Bibliography Primary Sources Boxley, Clifford. First Account Narratives: Jim Crow Etiquette. The History of Jim Crow.

N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/resources/narratives/Theme_Etiquette.htm>. This primary source is taken from a group of narratives about life under Jim Crow laws in the South. We decided to use it because Clifford Boxleys discussion gave us an excellent understanding about what it meant to be African American in a racist and very violent system. We put the interview material in the section called Segregation in The Early Life tab to show the way many African Americans had to live under Jim Crow laws. Erwitt, Elliot. Segregated Water Fountains. 1950. World Famous Photos. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. <http://www.worldsfamousphotos.com/index.php/2007/09/05/segregated-waterfountains-1950/>. The photograph, a primary source, is a picture of segregated water fountains. This picture fits well under the Segregation section because it shows how the whites and the colored were segregated at the time. A hand-written death threat sent to Jackie Robinson, the first African-American to play major league baseball. N.d. Academy of Achievement. N.p., 14 Oct. 2010. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/may0int-4>. This photograph, a primary source, is a Jackie Robinson death threat. This fits well in the Struggle because fans we constantly give death threats to him during his career. In 1946, Jackie Robinson became the first African American in the major leagues. He became Rookie of the Year with the Dodgers in 1947. N.d. How Stuff Works? HowStuffWorks, Inc., n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. <http://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/jackie-robinsonhof.htm>. This photograph, a primary source, of Jackie Robinson fielding indicates who Jackie Robinson was and what he did. This is why we put the photograph on the home, so that the viewer immediately understands who Jackie Robinson. Jackie Robinson. N.d. Afrocentric News. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.afrocentricnews.com/afro/military_service.html>. This photograph, a primary source, is of Jackie Robinson in his military uniform. This image fits well in the Early Years tab because Jackie Robinson was a lieutenant in the

military in his early years. Jackie Robinson. N.d. Home-Team-Sports. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. <http://www.home-teamsports.com/jackie_robinson/>. This is just a primary source image of Jackie Robinson swinging a bat. It is good for the header image because it shows who Jackie is, a baseball player and who he player for, the Brooklyn Dodgers. Jackie Robinson. N.d. My Hero Project. The My Hero Project, Inc., 11 Oct. 2006. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. <http://www.myhero.com/go/hero.asp?hero=J_Robinson_ReadingHT_es_06_ul>. This is just a primary source image of Jackie Robinson. This is good for the header because its show the viewer what Jackie Robinson looks like. Jackie Robinson Hurdling. N.d. Jackie Robinson. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. <http://www.jackierobinson.com/about/bio.html>. This is a headshot of Jackie that is a very good quality image. It is great for the title page because it helps get you introduced to Jackie Robinson in order so that you know what he looks like. This primary source allows you to be familiarized with him before going through the website. Jackie Robinson in his army uniform before joining Montreal. 1945. The New York Times. The New York Times Company, n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/specials/baseball/robinson-photo.2.jpg.html>. This photograph, a primary source, is of Jackie Robinson in his military uniform. This image fits well in the Early Years tab because Jackie Robinson was a lieutenant in the military in his early years. Jackie Robinson shakes Branch Rickeys hand after signing his contract. N.d. Aerys Sports. N.p., 15 Apr. 2011. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://aeryssports.com/aaron-miles-fastball/jackierobinson-day-cardinals-connection/>. This is a primary source image of Jackie Robinson shaking Branch Rickeys hand after signing the contract to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers. We decided to include it in the website because it is an important moment in baseball and American history, and it also shows the good relationship between the player and the manager as they were about to change the way America thought about baseball.

