Air Conditioning

PlantSystems
DT6035 GhayoorAbbas
13February2009
SchoolofMarineEngineering GCNS"GA"
AirConditioning Systems
Approx.duration:11Hours
13February2009
AirConditioningSystem Outline
Introduction to Air Conditioning Working principle of a typical AC system AC terminologies Measuring instruments Introduction to psychrometric charts How to use a psychrometric chart AC system components Single and twin ducting AC systems Calculations Safety issues
SchoolofMarineEngineering GCNS"GA" 3
13February2009
AirConditioningSystem Introduction
WhatismeantbyAirConditioning? Itreferstocooling anddehumidification ofindoor airforcomfort. Italsoreferstoaliteralsensewhereair is conditioned Conditioningofaircanmeancooling,heating and ventilating itforhumancomfort(thermal) Humancomfortreferstothestateofmindthat expressessatisfactionwiththesurrounding environment
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Factorsthatdeterminethermalcomfort Airtemperature Airmovement Relativehumidity Clothing Activitylevels
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HowdoesanACaidtohumancomfort? Bycirculatingsufficientquantityoffreshair Byremovingthestaleairfromthespace Bymaintainingtheairtemperatureatcomfortable levelofinsideregardlessofoutsidetemperature Bymaintainingtherelativehumidityatcomfortable levelofinsideregardlessofoutsidehumidity
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Effectofairtemperatureandhumidity Thecomfortabletemperaturerangeforindividuals vary Humidityalsoaffectsthehumancomfortbecause thisaffectsbodysabilitytocoolitselfbysweating ExampleRange
Temperature(C) 20 27 22 29 RelativeHumidity(%) 70% 40%
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AirConditioningSystem System
O u t s i d e
F i l t e r
Pre Heater
I n S i d e
Fan
Cold
Humidifier
Hot Cooler
ReHeat
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Filter:removesthedust Preheater:heatsairifoutsideairistoocold Cooler:coolstheairifoutsideairistoohot Humidifier:dehumidifies ifoutsideairistoohumid humidifies ifoutsideairistoodry Reheat:ifAChasdroppedthetemp.belowcomfort Fan:promotesthecirculationofconditionedair
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AirConditioningSystem AirConditioningTerms
DewPoint Air contains water vapour of varying quantities. Dew point indicates the amount of moisture in the air The higher the dew point, the higher the moisture content of the air at a given temperature The dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for water vapour to condense into water
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AbsoluteHumidity Humidity is the amount of water vapour in the air Humidity may be expressed as absolute humidity and relative humidity Absolute humidity is the quantity of water in particular quantity of air It is expressed in the units of [g/kg] Air at a given temperature can accommodate only a certain amount of water vapour (moisture) This is referred to as saturation humidity
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RelativeHumidity It is the amount of moisture in the air compared to what the air can "hold" at that temperature. When the air can't "hold" all the moisture, then it condenses as dew AVD RH = 100% SVD RH: relative density AVD: actual vapour density SVD: saturation vapour density
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Example RelativeHumidity If the actual vapour density (AVD) is 10 [g/m3] at 20C compared to the saturation vapour density (SVD) at that temperature of 17.3 [g/m3], then the relative humidity (RH) will be;
