05/01/2011 00:18:00

AP History Midterm Review Sheet

Aaron B.

Buechler

Protestant ReformationFormed Protestantism (branch of Christianity); started in 1517 with martin Luthers book of

95 Theses. It ended with the end of the Christen wars. It was the European Christian reform movement. It was also known as the Protestant Revolt or simply the Reformation. The Catholics responded to this with a counter reformation led by the Jesuits-knowledgeable men who knew all about the bible and combated the reformation with their knowledge (mental soldiers.)

Anne Hutchinson Inner lightStarted sermons for women on Christianity in Massachusetts Bay colony in 1600s. Soon men

started to attend. Eventually got kicked out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony by a jury and court. Major individual to understand religious freedom. Inner light is the idea that is believed by Quakers that god listens and talks to everyone and everyone has to just open up and listen to him. Also inner light is different to a lot of people. After being exiled from Massachusetts Anne Hutchinson founded Rhode Island on the principle of religious freedom.

Roger WilliamsReligious protestant theologian and first person to mention freedom of religion and separation

of church and state. He opened the first Baptist church in America. He lived from 1603 to 1683 and began the colony of the Providence Plantation which provided a refuge for many religious minorities. He also was a major advocate of fair dealings with Native Americans, whereas most people wanted to take advantage of Indians and steal their land.

Peter Stuyvesant-

Director General of the area where New York is today. Greatly built up the region and was a

major figure in the early history of New York City. He lived from 1612 to 1672 and involved major development in the southern tip of Manhattan. Stuyvesant was responsible for the creation of the Wall Street and Broadway. He was born in the Netherlands and his father was a priest. Iroquois, Mohawk, Cayuga and SenecaIndian Tribes that were around in the 1600s who lived in the New York region. All of the

tribes together were known as the Iroquois League. The nations lasted for a long time even spanning to the times of the American Revolutionary War where they were allies with the British. They fell after the Britishs defeat in the war.

CortezSpanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire in the

1600s. Also was one of the main people to start the Spanish colonizing in the south Americas. Led a major expedition that took much of Mexico under the Rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th centaury.

PizaroSpanish conquistador and conqueror of the Incan Empire. Pizaro founded Peru (or Lima as it

was called). He lived from 1471 to 1541 and was born in Spain. MagellanPortuguese explorer who explored for Spain. First person to circle the world. Was looking

for the Spice Islands. Killed in a battle at the Philippines. Magellan also led a 3 year expedition that was the first to travel from the Atlantic to the Pacific. He is a major historical figure in the development of exploration of the sea.

Nathaniel Bacon-

Wealthy colonist of Virginia who led a rebellion known as the Bacons Rebellion with like

400-500 men on Indian tribes. Bacon died from dysentery. He led this rebellion in an attempt to drive away the Native Americans that lived on their land. Wanted to get land from the Indians.

House of BurgessesEnglish parliament gave away their monopoly on the land in America allowing the colonists to

have it. Also first business was price of tobacco. It allowed the Colonists to be able to own land and property. The English government made this to try and invoke a sense of initiative in the colonists that lived there. Started in 1619, first meeting was July 30, 1619. Met once a year in Jamestown to vote on things. All men over the age of 17 who owned land could vote.

Maryland Toleration ActRule created in Maryland on April 21, 1649 that was based upon the idea of religious

tolerance. This said that all religions should be allowed and tolerated by all. Limited hate speech upon people of different religions. First law to limit hates speech in the World.

Celestial Navigation- Prince Hennery the NavigatorA form of navigation that has evolved over thousands of years in which sailors use the sun,

moon and stars to guide them on their voyage. Prince Hennery was one of the first people to stimulate European exploration and trade with other continents.

Dominion of New England- Edmund AndrosA short-lived administration (form of government) of the English colonies. Edmund Andros

was the governor of Maryland and also the leader of the Dominion of New England during its existence. Created by King James II to enforce the Navigation Acts and to set up defenses against the French (from Canada) and the Native Americans.

Vasco Da Gama-

Portuguese explorer who was one of the first to successfully sail from Europe to India and at a

time was the Governor of Portuguese India. One of the most successful explorers during the Age of Discovery and lived from the years of 1469 to 1524.

Cash CropsCrops, which were grown for profit. A vital part of a farmers profit. Crops include such as:

tobacco, cotton, and indigo. This became a great profit maker for farmers and really boosted not only the population of America but also the economic interest. Crops grown in America that were sold overseas for extreme profit, due to the fact that they could not be grown in Europe. Headright System: System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists. Promised them parcels of land

(roughly fifty acres) to emigrate to America, as well as an extra 50 acres of land for each servant they brought to America with them. This allowed the rich to obtain much more land, due to having servants. Gave out land based on how much labor is available to farm it. The Headright System was used in all the Southern Colonies, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The land was initially made as tax free but eventually had a quitrent or an annual tax on the land.

Jamestown: Named for King James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeths successor in England. Was a

Charter colony granted to the people by King James I. Established by the Virginia Company of London in 1607. The first of many permanent English colonies set up in the Americas. Was in a rural swampy location. Which led to many people getting malaria and yellow fever as well as contaminated water supply. Had a poor relationship with the local Native Americans. Led by the charismatic leader John Smith. In 1619 African slaves arrive in Jamestown, becoming the first slaves to reach the Americas. During the first winter in Jamestown half the population died due to the fact that they did not know how to properly cultivate the land. John Smith said we must plant food and build shelter before we start exploring. Planted many cash crops.
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Roanoke: In 1585 100 men were sent to Roanoke to start a colony. They returned to England a year

latter. Selected by Sir Walter Raleigh as a site for the first English settlement, but failed. IN 1587 they tried to start a colony there again, this time sending men, women and children. A few years later they sent a supply ship from England to Roanoke only to find none there. William Pitt: Appointed to be the head of the British Army during the Seven-Years War (French and Indian

war). Only promoted the people he felt were good soldiers and leaders to become officers, not people just based upon their age. Recognized the importance of the Americas. Led the British troops and destroyed all French holdings in North America by attacking French headquarters in Canada. Fort Duquesne is renamed Fort Pitt in his honor. Eventually becomes Prime Minister of England. General James Wolfe: Was the commander of the British army on its mission to capture Quebec from the French.

The battle lasted less than an hour. Was shot three times during the battle. Died right after hearing that the British troops captured Quebec. Famous for reforming the way England trained their solders.

Fort Duquesne: Renamed Fort Pitt in honor of William Pitt after the British captured the fort. General

Braddock died fighting for the fort. Was captured by General George Washington in the Fight for independence. Was burned by the French one night so Britain could not gain anything from it. Located at the point at which the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers join to form the Ohio River. It was an area recognized for its strategic importance early on. Over time the city of Pittsburgh was built around the fort. Quebec Act:

1774-It settled matters relating to the British acquisition of French Canada by recognizing the

Catholic Church, allowing the exercise of French law, denying Quebec an elected assembly, and extending its boundaries to the Ohio. It was fervently condemned in the thirteen colonies, as an attack on protestant and constitutional liberties and on their territorial expansion and as confirmation of the malign intentions of Lord North's ministry towards America. Proclamation of 1763: Placed British regiments in posts along the entire arc of the new frontier, to protect the settlers

and Native Americans from each other. Said no Americans could cross the Appalachian divide, and Native Americans owned the land on which they currently lived. Outraged the Colonists because they felt they should be allowed to settle the rich lands of the Ohio Valley as they won the war. Led to Pontiacs Rebellion. Pontiacs Rebellion: Native American uprising against the British for their mistreatment in 1763. Pontiac was an

Ottawa Indian chief. He led the Native Americans in one last attempt to drive the colonist/British back across the Appalachian Mountains. 8 forts were destroyed by the Indians and hundreds of colonist were killed. Was the Indian protest to the French and Indian wars (Seven Years War.) The Colonist won. New England colonies: Were created as religious havens, ex: Plymouth. Main industries were whaling, lumber, and

fishing. Its settlers lived in tightly clustered communities and cities. Education was a very big thing in the New England colonies. Had places of higher education, such as: Harvard, Boston Latin School Battle of Saratoga:

The battle that changed the course of the war, both the Spanish and the French helped the

Americans after this victory. The British surrounded, allowing for the first great American victory. The American army was led by General Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold, and every day the army got bigger due to local militia joining the main army. The British Army was led by General Burgoyne, who attacked the Americans twice and had heavy casualties both times, he later surrenders after being surrounded by the Americans on Oct. 17, 1777. Fought in northern New York. Common Sense: Published January 1776. Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. Called for immediate

independence of the colonies from Britain and the establishment of a republican government. Was rampantly bought among the Colonist. overthrow the evil rule of England. Suffolk Resolves: These resolutions denounced the Coercive Acts as unconstitutional, urged the people to 47 page pamphlet describing how the colonist should

prepare militarily, and called for an immediate end of trade with the British Empire. Were endorsed by the delegates early in the proceedings of the First Continental Congress. The Suffolk Resolves were adopted earlier by Massachusetts Suffolk County (hence the name).

The (American) Crisis: A collection of articles written by Thomas Paine during the American Revolutionary War.

The essays described Paines ongoing support for an independent and self-governing America through many severe crises during the war. These articles raised the morale of the people of the colonies as well as the troops. General George Washington found the first essay so inspiring; he ordered it to be read to the troops at Valley Forge

Gaspee:

A British patrol boat. In June 1772, it ran aground in Narragansett Bay, south of Providence,

while pursuing a suspected smuggler. The commander of the ship was constantly accusing the colonist of smuggling, thus the colonist hated him for hurting their trade. So a group of people burned it to the ground, this was clearly a criminal act, but no one would testify against them. This event led the British to think that the colonists were horrible, lawless people who could not govern themselves.

Olive Branch Petition (1775)Letter sent to King George III as a last chance for peace with the colonists. The letter was a

direct appeal to the King asking that he end the war and repeal the Coercive Acts. The letter stated all the things the King and Parliament did to abuse the Colonists. It was meant as an appeal to the king for sympathy and help. It also stated that the colonists were still loyal to the monarchy. Jefferson wrote a draft but some felt it was too harsh and Dickinson edited it and the committee presented it to the Continental Congress. They approved it and sent it to the King but he saw it as an act of rebellion and demanded that the rebellion be crushed. He ordered all British citizens to assist in the crushing of the rebellion and that anyone who supported the colonists would be deemed traitors.

