ENGLISH 4 TECHNICAL WRITING REPORTING

I. DEFINITION
- a description or explanation of a word or thing by its attributes, properties, or relations that distinguishes it from all other things. (Funk and Wagnall Dictionary, 1968) - is a passage that explains the meaning of a term (a word, phrase or other set of symbols), or a type of thing. (Wikepedia) TYPES OF DEFINITION a. Informal - consists of one or more synonymous expressions substituted for the unfamiliar term used. -synonym or substitute that is more familiar to the readers. -it serves as a reminder of the definition of the term as an assurance to the readers that the term being used in the same sense. Example: My mate is bloody knackered. Which means... My friend is very tired. b. Operational - is a definition which does not come from a dictionary Example: Institution for Persons with a Disability- means an institution for the reception, care, protection, education, training, rehabilitation or any other service of persons whose c. Formal -preferred to be used in technical and scientific work; has three parts: term, genus, differentia. Example: Term A triangle Genus is a plane figure Differentia bounded by three straight lines having three angles.

AMPLIFYING OR EXPANDING DEFINITION 1. Using Analogy -is a tool that got developed in the existence of the English literature. The concept of analogy functions by creating a bridge between two elements, which may be connected with each other on the base of concepts, relationships, phenomenon and the like. Example: "As the Church is the aggregate of believers, there is an intimate analogy between the experience of the individual believer, and of the Church as a whole."

2. Using Cause and Effect - explains why something happened--or is happening---and it predicts what probably will happen. Example: Causes Political repression Desire to join family members Desire for economic opportune Desire for religious freedom Effect Immigrants come to the United States

3. Comparison and Contrast Comparison is analyzing the similarities while contrast is analyzing differences. Examples: Guilt is compared with acquittal and they seem the opposite. The opposite of guilt is innocence, so acquittal means innocent.

4. Using Analysis A form of expository writing in which the writer separates a subject into its elements or parts. Example: "Some music players contain a tiny hard drive, offering huge capacity. Others store music on memory chips, which permit a much more compact design. (This type is known as a flashmemory player, or flash for short.) 5. Using Word Origin Words, like facts, are difficult to remember out of context. Remembering is greatly facilitated when you have a body of information with which to associate either a word or a fact. For words, interesting origins or histories will help provide a context.

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a hippopotamus is a "river horse," from the Greek hippos, meaning "horse," and potamos, meaning "river" 6. Using Negation -a grammatical construction that contradicts (or negates) part or all of a sentence's meaning. Example: "I have some rope up here, but I do not think you would accept my help, since I am only waiting around to kill you." 7. Using Exemplification Exemplification is possession of a property plus reference to its label. For example, if a color sample has the property labelled 'green', then the color sample exemplifies green. 8. Using Explication -The word "explication," meaning roughly "explanation," derives from a Latin word meaning "to unfold" or "to spread out." Example: The Balloon of the Mind Hands, do what youre bid: Bring the balloon of the mind That bellies and drags in the wind Into its narrow shed. William Butler Yeats 9. Using Basic Principle Example: ThermometerMost thermometers work on the principle that elements and compounds expand as their temperature increases. Liquids or solids that expand at a constant rate over the desired temperature range are used so that the amount they have expanded can be measured and compared against known expansion rates to determine the temperature.

10. Citing its Location Example: Guimaras is an island province of the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Among the smallest provinces, its capital is Jordan. The island is located in the Panay Gulf, between the islands of Panay and Negros. To the northwest is the province of Iloilo and to the southeast is Negros Occidental.

11. Using Illustration is an image presented as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that is created to elucidate or dictate sensual information (such as a story, poem or newspaper article) by providing a visual representation graphically. Example: XHTML Caf

XHTML Cafe is a wonderful example of watercolor in web design. Perhaps different pieces were scanned into Photoshop, but this design looks convincingly hand painted and really gets my attention. 12. Using Physical Description For example, if asked to describe someone, you might say: That girl has black hair, a big nose, and green eyes.