10[ g / m 3 ] 100% RH = 3 17.3[ g / m ] RH = 57.8%
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DryBulbTemperatureTdb A temperature that refers to ambient temperature It is called so because this temp. is measured with a standard thermometer whose temp. sensor (bulb) is not wet If the bulb were wet, then some of the moisture content of the air would evaporate at the bulb and this will affect the temperature reading of the thermometer
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WetBulbTemperatureTwb This is the temperature indicated by a moistened thermometer bulb exposed to the air flow This can be measured by using a thermometer with the bulb wrapped in wet muslin Evaporation of water from the thermometer and the cooling effect is indicated by a "wet bulb temperature" lower than the "dry bulb temperature" in the air
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SpecificVolume It is the volume occupied by 1 kg of a material V [m3 ] vsp = M [kg ] It is reciprocal of the density (mass per 1 m3 volume) The number of cubic meters of moist air per kilogramme of dry air
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EnthalpyH It is the heat content of 1 kg of air [kJ/kg] in relation with the heat content of dry air at 0C SensibleHeatQsensible Whenanobjectisheated,itstemperaturerisesas heatisadded.Theincreaseinheatiscalledsensible heat.Similarly,whenheatisremovedfromanobject anditstemperaturefalls,theheatremovedisalso calledsensibleheat.Heatthatcausesachangein temperatureinanobjectiscalledsensibleheat
LatentHeatQlatent Heatthatcausesachangeofstatewithnochangein temperatureiscalledlatentheat InAC,latentheatreferstotheheatrequiredto evaporatethegivenamountofmoisture Sensiblecapacityisthecapacityrequiredtolower thetemperatureandlatentcapacityisthecapacity toremovethemoisturefromtheair
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AirConditioningSystem Temp.Measurement
Hygrometer:Aninstrumentformeasuringthe humidity,ofair.Awetanddrybulbhygrometer consistsoftwoverticalthermometers,withoneof thebulbscoveredinabsorbentclothdippedinto water.Asthewaterevaporates,thebulbcools, producingatemperaturedifferencebetweenthetwo thermometers.Theamountofevaporation,and hencecoolingofthewetbulb,dependsonthe relativehumidityoftheair.
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Hygrometer
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Hygrometer
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AirConditioningSystem Psychrometry
WhatisAir? "Air" is the name we give to the mixture of gases which make up the Earth's atmosphere. The composition, physical, and chemical properties of air are very similar everywhere. Standard dry air: which is mainly composed of three gases: nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), and argon (about 1%). Together, these three gases make up 99.96% of dry air.
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Water vapour (humidity): The amount of water vapour in air at ground level can vary quite a bit from almost zero to about 5 percent. Many factors influence the amount of humidity in the air at a given location and time.
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StandardCompositionofDryair
Gas Nitrogen Oxygen Argon CarbonDioxide Neon Helium Krypton Hydrogen Xenon
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Symbol
%byVol.
%byWeight
N2 O2 Ar
CO2 Ne He Kr H2 Xe
78.08 20.95 0.93