Rousseaus The Social ContractRousseau criticizes government and states that the only legitimate political authority is one in

which the people for a social contract that is for the benefit of everyone. He called all of the people the sovereign and said that the sovereign should act as a single person. It should decide what the common good is for everyone. The sovereign has absolute authority over public matters and that those who violate the social contract deserve death. All laws must ensure liberty and equality: beyond that, they may vary depending on local circumstances. He doesnt care which form of government is employed and feels that each has a specific instance in which it may be useful. The will of the people should be heard through periodical assemblies.

Loyalists/Tories8

Colonists who remained loyal to the British Monarchy. Holders of royally appointed offices,

Anglican clergymen and many wealthy landowners were often Loyalists. Their opposition to independence or their willingness to support of British soldiers led to intimidation and violence; tarring and feathering was a favorite Patriot tactic. Most state legislatures enacted laws enabling the confiscation of Loyalist property. After the war most of the states were asked to provide fair compensation for dispossessed Loyalists. More than 4,000 claims were made by Loyalists after the war, but the U.S. government dragged its feet on an issue that clearly had little public support.

Patriots/Whigs/ RevolutionariesColonists that rebelled against the monarchy and believed in independence. Their leaders

were the men that created the Declaration of Independence. It included men like Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Thomas Paine, Ben Franklin, George Washington, John Hancock and John Jay. They had an extremely diverse background. One of their major issues was taxation without

representation. Wanted freedom from the oppressive regime of King George III.

The Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts (1774)Included the Boston Port Act, Quartering Act, Administration of Justice Act and the

Massachusetts Government Act. These were meant to punish the colonists for rebelling (Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party etc) Closely related with the Quebec Act as well because they came out around the same time. Led to the assembly of the First Continental Congress. Enraged the Colonist.

Boston Port Act-

The measure closed the port facilities in Boston until the city saw fit to reimburse the East India Company for the cost of the tea destroyed in the Boston Tea Party, and paid for the damage caused to the customs offices during the unrest. Further, the King insisted on recognition from Massachusetts that duties such as the tea tax were properly within the purview of Parliament. The British Navy blocked off the Port of Boston to all ships other then British naval vessels.
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Quartering Act-

Under previous legislation, the colonies were required to provide soldiers with living accommodations in public facilities, such as inns and taverns or unoccupied buildings. The revised law authorized the quartering of soldiers in occupied facilities, including private homes. The Quartering Act differed from the other Coercive Acts in that its terms applied to all of the American colonies, not Massachusetts alone. Required all Colonists to open any building to British Solders. Enraged the colonist.

Administration of Justice Act-

The Administration of Justice Act provided that British officials accused of capital crimes in the execution their duties in suppressing riots or collecting lawful taxes in Massachusetts could avoid hostile local juries. The governor, at this time General Thomas Gage, was authorized at his discretion to decide that such cases be heard in England. Angry colonists labeled this particular Coercive Act the Murder Act, because it offered a means for accused murderers to escape colonial justice. Allowed Tories and other British officers to avoid a jury by the people.

Massachusetts Government Act-

The Massachusetts Government Act effectively revoked the colonys charter and provided for an unprecedented amount of royal control. Severe limits were placed on the powers of town meetings, the essential ingredient of American self-government. Further, most elected offices in the colony were to be filled with royal appointees, not with popularly elected officials. Removed the little autocracy the colonist had.

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Stamp Act-

Parliament passed the Stamp Act in March 1765. The act required the use of stamped paper for legal documents, diplomas, almanacs, broadsides, newspapers and playing cards. The presence of the stamp on these items was to be proof that the tax had been paid. Funds accumulated from this tax were to be earmarked solely for the support of British soldiers protecting the American colonies. Violators of the law were to be tried. The effects of the Stamp Act were to unite some of the most powerful elements of colonial society lawyers, clergymen, journalists and businessmen. Opposition came in a variety of forms. Some was reasoned and informal, such as James Otis The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, a pamphlet that proclaimed the unconstitutionality of taxation by agencies in which the colonies were not represented. A more formal response came in the meeting of the Stamp Act Congress in October 1765, an inter-colonial effort to orchestrate opposition to the British plan. The greatest impact, however, came through the Stamp Act riots in which violence was used to intimidate potential tax agents and public demonstrations were employed to solidify radical opposition. Shopkeepers agreed among themselves not to sell British manufactures.

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Stamp Act Congress-

In many areas of the American colonies, opposition to the looming Stamp Act was taking the form of violence and intimidation. A more reasoned approach was taken by some elements. At the urging of James Otis, usually in the radical forefront, the Massachusetts assembly sent a circular letter to the other colonies, which called for an intercolonial meeting to plan moderate resistance to the new tax. The delegates approved a 14-point Declaration of Rights and Grievances, formulated largely by John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. The statement echoed the recent resolves of the Virginia House of Burgesses, which argued that colonial taxation could only be carried on by their own assemblies. The delegates singled out the Stamp Act and the use of the vice admiralty courts for special criticism, yet ended their statement with a pledge of loyalty to the King.

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Sugar Act-

The Molasses Act of 1733 had called for a tax of sixpence per gallon on non-British sugar and molasses imported into the North American colonies. This measure had been proposed by sugar growers in the British colony of the West Indies who wanted Parliaments assistance to force the colonies to buy their produce. Not the sugar of the less expensive sugar of the competing Spanish and French Islands. The sixpence tax was high and, if strictly enforced, would have caused severe hardship for the New England distilleries. The ever-frugal New Englanders worked their way around the tax by smuggling, and bribing customs officials. Therefore a new sugar act was created. The original tax of sixpence per gallon was cut in half, but the government fully intended to collect the three-pence tax. The list of taxable items was expanded far beyond sugar and included wines, cloth, coffee, tropical foods and silk. American exports, notably iron and lumber, were subjected to close supervision. Shippers were required to complete a cumbersome bonding procedure before loading their cargoes. Enforcement of the Revenue Act of 1764, as it was formally known, caused immediate economic hardship in New England and the Middle Colonies. The Sugar Act was not trade regulation. Its specific aim was to raise revenue for England. Americans were accustomed to being taxed by their own assemblies, but not by a faraway Parliament where they were not represented. It was during the protests of 1764 the cry of no taxation without representation was first widely heard.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Twelve of the thirteen colonies sent delegates (Georgia refused to send any delegates). Washington, Adams Patrick Henry, John Jay and John Dickinson were some of the men that attended. Major actions taken by the Congress included the following: Galloway Plan of Union

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The first order of business was consideration of Pennsylvania conservative Joseph Galloway's

plan of union, which urged creation of an American parliament to act in concert with the existing British body. On matters relating to America, each was to have veto power over the other's actions. Galloway was attempting to reconcile the simmering differences held by England and America. Opinion on this proposal was sharply divided.

Suffolk Resolves.

Before the Galloway proposal could be decided, Paul Revere rode into town bearing the Suffolk Resolves, a series of political statements that had been forwarded to Philadelphia by a number of Boston-area communities. The resulting discussion further polarized the Congress. The radical elements eventually gained the upper hand; a majority of the colonies voted to endorse the Resolves and against Galloway's plan.

The Association.

The Congress next adopted the Continental Association, or simply, the Association, which established a total boycott by means of non-importation, non-exportation and non-consumption accords. These agreements were to be enforced by a group of committees in each community, which would publish the names of merchants defying the boycott, confiscate contraband, and encourage public frugality. Boycotted trade with Britain, imposed economic sanctions on Britain. Went into effect on December 1, 1774. Trade with Britain declined sharply after the Continental Association went into affect. Britain responded with the New England Restraining Act of 1775, which was essentially the last straw before the colonist declared independence from Great Britain.

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Declaration of Rights and Grievances-

The Continental Congress composed a statement of American complaints. It was addressed to King George III, to whom the delegates remained loyal, and pointedly, not to Parliament. The radical elements were critical of the Declaration because it conceded the right of Parliament to regulate colonial trade, a traditional view long held by most Americans, but one that was losing favor in the mid-1770s.

Future Meeting.

Finally, the Congress agreed to convene the following spring if colonial complaints had not been properly addressed. That meeting, the Second Continental Congress, was indeed called in May 1775 in the wake of the battles of Lexington and Concord. The First Continental Congress was regarded as a success by both the general public and the delegates. The latter, despite heated and frequent disagreements, had come to understand the problems and aspirations of people living in other colonies. Many of the friendships forged there would make easier the gargantuan task of governing the new nation in the coming years. This was arguably the most important decision made at the First Continental Congress. As the Second Continental Congress shaped American future as few other meetings ever have or ever will.

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Second Continental Congress-

The battles at Lexington and Concord in April 1775, and the gathering of an American army outside of Boston provided sufficient impetus to assemble the delegates at the State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia. The Second Continental Congress was presided over by John Hancock, who replaced the ailing Peyton Randolph, and included some of the same delegates as the first, but with notable additions such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Joseph Galloway, the Pennsylvania conservative, was not in attendance. All of the colonies sent delegates, although the Georgia delegates did not arrive until fall. As time passed, the radical element that included John Adams, Samuel Adams and Richard Henry Lee began to eclipse the more conservative faction represented by John Dickinson. Nonetheless, many of the delegates expected at the outset, that the rupture between colony and mother country would be healed. Congress lacked the legal authority to govern, but boldly assumed that responsibility. Major contributions included the following:

Military Matters.

On June 15, The Continental Congress assumed control of the army encamped outside of Boston. John Adams labored hard among his fellow Northerners to gain support for George Washington as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army. Adams realized that many people in the South and wealthy Americans in all areas harbored deep reservations about the new armed conflict, and reasoned that the appointment of a prominent Southerner to head the military effort would generate a broader base of support for the struggle. Washington, present in Philadelphia in full military dress, accepted the responsibility and departed for Boston on June 23. Congress appointed four MajorGenerals to serve under Washington: Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler and Israel Putnam. In late May, the Congress addressed the residents of Canada, hoping to ignite the passions of the French and have the province join America as the 14th state. In order to thwart an anticipated invasion from the north, Congress authorized the ill-fated invasion of Canada.

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Statements of Position.

The Congress went to great lengths to offer a philosophical justification for its participation in the war. In early July, approval was given to Dickinson's Olive Branch Petition, a statement of abiding loyalty to the king, but disapproval of the actions of his ministers and Parliament. A stronger statement followed, the Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, which held out the possibility of independence if American rights were not restored. Basically said if Britain did not restore the Colonists rights they will start a war and not settle.

Financing the War.

