

0
=
0
= 1
2

k
=
k
k = 1, 2, 3
g SL(2, C)
W

T = TW
WT =

T

W
also:
_
i
mc
1
4
_
D
(x) = 0
D
=
_
0
=
_
0 i1
2
i1
2
0
_
k
=
_
0 i
k
i
k
0
_
[
]
+
= 2g
1
4
in Weyl-representation.
D
:= U
U =
1
2
_
1
2
i1
2
1
2
i1
2
_
U
= U
1
U U(4)
Dirac-representation
0
D
=
_
1
2
0
0 1
2
_
k
D
=
_
0
k
k
0
_
k = 1, 2, 3
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite 6y
Lets continue. . .
Poincar-invariance of D +
mc
1
4
D =
_
0 W
W 0
_
Let:
A = (g, a)
g SL(2, C)
a R
1,3
A SL(2, C) R
1,3
We had:
T
_
A
_
(x) = g
_
A
1
x
_
T
_
A
_

(x) = g
..
(g
1
)
=(g
)
1
_
A
1
x
_
A = (, a) L
+
R
1,3
A
1
x =
1
(x a)
= (g)
: SL(2, C) L
+
Now declare:
T
D
_
A
D
_
(x) = S(g)
D
_
_
(g)
_
1
(x a)
_
with
S(g) =
_
g 0
0 g
_
S(g) : C
4
C
4
D
=
_
_
Proposition:
T
D
_
A
_
D = DT
D
_
A
_
D =
_
0 W
W 0
_
or
T
D
_
A
_
DT
D
_
A
_
1
= D
Seite 6B Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Argument:
T
D
_
A
_
DT
D
_
A
_
1
=
_
_
_
T
_
A
_
0
0

T
_
A
_
_
_
_
_
0 W
W 0
_
T
D
_
A
_
1
=
_
_
_
0 T
_
A
_
W
T
_
A
_

W 0
_
_
_T
D
_
A
_
1
=
_
_
_
0 W

T
_
A
_
WT
_
A
_
0
_
_
_T
D
_
A
_
1
=
_
0 W
W 0
_
_
_
_
T
_
A
_
0
0

T
_
A
_
_
_
_
. .
T
D(

A)
T
D
_
A
_
1
. .
1
4
= D
The identity part:
mc
1
4
is trivial, so we have that the representation
_
T
D
_
A
_
, D
_
= 0
commutes.
equivalent forms:
_
i
mc
D
(x) = 0
U GL(4, C)
U
_
i
mc
_
U
1
U
D
(x) = 0
=
_
_
_
_
i U
U
1
. .
=:
mc
1
4
_
_
_
_
(U
D
)
. .
=:

D
= 0
We had:
= 2g
1
4
= [
]
+
[
]
+
= 2g
1
4
We had in Weyl-representation:
_
0
_
=
0
and
_
k
_
=
k
k = 1, 2, 3
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite 6g
We require:
_

0
_
!
=
0
_
U
0
U
1
_
= U
0
U
1
_
U
1
_
0
_
= U
0
U
1
_
U
1
_ _
U
1
_
0
U
U =
0
U
U = 1
4
U
= U
1
U U(4)
Then also:
_

k
_
=
_
U
k
U
1
_
= U
_
k
_
= U
k
U
=
k
0
is hermitean,
k
antihermitian in all representations.
U
= U
1

= U
Proposition:
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
Argument:
S(g) =
_
g 0
0 g
_
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
_
g
1
0
0 g
1
__
0 i
0
__
g 0
0 g
_
0
=
0

k
=
k

0
=
0

k
=
k
=
_
0 ig
1
g
i g
1

g 0
_
=
_
_
_
0 ig
1
_
g
1
_
g
1
(i
)
_
g
1
_
0
_
_
_
=
_
0 i
0
_
=
So:
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
Seite yo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory

then also:
_
USU
_
1
_
U
_ _
USU
_
= US
1
U
U
. .
=1
U
. .
=1
SU
= US
1
SU
So all basic properties remain the same after applying UAU
=

A.
We had:
S
1
(g)
S(g) =
also with:
S(g) = US(g)U
1

= U
U
1

S
1
(g)

S(g) =
Notation: a, b C
4
a, b)
C
4 =
4
k=1
a
k
b
k
Dene current:
j
[
D
] (x) =
D
(x) ,
0
D
(x))
C
4 =
D
(x)
0
D
(x)
(x) =
_
D
_
(x) ,
0
D
(x))
C
4
+
D
(x) ,
0
D
_
(x))
C
4
= (
0
_
_
D
_
(x) ,
D
(x))
C
4
+
D
(x)
0
D
_
(x))
C
4
now:
_
0
_
=
0
_
k
_
=
k
_
0
_
0
_
=
0
0
= 1
4
_
k
_
0
_
=
k
0
=
0
=
0
D
_
(x) ,
D
(x))
C
4
+
D
(x) ,
0
D
_
(x))
C
4
use
D
(x) = i
mc

D
(x) Dirac-equation
=
0
_
i
mc

D
(x)
_
,
D
(x))
C
4
+
D
(x) ,
0
i
mc

D
(x))
C
4
= 0
Using anti-linearity.
Is j
[
D
] (x) a -vector eld? Check this for

A = (g, 0) = g
Compute:
T
D
( g)
D
(x) ,
0
T
D
( g)
D
(x))
C
4 = S(g)
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
,
0
S(g)
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
)
C
4
=
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
, S(g)
S(g)
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
)
C
4
=
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
,
0
_
0
S
(g)
0
_
S(g)
D
_
(g)
1
x
_
)
C
4
We just inserted
0
0
here.
interlude:
0
S(g)
0
=
_
0 i1
2
i1
2
0
__
g
0
0 g
__
0 i1
2
i1
2
0
_
_
0 i g
ig
0
__
o i1
2
i1
2
0
_
=
_
g
0
0 g
_
=
_
g
1
0
0 ( g)
1
_
= S(g)
1
=
D
_
1
(g)x
_
,
0
S
1
(g)
S(g)
. .
D
_
1
(g)x
_
)
C
4
=
D
_
1
x
_
,
0
D
_
1
(g)x
_
)
C
4
=
1
(g)x
_
j
[] indeed transforms as a -vector eld. Then we shall have:

|
D
|
2
=
D
1
,
D
2
) :=
_
(t=0)
d
3
(x) j
0
[
D
] (x)
=
_
t=0
d
3
x
D
(x) ,
0
0
. .
1
4
D
(x))
C
4
=
_
t=0
d
3
x
(0, x) (0, x) 0
This denes a positive semi-denite norm and this is Poincar invariant.
Other covariants: Dene:
(x) =
(x)
0
adjoint spinor.
Dene: scalar eld:
s [] (x) = (x) (fvx) =
(x)
0
(x)
Dene: pseudoscalar eld:
s [] (x) = i (x)
s
(fvx)
with
5
= i
0
3
vector eld:
j
[] (x) = (x)
(x)
pseudovector eld:

[] (x) = (x)
5
(x)
antisymmetric tensor eld:
t
(x) = (x)
(x) >
Seite yz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
z.o.o Repetitorium zo
free Dirac-equation:
_
i
mc
1
4
_
(x) = 0
in the Weyl-representation:
_
T
D
_
A
_
_
(x) = S(g)
_
(g)
1
(x a)
_
S(g) =
_
_
g 0
0
_
g
1
_
_
_
g :=
_
g
1
_
=
_
g
_
1
A = (g, a) SL(2, C) R
1,3
(g) L
+
other representation:

= U
U U(4)
= U
_
T
D
_
A
_

_
(x) = US(g)U
1

_
(g)
1
(x a)
_
j
[
0
] (x) :=
D
(x) ,
0
D
(x))
C
4
_
i
mc
1
4
_
D
= 0
(x) = 0
:= (x)
0
bilinears
5
= i
0
3
S [] (x) = (x) (x) scalar
S [] (x) =
5
(x) (x) pseudoscalar
j
[] (x) = i
(x) (x) vector

[] (x) =
5
(x) (x) axial vector

t
[] (x) =
(x) (x) tensor ( > )

Dirac-representation:
0
=
_
1 0
0 1
_
k
=
_
0
k
k
0
_
5
=
_
0 1
1 0
_
Lets continue. . .
z.i Solutions of the free Dirac-equation
Dene:
/ a = a
= a
_
/ a,
/
b
_
+
=
_
a
, b
+
= a
2 1
4
= (a b) 2 1
4
Dirac-equation:
_
i
mc
_
= 0
_
i
/

mc
_
(x) = 0
Ansatz:
(x) = w(k) e
i(kx)
w(k) C
4
We know:
(x)
m
2
c
2
2
(x) = 0
k =
_
k
0
,
k
_
k
2
0
2
=
m
2
c
2
2
So we have:
k
0
=
m
2
c
2
2
+
2
=
k
c
Solutions:
w
_
k
c
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
and:
w
_
k
c
,
k
_
e
i
_
k
t
_
kx
_
_
e
i
/Et
This is the positive / negative frequency solution. We now introduce:
k
:=
k
k =
k
Seite yq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.. SOLUTIONS OF THE FREE DIRAC-EQUATION
The second solution can then also be written as:
w
_
k
c
,
k
_
e
i
_

k
t
_
kx
_
_
So we shall write:
u(k) e
i(kx)
v (k) e
i(kx)
_
with k
0
=

k
c
> 0
We still have:
_
/ k
mc
_
u(k) = 0
_
/ k +
mc
_
v (k) = 0 (.)
Special case: resting particle:

k = 0
k
0
=
mc
k = 0
0
mc

mc
1
4
_
u
_
k
0
,
0
_
= 0
_
0
1
4
_
u
_
k
0
,
0
_
= 0
_
0
+1
4
_
v
_
k
0
,
0
_
= 0
in Dirac-representation:
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
0 0
0 2 1
(2)
_
u
_
k
0
,
0
_
. .
u
0
= 0
_
21 0
0 0
_
v
_
k
0
,
0
_
. .
v
0
= 0
Solutions for a particle at rest:
u
(1)
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
1
0
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
u
(2)
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
1
0
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
u
(r)
0
=
_
(r)
s
0
_
where:
(r)
s
C
4
(1)
s
=
_
1
0
_
(2)
s
=
_
0
1
_
V
(1)
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
1
0
_
_
_
_
_
_
V
(2)
0
=
_
_
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
V
(r)
0
=
_
0
(r)
s
_
For

k ,=
0 now
u
(r)
(k) = N
_
mc
1 + / k
_
u
(r)
0
and
v
(r)
(k) = N
_
mc
1 / k
_
u
(r)
0
Will full equations (.) since:
_
/ k
mc
__
/ k +
mc
_
= k
2
m
2
c
2
2
= 0
Normalisation: calculate:
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) := u
(r)
(k) ,
0
u
(s)
(k))
C
4
Seite y6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Now:
u
(r)
(k) = N
u
(r)
0
_
mc
+ / k
_
0
=
0
. . . = N
u
(r)
0

0
_
mc
+ / k
_
k
=
_
k
_
k = 1, 2, 3
u
(r)
(fvk) u
(s)
(fvk) =[N[
2
u
(r)
0
_
mc
+ / k
__
mc
+ / k
_
u
(s)
0
_
mc
+ / k
__
mc
+ / k
_
=
m
2
c
2
2
+ 2
mc
/ k + k
2
..
m
2
c
2
2
=
2mc
_
mc
+ / k
_
u
(r)
(fvk) u
(s)
(fvk) = 2[N[
2
mc
u
(r)
0
_
mc
+ / k
_
u
(s)
0
= 2[N[
2
mc
(r)
0
_
_
1 0
0 1
_
_
_
_
mc
+

k
c

_
k
_
k
_
mc

k
c
_
_
_
_
(s)
0
_
= 2[N[
2
mc
_
mc
+

k
c
_
rs
(x) =
_
_
_
u(k) e
i(kx)
v (k) e
+i(kx)
_
/ k
mc
_
u(k) = 0
_
/ k +
mc
_
v (k) = 0
Normalised solutions:
u
(r)
(k) =
_
_
_
_
_
E
k
+mc
2
2mc
2

(r)
c
_
k
_
_
2mc
2
(E
k
+mc
2
)
(r)
_
_
_
_
v
(r)
(k) =
_
_
_
_
c
_
k
_
_
2mc
2
(E
k
+mc
2
)
(r)
_
E
k
+mc
2
2mc
2

(r)
_
_
_
_
(1)
=
_
1
0
_
(2)
=
_
0
1
_
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite yy
These are the Pauli-Spinors
E
k
=
_
m
2
c
4
+
2
2
c
2
=
k
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) =
rs
u
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k) = 0
v
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) = 0
v
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k) =
rs
z.i.i Repetitorium zi
plane wave solutions to free Dirac equation
_
i
/

mc
_
(x) = 0
/ a := a
_
i
mc
_
(x) = 0
Ansatz:
(x) =
_
_
_
u(k) e
i(kx)
;
_
/ k
mc
_
u(k) = 0
v (k) e
i(kx)
;
_
/ k +
mc
_
v (k) = 0
Normalised solutions:
u
(r)
(k) =
_
_
_
_
_
E
k
+mc
2
2mc
2

(r)
c
_
k
_
_
2mc
2
(E
k
+mc
2
)
(r)
_
_
_
_
v
(r)
(k) =
_
_
_
_
c
_
k
_
_
2mc
2
(E
k
+mc
2
)
(r)
_
E
k
+mc
2
2mc
2

(r)
_
_
_
_
(1)
=
_
1
0
_
(2)
=
_
0
1
_
PauliSpinors. Then:
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) =
rs
u
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k) = 0
v
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) = 0 v
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k) =
rs
u = u
0
v = v
0
with:
E
k
=
_
m
2
c
4
+
2
2
c
2
=
k
k
0
= +
k
c
k
_
= k
1
1
+k
2
2
+k
3
3
Seite yB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Lets continue. . .
The positive denite density was given by
(x) (x) = (x)