0.038 0.0018 0.0005 0.0001 0.00005 8.7x106
75.47 23.20 1.28

0.0590 0.0012 0.00007 0.0003 Negligible 0.00004
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WhatisPsychrometry? Psychrometryisthestudyofatmosphericairandits associatedwatervapour Asairtemperaturerises,itsabilitytoholdwater vapourincreasessignificantly Therefore,foranygiventemperaturethereisa maximumamountofwatervapourthatcanbe absorbedorassociatedwithagivenvolumeofair. Watervapourislessdensethanair(molecular weightofwateris18.02vs.28.98fordryair) Therefore,whenwatervapourmixeswithair,the densityofthemixturewillbelessthanthatofdryair
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WhatisaPsychrometricChart? Apsychrometricchartisagraphofthephysicalpropertiesofmoistairat aconstantpressure Thechartgraphicallyexpresseshowvariouspropertiesrelatetoeach other Thethermophysicalpropertiesfoundonmostpsychrometricchartsare: 1. Drybulbtemperature 2. Wetbulbtemperature 3. Dewpoint 4. Relativehumidity 5. Humidityratio 6. Specificenthalpy 7. Specificvolume
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StandardPsychrometricChart Astandardpsychrometricchardisboundedby: 1. BDT verticallines 2. Humidityratio() horizontallines 3. Lefthandsideofthepsychrometricchartis boundedbythesaturationline :itistheratioofthemassofwatervapourto themassofdryair[mvapour/mdryair]
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PsychrometricChartLines DBT: read vertically from the xaxis [C] RH (curves): found on the left hand of the graph[%] HR (): read horizontally from the yaxis on LHS [gm of moisture/ kg of dry air] Specific enthalpy (h): read from the enthalpy scale [kJ/ kg] Specific volume: they are rather widely spaced [m3/ kg of dry air]
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AirConditioningSystem PsychrometricChartLines
HumidityRatio
Constant Temperature
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Volume
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HumidityRatio
Constant Temperature
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Volume
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UsingaPsychrometricChart Asmentionedearlier,apsychrometricchartdetails thethermodynamicpropertiesofairandassociated watercontent Iftwoofthesepropertiesareknown,more informationcanbeextractedfromthechart Theinitialpoint,i.e.Intersectionofthetwoknown properties,isknownasthestatepoint orstarting point (SP) FromSP,dependingupontheensuingprocess subsequentstateoftheaircanbededuced
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UsingaPsychrometricChart Example1 FindAirProperties Givendata: DBT=78F WBT=65F Exampleisusedtodemonstratetheuseofa psychrometricchart,unitsusedaremetric,butin practicetheywillbeSIunitsotherwisetheshape ofthechartissame
UsingaPsychrometricChart Example1 FindAirProperties steps Drawaverticallineat78F(DBT) Drawaslantinglineof65F(WBT) IntersectionofthetwogiveusSP FromSP,followinginformationcanbeobtained
A. RH=50%(thenearestcurve) B. DP=58C(obtainedbyprojectingahorizontallinefrom SPtillitcrossestheRHcurve,atthatpointdrawvertical projectionontoDBTline)
1. 2. 3. 4.
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UsingaPsychrometricChart Example1 Conclusions Isrelativehumidityacceptableforcomfort? DPgivesusthetemperaturebelowwhich condensationwillbegintooccur(ifmovedtoleft) HR()canalsobefoundbyprojectingahorizontal ontotheRHSverticalaxis. HRisindependentofDBT,andindicatesthe moisturecontent RHchangeswithDBT
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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UsingaPsychrometricChart Example2 WinterVentilation Givendata(outdoorair): DBT=40F, RH=80% Isthenheatedto; WBT=65F Exampleisusedtodemonstratetheuseofa psychrometricchart,unitsusedaremetric,butin practicetheywillbeSIunitsotherwisetheshape ofthechartremainssame
UsingaPsychrometricChart Example2 WinterVentilation steps FindtheSP(pointA), FromSP,measureotherpropertiessuchasWBT (38F),DP(34F)andHR(0.0042) Airisthenheated topointB(WBT=65F) without adding/removingmoisture AtB,RHdecreasesto32% notethatDPremains constant Whenthisairiscirculated,itsDBT,RHandHR increaseasitpicksupfromtheindooratmosphere
