Flow of Control-1 Operators, If and Switch Statements: CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem Kumova-Metin 1

CHAPTER 4
FLOW OF CONTROL-1 Operators, If and switch statements
CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN
Operators used for flow of control:
REVIEW
Relational

Less than: Greater than: Less than or equal: Greater than or equal:
< > <= >=
Equality

Logical

Equal: == Not equal: !=

Negation: ! Logical and: && Logical or: ||
Operator Precedence : REVIEW

Operator () ++(postfix) * + < <= == && || ?: = += -= ,
Associativity Left to right Right to left Left to right Left to right
- - (postfix)
+(unary) -(unary) ++(prefix)

/ > != >= %
- -(prefix) !
Left to right Left to right Left to right Left to right Right to left
*=
/=
etc.
Right to left Left to right

3
Relational Operators : REVIEW <, >, <=, >=
EXAMPLE 1: int x=1, y=0; int z=x>y; //???? printf(%d %d, z, x<y);
EXAMPLE 2: int x=10,y=4; int z= x-y<5; // which one has // higher precedence? printf(%d,z);
Relational Operators : REVIEW <, >, <=, >=
EXAMPLE 3: int x=7; int z=3<x<5; //Remember

//associativity!! //LEFT TO RIGHT ((3<x)<5)
printf(%d %d, z, 3<x<5);
Equality Operators: REVIEW
Equal:
==
expr1==expr2 TRUE or FALSE
Not equal: !=
expr1!=expr2 TRUE or FALSE
EXAMPLE : int x=0; printf(%d %d, x==1, x!=0);

Logical Operators: REVIEW

Negation: !
&&
Logical and: Logical or: ||
EXAMPLE 1: int x=1; int z= !x-1; int t= !!x; printf(%d %d, z, t); EXAMPLE 2: int x=5; printf("%d %d", !x, !!x);
EXAMPLE 3: int x=1, y=0; printf(%d %d, x&&y, x&&y&&y); printf(%d %d, x||y, x||y||y);
EXAMPLE 4: int x=4, y=3; printf(%d %d, x&&y, x&&y&&y); //1 1 printf(%d %d, x||y, x||y||y); //1 1
Short Circuit Evaluation

(With operands && , ||)
S H O R T
expression1 && expression2
If expression1 is FALSE, No need to check the other, RESULT will be FALSE
C I R C U I T
expression1 || expression2
If expression1 is TRUE, No need to check the other, RESULT will be TRUE

10
Short Circuit Evaluation

(With operands && , ||)
EXAMPLE: cnt =3; if(cnt>4 && (c=getchar())!=EOF) { } /* cnt>4 will return FALSE so c=getchar())!=EOF expression will never be evaluated */
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Compund Statements
Series of declarations and statements surrounded by braces
EXAMPLE 1:
int a =1,b=1,c=1; { a+=b+=c; // b=b+c; a=a+b; printf(%d %d %d, a,b,c); }
EXAMPLE 2:
{ a=1; { b=2; } c=3; }
12
The if statements
1
2
if(expression) statement; if(expression) statement_1; else statement_2; if(expression_1) else if (expression _2) else if (expression_3) . . else statement_n;
statement_1; statement_2; statement_3;
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if without else
/* DOES NOT CARE ON THE ELSE CONDITION */
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> // for exit() function

main() { int x; printf(Type a number or Press 0 to exit ); scanf(%d, &x); if(x==0) { printf( eXiting .....\n ); exit(0); } }
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if with else
...... main() { int x; printf(Type 0 for addition or 1 for subtraction\n);
scanf(%d, &x);
if(x==0) { printf( PERFORM ADDITION...\n) ;} else { printf( PERFORM SUBTRACTION...\n);} }
15
if- else if - else

/* IF YOU HAVE MORE THAN 2 CASES */ ...... scanf(%d,&x); if(x==0) { printf("x is 0\n"); else if(x==1) { printf("x is 1\n"); else if(x==2) { printf("x is 2\n"); else if(x==3) { printf("x is 3\n"); else {printf( wrong number !!)} ......
} } } }
16
EXAMPLE : if- else if else Calculators Menu

int a=9,b=5,c; char x; scanf(%c,&x); if(x==A) { printf(ADDITION\n");
c=a+b; }
else if(x==S) { printf(SUBTRACTION\n"); c=a-b; } else if(x==M) { printf(MULTIPLICATION\n); } else if(x==D) { printf(DIVISION\n"); }
else {printf( wrong number !!); } ......