0
(x) = j
0
(x)
So lets calculate u
(x) u(k). We know:

_
/ k
mc
_
u(k) = 0
u
(k)
_
/ k
mc
= 0
u
(k)
_
/ k
mc
0
= 0
u
(k)
_
0
k
0
l
k
l
mc
1
4
_
0
= 0
u
(k)
0
_
0
k
0
+
l
k
l
mc
1
4
_
= 0
u(k)
_
/ k
mc
1
4
_
= 0
Then follows:
u
(r)
(k)
_
/ k
mc
_
+
u
(s)
(k) = 0
u
(r)
(k)
_
/ k,
+
u
(s)
(k) = 2
mc
u
(r)
(k)
u
(s)
(k)
Now we also have:
[k
]
+
= 2g
1
4
= 2k
1
4
u
(r)
(k)
u
(s)
(k) =
k
mc
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k)
=0
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) = u
(r)
(k)
0
u
(s)
(k) =
k
0
mc
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) =
E
k
mc
2
rs
> 0
indeed:
u
(r)
(k) u
(s)
(k) =
E
k
mc
2
. .
note this factor
rs
> 0
Then also for:
(+)(r)
k
(x) = u
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
we have:
_
(+)(r)
k
(x)
_
(+)(s)
k
(x) =
E
k
mc
2
rs
also:
v
(r)
(k)
_
/ k +
mc
_
+
v
(s)
(k) = 0
v
(r)
(k)
v
(s)
(k) =
k
mc
v
(r)
(k) v
(s)
(k)
v
(r)
(k)
v
(s)
(k) =
k
0
mc
(
rs
) =
E
k
mc
2
rs
> 0
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite yg
So this is also positive!
Remark:
k
=
_
0 1
1 0
__
0
k
k
0
_
=
_
k
0
0
k
_
=:
k
SpinOperator:
S
k
: C
4
C
4
S
k
=
1
2
k
u, v are eigenfunctions of S
3
with
S
3
u
(
1
/2)
0
e
i
mc
ct
=
_
+
/
_ 1
2
u
(
1
/2)
0
e
i
mc
2
t
S
3
v
(
1
/2)
0
e
i
mc
ct
=
_
+
/
_ 1
2
v
(
1
/2)
0
e
i
mc
2
t
Here,
_
1
/2
_
means 1 or 2, like
_
+
/
_
means + or . So these solutions describe spin
1
/2-particles
(now, the fraction is meant).
Furthermore: For
(+)(r)
k
(x) = e
i
_
k
0
x
0
kx
_
_
u
(r)
(k) k =
_
k
0
,
k
_
()(s)
k
(x) = e
+i
_
k
0
x
0
kx
_
_
v
(s)
(k)

k =
_
k
0
,
k
_
_
()(s)
k
(x)
_
(+)(r)
k
(x) = 0 prove yourself!
Thus states of positive and negative energy are naturally orthogonal if they have opposite en-
ergies, but the same three-momentum

k.
IMAGE
Diracequations:
i
= i
0

(ct)
+i
3
k=1
k

x
k
=
i
c
0

t
+i
_

_
_
i
mc
_
(x) = 0
dene:
p
0
= i

x
0
=
i
c
t
p
k
= i

x
k
= i
k
k = 1, 2, 3

mc
_
(x) = 0
mc1
4
_
(x) = 0
_
/
p mc1
4
_
(x) = 0
Seite Bo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
minimal coupling:
p
q
c
A
(x)
A
(x) -vector potential. Dirac equation for a particle of mass m, charge q in an electromag-
netic eld specied by A
(x) = 0, 1, 2, 3
_
q
c
(x) mc1
4
_
(x) = 0
electromagnetic eld:
F
(x) =
(x)
(x)
We now inspect (proposition):
_
_
i
+
q
c
A
(x)
_
mc
_
(C) (x) = 0
where
(C) (x) :=
5
(x)
If fulls our former Dirac equation. In e.g. Weyl-representation:
2
=
_
0 i
2
i
2
0
_
Argument:
_
_
i
+
q
c
A
(x)
_
mc
_
(C) (x) =
5
_
_
i
q
c
A
(x)
_
mc
_
(x)
=
5
2
_
_
0
_
i
0
+
q
c
A
0
_
+
1
_
i

x
1
+
q
c
A
1
_
2
_
i

x
1
+
q
c
A
2
_
+
3
_
i

x
1
+
q
c
A
3
_
mc
_
_
(x)
Weyl-representation:
i
0
=
_
0 1
1 0
_
i
k
=
_
0
k
k
0
_
k = 1, 2, 3
2
=
_
0 i
i 0
_
2
=
_
0 i
i 0
_
=
2
So we can write:
=
5
2
_
_
_
_
i

q
c
mc
_
(x)
_
_
_
= 0
Because of the Dirac equation.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite B
z.i.z Wave packets
Lets start with linear combinations of positive energy solutions only:
(+)
(x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r=1,2
b
_
k, r
_
u
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
b C
Normalisation:
_
d
3
xj
(+)
0
(t, x) =
_
d
3
x
_
d
3
k
t
(2)
3
m
2
c
4
E
k
E
k
r,r
k, r
_
b
_
k
t
, r
t
_
u
(r)
(k) u
(r
)
_
k
t
_
e
+i(
k
k
)ti
_
_
_
_
x
=

r
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
b
_
k, r
_
2
mc
2
E
k
= 1
If J
(+)
is the total current, we can do (with l = 1, 2, 3):
J
(+)
l
(t, x) =
_
d
3
xj
(+)
l
(t, x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
m
2
c
4
E
2
k
r,r
k, r
_
b
_
k
t
, r
t
_
u
(r)
(k)
0
l
..
=:
l
u
(r
)
(k)
=
p
l
c
E
k
)
(which is stil l to show).
z.i. Repetitorium zz
Wave packet (pos. energy comp. only)
+
(x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r=1,2
b
_
k, r
_
u
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
Norm:
_
d
3
xj
(+)
0
(t, x) =

r
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
b
_
k, r
_
2
mc
E
k
. .
probability density
= 1
spatial component of current:
j
(+)
l
(t) =
_
d
3
xj
(+)
l
(t, x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
m
2
c
4
E
2
k
r,r
k, r
_
b
_
k, r
t
_
u
(r)
(k)
0
l
u
(r
)
(k)
Lets continue. . .
Gordon-identity:
Let u be a positive energy solution of the Diracequation:
Then:
u
(r)
(k)
u
(s)
_
q
_
=

2me
u
(r)
(k)
_
(k +q)
+i
(k q)
u
s
_
q
_
:=
i
2
[
Seite Bz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory

follows from:
0 = u
(r)
(k)
_
/ a
_
/
q
mc
_
+
_
/ k
mc
_
/ a
_
u
(s)
_
q
_
/ a = a
We nd:
u
(r)
(k)
0
. .
u
(r)
(k)
l
u
(r)
(k) =