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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UsingaPsychrometricChart Example3 WinterVentilation ChangeinEnthalpy Evaporativecoolingusesheatcontainedintheairto evaporatewater Inthisprocess,DBTdropswhilehumidityrisesto saturationpoint Evaporationisusedinthehotweathertocool ventilationair
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ComfortZone Humanthermalcomfortisaffectednotonlybythe surroundingtemperaturebutalsobythemoisture contentofthesurroundingair WhentheRHishigher,thereislessroomformore moistureabsorption Whichmeanswesweatlessinhigherhumidity Andlesswesweatlesswecoolourbodies Uncomfortable!
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ComfortZone Valuesgivenbelowcanbetracedonapsychrometric chart Theareaencompassedwithinthesefourpointis knowasthecomfortzone Temperature(C): RelativeHumidity(%): 20 27 70% 22 29 40%
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ComfortZone
27C70%RH 20C70%RH 29C40%RH 22C40%RH
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ConditioningtheoutsideAir 1 OutsideairCOLD(5C)andWET(92%)
Source:BBCWeatherforGlasgow,26Jan.2009
For human thermal comfort, this outside air must be brought within the comfort zone, i.e. 20C to 27C, 70% 40% Steps 1. Filters out any dust 2. Heater heats the air up to desired temp. 3. Increase in temp. causes a drop in RH as well 4. Humidifier brings the humidity to acceptable limits 5. To reduce cost, some of the heated air is recirculated SchoolofMarineEngineering GCNS"GA" 12February2009 49
ConditioningtheoutsideAir 1 OutsideairCOLDandWET
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ConditioningtheoutsideAir 2 OutsideairCOLDandDRY For human thermal comfort, this outside air must be brought within the comfort zone, i.e. 20C to 27C, 70% 40% Steps 1. Filters out any dust 2. Heater heats the air up to desired temp. 3. Increase in temp. causes a drop in RH as well 4. Humidifier brings the humidity to acceptable limits 5. To reduce cost, some of the heated air is recirculated
ConditioningtheoutsideAir 2 OutsideairCOLDandDRY
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ConditioningtheoutsideAir 3 OutsideairHOTandWET For human thermal comfort, this outside air must be brought within the comfort zone, i.e. 20C to 27C, 70% 40% Steps 1. Filters out any dust 2. Cooler cools the air up to desired temp. 3. Reduction in temp. causes a rise in RH as well 4. Dehumidifier brings the humidity to acceptable limits 5. To reduce cost, some of the heated air is 12February2009 53 recirculated SchoolofMarineEngineering GCNS"GA"
ConditioningtheoutsideAir 3 OutsideairHOTandWET
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ConditioningtheoutsideAir 4 OutsideairHOTandDRY For human thermal comfort, this outside air must be brought within the comfort zone, i.e. 20C to 27C, 70% 40% Steps 1. Filters out any dust 2. Cooler cools the air up to desired temp. 3. Reduction in temp. causes a rise in RH as well 4. Humidifier brings the humidity to acceptable limits 5. To reduce cost, some of the heated air is recirculated
ConditioningtheoutsideAir 4 OutsideairHOTandDRY
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Summary
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AirConditioningCycles(Examples)
SummerCycle DBT=32C,WBT=29C,RH=80%,=0.025 kg/kg AirpassesthroughPreHeater (butnoheatis given) AirpassesthroughCooler/Dehumidifier Temp14C,RH100%, 0.010kg/kg AirpassesthroughHumidifier (butno humidifying) AirnowpassesthroughReHeater tobring theconditionofairwithinComfortZone, temp.23C,RH52%, 0.010kg/kg Note:Airdeliveredintotheroom iscooler thantheroom,sinceitwillabsorbtheheat alreadyintheroom(machines,boundaries, humans)
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WinterCycle DBT=0C,RH=20%,=0.001kg/kg AirpassesthroughPreHeater, airheatedto 40C, remains constant AirpassesthroughCooler/Dehumidifier(but nocooling/dehumidifyingisgiven) Temp40C, 0.010kg/kg AirpassesthroughHumidifier, 0.011kg/kg AirnowpassesthroughReHeater tobring theconditionofairwithinComfortZone, temp.25C,RH55%, 0.011kg/kg Note:Airdeliveredintotheroom iswarmer thantheroom
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AirConditioningSystem ProcessAnalysis
AirConditioningProcessAnalysis
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PreHeater&Reheater (1 2&4 5)
h
2
h=enthalpy t=temperature =HumidityRatio(specific humidity) h