The Congress attempted to pay for the conflict by issuing paper certificates and by borrowing from domestic and foreign sources. The continental currency, and its state-issued equivalents, depreciated sharply in value and sparked a debilitating inflationary period. The effort to raise money for paying soldiers and purchasing arms and supplies remained a problem for much of the war.

Independence-

Richard Henry Lee's resolution (June 1776) promoting independence reflected changing public opinion on the matter of retaining ties with Britain. This measure was adopted by Congress and then fleshed out in Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. Most colonists now want complete

independence from Britain, not just to reestablish a working relationship with them. Most colonist want complete autocracy without any help from England.

Opening of Diplomatic Channels-

In 1776, Silas Deane was dispatched to France, where he successfully secured supplies, arms and the services of a number of experienced European military officers. His mission was later supplemented by Arthur Lee and Benjamin Franklin, and resulted in the conclusion of the Franco-American Alliance (1778).

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Legislation

The Congress lacked the authority to pass binding legislation, but did approve non-binding resolutions. The delegates could ask the states to provide money, supplies and men for the war effort, but the states were free to accept, reject or modify those requests. The Continental Congress did not have the power to tax the people but the states did, so the Continental Congress asked the States to tax the people to raise funds for the war effort. The Congress recognized to win the war they needed a stronger Central Government, in July 1776 The Articles of Confederation, was introduced and sparked lengthy debate before it was passed in November 1777; ratification of the Articles by the states was not completed until 1781. Despite these accomplishments, much of the Congress's time was spent in regional feuding. Infant political parties began to emerge. Usually the states of Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia worked together, often in opposition to the wishes of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island and New Hampshire. The middle states swung from one side to the other, depending on the issue under consideration. Further confusion was added to the deliberations of Congress by recurring military threats; the approach of the British armed forces changed the location of the meeting multiple times during the course of the war.

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The Great Awakening-

The First Great Awakening was a religious movement among American colonial Protestants in the 1730s and 1740s. It began with Jonathan Edwards, a Massachusetts preacher who sought to return to the Pilgrims' strict Calvinist roots and to reawaken the fear of God. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" is perhaps his most famous sermon. Edwards was a powerful speaker and attracted a large following. The English preacher George Whitefield continued the movement, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style, accepting Christians as his audience. Those attracted to his message and that of the itinerant preachers who sprang up across the colonies called themselves the "New Lights," and those who did not were called the "Old Lights." One manifestation of the conflict between the two sides was the establishment of a number of universities, now counted among the Ivy League, including Kings College (now Columbia University) and Princeton University. The Great Awakening was perhaps the first truly "American" event, and as such represented at least a small step towards the unification of the colonies. The Great Awakening may also be interpreted as the last major expression of the religious ideals on which the New England colonies were founded. Religiosity had been declining for decades, in part due to the Enlightenment and to the negative publicity resulting from the Salem Witch Trials. After the Great Awakening, it subsided again, although later American history abounds with revival movements (most notably the Second Great Awakening). The forces driving the colonies' history for the next eighty years would be overwhelmingly secular, although America would remain (and many parts of the nation remain to this day) a deeply religious nation.

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Th

EnlightenmentCertain thinkers and writers believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and build a better world. Their principal targets were religion (embodied in France and the Catholic Church) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy. (Prominent people rule and give power to their children etc.) The Enlightenment actually began in Europe and it reached colonial America more than a century later. In Europe, the Enlightenment was responsible for inspiring revived interests in education, science and literature. The advocates of this movement stressed the power of humans to reason so as to promote progress. Some clergy also ended up adopting liberal theology that is known as Rational Christianity. Here the belief was that God gave salvation to everyone and not just a chosen group. The followers of this credence believed that Gods greatest gift to mankind was reason which allowed people to follow the moral teachings of Jesus. The Enlightenment challenged the role of religion and divine right and this helped Colonial America to see that it was possible to challenge the King and divine right. The movement ended up taking a scientific approach to the world and human nature. The movement challenged the role of God and allowed people to see that they were important and had the ability to shape their own lives. The movement resulted in stimulating new interests in education, science and literature, and as a consequence many new colleges were founded.

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Seven Years/French and Indian War-

The fourth and final French and Indian War, fought between Britain and France over control of North America, that eventually became part of the Seven Years War. The French had colonies in Canada and Louisiana, and were attempting to link them by taking control of the Ohio Valley. This would have encircled the British colonies on the coast, and stopped any expansion on their part. The war begin with conflict between the French in the Ohio Valley and the Virginians, led by General George Washington, who was forced to withdraw by the French. The war started well for the French. A British campaign in 1755 led by General Braddock met with disaster, and saw the death of Braddock at Fort Pitt, while 1756 saw the French led by General de Montcalm captured Fort Oswego and Fort George and 1757 saw the fall of Fort William Henry. The war turned in 1758, first with the capture of Louisburg and then Fort Ticonderoga, followed on September 13, 1759 by the Battle of the Plains of Abraham (Canada), in which General de Montcalm was killed and by the fall of Quebec on September 18, 1759. Finally the French lost Montreal (September 8,1760), ending their interest in Canada, and removing the French threat to the American colonies. The British occupation of Canada was confirmed by the Treaty of Paris (1763).

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Treaty of Paris (1763) -

The Treaty of Paris of 1763 (along with the companion Treaty of Hubertusburg) ended the Seven Years War, the American counterpart of which was the French and Indian War. In a nutshell, Britain emerged as the worlds leading colonial empire. Her possessions stretched from India to Africa to the West Indies to North America. The British shocked knowledgeable people of the day by choosing to take the barren wasteland of Canada from France, rather than the prosperous West Indian sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. Britain made many gains, but they could have received more. George III, the new king to the throne, was fearful of the power amassed by Secretary of State William Pitt. The king replaced him and pushed peace negotiations, preferring to give back recently

taken territories in order to conclude the conflict

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The

Glorious

Revolution-

In English history, the Glorious Revolution refers to the accession of William and Mary to the throne in a "bloodless revolution." In 1685, Charles II was succeeded as King by his brother, James II. The

Stuart line had always been suspect because of their adherence to Roman Catholicism, a matter of great concern in largely Protestant England. James made a bad situation worse by appointing numerous Catholics to high office and by fathering a son who, presumably, would be Catholic and the future monarch. Protestant opponents of the king issued an invitation to William of Orange, a Dutch prince, and his wife Mary, the eldest daughter of James II to come to England. William answered the call and brought with him an army; James' forces quickly deserted and joined those of William. James fled to France. Parliament granted the crown jointly to William and Mary in exchange for their

adherence of a Bill of Rights. The Glorious Revolution was another step in the shift of power from a monarchy to Parliament. The curbing of royal power was noted with interest in the American colonies.

The Grenville Administration-

George Grenville was the Prime Minister of England. During his rule, he passed many laws, like the stamp act and other acts. King George III King of England from before the French and Indian until after the Revolutionary War. Was

crazy due to a disease. By the end of the Revolutionary War he was completely lost. England prospered under his rule. Other than his idea that he must tax the colonies which led to war everything during his reign was good. King George was determined to teach the colonist a lesson and not let them off the hook. Lord North-

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Lord North was the British Prime Minister of the Parliament during the Revolutionary War.

In 1770 he repealed all taxes on the colonist except those imposed by parliament, as he felt parliament had the right to tax the colonies. King George III liked him a lot and considered him a close advisor and listened to him.

Declaratory Act 1766 Law passed by Parliament that said that Parliament had the power to tax or enforce laws upon

the colonies as they wish.

The Treaty of Paris 1783 Negotiations between American delegates and the new British government after Lord Norths

government were abolished. The American delegates were John Jay, Benjamin Franklin and John Adams.

Terms of the treaty: *Major European powers recognized America as an independent nation. *Americas west boundary was the Mississippi River. *Americas south boundary was 31 degrees latitude (top of Florida.) *Britain got to keep Canada but gave Florida to Spain. *British creditors could collect debt they were owed by Americans. *The states must give back all the property that they took from loyalists.

Townshend Acts 1767

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A set of taxes on luxury items such as glass, lead, paint, paper, tea etc. that were imported into

the colonies. These were not direct taxes, Townshed thought that colonists would not notice them as they were indirect taxes and so he did not reject them, but he was wrong. Samuel Adams had the Massachusetts Legislature pass the Massachusetts Circular Letter which reiterated John Dickinsons pamphlet that said that taxes were violating no taxation without representation. As well as that other colonial legislatures should pass petitions telling Parliament to repeal the Townshed Acts. In retaliation the British government ordered that no other states were allowed to make treasonous pamphlets, and sent troops to Boston because Boston customs agents had been taken advantage of. Colonists also boycotted British goods and merchants made non-importation agreements saying that they would not import British goods.

Sons of Liberty 1765 Group started in response to the Stamp Act led by James Otis and Samuel Adams. Based in

Massachusetts, mainly made up of workers and tradesmen many of whom were printers or writers. They were most effective when they wrote articles and essays and distributed them. It was suppose to be a secret society but in reality everyone knew about it and people used the name as an excuse to react with violence. Eventually, as the group grew, they became the Committee of Correspondence

Spinning Bees 1760s Groups where women would get together as a social event and make yarn and clothing.

Were held to encourage the home production of yarn. In response to the boycott of British goods, the women made their own yarn and clothes so they did not have to buy British goods. In the 1760's these events became more political as they were held to protest the importation of British goods, which were now being more heavily taxed

John Dickinson Author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, which was an anonymous pamphlet that said

that the Townshend Act violated no taxation without representation a

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Committees of Correspondence 1770 Colonies formed legislatures to communicate with each other regarding possible threats from

the British government, were local governments that helped keep order among their local town or province.nd that other colonial legislatures should pass petitions telling Parliament to repeal the acts. Eventually this idea was restated in a more aggressive letter entitled the Massachusetts Circular Letter.

Two Treatises on Government Written by John Locke in 1688. Locke believed in the ability of every man to virtuously

govern himself according to Gods law- not in the divine right of kings (First Treatise.) Locke also believed that life, liberty and property are every humans Natural Rights. Locke felt that property is the most important thing and the only reason people make rules is to protect their property. People dont need a government telling them what to do because everyone knows what is allowed/acceptable and what is not. He proposed this as a solution to the political upheaval in England when the Glorious Revolution was going on in England. This text laid the foundation for modern forms of democracy and for the Constitution of the United States. Locke believed that there was inherent goodness in man.

Consent of the GovernedColonists believed that England couldnt tax them because the colonists had no representation

in their Parliament, so they did not know what was best for the colonists. Idaea that says you need to know what is good for the people and have their consent before one does things directly related to them.