2mc
u
(r)
(k) 2 k
l
u
(r
)
(k)
=
_
k
l
_
c
mc
2

rr
j
(+)
l
=

r
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
b
_
k, r
_
2
. .
probability density
p
l
c
E
k
The term
p
l
c
/E
k
is the group velocity of the wave-packet.
Lets inspect a Gaussian wave packet.
(0, x) =
1
_
d
2
_3
/4
e
1
2
|x|
2
d
2
w
w is a xed spinor
w C
4
w =
_
0
_
C
2
In general:
(t, x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r
_
b
_
k, r
_
u
r
(k)e
i(kx)
+d
k, r
_
V
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
_
We have:
_
d
3
xe
1
2
|x|
2
d
2
i
_
kx
_
=
_
4d
2
_3
/2
e
1
2
2
d
2
. . . by comparison:
_
4d
2
_3
/4
e
1
2
2
d
2
w =
mc
2
E
k
r
_
b(k, r)u
(r)
(k) +d
k, r
_
v
(r)
_
k
_
_
k =
_
k
0
,
k
_
. . . b
_
k, r
_
=
_
4d
2
_3
/4
e
1
2
2
d
2
_
u
(r)
(k) w
_
d
k, r
_
=
_
4d
2
_3
/4
e
1
2
2
d
2
_
v
(r)
(k) w
_
If w =
_
0
_
then
kc
_
E
k
+mc
2
_
thus

[b[ if [ p[ c mc
2
if d
c
mc
2
=

mc
then components with typical momenta of pc mc
2
c
/d are suppressed.
Then negative energy solutions are unimportant, but if the packet is smaller than

/mc (=Compton
wavelength of a particle of mass m), negative energy components are important.
z.i.q Repetitorium z
General wave packet:
(t, x) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r
_
b (k, r) u
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
+d
(k, r) v
(r)
(k) e
i(kx)
_
Norm:
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
r
_
b (k, r)
2
+
d (k, r)
2
_
= 1
new:
J
l
(t) =
_
d
3
k
(2)
3
mc
2
E
k
_
p
l
c
E
k
r
_
b (k, r)
2
+
d (k, r)
2
_
+i
r,r
_
b
k, r
_
d
_
k, r
t
_
e
2
i
E
k
t
u
(r)
_
k
_
lo
v
(r
)
(k)
_
b
_
k, r
_
d
_
k, r
t
_
e
2
i
E
k
t
v
(r
)
(k)
lo
u
(r)
_
k
_
_
For further information see: Schwabl u..
=
i
2
[
]
l = 1, 2, 3
2E
k

2mc
2
2 10
21
Hz
ampl.
c
mc
2
4 10
13
m electrons
These small rapid oscillations are called Zitterbewegung.
Lets continue. . .
up to now: free motion:
_
i

mc
1
4
_
(x) = 0
(x) C
4
electric eld: -vector potential:
A
(x)
= 0, 1, 2, 3
A
0
(t, x) = (t, x)
A
i
(t, x) is a (-vector) eld
Seite Bq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
minimal coupling / minimal substitution:
p
q
c
A
(t, x)
p
0
= i
1
c
t
p
k
= i

x
k
= i

x
k
Dirac equation in an electromagnetic eld:
i

t
(t, x) c
q
c
A
0
(t, x) (t, x) =
_
_
c
3
k=1
k
_
p
k
q
c
A
k
(t, x)
_
+mc
2
_
_
(t, x)
=
0
k
=
0
k
k = 1, 2, 3
i

t
(t, x) =
_
c
_
i
q
c
A(t, x)
_
+mc
2
+q(t, x)
_
(t, x)
( p) =
3
k=1
p
k
k
=
3
k=1
p
k
k
( p) : C
4
C
4
Standard/Dirac representation:
=
_
1
2
0
2
0
2
1
2
_
k
=
_
0
2

k
k
0
2
_
k = 1, 2, 3
We now write:
=
_
, C
2
act.

, : R
3
R C
2
i

t
_

_
= c
_
_
_
0
2

_
i
q
c
A
_
_
i
q
c
A
_
0
2
_
_
_
_

_
+mc
2
_
1 0
2
0
2
1
2
__

_
+q
_

_
i

t
_

_
= c
_
_
_
_
_
_+mc
2
_

_
q(t, x)
_
:= i
q
c
A(t, x)
(a) =
3
k=1
a
k
k
Introduce:
_

_
= e
mc
2
t
_
_
i

t
_

_
= mc
2
_

_
+ e
i
i
mc
2
t
i

t
_
_
i

t
_
_
= c
_
_
_
_
_
_+q
_
_
2mc
2
_
0
_
Approximation:
q(t, x) mc
2
i

t
(t, x) 2mc
2
(t, x)
0 c
_
_
2mc
2

_
2mc

Approximately:
i

t
(t, x) =

_
_
2m
(t, x) +q(t, x) (t, x)
We know:
(a)
_
b
_
=
_
a
b
_
1
2
+i
_
_
a
b
_
_
(a)
_
b
_
=
2
+i
_
_
_
_
Indeed:
_
_
k
=
klm
_
i

x
l

q
c
A
l
(t, x)
__
i

x
m

q
c
A
m
(t, x)
_
. . .
= i
q
c
B
k
B =
_

A
_
i

t
(t, x) =
_
q
c
A(t, x)
2
2m

q
2mc
B
_
+q(t, x)
_
_
(t, x)
which is the Pauli-equation for the upper components of the Dirac-spinor. And:

_
2mc

Special case:
(t, x) = 0
A(x) =
1
2
_
B x
_
Seite B6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
time independent constant magnetic eld

B, indeed:
B = (curl A) (x)
_
div

A
_
(x) = 0
Coulomb-gauge.
Neglect the
2
-terms:
i

t
(t, x) =

2
2m
q
2mc
B
_
_
_
L + 2
..
g-factor
S
_
_
_(t, x)
_
a

A
_
:=
3
k=1
a
k
A
k
L
k
= i
klm
x
l

x
m
angular momentum operator
where S
k
=
1
2
B
_
=
1
1
2
k=1
B
k
S
k
The g-factor is the g-factor of the electron (Spin
1
/2).
Dirac-equation in a central electric eld:
A(t, x) = 0
q(t, x) = V
_
[x[
_
Now, put:
(t, x) = e
Et
0
(x)
H
D
0
(x) :=
_
_
i
3
k=1
x
k
+mc
2
+V
_
[x[
_
1
4
_
_
0
(x) = E
0
(x)
Remarks:
Parity: (T
0
) (x) =
0
0
(Tx) =
0
0
(x)
[T, H
D
]
= 0
Dene
J
k
:=

L
k
1
4
+

2
k
:=
5
k
=
5
k
k = 1, 2, 3
Dirac-representation:
k
=
_
k
0
0
k
_
_
J
k
,

H
D
_
= 0
Try to nd common eigenfunctions (R
3
C
4
) (of H
D
) and

[J[
2
,

J
3
, T.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite By
We had already for eigenfunctions (R
3
C
2
)