II. DESCRIPTION OF A MECHANISM

It refers to explanation or describing the mechanisms like lever, washing machine, refrigerator, air conditioner and many more. It is mainly to explain the functions, process and methods. It is a short composition designed to convey to the readers a technical understanding of the function, appearance, and operation of a particular object. Example: PORTABLE COMPUTER

Introduction-General Description A laptop computer is a personal computer that is portable or easy to carry around, and is similar to a desktop computer because it incorporates all of the same elements. Laptops are designed for internet use, producing documents, graphic design, storing files, and communicating with others. The laptop originated in the military, but was not widely used like the desktop computer, because it was too small for personal use. Also, it did not have ideal storage capacity. However, technological advancements have greatly improved a laptops storage capabilities. Making it a widely used instrument in the business industry and for scholars as well. Also, laptops are highly priced in comparison to desktop computers. Even so, there are some laptops that are priced much lower than desktop computers, but they are not equipped to store information like regular laptops. The laptop operates with the use of battery power, or can be plugged into an electrical outlet. It performs typed commands, and is used to communicate with others or to produce documents and designs. Furthermore, laptops have internal software storage capabilities, and some laptops are enclosed for high performance gaming The laptop has four main parts, the monitor, keyboard, speakers, and touchpad.

Description of Parts and their Functions 1. 2. Monitor The monitor, which resembles a television screen, is where the computer displays text and pictures. Keyboard The keyboard is a piece of hardware that resembles a typewriter keyboard. It is one of the primary ways you communicate with the computer and enter data. Speakers Speakers are usually small and built into the screen or the body of the laptop. In the image, the example laptop has speakers in the body, or laptop casing. The speakers allow you to hear computer sounds, audio streamed from the Internet, CDs and DVDs, and more. Touchpad On a laptop, a touchpad is a substitute for the mouse. Move your finger on the touchpad to move around the screen and select text and objects. The buttons below the touchpad operate like mouse buttons.

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Operating Description and Conclusion A person operating a laptop can accomplish many different tasks, because its main function is to respond to commands that allow it to produce documents, retrieve information or communicate with others. Commands are typed into the keyboard, and are executed by the computer processor, these signals are then transmitted on the computer monitor. In addition, a person can operate a mouse, and command the laptop to do certain tasks. For example, an individual can open and close files, or may also choose to design documents with the use of a mouse. The Laptop is very efficient because it can produce large projects. This makes it a very valuable tool for entrepreneurs, and the demand for portable computers has also grown in the past few years, because current laptops have greater storage capacity, and modern laptops can perform many of the same tasks as regular desktop computers.

III.

DESCRIPTION OF A PROCESS

It is a composition which enumerates the steps of a procedure to achieve a result. It includes sequence, instructions, and procedure. It is usually done in steps, and can be more or less specific, depending on the audience

Example PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Introduction Photosynthesis is a process by which the plants convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds by using the energy derived from sunlight. The process is also referred to as carbon fixation process, owing to the fact that the process produces some carbon compounds which store chemical energy meant to be used in cell growth. Light, water, chlorophyll and carbon dioxide are the basic requirements for the photosynthesis process. Read more on importance of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis Process Step by Step Photosynthesis is a process by which photoautotrophs convert unusable sunlight energy into usable chemical energy. Here is a step by step explanation of photosynthesis process in plants.

Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enters the plant leaf through the stomata. The stomata are minute epidermal pores in the leaves and stem of the plants which facilitate the transfer of various gases and water vapor through them. This is followed by water entering the leaves, primarily through the roots. The roots are designed to draw in the ground water, and transport it to the leaves through the stem. As sunlight falls on the surface of the leaves, the chlorophyll present in the leaves traps the energy in it. Chlorophyll is a green pigment present in the plant leaf, which helps the plant in absorbing sunlight. The green color of the leaf is also attributed to presence of chlorophyll in it. Then hydrogen and oxygen are produced, as the products of photosynthesis, by converting water using the energy derived from the sun. The hydrogen is combined with carbon dioxide in order to make food for the plant, while oxygen is let out by the plant through the stomata. In the same manner, even the algae and bacteria which indulge in photosynthesis, use carbon dioxide and hydrogen to prepare food, while oxygen is let out as a waste product. The electrons from the chlorophyll molecules and the protons from the water molecules facilitate chemical reactions in the cell. These reactions produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate), provides energy for cellular reactions, and NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diphosphate), essential in plant metabolism.

The whole photosynthesis process can be explained by a single chemical formula: 6CO2 + 12H2O + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O While we take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide to produce energy, plants take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen to create energy. Read more on steps of photosynthesis. Conclusion This was a brief explanation of photosynthesis process, one of the most vital mechanisms the plant growth process. Photosynthesis has several benefits, not just for the photoautotrophs, but for humans and animals as well. It helps in maintaining a normal level of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Almost all the oxygen present in the atmosphere can be attributed to the process of photosynthesis, which also means that respiration and photosynthesis go together. The chemical energy stored in plants is transferred to animal and humans when they consume plant matter.