Montesquieu

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Believed political freedom could be created by separating political powers into completely

separate branches. Developed the political theory of checks and balances that became an important part of the American Constitution. His theory of a government with separate branches that have some power over each other is what Americas version of a democracy is based off of. America adapted his system of a multi-branch government (Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches) as well as a system of checks and balances between the different branches of government. Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws which was about how tyranny resulted when all powers were controlled by one man. Felt if there is one person in charge he will abuse his power and oppress the people, absolute power corrupts.

Minutemen Colonist who were merchants or other businessmen before the Revolutionary War and who

fought and were soldiers during the Revolutionary War. Received the name minutemen due to the fact that they would live their regular lives, but at a minutes notice they would be ready to go out in battle and fight the British. Made up of average colonist, most of whom had never fought in a war before.

TiconderogaBritish Fort in upstate New York. The fort was captured from the British under the command

of Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold during the Revolutionary War. Inside the fort, there were cannons that Knox, head of artillery, brought one year later to Dorchester Heights, where these cannons were the key to recapturing Boston.

Bunker Hill 1775

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One of the fist organized battles of the Revolutionary war. Also known as Breeds Hill (which

was a part of the hill.) The Americans had control of the hill. Bunker Hill overlooked Boston, which was fortified by the British. The hills were very important as one could easily bomb Boston from them. The British stormed the hill and were pushed back twice by the colonists. The only reason the British won was because the colonists ran out of ammunition. Americans were proud of themselves because over one thousand British soldiers were killed, the British did not gain much. This was also the bloodiest battle of the war.

Francis Marion 17750-1780s Was the head of an American Guerrilla band (used guerrilla warfare against British soldiers.)

Was known as The Swamp Fox he fought for the Carolinas. Even though the Americans lost, the British had to retreat to Charleston and everything went downhill for them from there. Valley ForgeThe site on the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania, about 20 miles northwest of Philadelphia,

where General George Washingtons Continental army spent the winter of 1777-78 in conditions of extreme hardships during the American Revolution. Washington lost many men here, and spent the winter training and fighting the weather to stay alive. Many men died due to the cold, frost bite, lack of food, frostbite or lack of sufficient clothing and blankets to protect them from the elements.

InflationA general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. When the value of

money goes down thus the prices of goods rise. The value of money and goods are inversely proportional. Marquis de la Fayette-

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He was a French General along with General Rochambeau, who helped General George

Washington capture the land leading up to Yorktown, leaving General Cornwallis surrounded and amazingly outnumbered. The city of Lafayette, Louisiana is named after him. Was a genius at training troops. Worked with George Washington and his men at Valley Forge.

Battle of TrentonWashington crosses the Delaware River with his troops into Trenton, New Jersey on

Christmas Eve, 1777. Hessian troops (troops that Britain hired to fight for them from other countries) are stationed there and they are drunk from Christmas festivities. When Washington attacks them they are surprised and unready to fight, as a result they surrender. Washingtons first major success. The victory motivates people to join the army because they have proof that the U.S. can win. Also convinces France that the US can win and as a result France sends more support to the US.

General Charles CornwallisHe was General Clintons right hand man and was put in charge of the British troops in the

South in 1780 after he successfully laid siege to Charleston, South Carolina. In 1781, General Cornwallis moves up the coast towards Virginia. The British navy came to help Cornwallis but French Admiral De Grasse defeated them off the coast of Virginia. Cornwallis was on the peninsula of Yorktown, Virginia, but had no navy there to help him retreat if he was in trouble. Then George Washington, with the help of French General Marquis de Lafayette and French General Rochambeau, captured the land leading up to Yorktown, leaving Cornwallis surrounded and amazingly outnumbered. General Cornwallis immediately surrenders the war and seizes to fight.

General Clinton and Howe-

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General Howe was a British General who had commanding control over Philadelphia during

1777. General Howe came up with the idea for a three prong attack. In his Plan, General Howe along with two other generals (General Burgoyne and General St. Leger) would attack from three separate locations and totally separate the colonists from each other. General Howe ends up taking control of the city of Philadelphia and leaves his second in command, General Clinton at Philadelphia, and goes up north with a smaller army. He didnt have enough troops and turned back to Manhattan. After which Howe is dismissed as top ranking British General, and is replaced by Clinton. Then Clinton and his right hand man General Cornwallis move their army down South.

Abigail AdamsThe wife of John Adams, helped in the revolutionary war with wounded soldiers, and was also

a big supporter of womens rights. One thing which she pleads to her Husband, John Adams, in regard to womens rights: I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors.

General John BurgoyneGeneral in Howes Three-Prong Plan. His

original plan was to be stationed along the St. Lawrence River in Canada. He would march south towards Albany and take out any Patriots on the way. Burgoyne ends up marched south and took over Fort Ticonderoga. He continued south towards Albany but when he reached Saratoga General Benedict Arnold and General Horatio Gates and their armies surrounded them. He surrenders war (The battle of Saratoga) giving the colonists the victory. Gates and Arnold slow his progress by cutting down trees and sabotaging the roads leading South from Canada then attack them with Guerrilla warfare.

Salutary Neglect-

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The term "salutary neglect" refers to the English policy of minimally interfering in colonial

affairs from about 1690 to 1760. During these years the colonists were given a great deal of independence in local matters, and the English king and parliament rarely established restrictions of any kind. In turn, the colonists supported England. At the end of the Seven Year's War, England began to declare more control over the American colonists, imposing taxes and trade regulations, to the objection of the colonists.

MercantilismThe idea was to make more money by exporting more than you import, and to keep as much

gold in country as possible. They did not believe in selling important items to foreign countries. They would ship raw materials to England so England can manufacture it. Colonies realize they can manufacture the raw materials themselves (William Penn brought over craftsmen). Trunks of trees were brought over to build ships in England, but England told America to just make the ships in America because the profit came from what was on the ships, not the ships themselves.

Legislative Branch: Branch of the government dived into two houses. The Senate or upper house is allotted two

representatives per state (New Jersey Plan.) Each representative has a six year term. Senate has direct elections from the people (originally was indirect election of senators where state legislature elected the States senators until the 17th amendment in 1913 changed it.) Senate ratifies foreign treaties and is in charge of all foreign policy. Congress is the lower house based upon population (Virginia Plan.) direct election of congressmen from the people. Two year terms. In charge of all bills dealing with the budget or monetary issues. Officially set at 435 Congressmen which are

divided between all the states based upon their population as determined by the census. Based upon the Constitution the Legislative Branch is the most important branch of the government. The senate is led by the Vice President; the congress is led by the Speaker of the House. The Senate must sign off on all Presidential nominations.
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Judicial Branch: The court system. The constitution left the judicial branch to be formed by congress.

Highest court is the Supreme Court with nine judges. State Court system starts at the Municipal Court, then goes to the District Court, the to the state supreme court, then to the supreme court of the USA. The federal court system is district courts (of which there are 94) then to the circuit court (of which there are 13) then ends up at the Supreme Court. All state vs. state, state vs. federal, federal vs. anyone goes automatically to the Supreme Court.

Executive Branch: Made up of the President, Vice President and the Cabinet members. The President is the

Commander in Chief (controls the army.) Cabinet is nominated by the President and must be approved by Senate. Four-year terms.

Washingtons Presidency: Washington won a unanimous vote for President (John Adams won for Vice President) and on

April 30, 1789, Washington took the oath of office at New Yorks Federal Hall. He was not directly involved with Congress and did not push or propose legislation; he firmly believed in the principle separation of powers. Washington created a cabinet for himself (the Constitution never cited having one, thus he set the precedent for having a cabinet of advisors.) His cabinet was made up of Alexander Hamilton as the Secretary of the Treasury, Thomas Jefferson as the Secretary of State, Henry Knox as the Secretary of War, and Edmund Randolph as the Attorney General. Washington was a strong President and was careful about his decisions and often consulted with members of his cabinet as he knew whatever he did would become a precedent for the future of the country. He was careful to make sure that his position (chief executive) did not create a fear of tyranny in the nation, did not want the position to be viewed as a king-like monarchy. Set the precedent of only having two terms as president (only Franklin D. Roosevelt had more than two terms.) Federalist Papers:
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The Federalist Papers was a book composed of 85 essays, which explained and defended the

Constitution. The series of essays were written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. The articles stressed the need for a strong federal government, while calming fears that the new national government would have too much power by emphasizing the many checks and balances set upon in the Constitution. The goal of these essays were to get people to support the ratification of the Constitution. Fallen Timbers: The Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794 was in Ohio near present day Toledo.

Regular army troops led by Major General Mad Anthony Wayne won a decisive victory over the Indians. Waynes victory opened the way for the settlement of the Ohio Valley. National Bank Charter: The National Bank served as an agent for the collection and movement of government funds

(taxes). It provided safe, reliable storage for government funds. A Bank could finance new and expanding business enterprises, greatly speeding up the economic growth of the nation. It would be able to issue bank notes, throughout the country. The Bank of the United States was to be owned by the government, but 80% of the $10 million stock issue as to be sold to private individuals. It

spurred debates between Hamilton and Jefferson in regards to necessary and proper (the elastic clause); Hamiltonians emphasized proper, while Jeffersonians emphasized necessary. Washington hesitated on signing the charter for the Bank because he was not sure if it was constitutional. In 1791, the First Bank of the United States received a special charter that would last for 20 years (1791-1811). The Bank had immediate success from the start. There were only 3 state banks in 1791 and by 1801 there were 32 banks. Pinckneys Treaty-

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Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo. Resulted from Spanish fear of an Anglo-American

bond, just as Spain was planning to withdraw from the European war against France. Granted the United States free use of the Mississippi River and ability to deposit at port of New Orleans. Ratified by the Senate on March 7, 1786.