[J[
2
,

J
3
, T
x
: C
2
C
2
.
2
J
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) =
2
j(j + 1)
l
j
m
j
(x
0
)
l
j
m
j
: o
2
C
2
x
0
o
2
x
0
=
x
[x[
x R
3
J
3
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) = m
j

l
j
m
j
(x
0
)
T
()
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) = (1)
l
l
j
m
j
(x
0
)
spherical (Pauli)-spinors:
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) =

m
l
,m
s
m
l
+m
s
=m
j
lm
l
1
2
m
s
[jm
j
) Y
lm
l
(x
0
)
m
s
l = j
1
2
m
s
=
1
2
This motivates the ansatz:
0
(x) =
_
_
l=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) F
_
[x[
_
=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) G
_
[x[
_
_
_
In fact:
=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) = (x
0
)
l=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
)
Also:
K
ljm
j
(x
0
) =
ljm
j
(x
0
)
where

K = 1
2
+
1
L
_
=
_
_
_
l + 1 if l = j
1
2
l if l = j +
1
2
2
=
_
j +
1
2
_
2
Through a lot of calculation, we may arrive at:
F(r) = f(r)
G(r) = ig(r)
c
_
f
t
(r) +
1
r
f(r)
_
+
_
E +mc
2
V (r)
_
g(r) = 0
c
_
g
t
(r) +
1 +
r
g(r)
_
_
E mc
2
V (r)
_
f(r) = 0
Seite BB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
z.i. Repetitorium zq
Dirac-equation in a central electric eld
H
D
0
(x) :=
_
_
i
3
k=1
x
k
+mc
2
+V
_
[x[
_
1
4
_
_
0
(x) = E
0
(x)
0
: R
3
C
4
Ansatz:
0
(x) =
_
_
l=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) F
_
[x[
_
=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) G
_
[x[
_
_
_
x
0
=
x
[x[
l
j
m
j
(x
0
) =

m
l
,m
s
m
l
+m
s
=m
j
lm
l
1
2
m
s
[jm
j
) Y
lm
l
(x
0
)
m
s
..
C
4
Common eigenfunction of
2
,

J
S
,

T,

T
0
(x) =
0
0
(x)
=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
) = (x
0
)
l=j
1
2
,j,m
j
(x
0
)

K
ljm
j
(x
0
) =
ljm
j
(x
0
)
where

K = 1
2
+
1
L
_
=
_
_
_
l + 1 if l = j
1
2
l if l = j +
1
2
2
=
_
j +
1
2
_
2
c
_
f
t
(r) +
1
r
f(r)
_
+
_
E +mc
2
V (r)
_
g(r) = 0
c
_
g
t
(r) +
1 +
r
g(r)
_
_
E mc
2
V (r)
_
f(r) = 0
V (r) =
Ze
2
r
=
e
2
c
r f(r), g(r) e
r
, =
1
c
_
m
2
c
4
E
2
r 0 f(r), g(r) r
, = 1 +
_
2
(Z)
2
Lets continue. . .
Maybe important for the exam:
=
=
1
c
_
mc
2
E
_
f
t
() +
1
f () +
_
_
+
Z
_
_
g () = 0
g
t
() +
1 +
g () +
_
_
_
_
g () = 0
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite Bg
Ansatz:
f() =
_
_
k
a
k
k
_
_
e
g() =
_
_
k
b
k
k
_
_
e
a
0
,= 0
b
0
,= 0
Coecients of
q+1
e
:
(q + + 1 ) a
q
a
q1
+

+
b
q1
+ (Z) b
q
= 0
(q + + 1 +) b
q
b
q1
+

+
a
q1
+ (Z) a
q
= 0
With some calculation, we arrive at:
b
q
=
(Z) (q + + 1 )
(Z) +q + + 1 +
a
q
:=
+
. . .
a
q
a
q1
=
(Z) +q + + 1 +
(Z) +q + +

2 (q +) + (Z)
_
2
1
_
_
(Z)
2
+ (q + + 1)
2
_
Inspect for q :
a
q
a
q1
2
q
compare with: e
2
=
q=0
1
q!
(2)
q
C
q
C
q1
=
2
q
series must terminate:
Seite go Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
a
N+1
= 0
b
N+1
= 0
2 (N + 1 +) + (Z)
_
2
1
_
!
= 0
quantisation of E
(. . .)
n
2
E =
mc
2
_
1 +
(Z)
2
_
N+
k
2
+(Z)
2
_
2
N = 0, 1, 2, . . .
N N
0
2
=
_
j +
1
2
_
2
Remark:
b
N
=
+
a
N
Inspect:
f(x) =
1
_
1 +
x
(N+
2
x
2
)
2
f(0) = 1
f
t
(0) =
1
1
1
_
N +[[
_
2
f
tt
(0) =
3
4
1
_
N +[[
_
4

1
_
N +[k[
_
3
[k[
E = mc
2
_
_
_1
1
2
(Z)
2
_
N +[[
_
2
+
1
2
(Z)
4
_
_
3
4
1
_
N +[[
_
4

1
_
N +[k[
_
3
[k[
+. . .
_
_
_
_
_
N +[[ = n
n N
= mc
2
_
_
_
_
_
1
1
2
(Z)
2
n
2

1
2
(Z)
4
n
3
_
_
_
_
1
j +
1
2
. .
_
_
_
_
free structure
+
3
4
1
n
. . .
_
_
_
_
_
bound States notation:
n = N +[[ N
_
= j +
1
/2
_
j l spectroscopic notation
Energy
/mc
2
1 0 1
1
/2 0 1S1
/2
_
1 (Z)
2
2 1 +1
1
/2 0 2S1
/2
_
_
1+
1(Z)
2
2
1
1
/2 1 2P1
/2
0 2
3
/2 1 2P3
/2
1
2
_
4 (Z)
2
Table z.: bound states notation
IMAGE
z.i.6 Repetitorium z
Radial equation central eld problem:
c
_
f
t
(r) +
1
r
f(r)
_
+
_
E +mc
2
V (r)
_
g(r) = 0
c
_
g
t
(r) +
1 +
r
g(r)
_
+
_
E mc
2
V (r)
_
f(r) = 0
0
(r, , ) =
_
f(r)
l=j
1
/2lm
j
(, )
ig(r)
l
=j
1
/2lm
j
(, )
_
V (r) = c
Z
r
=
e
2
c

1
137
f() =
_
e
g() =
_
e
=
1
c
_
mc
2
E
_
= 1 +
_
2
(Z)
2
N
a
N+1
= b
N+1
= 0
n = N +[[
[[ = j +
1
2
E =
mc
2
_
1 +
(Z)
2
_
N+
2
(Z)
2
_
2
mc
2
_
_
1
1
2
(Z)
2
1
n
2

1
2
(Z)
4
n
3
_
1
j +
1
2
3
4
1
n
_
+. . .
_
_
Lets continue. . .
IMAGE
Experiment:
Seite gz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
IMAGE
wave functions for N = 0
_
_
2
(Z)
2
_
a
0
+ (Z) b
0
= 0
_
_
2
(Z)
2
+
_
b
0
+ (Z) a
0
= 0
b
0
=