Jackie Robinson signs to the Dodgers, 1946. 1946. Black Studies Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2012. This is an image of Jackie Robinson signing his contract to the Brooklyn Dodgers and physically breaking the color line by signing this contract. This primary source image is a very key and important date and moment in history because it is the exact moment when history was being made. Jackie Robinson speaking with King Faisal II. 1952. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, n.d. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photographs/displayimage.php? pointer=4189&rr=&people=Faysal+II%2C+King+of+Iraq%2C+1935-1958%3B+Robinson %2C+Jackie%2C+1919-1972&listid=2>. This picture shows Jackie Robinson interviewing King Faisal II of Iraq after a Dodgers game in 1952. We included this picture to suggest that by 1952, Robinson had become despite and because of his race - part of the national landscape as an ambassador for sports John Jorgensen, Pee Wee Reese, Ed Stanky and Jackie Robinson on opening day 1947. 14 Apr. 1947. Padresteves WorldMusings of a Passionate Moderate. N.p., 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://padresteve.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/robinson-dodgers.jpg>. This is an image of Jackie standing outside the dugout with a few of his team mates who are smiling with him. This image is great because it really defines what it must have been like for Robinson to be the only black athlete on the field. However, this primary source picture shows that he had the support and friendship of his team mates. Lederhandler, Marty. Jackie Robinson. N.d. ESPN MLB. ESPN Internet Ventures, 19 Apr. 2009. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. <http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/columns/story? columnist=bryant_howard&id=4068889>. This is a photograph of Jackie receiving the NL MVP award in 1949. This image represents one of the most important of Jackies achievements throughout his career and was very helpful to us because it was a good representation of Jackie as a baseball player and not only as a barrier breaker. Negro League Patch. N.d. Black Athlete Sports Network. BlackAthlete Sports Network,LLC., 9 June 2011. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. <http://blackathlete.net/artman2/publish/negroleaguebaseball/History_of_Negro_League_B aseball.shtml>. This is an image of the patch for one of the many Negro Leagues that occurred in baseball. We used this image in the Negro Leagues section of our website because it is a good image

of what you would see the Negro League portrayed by in the actual time period of the league. Negro Leagues. N.d. MiLB. Minor League Baseball, 17 Aug. 2009. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.milb.com/news/article.jsp? ymd=20090817&content_id=6469426&vkey=news_t533&fext=.jsp&sid=t533>. This photograph, a primary source, is the one of the logos of the Negro Leagues. This provides an image of the Negro Leagues, and fits well in the Negro League page. Percentage of African Americans and Latinos in the MLB. Chart. Sabernomics. N.p., Apr. 2008. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.sabernomics.com/sabernomics/index.php/2008/04/>. This chart describes the percent of the minorities in the MLB. This charts provides good use in the New Era of Baseball because it gives us information about the racial diversity in Major League Baseball President Truman ended segregation in the armed services in 1948 with Executive Order 9981. N.d. WordPress.com. N.p., 26 May 2010. Web. 7 Feb. 2012. <http://multimedialearningllc.wordpress.com/2010/05/26/executive-order-9981/>. This is an image of a newspaper article about president Truman ending segregation in the military. We used this image in the initial public reaction section as an example of desegregation soon after Jackie Robinson. Robinson, Jackie. Back to Baseball, the Color Line, and Jackie Robinson. Interview by William H. Lawrence, et al. Ned Brooks. Meet the Press. National Broadcasting Company. 14 Apr. 1957. Print. Transcript. This transcript from Meet the Press gives us information about how Jackie Robinson felt after all his experience. We used this source in the The Path section under The Revolution tab, the Long Term Reaction tab, and The New Era of Baseball tab because its gives us quotes from Jackie pertaining to all of the sections. This source is primary because it gives information from Jackie explain his own experiences. - - -. I Never Had it Made. Comp. Alfred Ducket. 1972. New York City: Harper Collins Publishers, 1995. Print. Jackie Robinsons autobiography is a valuable primary source for this project. In the book he gives his point of view about his 1947 season with the Brooklyn Dodgers. We used this text in The Path and The Struggle sections of The Revolution tab to provide Robinsons