1
Heating
t
1
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t
2
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PreHeater&Reheater (1 2&4 5) Process raises air temperature Heating also increases the enthalpy of air remains constant (independent of DBT) actual water content But RH decreases (depends on RH) how much moisture it cam hold
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h3
CoolerandDehumidifier h2 (2 3)
2
CoolingWith Condensatio n Cooling Moisture Condensed
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t3
t2
t1
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CoolerandDehumidifier (2 3) Temperature is reduced to DP (RH=100%) at constant Cooling is reverse to heating so, enthalpy reduces If cooling is continued, then drops (due to condensation) But RH decreases (depends on RH) how much moisture it cam hold
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AdiabaticHumidification (3 4)
h2 = h1
2
Adiabatic Humidification Moistur eAdded
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AdiabaticHumidification (3 4) Only increases the moisture content Temperature changes from 1 to 2
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HeatandMoistureGainsinanAirConditionedRoom
Latentheat gain Sensibleheat gain
h2
h1
RoomLine 1
1 t1
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t2
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MixingofAirStreams
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MixingofAirStreams
Sensibleheatbeforemixing=Sensibleheataftermixing
Andalso;
Latentheatbeforemixing=Latentheataftermixing
ThepositionC alongthelinewillbesuchthat ACXma =CBXmb Becausethescalesforh and arelinear
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Findingthestateofmixtureofair(outside+recirc.) enteringtheairconditionedspace
PlotthestatepointfortherecirculationairA onthechart PlotthestatepointfortheoutsideairB onthechart JoinA andB onthechart MeasurethelengthofthelineAB MultiplythelengthofAB bythemixingratiotofindthestate pointofthemixtureoftheair Note:ifthereismorerecirculatedairthantheoutsideairat themixingpoint,thenpointCwillbeclosertoB.
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AirConditioningSystem Tutorials
Tutorial:1 Airleavesanairconditionedroomat24Cdb,60% saturated.50%ofthisairisexhaustedand50%is recirculatedwiththeoutsideairat5Cdb,90% saturated.Theresultingmixtureisheatedto18Cdb andthenpassedtoasprayhumidifierinwhich adiabatichumidificationtakesplace.Theairleaving thehumidifieris95%saturated.Theairisthenfurther heatedto21C,thetemperatureincreasesby1C acrossthefanandductingatwhichconditionitenters theroom.
Tutorial(contd.)
a)Drawandlabeltheprocessonthe psychrometricchart. b)Determine,perkgofdryairsuppliedtoroom i.Theheatsuppliedineachheater ii.Thetotalheatgainintheroom iii.Themoistureaddedinthehumidifier iv.Themoisturegainedintheroom
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Solution
Tutorial(AirCon.)\Q1_Tutorial2.pdf
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Tutorial:2 Airleavesaroomat30C,70%dbandismixedwithfresh outsideairat34Cdband80%RH.Theairismixedand recirculatedintheratioof60%recycledto40%fresh air.Theairiscooledanddehumidifieduntilithasa specifichumidityof0.010kgofwaterperkgofdryair. Theairisdeliveredtotheroomat34Cdb.
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Tutorial:2(contd.) Drawandlabeltheprocessonthepsychrometric chart Calculatethefollowing:
Theheatremovedduringcoolinguntilsaturationis reached Theheatremovedduringdehumidification Thechangeinspecifichumidityduringdehumidification Theamountofreheatrequired
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Solution Tutorial(AirCon.)\Q2_Tutorial2.pdf
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Tutorial:3 Airleavesanairconditionedroomat23Cdb,65%. 60%ofthisairisdischargedand40%isrecirculated beingmixedwithfreshairat4Cdb,90%RH.The resultingmixtureisheatedto26.5Cdbandthen passedtoasprayhumidifierinwhichadiabatic humidificationtakesplace.Theairleavingthe humidifieris90%saturated.Theairisthenfurther heatedto27C,thetemperatureincreasesby1C acrossthefanandductingatwhichconditionitenters theroom.