Alexander Hamilton: Alexander Hamilton was born in the British West Indies and came to New York in 1773 to

attend Kings College. At 22 he was a staff colonel, aide de-camp to Washington. Later at Yorktown, he led a line regiment, displaying a bravery approaching foolhardiness. Alexander Hamilton was a young New York lawyer who was convinced that centralization (aka a strong federal government [federation] not a stronger state government [confederation])would save the nation from disintegration. Hamilton was the Secretary of the Treasury in the first presidential cabinet. Hamilton helped to create the Bank of the United States and tariffs (that were in his book Report on Manufacturers. He had a loose interpretation of the Constitution when it came to the issue of creating a Bank of the United States. Hamilton died in duel against Aaron Burr on July 11, 1804. The Articles of Confederation-

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The Articles of Confederation was the initial form of government in America. The Articles

provided a legal basis for authority that the Continental Congress had already been exercising. The Articles declared (in Article 2) that: Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every Power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled. A major weakness of the Articles of Confederation was that they made it difficult for the government to raise money through taxes and duties (due to the fact that the central government lacked authority to tax the people). Economic problems began to rise within the United States during the 1780s; Congress was unable to pay off the nations debts (which undermined public confidence) from the Revolution, which included money lent by private individuals and foreign governments. Under the Articles of Confederation, America was a

confederation meaning that the states had more power then the federal government. As a result the federal government did not have any power over the states. The states controlled their local militia, as well as had the power to tax, and place a tariff on foreign goods (even goods from other states!) The federal government could not tax, place a foreign tariff or hold a draft for an army. All these powers were in the states hands. Protective Tariffs: Protective tariffs were taxes placed on all foreign goods entering the country. They were

made to protect the American industries, by making it more expense to buy foreign goods. As a result people would buy domestic made goods. Protective tariffs encouraged people in the United States to buy American goods because it makes foreign goods cost more money. Eminent Domain:

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Eminent Domain is the power given to the state, federal, and local government that says they

can buy a private piece of land from someone for public benefit. Under the Fifth Amendment, the owner of the property (that the state wants to take) is entitled to fair compensation/fair market value of the property by the state for their property. If the owner does not want to sell their property, then the state government may exercise its authority of eminent domain and file a court action with the owner of the property. If the government is not successful or the owner is not happy with the outcome, then either side may appeal the decision. An example would be; if the state wanted to expand the highway, or the local town council wants to build a new park or school, they could buy your land from you for the good of the public. The Bill of RightsAmendment 1Amendment 1 ensures a persons freedom to practice religion, to speak freely, to assemble, to

address/petition the government, and freedom of the press. Amendment 2Amendment 2 protects the right of people to own weapons. Right to bear arms. Amendment 3Amendment 3 makes it illegal for the government to force you to house troops in your house

against your will. This is the least relevant of the Bill of Rights to todays society, but when they tried to pass the Bill of Rights this was a topic fresh in the peoples mind as a result of the British Quartering Act. Amendment 4

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Amendment 4 protects people from the government unjustly taking property, papers, or people

without a valid warrant based on a probable cause. Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. One can not have his house searched without either 1) a warrant from a judge or 2) reasonable cause. Reasonable cause is if a cop sees something suspicious going on inside the window of your house such as one being stabbed, the cop has reasonable cause to suspect something illegal is happening and enter the house. This is a very controversial issue in regard to a cop searching ones car after being pulled over. Amendment 5Amendment 5 is the idea of due process of law. Double jeopardy- one can not be tried twice

for the same crime. Such as if one is accused of killing a girl, then the trial is closed and he is let off as not guilty. Three years latter the police can not try him again for the same crime with new evidence. Freedom of Self-incrimination or having to testify against themselves. As in the right to remain silent, one does not have to testify against themselves or against their spouse (but is still legally forced to testify against ones kids, parents, friends or anyone else. One is only exempt from testifying against himself or his spouse.) Eminent Domain from having property taken away for public use without compensation (see above). A person is guaranteed not to be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Due process of law is the process of being arrested, tried with a jury, and the whole legal process. Amendment 6Amendment 6 guarantees a speedy and public trial, an impartial jury, that the accused can

confront witnesses against them, and that the accused must be allowed a lawyer. One must be allowed to have a jury hear his trial, as well as have the trial open to the public. Was made to prevent the government from unfairly charging citizens of crimes they did not commit. For criminal cases. This was something Britain did with their courts in the American colonies before the Revolutionary War, they had only British naval officers sit on the jury thus people were excessively charged.
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Amendment 7All trials where the value of the trial is over $20 a jury is required. Any civil trial that did not

have a jury must be re-examined by a higher court Amendment 8Amendment 8 guarantees that punishments will be fair and not cruel or unusual and that

excessively large fine and bail will not be set. The punishment must fit the crime. For example one can not have a $300,000 fine for speeding or littering.

Amendment 9Amendment 9 recognizes all rights that are not specifically enumerated in the Constitution (or

Bill of Rights.) Protects the rights of the people that re not specifically written in the Constitution or its amendments. One can not say that since it is not in the Constitution it is okay to have a cop walk up to you and beat you without reason. Amendment 10Amendment 10 states that any powers not granted to the federal government or not prohibited

to the states are reserved to the states and the people. Reserved Powers-powers given to the states. Enumerated Powers are powers given to the federal government

The Constitution Article OneArticle 1 of the Constitution, establishes the first of the three branches of the government,

outlines the Legislative Branch. Sets up a bicameral legislative branch (two houses- the House and the Senate.) The main part of the Constitution is Article One dealing with the Legislative Branch. Ten sections. Article Two-

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Article 2 of the Constitution, establishes the second of the three branches of the government,

the Executive Branch. Set forth the details for the Executive Branch. Forms the Electoral College. The President is to be paid a salary that is not allowed to be changed up or down during his presidency. Four sections. Article ThreeArticle 3 of the Constitution, establishes the third of the three branches of the government, the

Judicial Branch. Establishes the idea that there will be a Supreme Court and other local, circuit and district courts. Judges are to be paid. Judges serve for life unless they are impeached. Details where each type of case is to be heard (aka where certain types of cases start in the court system.) Left the details of the Judiciary Branch up to the Legislative Branch to set in the future. Three sections. Article FourArticle 4 states that all States must respect other States laws. Citizens of one State shall be

treated equally and fairly in all other States. Deals with the formation of new States and Territories. Guarantees that the Federal Government will protect the States from an invasion or attack. Four sections. Article FiveArticle 5 details the process of making future amendments to the Constitution. Needs 2/3 of

both the House and Senate as well as 3/4 of the States.

Checks and Balances: Checks and balances are devices that make sure that one branch of government does not abuse

its power. Checks and balances make sure that one branch of the government does not go power crazy and corrupt. Examples of checks and balances are the presidents power to veto and Congresss power of impeachment, which is divided between House and Senate. Other examples of checks and balances are the Senates power over treaties and cabinet appointments; and the balance between Congressess right to declare war and the presidents control of the armed forces.
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Virginia Plan: Favored large population states; called for two legislative houses, both based on population.

The Virginia Plan was drafted by James Madison and presented to the convention by Edmund Randolph. Worked to the benefit of large states with many people. The model for the House.

New Jersey Plan: Favored smaller population states; called for one legislative house in which each state had one

representative. Called for equal representation, as in a fixed number of delegates for each state. The model for the Senate. The New Jersey Plan was prepared by William Paterson the future attorney general of New Jersey.

Extra Information on the Constitution: It gave all white land owning males the right to vote. Some powers it gave to the national

government the right to levy taxes, regulate interstate and foreign commerce, print money, set tariffs, make treaties, and raise an army (navy and militia). It includes topics such as the powers reserved to the states, enumerated powers of Congress, and powers reserved to the federal government. The Constitution met with remarkably little opposition in most of the states ratifying conventions, considering the importance of the changes. On March 4, 1789, the Constitution became effective (because it had achieved the necessary three-fourths vote). By May 29, 1790, every state in America had ratified the Constitution.

Slave Trade Compromise-

This compromise was developed after long disputes between the North and the South over the issue of Slavery and its morality. This compromise was an agreement that the South promised that in 20 years they will no longer bring any more slaves from Africa, meaning it will be illegal in 1808. Banned the slave trade from Africa after 1808 but still allowed slavery to exist in America, as well as intra/interstate trading of slaves.

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Three-Fifths Compromise-

When the country was deciding over the breakup of Congressional Districts the South faced an issue on how to count their population. Since slaves were not considered at citizens of the United States and were not able to vote, should they be counted as people of the state and count them in the population or not? Of course the South wanted them to be counted because the more people you have in the census, the more people they would get to represent them in Congress. They finally came to a decision known as the Three-Fifths Compromise: Which said that for every 5 slaves, they will be counted as 3 people.

The Great Compromise-

This was a compromise of the two proposed plans, the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. They made the Great Compromise, which was a combination of the two plans. They gave the Virginia Plan satisfaction by announcing that the House of Representatives would be based upon a states population. The smaller states would be happy because the Senate would have an equal amount of delegates per state (2 delegates per states.)

Thomas Jefferson-

When Washington was sworn into presidency in 1789, Jefferson was a member of his Cabinet, as the Secretary of State. He was against creating a national bank and did not agree that the Elastic Clause could be interpreted for any circumstance. He was overridden by Hamilton who agreed with President Washington that a National Bank will do good for the country. When Washington signed the National Bank Charter, Jefferson is appalled and resigned from Washingtons cabinet.

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James Madison-

One of the authors of the Federalist Papers was Federalist James Madison. Madison is known as the Father of the Constitution. Madison along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay pushed to get more states to ratify and accept the constitution, (because in order for the constitution to go into effect they need 9 states to agree and only 6-7 had agreed so far signed.) James Madison wrote about mischief of factions which basically said that people like him who have a lot of property should vote for the constitution and a strong federal government to make sure their land is safe. To protect their property.

John Jay-

John Jay was the first Supreme Court Chief Justice. He was most famous for the Jay Treaty in 1794. He was sent by Washington to negotiate with the British to seek the recognition of U.S neutrality and to stop impressment of American sailors.

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Federalism- Reserved and Delegated Powers-

Federalism is a strong union, as opposed to the past when the United States was a confederacy (a weak union.) Federalism is a strong connection between the federal government and state/local governments. The system was split up between two powers: Delegated and Reserved powers. Delegated were powers given to the federal government that states has no power over. Examples of Federal acts are; war, peace treaties, army, navy, weights, measures, immigration, distribution of currency etc.. Interstate affairs, meaning trades between two different states are under the Delegated government, in contrast to intrastate, meaning trades within the same state, which are considered part of the reserved government. The Reserved part of Federalism consisted of state powers that were individually different from each state and picked by the state officials. These powers were like state licenses, certifications, schools, voting laws, marriage/divorce etc. A side point to note is that Federalism also had Concurrent powers which are powers that the federal government and state jointly decide on. Concurrent includes taxes, bonds, criminal justice, healthcare, safety etc.