thoughts about the abuse he endured. - - -. Letter to Dwight D Eisenhower. 13 May 1958. White House Central Files (Eisenhower Administration). Washington D.C.: National Archives, n.d. 2. National Archives. Web. 13 May 2012. <http://research.archives.gov/description/186627>. In this letter to President Eisenhower, dated May 13, 1958,Jackie Robinson responds to the President's recent speech at the Summit Meeting of Negro Leaders. Robinson tells the President that African Americans have waited long enough for equality and that definitive action on Eisenhower's part would help the African American cause greatly. We included this letter to show that Robinson was very active from behind the scenes for the Civil Rights Movement, despite criticism that he did little to further the cause. Robinson Reveals Written Threats. New York Times [New York] 10 May 1947: 16. History Study Center. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. This newspaper article gives us information about the type of treatment Jackie Robinson had to tolerate during his first few months in the Major Leagues. We used the source in The Struggle portion of The Revolution tab because it gives us a good understanding of the abuse that Jackie Robinson had to endure. This document is a primary source because it was written on May 17th, 1947, which was during Robinsons MLB career. Rooney, John. Jackie Robinson steals home. 24 June 1947. ESPN. N.p., 24 June 2010. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. <http://espn.go.com/blog/sportscenter/post/_/id/61520/this-day-in-sports-jackierobinson-steals-home-for-the-first-time>. This is an image of Jackie Robinson stealing home, this was Jackies first stolen base of his ten year career. This image was useful because it portrayed Jackies signature move of stealing home and is very good quality. Sports Illustrated. Willie Mays Catch. 29 Sept. 1954. Time. Time Inc., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1852482_1852562_1852537 ,00.html>. This photograph, a primary source, is an image of Willie Mays making a incredible catch in the 1954 World Series. this image fits well in the New Era page because an image showing feats that an African American accomplished after Jackie Robinson. Secondary Sources Baseball Records . Baseball Almanac. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.baseballalmanac.com/rb_menu.shtml>.

This secondary source gives us baseball records. This is useful to find out what African Americans held records in the MLB. We used this in the New Era of Baseball Briskin, Mort, prod. The Jackie Robinson Story. Alfred E. Green. Eagle-Lion Films Inc., 1950. Hulu. Web. 13 Jan. 2012. <http://www.hulu.com/watch/126192/the-jackie-robinson-story>. This movie gives us good view about how Jackie was treated during his career. We are using this site for information in the Early Life tab and the Revolution tab. this source is primary because it is a movie that stares Jackie himself telling his story of his life. Burns, Ken, and John Chancellor, narr. Baseball Inning Five: Shadow Ball. PBS, 1994. Film. This segment from a documentary gives information about the background of the Negro Leagues. We are using this page in the Negro League section under the Early Life tab because it provides us with information about the struggles of the league and also the quality of talent in the leagues. This is a secondary source because it describes the Negro Leagues after it happened. - - -, narr. Baseball Inning 6: The National Pastime. PBS, 1994. Film. This segment describes the history of our National Pastime and some information about how African Americans were viewed in the eyes of Major League Baseball. We are using this source under the Segregation of the 1940s and under The Reaction tab because it gives information about the African American treatment and image. This source is secondary because it is analytical material about the time period, after the fact. Civil Rights. The War. Public Broadcasting Service, n.d. Web. 5 Feb. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/thewar/at_home_civil_rights_minorities.htm>. This PBS website includes information from Ken Burns documentary The War, and gives details about segregation in America in the 1940s. This is a secondary source which analyzes the situation of African Americans during the war years and we used it in the Segregation in the 1940s section of the The Early Years tab to provide specific details about segregation before Robinsons integration of baseball. Early, Gerald L. American Integration, Black Heroism, and the Meaning of Jackie Robinson. 1997. A Level Playing Field: African American Athletes and the Republic of Sports. By Gerald L. Early. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011. 169-184. Print. This article is secondary source that examines the larger meaning of Jackie Robinson to African Americans today. Early explores the ambivalence that African Americans felt,