Tutorial:3(contd.) a)Drawandlabeltheprocessonthepsychrometricchart b)Calculatethefollowing: i.Theheatremovedduringcoolinguntilsaturationis reached ii.Theheatremovedduringdehumidification iii.Thechangeinspecifichumidityduringde humidification iv.Theamountofreheatrequired.
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Tutorial:4 Airleavesaroomat32C,60%dbandismixedwithfresh outsideairat36Cdband70%RH.Theairismixedand recirculatedintheratioof30%recycledto70%fresh air.Theairiscooledanddehumidifieduntilithasa specifichumidityof0.009kgofwaterperkgofdryair. Theairisdeliveredtotheroomat23Cdb.
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Tutorial:4(contd.) Drawandlabeltheprocessonthepsychrometric chart Calculatethefollowing:
Theheatremovedduringcoolinguntilsaturationis reached Theheatremovedduringdehumidification Thechangeinspecifichumidityduringdehumidification Theamountofreheatrequired
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AirConditioningSystem DuctingSystem
SingleDuctAirConditioningSystem Widelyusedonboardcargo ships AcentralA/Cunitisusedtodistributetheconditioned airtoanumberofcabins(spaces)viaasingleduct WarmerClimates mixtureofairiscooledand de humidified duringitspassageoverA/Cunit ColdClimates mixtureofairiswarmedand humidified duringitspassageoverA/Cunit Withinintheconditionedspacecontrolisbyvariation ofvolumeoftheflowofair Plantissometimesalsousedforventilationonly
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TwinDuctAirConditioningSystem Mainlyusedonpassenger ships Offersgreaterflexibility Duct#1:providescooled anddehumidified air (throughcentralA/Cunit)intothespaces Duct#2:providesreheatedair (airalreadycooledin theA/Cunit)intothespaces Eachspaceissuppliedwithasupplyfromeach duct whichmaybemixed asrequiredatoutletterminal
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AirConditioningSystem CoolingUnits
Directexpansionrefrigerationsystemisusedforthe coolers Reciprocatingtypecompressorisused Coolingmediumthroughcondenserisseawater Expansionvalveisthermostaticallycontrolled Whenthecoolingeffectsneedstobereduced (less demand) hotgasbypasssystemprovidesthisfacility
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AirConditioningSystem CoolingUnit
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AirConditioningSystem SafetyIssues
MGN38:ContaminationofShips'AirConditioning SystemsbyLegionellaBacteria TheRisk:Bacteriaflourishesinstagnantwaterandsludge Sources:Coolingwaterelements(duetoscale,dirt, organicmattersuchasdeadinsects) OnShips:MayoccurinAirConditioningsystem DangerAreas:Airinlets,Filters,Coolerunit(de humidifier),humidifiersetc. Seedetails:
http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mgn0038.pdf
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AirConditioningSystem SafetyIssues
LegionellaBacteria:RecommendedCounterMeasures Intakes:Efficientdrainage Filters: Readilyaccessibleformaintenanceand replacement,recommendedcleaningfrequencyof1 week Coolers: Condensatedrainsdesignedforefficient drainage,regularinspectionandcleaningoftrays(with superchlorinatedsolutionof50ppmatintervalsnot exceeding3months)
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AirConditioningSystem Filters
1. OiledMetalWooltype:efficientbutcleaningistime consuming 2. ThrowAwaytype:Efficientbutnonreuseable 3. FilterMattingtype:Mostcommon,maybeused coupleoftimes,easeofcleaning 4. WashablePlastic/Nylontype:Efficient,reuseable, butalsoafirerisk
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AirConditioningSystem TypicalMarineA/CPlant
RefertoHandout
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Air Conditioning

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PlantSystems

10[ g / m 3 ] 100% RH = 3 17.3[ g / m ] RH = 57.8%

78.08 20.95 0.93

75.47 23.20 1.28

27C70%RH 20C70%RH 29C40%RH 22C40%RH

h=enthalpy t=temperature =HumidityRatio(specific humidity) h

ThepositionC alongthelinewillbesuchthat ACXma =CBXmb Becausethescalesforh and arelinear

a)Drawandlabeltheprocessonthe psychrometricchart. b)Determine,perkgofdryairsuppliedtoroom i.Theheatsuppliedineachheater ii.Thetotalheatgainintheroom iii.Themoistureaddedinthehumidifier iv.Themoisturegainedintheroom

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