Elastic Clause-

Article One Section Eight of the Constitution states to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper. This clause in the Constitution is referred to as the Elastic Clause as it can b interpreted in many ways. This clause has been the basis for many bills to be made into laws. As the debate of whether or not to have a National Bank or not continued to be disputed over, the question of was it constitutional came up as well. Secretary of Treasury Hamilton under Washington proposed a loose interpretation of the constitution, because of the elastic clause. The elastic clause stretches out the interpretation of the constitutions words of necessary and proper which Hamilton plans on using to explain to Congress the justifications of having a national bank. Hamilton sold this idea to Washington who soon signed the bank into law in 1791. Whiskey Rebellion44

Tax collectors came to collect tax on whiskey in West Pennsylvania and the people rebelled. Washington then brought in 13,000 troops and the people in Western Pennsylvania ran away. Washington did this to prove the federal governments dominance but there was no fighting. This rebellion was because of the excise tax on whiskey and it was called the sin tax. After the Revolutionary War.

Shays Rebellion War Veterans who fought for U.S. freedom in Bunker Hill and Battle of Saratoga. Shay lived

in Massachusetts. He was about to lose his farm and house and be placed in jail because he was in debt. Shay was angry at the state and rebelled. Shays rebellion was crushed quickly. As a result of his rebellion, other states were scared of rebellions so they changed the Articles of Confederation in the Philadelphia Constitution Convention where they agree that the government should have some tax power and regulate domestic and foreign trade (13/15 states show up)

Jays TreatyJohn Jay future Chief Justice of the Supreme Court went to make a treaty with Great Britain to

accept U.S. neutrality and stop impressment and leave U.S. territory. Great Britain does not agree to sign this so George Washington threatened to align with other neutrals (he was lying.) Richard Hamilton ends up telling Britain that Washington was lying because he didnt want to go to war with Britain. Britain decides not to respect U.S. neutrality but gives us back Caribbean property and Washington signs the treaty. Impressment of American SeamenBritain would force American seamen into joining their navy and even go as far as torturing

them. The U.S. hated it. Britain would seize American merchant ships and take the sailors captive and force them to work for the British Navy.

The Land Ordinance of 178545

This was a policy established on May 20, 1785 under the Articles of the Confederation after

the American Revolution. The policy allowed surveying and selling the western lands. The policy provided for setting aside one section of land in each township for public education. As the Articles Congress could not raise money through taxes, they hoped to raise money through the sale of land out West. Land was to be divided into square towns, six square miles. Each of these townships were to be further divided into thirty-six properties one square mile/640 acres. These sections could then be further subdivided for re-sale by settlers and land speculators.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787: The brother Act of the Land Ordinance of 1785. Established local governments for the

Western land based on the population of the region. It included the area bound by Great Lakes, Ohio River, and Mississippi River to be divided into no less than 3 territories and no more than 5 territories. Any territory with a population under 5,000 adult men was ruled by governor and three judges that were appointed by Congress. If the population was above 5,000 adult men then they were authorized to elect legislature and send nonvoting delegates to Congress. When there are 60,000 people living in a territory, then the territory can apply to become State.

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Edmund Genet-

Edmund Genet ultimately comes and ruins Americas neutrality. Genet is the French ambassador to America. Genet hired privateers- who are American sailors with ships, to attack Britain (which would take us out of our neutral state.) Genet appealed directly to the American people not the government to help them fight the British. Genet was sent to get America to declare war against Britain, and be on Frances side. Washington hated Genet and treated him badly because he spoke badly about him. Washington asked France to call Genet back to France as he was negatively affecting both America and France. Thomas Jefferson agreed that Genet should be stripped of his title. Genet asked Washington if he could remain in America as a citizen. Washington let him stay as long as he would not speak out politically. Genet stayed in America, became an American citizen and married an American woman.

George Washingtons Farewell Address-

As Washingtons second term comes to an end and he is leaving office he delivers a farewell speech leaving his last words of wisdom to the population. In this address to the nation he includes two main points: Firstly, we should avoid all tangling alliances, such as the one we have with France, (only when necessary we should make temporary alliances), but other than that we should stay neutral at all costs. Secondly, he addressed the nations Political Factions Problem. He mentioned that people are too obsessed with their political party only. They need to stop obsessing over their particular political party (Democrats, Republicans, and Federalists). Said we should not have many separate political factions (political parties) as people become very partisan. People will undoubtedly put their parties views ahead of what is best for the country.

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Entangling Alliances-

Alliances at this time were looked upon as bad for the American nation. As Washington stressed in his Farewell Address, alliances in regard to European affairs should be avoided and we should stay a united neutral front.

XYZ Affair-

President John Adams secretly sends three people to France to speak about Freedom of the Seas, and was seeking a halt to the seizing of innocent American vessels by the French. As the three American men arrived in France, they are approached by three French men who were sent by French Foreign Minister Talleyrand. These three men are only defined as X, Y and Z, demanded a large sum of money ($240,000) just to speak to Talleyrand. The American men obviously did not pay, but once the American Press got this story, they described Talleyrands men as XYZ and the story became known as the XYZ Affair.

High Federalists-

When the American people heard about the insane amount of money Talleyrands men demanded to speak directly to Talleyrand, they stated going insane and a group of extreme federalists known as the High Federalists wanted to go to war and fight with France. This puts Adams in a difficult position, which he decides to resolve with a 2 year, Quasi War with France.

Quasi-War with France-

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Mini war with France, that President John Adams allowed to happen after the High Federalists

were angry with France. A Quasi war is an unofficial war with no declaration of war by Congress, which is exactly what we had with France. Was a quasi-war partly because Adams recognized that the US Army and Navy was not strong enough to fight a full fledged war. Was basically a series of naval battles on the high seas. Adams decided to spend money building up the American Navy, which effectively scarred Talleyrand enough to sit down with America.

Alien and Sedition Acts-

the Demographics of the country are all over the place with splits of the nation according to their political parties. So in order to stop the republicans from getting any stronger and taking over the different parties, the government created the alien and sedition acts. It included several parts. The Residency act changed the time of how long an Alien must be in America for to become a legal citizen. (Changed it from 5 year to 14 years) The next part to these acts allowed the president to arrest aliens who were saying bad things about the federal government. The Sedition Act gives the President authority to arrest anyone who speaks badly about the president. (Was also in affect during WWl)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolves-

This was the response of Jefferson and Madison to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson and Madison took the Virginia and Kentucky state constitutions and proposed nullification- which is completely getting rid of any federal laws (such as the alien and sedition acts). This could eventually lead to secession-leaving the union completely.

Nullification-

A new idea proposed in the Kentucky Virginia Resolves. -idea states the following: people can cancel out/nullify bad federal laws in your state (like

Alien Sedition Acts).

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However by being able to nullify laws you can have your own government, and leave the

union (succession) and the US did not want that. Therefore the Kentucky Virginia resolves was just proposed not enforced.

Election of 1800 Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) Vs. John Adams (federalist) FOR PRESIDENT

*Aaron Burr ran for VP

*Burr and Jefferson got the same amount of votes, so now had to go to the House. Burr now

can win the presidency without even meaning to because there was no difference between ballots for VP and president.

-now Burr is saying vote me for president *Hamilton is advising people to vote for Jefferson -federalists hate Jefferson, so they are going to vote for Burr ** In the end Jefferson becomes president and Burr becomes VP Because of the mishap with the ballots of Jefferson and Burr, Jefferson creates The 12th Amendment- which says that will have separate ballots for president and VP so cant

confuse them!

Embargo Act-

Jefferson said we should deny Britain American ships, so he made this act. This Act stated that the US should cut off trade between the US and the rest of the world, deprive

them of the USs ships and their stuff. *Jefferson said that when people respect our Neutrality we will get rid of this.

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--commentators called this the Ograbme and are saying that we are destroying our economy

because we need trade we need to import and export!

**this is destroying our economy we need foreign trade** Louisiana Purchase-

(Background information: America used to be able to use New Orleans freely when it was under Spain because of the Pinckney Treaty)

-France had plans with Haiti to grow food in Louisiana ship to Haiti and in return Haiti would

give them sugar. However, France no longer had anyone to support in Haiti because of the uprising lead by Toussaint Le Ouvertore and therefore did not want to be involved any longer.

-Jefferson sent someone to talk to Talleyrand (France) to discuss the purchase. Talleyrand

says that the US could purchase New Orleans and Louisiana for 15 million dollars. -in order to purchase this land Jefferson had a loose interpretation (usually he had strict

interpretation) of the constitution. Talleyrand said that we would receive Louisiana the way France did.

**This purchase doubled the size of America** Lewis and Clark Expedition (1805) -

Jefferson sends Louis and Clark along with 50 other men to go and explore Louisiana, bring back things, greet the people there and let them know that we are their friends, draw pictures of animals etc. and try to get the Pacific! -2 years later they brought back many animal and plant samples and Jefferson was pleased.

Now that we know about the land Jefferson was able to send people there.

- sold the land in Louisiana in grids like the Northwest Ordinance

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War of 1812-

The War of 1812, between the United States of America and the British Empire (particularly Great Britain and British North America), lasted from 1812 to 1815. It was fought chiefly on the Atlantic Ocean and on the land, coasts and waterways of America. There were several immediate stated causes for the U.S. declaration of war: first, a series of trade restrictions introduced by Britain to impede American trade with France, a country with which Britain was at war (the U.S. challenged these restrictions as illegal under international law) second, the impressments (forced recruitment) of U.S. citizens into the Royal Navy; third, the British military support for American Indians who were offering armed resistance to the expansion of the American frontier to the Northwest. An unstated but powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honor in the face of what they considered to be British insults (such as the Chesapeake affair).

Chesapeake-Leopard Incident-

The U.S. naval vessel "Chesapeake" was fired upon and boarded by and British officers from the British ship HMS Leopard in 1807, and four sailors were impressed. The incident provoked a clamor for war in the United States, but President Jefferson asked Congress for the Embargo Act instead.

War Hawks-

The War Hawks were young congressional leaders who, in 1811 and 1812, called for war against Great Britain as the only way to defend the national honor and force the British to respect America's neutral rights.

American Colonization Society-

The American Colonization Society was founded in 1817. It purchased land in Africa (Liberia) with the intention of solving the "Negro problem" by transporting freed slaves there. Society backers were convinced that both blacks and whites would benefit from racial separation. Few blacks wished to migrate to Africa and the society accomplished little.

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John Marshall-

(September 24, 1755 July 6, 1835) was an American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. Marshall was Chief Justice of the United States, The longest serving Chief Justice in Supreme Court history, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades (a term outliving his own Federalist Party) and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. Most notably, he established that the courts are entitled to exercise judicial review, the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. Thus, Marshall has been credited with cementing the position of the judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government. Furthermore, Marshall made several important decisions relating to Federalism, shaping the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic.

