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Tokens: the number of individual items/words Types: the different kinds of words used, e.g., lexical (content) items and grammatical (function) items Lexical Density: The ratio of lexical and grammatical items in an utterance or text; a "measure of information density within a text" (Yates, 1996:37). Take-home message: Written language is lexically dense, while oral language is syntactically more complex.
Textual: type/token ratios, vocabulary use, register Interpersonal: speech-function, exchange structure, involvement and detachment, personal reference, use of pronouns, "interactive items" showing the position of the speaker (just, whatever, basically, slightly), discourse markers (words that moderate/monitor the interaction, e.g., well, might, good, so, anyway) o A spoken corpus is primarily an "I", "You" text; the world as seen by you and me.Illustrates INVOLVEMENT
A written corpus often takes 3rd person and objective reporting styles (it, he, she, and passive voice).Illustrates DETACHMENT Ideational: propositional content; modality through (in English) modal auxiliaries, e.g., (in Yates, 1996:42) o modals of obligation (must, need, should) o modals of ability and possibility (can, could) o modals of epistemic possibility (may, might) o modals of volition and prediction (will, shall) o hypothetical modals: (would, should)
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The ANALYSIS of CONTEXT is broken down into FIELD, TENOR, AND MODE, which collectively constitute the "register" of a text (from Halliday, 1985:12)
Field: what is happening, the nature of the social interaction taking place: what is it that the participants are engaged in, in which language figures as an essential component? Tenor: who is taking part; the social roles and relationships of participant, the status and roles of the participants Mode: the symbolic organization of the text, rhetorical modes (persuasive, expository, didactic, etc); the channel of communication, such as spoken/written, monologic/dialogic, +/- visual contact, computer-mediated communication/telephone/F2F, etc.
Recommended READINGS and WEBSITES What is Systemic-Functional Lingustics? , maintained by Mick O'Donnell. Some notes on Systemic-Functional linguistics, by Carol Chapelle A glossary of Systemic-Functional Terms, by Christian Matthiessen Select Bibliographies of Systemic Functional Linguistics, compiled by M.A.K. Halliday, Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen & Alice Caffarel Halliday, M.A.K., & Hasan, R. (1985). Language, context, and text: aspects of language in a social-semiotic perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). Spoken and written language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.