PENCIL MAKING INDUSRTY

1.historical background of pencil making

HISTORY OF PENCIL
In ancient Rome, scribes wrote on papyrus (an early form of paper) with a thin metal rod called a stylus, which left a light but readable mark.

The word pencil comes from the Latin word pencillus which means "little tail".

 First , sticks of graphite were wrapped in string.

Later, the graphite was inserted into wooden sticks that had been hollowed-out by hand. The wood-cased pencil was born. An Italian couple, named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti, create the first blueprints for the modern carpentry pencil for the purpose of marking their carpentry pieces

 In the late sixteenth century, a method for attaching strips of wood around graphite was discovered in Germany, and the modern pencil began to take form. In 1662 the first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg (Germany) It used a mixture of graphite, sulphur, and antimony.

 In 1795, Nicholas Jacques Conte discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay. Forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. More graphite - blacker and softer the pencil

 In 1839, Lothar von Faber of Germany developed a method of making graphite paste into rods.
He later invented a machine to cut and groove the pencil wood. The early 20 th century - development of colored pencils - graphite core was replaced by a pigments or dyes and a binder. Today, colored pencils are available in more than 70 colors

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