Marbury vs. Madison-

is a landmark case in United States law. It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. This case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed by President John A dams as Justice of the Peace but whose commission was not subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents, but the court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, denied Marbury's petition, holding that the part of the statute upon which he based his claim, the Judiciary Act (Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court) of 1789, was unconstitutional.

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Judicial Review-

is the doctrine in democratic theory under which legislative and executive action is subject to invalidation by the judges. Specific courts with judicial review power must cancel the acts of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher authority, such as the terms of a written constitution. Judicial review is an example of the functioning of separation of powers in a modern governmental system (where the judiciary is one of three branches of government.)

The Hartford Convention-

was an event during 1814 in the United States during the War of 1812 (between the U.S and the British Empire) in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed.

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Fletcher vs. Peck (1810) -

was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision. It was one of the first cases in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional. In the course of the westward push for the control of Indian lands, the state of Georgia took from the Indians, a 35-million-acre region in the Yazoo River area known as the Yazoo Lands. This land later became the states of Alabama and Mississippi. In 1795, the Georgia legislature divided the area into four tracts. The state then sold the tracts to four separate land development companies for a modest total price of $500,000, a good deal even at 1790s prices. The Georgia legislature overwhelmingly approved this land grant, known as the Yazoo Land Act of 1795. It was revealed that the Yazoo Land Act sale to private speculators had been approved in return for bribes. Voters rejected most of the tentative Politicians in the next election, and the next legislature, reacting to the public outcry, repealed the law and voided transactions made under it. John Peck had purchased land that had previously been sold under the 1795 act. Peck sold this land to Robert Fletcher and in 1803, Fletcher brought suit against Peck, claiming that he did not have clear title to the land when he sold it. The case reached the Supreme Court, which in a unanimous decision ruled that the state legislature's repeal of the law was unconstitutional. The opinion, written by John Marshall, argued that the sale was a binding contract, which cannot be invalidated, even if illegally secured. Today the ruling further protects property rights against popular pressures, and is the earliest case of the Court asserting its right to invalidate state laws conflicting with the Constitution.

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Gibbons vs. Ogden-

Gibbons was operating a competing steamboat service which had been licensed by Congress in regulating the coasting trade. Ogden filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of New York asking the court to restrain Gibbons from operating his boats. Ogden's lawyer contended that states often passed laws on issues regarding interstate matters and that states should have fully concurrent power with Congress on matters concerning interstate commerce. The monopoly, therefore, should be upheld. Gibbons' lawyer, Daniel Webster, argued that Congress had exclusive national power over interstate commerce according to Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution and that to argue otherwise would result in confusing and contradictory local regulatory policies. The Court of Chancery of New York found in favor of Ogden and issued an injunction to restrict Gibbons from operating his boats. Gibbons appealed the case to the Court of Errors of New York, which affirmed the decision. Gibbons then appealed the case to the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court concluded that Congressional power over commerce should extend to the regulation of all aspects of it, overriding state law to the contrary.

Dartmouth vs. Woodward (1819) -

Part of the Marshall Court. President Monroe (with support from the Republicans) tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked. The Court ruled in favor of the Federalists- though the charter was issued by the king during colonial days, it still constituted a contract which could not be arbitrarily changed or revoked without the consent of both parties.

Clermont and Fulton-

Clermont, a steamboat built by Robert Fulton in 1807, transformed river transportation.

Erie Canal-

1825 linked the Hudson River at Albany, NY with Lake Erie. The Erie Canal became the most successful example of an artificial waterway. Received large amounts of public funding.
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Peculiar Institution-

a euphemistic term used by white Southerners to refer to slavery

Democratic Party

or the Jacksonians, believed in freedom of economic opportunity unencumbered by private or governmental restrictions, political freedom, and the belief that any ordinary (white) man can hold a position in public office. Many immigrants, Catholics and other minority groups voted Democrat because the party believed that people shouldnt place much weight on a persons origin. The party contained the rich and the poor, Eastern and westerners, abolitionists as well as slaveholders.

Whig Party-

Henry Clay was the head of the Whig Party, which was also called the National Republican Party. It was basically an anti-Jackson party. The Whig Party was made up of extreme states righters. They were slow to develop effective party organization- they were not as centralized as the Democrat Party, and could not agree on any issue more complicated than opposition to Jackson. During the election of 1836, The Whig party relied on favorite sons since they did not have a dominant leader of the party. These sons were different candidates from the Whig party who ran in different areas of the country, hoping to throw the presidential election in the House of Representatives- namely Daniel Webster in the North East, and Hugh Lawson White in the West and South. Unfortunately, this plan did not work, and Martin Van Buren, a Democrat, won the majority.

Independent Treasury Act 1840

A bill proposed by Martin Van Buren which called for the construction of government owned vaults where federal revenues could be stored until needed. All payments to the government were to be made in hard cash. This act passed both the House and the Senate. Banks and businessmen objecte3d to the governments withholding of so much specie from the banks, which needed all the hard money they could get to support loans. It seemed to some that the federal government was being irresponsible to turn its back on the banks.
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Nicholas Biddle-

replaced Langdon Cheves as president of the Bank of the United States when Jackson was reelected president in 1832. He was experienced in literature, law, diplomacy and finance. He realized that the Bank of the US could act as a central bank, regulating the availability of credit throughout the nation by controlling the lending policies of the state banks, since the state banks sometimes made too large of amounts of bank notes (paper money) to borrowers in order to earn interest. The problem was, as Biddle saw it, that too many people were borrowing, loaning, passing the bank notes freely without actually converting them into hard cash. Biddle would compel local banks to keep adequate reserves of gold and silver. This central bank would avoid inflation and would stabilize banks and the economy in general. Many interests, including state banks, supported Biddles policies; however some argue that he slowed the rate of economic growth by limiting the lending of money by the state banks.

Dorethea Dix-

a woman of saint like selflessness who devoted 30 years of her life to a campaign to improve the care of the insane. She traveled nation and world wide, inspecting asylums and poorhouses. Her reports led to some improvements in conditions in some states, but her efforts brought no long term results.

Martin Van Buren-

Democrat. Fought the Bank of the US as a monopoly but also opposed irresponsible state banks. He called himself a Jeffersonian, tending to prefer state action to federal. In 1835, he was unanimously nominated by the Democratic National Convention, and took office in 1836, just as the Panic of 1837 erupted. Van Buren was not responsible for the Depression but was not helpful in resolving it. He saw his role as president to only be concerned with the problems plaguing the government, and ignored the economy as a whole. He believed in less government interference with private pursuits.

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Roger Taney-

replaced Duane as Secretary of State by Andrew Jackson in efforts to win the bank war. Jackson insisted that the Bank of the United States was a dangerous monopoly and opposed it resolutely. Jackson used Taney to withdraw government funds deposited in the Bank of the USs vaults (since only Sec. of State was authorized to do it). Taney carried out Jacksons orders and deposited the federal receipts into 7 state banks on the East Coast. Taney was also the Chief Justice in the Dred Scott Decision.

Old Hickory-

Andrew Jacksons nickname, as he was renowned for his toughness as an officer in the War of 1812.

Specie Circular-

Andrew Jackson, alarmed by the speculative buying, issued the Specie Circular, which provided that purchasers must pay for public land in gold and silver henceforth. At once, the rush to buy land came a halt.

Era of a Good Feeling-

period during James Monroes presidency. He was praised for his courtesy, sincerity, immaculate reputation, and sound judgment. He was reelected without facing organized opposition. The people of the period thought Monroes administration to be extraordinarily harmonious- peace, prosperity, liberty, and progress all flourished in 1817.

Monroe Doctrine-

Monroe set forth the following principles in the Monroe Doctrine: The Western Hemisphere was no longer open for colonization, the political system of the Americas was different from Europe, the United States would regard any interference in Western hemispheric affairs as a threat to its security, and that the United States would refrain from participation in European wars and would not disturb existing colonies in the Western Hemisphere.

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Missouri Compromise:

Basically Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state however the Ohio River was considered the border of slavery, so Missouri would pass this border. Also the Northerners were afraid of the 3/5 Compromise and the South would be represented more in the House of Representatives. So the solutions to this problem were that Maine would enter as a free state to even out the balance, and the free/slave territory line extended.

Election of 1828:

Jackson vs. Adams. Mudslinging was used a lot in this election releasing dirt on your opponent to the public. Also there were political appointments for those who helped out the candidates. (This was a very corrupt election). Jackson won because he was a man who understood everybody (very broad background.)

How we got Oregon:

At this time, Oregon was owned by both the British and the Americans. Unfortunately the Native Americans and the Mexicans who lived near there were pretty much ignored and we took over the lands. With the idea of manifest destiny still in some of our heads, some Americans wanted to expand and take over all of Oregon. Because the Oregon territory went up to 5440, most Americans were protesting 5440 or fight! (The British.) Eventually we ended the dispute in a treaty where we got the Southern part of Oregon.

Pet Banks:

Roger B. Taney was hired by Jackson as the Attorney General. Basically he took Government Deposits and put them into pet banks. These pet banks were basically just banks that Roger put the money into. This was fair because he wanted to see if these banks were stable, however it was also unfair because he had his friends working in these banks so thats why they were picked.

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Log Cabin Campaign:

In the election of 1840, Harrison made the log cabin campaign which was basically the idea that he was a simple man and that he understood everybody and that he grew up in a log cabin (even though he didnt.) This was just a campaign to gain him support and it did because he won.

Seminole, Sac, and Fox Tribes:

These were other tribes that America kicked out when they kicked out the Cherokees. The reason their removal was humane was because the government said it would be uncomfortable for them to adapt to the American ways. When they were kicked out, we sent in the troops to remove them.

Cherokee and the Trail of Tears:

This was when America kicked out the Cherokee nation and 4000 Native Americans died during the removal. The reason we kicked them out was because we wanted their land to grow cotton on. The Cherokee Nation tried to avoid removal by trying to adjust to our ways and act more like us but it didnt work. The Cherokees tried to sue us for their removal (Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia) however the courts ruled that because they were not a state they cannot sue.

The Hartford Convention:

A convention in which the Federalist Party thought and discussed the idea of seceding from the nation and becoming their own country (New England). They would secede if they lost the war of 1812.

Rush-Bagot Agreement:

Agreement between U.S and Britain to demilitarize the border between the U.S and Canada (which at this time was owned by the British.) They settled to remove all troops from the border and each county put one warship in Lake Champlain and one in Lake Ontario.