_
2
(Z)
2
Z
. .
>0
a
0
also:
b
0
=
+
. .
>0
a
0
> 0
lowest state we have:
= 1 j =
1
2
N = 0 n = 1
Upper component spinor:
0
1
2
m

n=1, s
..
l=0
,j=
1
/2
(x) wave function
Scale in the wave functions is
=
1
c
_
m
2
c
4
E
2
We have:
E
2
1s
1
/2
= m
2
c
4
_
1 (Z)
2
_
Scale for the 1s
1
/2 function:
_
1s
1
/2
+

1s
1
/2
=
mc
2
c
(Z) =
Z
a
B
a
B
=

mc
is the BohrRadius
f
1s
1
/2(r)

_
Zr
a
B
_
1(Z)
2
1
e
_
Zr
a
B
_
g
1s
1
/2
=
+
f
1s
1
/2
(r) =
1
_
1 (Z)
2
Z
f
1s
1
/2
(r)
spherical Spinor:
0
1
/2m
j
(x
0
) =

m
l
m
s
=0
00
1
2
m
j
[
1
2
m
j
)
. .
=1
Y
00
(x
0
)
. .
1
m
j
thus:
1s
1
/2m
(r, , ) e
Zr
a
B
Zr
a
B
1(Z)
2
1
_
_

m
i
1
1(Z)
2
Z
(x
0
)
m
_
_
x
0
=
x
[x[
r 0 has a mild singularity, because:
_
Zr
a
B
_
1(Z)
2
1
exp
_
_
_
1
2
(Z)
2
_
log
_
Zr
a
B
_
_
_
Seite gq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Fundamentals of many-body problems
N-body system:
: R
3
. . . R
3
. .
N-times
C
with spin:
: R
3
. . . R
3
. .
N-times
C
2
. . . C
2
=
N
C
2
Let
1
/2 is a basis of C
2
:
+
1
2
=
_
1
0
_
1
2
=
_
0
1
_
Basis of
N
C
2
:
2
. . .
N
with:
1
. . .
N
,
1
. . .
N
) =
N
k=1
k
N-particle Hilbert-space is given by:
_
||
2
= , ) <
_
: R
3
. . . R
3
. .
N-times
N
C
2S+1
for spin s-particles. Schrdinger equation:
i

t
=

H
New symmetry:
Let be a permutation for 1, . . . , N
This acts on : as
(P
) (x
1
, . . . , x
N
) =
1
...
N
_
x
(1)
, . . . , x
(N)
_
(1)
. . .
(N)
=
_
(1)
...
(N)
(x
1
, . . . , x
N
)
(1)
. . .
(N)
_
CHAPTER . FUNDAMENTALS OF MANY-BODY PROBLEMS
Building a basis for L
2
_
R
3N
m
_
C
2s+1
_
N
_
.
Let ] be a -particle Hilbert-space ] = L
2
_
R
3
, C
2s+1
_
with a scalar product , ) and ONB
_
i
_
e.g. and oscillator-basis
i
= n
i
, l
i
, m
l
i
, m
s
i
Permutation group S
N
acts on
N
] (i.e. N-particle Hilbert space)
P
2
. . .
N
_
=
(1)

(2)
. . .
(N)
Let
/
N
(]) =
_

N
]
= (), o
N
_
be the space of antisymmetric N-particle states (here () signum of ).
o
N
(]) =
_

N
]
= , S
N
_
be the space of symmetric N-particle states.
Dene: For
1
/
N
(]),
2
/
M
(]) dene a skew-symmetric ( = anti-symmetric) product:
1

2
/
N+M
(]) :=
1
N!M!
S
N+M
() P
(
1
2
)
Likewise for
1
o
N
,
2
o
M
we dene symmetric product:
1

2
:=
1
N!M!
S
N+M
() P
(
1
2
)
Properties:
.
k
/
N
k
1
(
2

3
) = (
1

2
)
3
=
1

2

3
1
(
2

3
) = (
1

2
)
3
=
1

2

3
.
1
/
N

2
/
M
2

1
= (1)
NM
1

2
1
o
N

2
o
M
2

1
=
1

2
. for
2
. . .
N
an ON basis of
N
]:
2
. . .
N
,
2
. . .
N
) =
N
k=1
k
.
1
. . .
N
,
1
. . .
N
) = N!
N
k=1
2
. . .
N
=
1
N!
S
N
()P
2
. . .
N
_
Seite g6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
determinant
is an ONB of /
N
. Likewise:
1
N!n
1
!n
2
! . . . n
k
!
n
1
1

n
2
2
. . .
n
k
k
with N =
k
i=1
n
i
1
=
k
. . .
k
. .
n times
permanent
is orthonormal Basis of o
N
. let ]:
a
:
_
_
_
/
N
/
N+1
for /
N
o
N
o
N+1
for o
N
a
() :=
1
N + 1
a
() :=
1
N + 1
a
creation operator, creates extra particle in the state .

adjoint of a
is dened by:
N+1
, a
()
N
) =: a
N+1
, ()
N
)
Then for /
N
C
a
_
k
_
1
. . .
j
. . .
N+1
=
_
_
0 if ,i
i
= k,
N + 1 (1)
j1
j
,k
1
. . .
&
&
j
. . .
N+1
Likewise for o
N+1
a
_
k
_
1
. . .
j
. . .
N+1
=
_
_
0 if i
i
= k,
if k =
1

N + 1 (n
1
+ 1)
j
,k
1
. . .
N+1
lets say k =
1
.
Denition: FockSpace
/ =
N=0
/
N
o =
N=0
o
N
/
0
= o
0
= C
[0) /
0
[0) o
0
vacuum.
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite gy
.o. Repetitorium z6
N-particle Hilbert-space:
]
N
=
N
]
_
i
_
ONB ]
then:
1
N!
1
. . .
k
ONB /
N
Fermions
1
N!n
1
! . . . n
k
!
vn
1
1
. . .
n
k
k
ONB /
N
Bosons
when:
1
/
N
1
2
/
N
2
1

2
=
1
N
1
!N
2
!
S
N
1
+N
2
() P
(
1
2
) = (1)
N
1
N
2
2

1
1
o
N
1
2
o
N
2
1

2
=
1
N
1
!N
2
!
S
N
1
+N
2
P
(
1
2
) =
2

1
vn
. . .
. .
n-times
P
G
_
1
. . .
N
_
=
(1)
. . .
(N)
Building up:
a
: /
N
/
N+1
a
() =
1
N + 1
a
: o
N
o
N+1
a
() =
1
N + 1
/
N
o
N
creation operator
a
(N+1)
,
(N)
) :=
N+1
, a
(N)
)
(N+1)
,
(N)
annihilation operator
a : /
N+1
/
N
a : o
N+1
o
N
in fact:
a (
k
)
1
. . .
N+1
=
_
_
0 if ,i
i
= k,
N + 1 (1)
j1
j
,k
1
. . .
&
&
j
. . .
N+1
a
_
k
_
1
. . .
j
. . .
N+1
=
_
_
0 if i
i
= k,
if k =
1

N + 1 (n
1
+ 1)
j
,k
1
. . .
N+1
l
n
l
= N + 1
Seite gB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Lets continue. . .
_
Fermionic
Bosonic
_
_
_
_
Fock-space:
_
_
_
/ =