and to a degree, still feel toward America. We used this source in the Long-Term section of The Reaction tab because Early places Robinson directly at the forefront of the events leading up to the Civil Rights Movement. - - -. When Worlds Collide: Jackie Robinson. Paul Robeson, Harry Truman, and the Korean War. A Level Playing Field: African American Athletes and the Republic of Sports. By Gerald L. Early. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011. 23-69. Print. This article is secondary source that examines the larger meaning of Jackie Robinson to African Americans today. Early explores the ambivalence that African Americans felt, and to a degree, still feel toward America. We used this source in the Long-Term section of The Reaction tab because Early places Robinson directly at the forefront of the events leading up to the Civil Rights Movement. Fussman, Carl. Jackie Robinsons Impact on Baseball. ESPN The Magazine. ESPN Internet Ventures, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. <http://sports.espn.go.com/espnmag/story?id=3629427>. This story gives us information about Jackies influence on other athletes. This source is an interview of other players, thus making it a . We are using this source under the New Era of Baseball tab and the Long Term Reaction section because it describes future athletes reaction and how they were influenced by Jackie Robinson. Heathcott, Joesph. Black Archipelago: Politics and Civic Life in the Jim Crow City. Journal of Social History 38.3 (2005): 705-736. JSTOR. Web. 9 Feb. 2012. In this secondary source, Joseph Heathcott explores life in St. Louis, Missouri in the 1920s, a time when Jim Crow was alive and well. His description of daily life for an African American gave this section an academic voice. Jackie Robinson. Notable Black American Men, Book II. Ed. Jessie Carney Smith. Detroit, 1998. Gale U.S. History in Context. Web. 9 Jan. 2012. The entry from the Notable Black Men Book II gives us an understanding about each step Jackie Robinson had to go through to get to the Major League. We are using source in The Path section under The Revolution tab because it contains details about Jackie Robinsons path to Major League Baseball. This source is secondary because it is written by another person about Jackie Robinson after the event had already occurred. Jack Roosevelt Robinson. Notable Sports Figures. Ed. Dana R. Barnes. Detroit, 2004. Gale U.S. History in Context. Web. 9 Jan. 2012.

This entry from Notable Sports Figure gives u information on Jackie Robinsons upbringing from birth, what he had to go through in his early life, and what he did in his early life. We are using this source in the The Early Life section under The Early Years because is gives a great description what type of life he was born into and what other activities he played in throughout his life. This is a secondary source because it was written by Dana R. Barnes about Jackie Robinson over 80 year after he was born. Lamb, Chris. Whats wrong with baseball: The Pittsburgh Courier and the beginning of its campaign to integrate the national pastime. Western Journal of Black Studies. 2002. p. 189-192. Black Studies Center. Web. 9 Jan. 2012. The article from Western Journal of Black Studies describes problems that people had with baseball not being integrated and also why its integrated so late. We are using this under the Revolution tab and the Reaction tab because it gives good information about the public view before and after the Revolution. This is a secondary source because it was written in 2002 by a man who tells a story about other issues. The Negro League Teams. Negro League Baseball Players Association. The Negro League Baseball Players Association, n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2012. <http://www.nlbpa.com/the_teams.html>. This website gives us great pictures of all of the Negro League Teams. We are using this website to give us pictures of the Negro League Teams. We are using this site under the Negro League section. Percentage of African Americans and Latinos in the MLB. Chart. Sabernomics. N.p., Apr. 2008. Web. 12 Feb. 2012. <http://www.sabernomics.com/sabernomics/index.php/2008/04/>. This chart describes the percent of the minorities in the MLB. This charts provides good use in the New Era of Baseball because it gives us information about the racial diversity in Major League Baseball. Rosa, Todd Anthony. Negro Leagues. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Ed. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Vol. 3. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000. 497-499. Gale U.S. History in Context. Web. 18 Jan. 2012. This article from the St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture gives us information about the Negro Leagues and their treatment. We are using this source in the The Negro Leagues section under the The Early Years Tab. This source is secondary because it gives us information about the Negro Leagues from someone who was not in the Negro Leagues or from the same time period.