17
Nested if Statement
EXAMPLE 1: if(expression1) { if(expression2) { statement2 statement1 } }
/* if expression1 is TRUE , statement1 will be evaluated whether expression 2 is TRUE or FALSE */ /* if expression1 and expression 2 are TRUE , statement2 will be evaluated */ EXAMPLE 2: if(expression1) { if(expression2) else } else { statement3 }
{ statement1 { statement2
} }
18
Example 1:
Find if x is a multiple of 2 and 5
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a; printf("Input an integer and push return:\n"); scanf("%d", &a);
if (a%2==0) { if(a%5==0) printf("%d else printf("%d } else { if(a%5==0) printf("%d else printf("%d } return 0; }
is a multiple of 2 and 5\n", a); is only a multiple of 2\n",a);
is only a multiple of 5\n",a); is not a multiple of 2 or 5\n",a);
19
Example 2:
Find if x is a multiple of 2 and 5
#include <stdio.h> int main() { int a; printf("Input an integer and push return:\n"); scanf("%d", &a); if (a%2==0 && a%5==0) { /* Start of if block */ printf("%d is a multiple of 2 and 5\n", a); } else { /* This is the else branch */ printf("%d is not a multiple of both 2&5\n", a); } return 0;
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CONDITIONAL OPERATOR : REVIEW

expression1?expression2:expression3
same as
if(expression1) expression2 else expression3
21
CONDITIONAL OPERATOR : EXAMPLE

y = (x < 5) ? 5 : 10;
if (x < 5) y = 5; else y = 10;

22
The switch Statement

A multiway conditional statement generalizing the if else statement
switch (expression) { case expr1: /*one or more statements*/ case expr2: /*one or more statements*/ case expr3: /*one or more statements*/ /* ...more cases if necessary */
default: /* do this if all other cases fail */ }
23
The switch Statement : Example1

int x; if(x==1) else if(x==3) else if(x==4) else printf(x printf(x printf(x printf(x equals to 1); equals to 3); equals to 4); does not equal to 1,3 or 4);
switch (x) // switch and check if x equals to any case { case 1 : printf(x equals to 1); case 3 : printf(x equals to 3); case 4 : printf(x equals to 4); default: printf(x does not equal to 1,3 or 4); }
24
The switch Statement: Example2

char x; if(x==A) else if(x==B) else if(x==C) else printf(x printf(x printf(x printf(x equals to A); equals to B); equals to C); does not equal to A,B or C);
switch(x) // { case A: case B: case C: default :
switch and check if x equals to any case printf(x equals to A); printf(x equals to B); printf(x equals to C); prinf(x does not equal to A,B or C); }
25
Example: switch Statement

#include <stdio.h> main() { OUTPUT ??? int i; printf("Enter a positive integer from 1 to 4: "); scanf("%d", &i); switch(i) { case 1: printf(You have entered 1 \n"); case 2: printf(You have entered 2 \n"); case 3: printf(You have entered 3 \n"); case 4: printf(You have entered 4 \n"); default: printf(not 1,2,3 or 4\n"); } }
26
You'll notice that the program will select the correct case but will also run through all the cases below it (including the default) until the switch block's closing bracket is reached. To prevent this from happening, we'll need to insert another statement into our cases... BREAK
27

#include <stdio.h> main() { int i; printf("Enter a positive integer from 1 to 4: "); scanf("%d", &i); switch(i) { case 1: printf(You have entered 1 \n"); break; case 2: printf(You have entered 2 \n"); break; case 3: printf(You have entered 3 \n"); break; case 4: printf(You have entered 4 \n"); break; default: printf(not 1,2,3 or 4\n"); } }
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The break statement

/* BREAK CAUSES AN EXIT FROM THE INNERMOST ENCLOSING LOOP OR SWITCH STATEMENT */ double x; while(1) // an infinite loop { scanf(%lf,&x); if(x<0.0) break; /* exit loop if x is negative */ printf(%f\n,fsqrt(x)); } // break jumps to here
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Flow of Control-1 Operators, If and Switch Statements: CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem Kumova-Metin 1

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CHAPTER 4

FLOW OF CONTROL-1 Operators, If and switch statements

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

Operators used for flow of control:

< > <= >=

Equal: == Not equal: !=

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

Operator Precedence : REVIEW

Associativity Left to right Right to left Left to right Left to right

+(unary) -(unary) ++(prefix)

Right to left Left to right

Relational Operators : REVIEW <, >, <=, >=

Relational Operators : REVIEW <, >, <=, >=

EXAMPLE 3: int x=7; int z=3<x<5; //Remember

printf(%d %d, z, 3<x<5);

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

Equality Operators: REVIEW

expr1==expr2 TRUE or FALSE

expr1!=expr2 TRUE or FALSE

EXAMPLE : int x=0; printf(%d %d, x==1, x!=0);

Logical Operators: REVIEW

Logical and: Logical or: ||

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

Logical Operators: REVIEW

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

Logical Operators: REVIEW

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

Short Circuit Evaluation

expression1 && expression2

If expression1 is FALSE, No need to check the other, RESULT will be FALSE

If expression1 is TRUE, No need to check the other, RESULT will be TRUE

Short Circuit Evaluation

Series of declarations and statements surrounded by braces

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

statement_1; statement_2; statement_3;

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdlib.h> // for exit() function

if- else if - else

EXAMPLE : if- else if else Calculators Menu

else {printf( wrong number !!); } ......

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

is a multiple of 2 and 5\n", a); is only a multiple of 2\n",a);

is only a multiple of 5\n",a); is not a multiple of 2 or 5\n",a);

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

CONDITIONAL OPERATOR : REVIEW

CONDITIONAL OPERATOR : EXAMPLE

if (x < 5) y = 5; else y = 10;

The switch Statement

The switch Statement : Example1

CS115 FALL 2008-2009 Senem KUMOVA-METN

The switch Statement: Example2

switch(x) // { case A: case B: case C: default :

Example: switch Statement

Example: switch Statement

Example: switch Statement

The break statement

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