N=0
/
N
o =

N=0
o
N
/
0
, o
0
=C
contain -element: [0) vacuum
0[0) = 1
dened by: a () [0) = 0
Basis /
N
:
1
N!
1
. . .
N
=a
1
. . . a
N
[0)
Remark:
a
) =a
Basis o
N
:
_
1
_
n
1
. . .
_
k
_
n
k
[0) =
1
N!
vn
1
1
. . .
vn
k
k
Still has a (normalisation)
2
= n
1
! . . . n
2
k
For /
N
:
_
a (
k
) a (
l
) +a (
l
) a (
k
)
_
1
. . .

i
..
=k
. . .

j
..
=l
. . .
_
_
_(1)
j1
(1)
i1
+ (1)
i1
(1)
j2
. .
=0
_
_
_
1
. . .

i
..
=k
. . .

j
..
=l
. . .
_
(
k
) , (
l
)
+
= 0
take adjoint
(
k
) ,
(
l
)
_
+
= 0
For o
N
:
_
(
k
) , (
l
)
= 0
take adjoint
(
k
) ,
(
l
)
_
= 0
For /
N
:
_
a (
k
) a
(
l
) +a
(
l
) a (
k
)
_
1
. . .
N
k = l:
k

_
i
_
0 +
1
N + 1
N + 1 = 1
k
,
_
i
_ 1
N + 1
N + 1 + 0 = 1
. . .
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite gg
k ,= l
= 0
_
a (
k
) , a
(
l
)
_
+
=
kl
1
For o
N
:
_
a (
k
) , a
(
l
)
_
=
kl
1
For Fermions:
a (
k
)
1
. . .
N
=
_
_
_
0 if k ,
i
N + 1 (1)
j1
1
. . .
&
&
j
. . .
N
if k =
j
a
(
k
) a (
k
)
1
. . .
N
=
_
_
_
0 if k ,
i
N + 1 (1)
j1 1
N+1
1
. . .
&
&
j
. . .
N
if k =
j
=
1
. . .
j
. . .
N
/
N
k
a
(
k
) a (
k
) = N
So this counts the total number of particles.
Bosons, also
p
a
p
_
a
_
p
_
= N
o
N
Generalisation for arbitrary states , (upper sign valid for /, lower for o):
_
a () , a
()
_
= , ) 1
_
a () , a ()
= 0
_
a
() , a
()
_
= 0
Number operator N():
N() = a
() a ()
.
N() [0) = a
() a () [0) = 0
. Bosons:
, ) = 1
_
N(), a()
=
_
a
()a(), a()
_
= a
()
_
a(), a()
. .
=0
+
_
a
(), a()
_
. .
11
a()
= a()
_
N(), a()
= N()a() a()N()
Annihilation operator decreases the number of particles by
Seite oo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
.o.8 Repetitorium z
+ fermions
bosons
_
a(), a
()
_
= , ) 1
_
a
(), a
()
_
= 0
_
a(), a()
= 0
(occupation) number operator
N() := a
()a()
[0)
_
_
_
/
0
o
0
N() [0) = 0
Bosons:
_
N(), a()
= a()
_
N(), a
()
_
= a
()
a
() =
_
_
_
/
N
/
N+1
o
N
o
N+1
a() =
_
_
_
/
N
/
N1
o
N
o
N1
Lets continue. . .
Remarks: (Fermions upper, Bosons lower row)
N()a
() [0) = a
a()a
() [0)
= a
()
_
1 a
()a()
_
[0) = a
() [0)
eigenvalue of N() on a
() [0) = +1
also: for Fermions:
N()
2
= a
()a()a
()a()
= a
()
_
1 a
()a()
_
a()
= a
()a() = N()
eigenvalue of N() can be u or only.
Operators in this occupation number formalism:
Typical Hamilton operator (N-particle system):
H =
sum of single particle operators
..
N
k=1
U(k) +
N
i<j=1
V (i, j)
. .
sum of all pair interactions
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite o
First consider

N
k=1

U(k) and matrix-element (Fermions):
1
...
N
,
N
k=1
U(k)
1
...
N
) =
1
...
N
,
N
k=1
U(k)

S
N
()
(1)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
Suppose that the single particle basis
_
i
_
is a ONB with:
U(i)
i
= U
i
with U
i
=
_
d
3
x
i
(x)

U (x)
i
(x)
i.e. U is diagonal in
_
i
_
.
. . . =
1
...
N
,
()
N
k=1
U
(k)
. .
=
k
U
(1)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
=
1
...
N
,
N (
) U
1
...
N
)
because:

N (
1
. . .
N
=
_
_
_
1 if
i
0 if ,
i
thus:

U =
N
k=1
U(k) =

N (
) U
,

U
)
. .
U
) a (
U =

,

U
) a
) a (
)
This is true in general, i.e. for fermions and bosons.
Now consider a basis trafo to an other ONB
_
_
:
dene:
a
_
=

) a
)
a
_
_
=

)
. .
=
a (
_
a
_
_
, a
_
_
1 (show yourself)
Seite oz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
U =

,

U
) a
) a (
)
=

,

U
) a
) a
_
U =

,
,

U
) a
_
a
_
_
where:
,

U
) =
_
d
3
x
(x)

U (x)
(x)
U,

N
_
= 0
N =

) a (
)
=

N (
)
Now the -body term:
(Fermions)
1
...
N
,
N
i<j=1
V (i, j)
1
...
N
) =
1
...
N
,
N
i<j=1
V (i, j)
()
(1)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
Again, take a -particle basis, such that

V is diagonal:
V (x, y)
(x)
(y) = V
(x)
(y)
e.g. suppose:
V (x, y) =

(x) 2
(y)
e.g.:
1
[x y[
=
l=0
l
m=l
4
2l + 1
r
l
<
r
l+1
>
Y
lm
_
t
,
t
_
Y
lm
(, )
r
<
= min
_
r, r
t
_
r
>
= max
_
r, r
t
_
x
_
r
t
,
t
,
t
_
y
_
r
t
,
t
,
t
_
=
1
...
N
,
S
N
()
1
2
N
i,=j=1
V (i, j)
(1)
. . .
(i)
. . .
(j)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
=
1
...
N
,
S
N
()
1
2
N
i,=j=1
V
(i)
(j)
(1)
. . .
(N)
)
1
N!
=
1
...
N
,
,
V
1
...
N
)
where:
should count number of pairs:

_
_
if
,
_
i
_
or
,
_
i
_
0
if ,= n
if = n
(n
1)
Now dene:
N
= N (
)
a
) = a
:=

N
= a
= a
_
_
a
, a
_
a
. .
=a
$
$
$
$$
= a
Both for fermions and bosons:
V =
N
i<j=1
V (i, j) =
1
2
V [
) a
with:
V [
) =
_
d
3
x
_
d
3
y
(x)
(y) V (x, y)
(x)
(y)
Trafo to a general ONB
_
_
:
V =

,,,
[V [
) a
) a
) a (
) a
_
_
where:
[V [
) =
_
d
3
x
_
d
3
y
(x)
(y) V (x, y)
(x)
(y)
H =

,
,

U
) a
+
1
2
,,,
[V [
) a
H,

N
_
= 0
N :=

The whole Fock-space is block-diagonal for the interactions we know up to now:

IMAGE
a
_
=

) a
)
Seite oq Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
We can also dene:
(x) :=

,x)
..
(x) a
)
This denes the eld creation operator.
(x) :=

(x) a (
)
This denes the eld annihilation operator.
_
(x) ,

(y)
_
=

,
(x)
(y)
_
a
_
_
, a
)
_
(x)
(y) =
(3)
(x y) 1
completeness of the basis
H =
_
d
3
x

(x)

U (x) (x) +
1
2
_
d
3
xd
3
y

(x)

(y) V (x, y)

(y)

(x)
. .
Order!
Particle density operator:
n(x) =
N
i=1
(3)
(x x
i
) =

,
a
_
d
3
y
(y)
(3)
(x.y)
(y)
=

,
a
(x)
(x)

(x)
Number operator:
N :=
_
dd
3
x n(x) =
_
d
3
x

(x)

(x) =

Current-density operator:
(x) :=

2im
_
(x)
_
_
(x)
_
_
(x)

(x)
_
.o.g Repetitorium z8
_
a
, a
=
_
a
, a
= 0
_
a
, a

Fermions up and bosons down. Occupation number operator:
N
= a
N =

:= a (
a
)
_
i
_
ONB
H =

,
,

U
) a
+
1
2
,,,
[V [
) a
H : T T
with:

(x) =

(x) =

(x) a
(x) ,

(y)
_
=
_
(x) ,

(y)
_
= 0
_
(x) ,

(y)
_
=
(3)
(x y)
H =
_
d
3
x

(x)

U (x) (x) +
1
2
_
d
3
xd
3
y

(x)

(y) V (x, y)

(y)

(x)
. .
Order!
[H, N]
= 0
Lets continue. . .
Lagrangedensity for Schrdinger eld
x =
_
x
0
, x
_
= (ct, x) = (t, x)
L
_
,
,
_
_
,
_
_
_
(x) :=
_
1
2
ic
_
(x)
_
(
0
) (x)
_
0
(x)
_
(x)

2
2m
_
(x)

(x)
_
_
action:
o :=
_
d
4
xL[. . .] (x)
o
!
= 0
Euler-Langrange equation:
= 0
0
_
1
2
ic (x)
_

2
2m
(x)
1
2
i (
0
) (x) = 0
i

t
(t, x) =

2
2m
(t, x)
dene conjugate momenta:
(x) :=
L
(
0
)
= i
1
2
c
(x)
(x) :=
L
(
0
)
= i
1
2
c (x)
Seite o6 Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory
Hamiltoniandensity:
] =
(x)
0
(x) +
_
_
(x) (x) L
Hamiltonian:
H =
_
d
3
x] =

2
2m
_
d
3
x
_
_
(t, x)

(t, x)
_
P.I.
=
_
d
3
x
(t, x)
_

2
2m
_
(t, x)
Eigenstates in a nite volume: V = L
3
periodic boundary conditions for the elds:

2
2m
()
n
(x) = E
(0)
n

()
n
(x)
()
n
(t, x) =
1
L
3
/2
e
i
_
k
n
xi
0
n
t
_
=
1
V
1
/2
e
i(kx)
with:
k
n
=
2
L
n
n N
3
0
n
=
E
(0)
n
k
n
2
2m
_
d
3
x
()
n
(t, x)
n
(t, x) =
n,
Now expand:
(x) =

n
a
n
()
n
(x)
(x) =

n
a
()
n
(x)
consider a
n
, a
n
to be annihilation / creation operators.
Now indeed with
_
a
n
, a
=
nn
:
H =
_
V
d
3
x
_
n
a
()
(x)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_

2
2m

a
n

()
n
. .
=E
n

n
(x)
(x)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
=

n
E
(0)
n
a
n
a
n
Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite oy
KleinGordon eld:
L
_
,
,
_
_
,
_
_
_
= c = 1
_
_
(
) m
2
EulerLagrange:
+m
2
= 0
] H =
_
d
3
x
(x)

t
(x)
t
= (
t
) (
t
)
The

t
has an arrow in both directions, to show it is applied in both directions (not a vector).
Expand:
(x) =

n
_
a
n
()
n
(x) +c
()
n
(x)
_
(x) =

n
_
a
()
n
(x) +c
n
()
n
(x)
_
(+)
n
=
1
2E
n
L
3
e
i
_
k
n
nE
n
t
_
E
n
=
_
m
2
+
k
n
2
K.G.:
nn
= i
_
d
3
x
()
n
(x)

()
n
(x)
0 = i
_
d
3
x
(+)
n
(x)

()
n
(x)
. . . . . .
H =

n
E
n
_
a
n
a
n
+c
n
c
n
_
now: c
n
c
n
= c
n
c
n
+1
Here: fermions above, bosons below
H =

n
E
n
_
a
n
a
n
c
n
c
n
_
+
n
E
n
. .
0[H[0)
Energy is positive denite only if
_
c
n
, c
n
_
=
nn
, so for bosons only.
Seite oB Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory

Advanced Quantum

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Advanced Quantum

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Advanced Quantum Theory

Advanced Quantum Theory

Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite

Formal solution t.d.S.E.

U(t) [) is called orbit specied by [) ] = L

are isometric (norm preserving) but not unitary

Asymptotic completeness states

are isometric (but not unitary).

b is random uniform in plane

is called the impact

i.q.g Rotational Invariance (central Potentials only)

for central potentials it only depends on 5 3 = 2 variables, i.e.

dierential cross section scattering amplitude

Seite zo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory

H has only a continuous spectrum:

in terms of the operators:

k) is the o-shell T-matrix, which fullls the Lippmann-SchwingerEq.,

And f(k) is called the Jost-function.

(k) = 0, because f(k) = f(k)

This is called Einsteins summation convention.

this however is not Poincarinvariant

is indeed Lorentz-invariant but not Poincar-invariant.

is not Poincar-invariant, thus no candidate for

is indeed Poincar-invariant. (exercise!)

(t, x) (t, x) (t, x) =

(x) being a -vector-eld. Furthermore:

being the Levi-Civita tensor and:

are invariant subspaces:

A representation of P on ] thus decomposes in irreducible representations on ]

Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite y

T is called the adjoint representation. In general for g SL(2, C):

Dene the so-called Weyl-Operators: W,

Seite yo Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory

So all basic properties remain the same after applying UAU

[] indeed transforms as a -vector eld. Then we shall have:

(x) (x) vector

(x) (x) axial vector

(x) (x) tensor ( > )

(x) (x) = (x)

(x) u(k). We know:

Seite Bz Oliver Freyermuth Advanced Quantum Theory

creation operator, creates extra particle in the state .

should count number of pairs:

Both for fermions and bosons:

The whole Fock-space is block-diagonal for the interactions we know up to now:

Advanced Quantum Theory Oliver Freyermuth Seite o

S-ar putea să vă placă și