Transcontinental Treaty:

Treaty between U.S and Spain that we bought Florida from Spain. It also settled the issues of runaway slaves from the south that ran to Florida. It also settled issues with the Seminole Indians who were being very annoying.
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3630 latitude in the old Louisiana Territory:

This relates to the Missouri Compromise. This was the line that Senator Jesse B. Thomas made. The line would be the divider between the free and slave states. The north would be free and the south would be slave.

The Mason Dixon Line:

This line was created around 1763 and basically it was a pre-Missouri Compromise. This line was created to make a cultural boundary between the North and the South, however since we werent very spread out yet, mostly the Northeast and the Southeast.

The American System:

This was also known as the American Way. It was an economic strategy in order to improve Americas economy. The idea was to raise tariffs on imports and exports so people would buy products internally rather than from other countries, thus making the economy a better place.

Interchangeable Parts:

Eli Whitney created interchangeable parts and they basically are parts of an object that are made the same way. For example a radio thats built with the same exact parts as other radios. This made making the radios easier (assembly lines) and if a part of the radio broke you would just need to replace that part rather than the whole radio.

Textiles(1770s) Americans mechanized their operations of making textiles (clothing) by building

factories.

Lowells Waltham System

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Made by Boston Associates -employed young, unmarried women in their textile mills. These

young women came from farms all over to work and stayed in supervised dorms. They had a 70 hour work week and paid $2.50 to $3.25 - half of their money went to pay for some was sent home and the rest they spent on their own.

the rooms/the board,

Tallmadge Amendment (1819) - Missouri wanted to enter America as a slave state, but that would break the 11 to 11 ratio of

Free states to slave states. After Missouri was admitted, this was made:

Cant bring anymore slaves into the state The slaves kids in Missouri are to be freed at age 25 Souths reaction: They were upset with the North and wouldnt let it be passed Election of 1824 - CALHOUN V. JACKSON V. CRAWFORD V. ADAMS V. CLAY - Calhoun dropped out and ran for VP instead Crawford seemed like he would win because he had a lot of support from congressional

leaders, but he suffered a series of strokes which lowered his chances Barely a quarter of eligible voters voted Jackson won in popular and electoral votes, Adams was second, Calhoun third and Clay was

fourth. -> Since nobody won the majority of votes, legally the House of Reps had to decide from one of the top 3 candidates -> Clay swung the balance by supporting Adams in the House because they had similar policies, so he wanted Adams to win. John Quincy Adams won the election President John Quincy Adams - Republican and Northern Leader Pro-British: wanted to copy their advancements Hard worker (to a fault) Nationalist
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Secretary of State = Clay: shows he used the spoils system Wanted to: Build highways and canals to connect the country Support the arts and sciences through building a national university ran again in the Election of 1828, but lost to Jackson because Adams was considered corrupt

and Adams wasnt in touch with what the people really wanted

John C. Calhouns South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) Essay stating that the tariff of 1828 is unconstitutional because it stopped Southern trade with

Europe and the South depended on that trade

Calhouns Nullification Theory (1828) If the government wont lower the tariffs, the South will just declare the tariffs null and void.

Not many people supported this theory

Slavery as a Positive Good Calhoun believed that the blacks were better off as slaves. If they werent slaves, they would

be the lowest members of society, and they have the worst lives. Slavery provides all the things lacking in lower life: housing, clothing, work, food and people that care about you. Slavery had these things, while freedom doesnt guarantee it.

Irish Immigrants Many immigrants, especially Irish began coming because of: Pull Factors: land, good wages, economic opportunity and promise of religious and political

freedom Push Factors: If they stayed in Ireland, they would be starving from the Irish Potato Famine. At the end of the century, there were more Irish people in America than in Ireland. In America, they had to settle in the Eastern cities because they couldnt afford to live in the

west and farm. They also had to accept any wage employers wished to give them because it was better than nothing, so other workers hated them for taking their jobs.
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The Spoils System Appointing friends and supporters to government positions. Many believed this created

corruption and ruined the political process. Andrew Jackson did this. Maysville Road Bill (1830) A bill providing aid to construct the Maysville Road of Kentucky. Pres. Jackson vetoed the

bill because the Road was only in Kentucky (intrastate) and he believed all local problems should be dealt with by the state government of that state. He said its Kentuckys problem, not the entire countries or the federal government.

Specie Circular ALL payments for federal lands must be paid in specie, not cash. Caused the value of paper money to go down which led to the Panic of 1837 Worcester V. Georgia (1832) - Supreme Court Chief Justice, John Marshall, ruled in favor of the Indian tribe saying that

Georgia cannot infringe on the tribes sovereignty and that the Georgia state laws in Cherokee Territory is invalid -> Jackson believed in enforcing only his rulings and interpretations of the constitution, so

since this was John Marshalls opinion, the federal government didnt come to the tribes aid Second Bank of the United States

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Biddle, the president of the bank, had the idea that the bank of the US would organize the state

banks and their lending policies to avoid bad situations, such as an agricultural depression from overproduction. National Republicans asked Biddle to request the renewal of the Bank because they knew he would either allow it or veto it, which would make him look bad, resulting in many votes for Clay in the election. When Biddle did so, Jackson vetoed it because it was a monopoly, it is unconstitutional and he was scared of foreign investors. Jackson told the Sec of Treasury, McLane to remove to government funds, but he refused. He was replaced with Duane who also refused. Finally, Duane was replaced with Taney who took out the deposits and redistributed them to pet banks (banks he is friends with or is invested in). Biddle began putting a lot of pressure on state banks and stopped giving out loans because he thought they would complain to Jackson and he would replace the funds with him. At first, it was working, but then Jackson directed the angry people to Biddle who finally gave up and freely loaned money.

Nullification Crisis of 1832 The southerners wanted to nullify the tariff because they relied on trade with Euro and the

reduced tax on land in the West, because it created agricultural competition/ the prices of crops would drop. Jackson threatened to hang anyone that took physical action. When South Carolina began preparing a militia, Jackson gave in but began military preparations as well, just in case. After all this, South Carolina had the idea of breaking off from the nation.

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Protective Tariffs

In 1832 a new tariff law was passed that lowered duties much less than the southerners wanted. In South Carolina there was talk about nullifying the tariff. At the same time the wealthy southern planters were troubled by the Norths criticism of slavery. Most of the slaves were African born and slaves were viewed by their owners as savage beasts. There was news of a serious uprising in Virginia led by Nat Turner in 1831 around the same time of the tariff controversy; it added to the concern. Radical South Carolinians saw the protective tariffs and the agitation towards slavery as two sides to one coin. They felt that nullification of the tariff was the logical answer. Jackson realized that if a state could nullify a law of congress, then the Union could not exist. He warned the south that if any blood was shed in defiance of the laws then he would take drastic measures. In October the state legislature held a convention which passed an Ordinance of Nullification. The ordinance prohibited the collection of tariff duties in South Carolina after the date of February 1, 1833. It also organized an army and distributed to them money so that they could have weapons. Jackson was also creating his own military; he suggested that Congress lower the tariff further. Jackson believed that if the tariff was nullified it would lead to the destruction of the Union. This lead to Administration leaders created a new tariff bill and a Force Bill. It stated that the president had authority to carry out the revenue laws. The president was willing to reduce the tariff but was still determined to enforce the law. This caused South Carolina to calm down and they soon began to reject the idea of nullification. Eventually the Nullification Ordinance was repealed and the Force Act was nullified.

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William Lloyd Garrison-

He was what was known as an Immediate Abolitionist- he advocated for immediate abolition. He established his own newspaper in 1831 called The Liberator. He organized the New England AntiSlavery Society. He was very radical in his movements and never had many followers. He also refused to get involved in political activity to achieve his goals. There were many who opposed his views and whenever he spoke he was at risk of being mobbed. He experienced a lot of violence because of what he advocated for. Garrison believed that all southern whites were villains and all blacks were saints. Some of Garrisons workers left him and turned towards

Theodore Dwight Weld- He was a minister who was a part of Charles Finneys holy band of

revivalists. He was a Gradual Abolitionist- advocated for immediate emancipation that would be achieved gradually. He was also willing to get involved in political activity to achieve that.

The Second Great Awakening-

it was a religious revival movement during the 1830s to the 1840s. People were beginning to believe in the goodness of children which went against the Calvinist belief of infant damnation. People also began to belief that we had control over our own destiny and were preaching love for Gd. This also went against the Calvinist views that we had no control over our salvation. One of the most well known preachers of the Second Great Awakening was Charles Grandison Finney. He preached that people can take their salvation in their own hands and that they can control their own fate. He had thousands of listeners. It also helped create certain religious groups.

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Shakers-

founded by a woman name Ann Lee who was also called Mother Ann. She claimed to have seen a vision of Jesus coming back to the earth in the form of a woman; she believed she was that woman. She had a small group of followers and even after she died the movement continued. The Shakers practiced celibacy and each group lived in a Family House which was separated by gender. There was emphasis on the equality of labor and reward and on acceptance of the rules. The shakers had a lot of singing and dancing and they lived simply.

Mormons-

It was founded by Joseph Smith in the 1820s. Smith said he had visions where he claimed to have discovered and translated the book of Mormon which was written in hieroglyphics on plates of gold. This book described the adventures of the Israelites that had come to America until their destruction. Smith had a small group of followers and had set up a community in Ohio. They attracted converts but their belief of being the chosen people created resentment from non believers of the Mormon religion. They founded the town of Nauvoo in Illinois. However the Mormons had issues among themselves because Smith allowed polygamy to the head leaders of the church. Smith then led the Nauvoo Legion which was a military organization and called themselves a semi independent state within the Union. Smith decided that he could run for President of the U.S. He was arrested and murdered by a mob. Brigham Young took over the Mormons and the area where they then established themselves became Utah Territory.

Utopians-

Robert Owen led this movement. He believed in economic and political equality and had the idea of an ideal community in America. He bought the Rappite settlement at New

Harmony, Indiana. He advocated for free love and enlightened atheism. He didnt have many

followers and it was not popular among outsiders.

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The communities (listed above) were the most spectacular of the reforms however there were

other reforms that people took upon themselves. One of which was caring for the mentally and physically disabled. Thomas Gallaudet created a method for educating deaf people. He created a school in Hartford, Connecticut for deaf people so that they would be able to earn some sort of education.

Temperance

Movement-

During the 1820s the alcohol consumption was very high. Liquor was cheap and was available everywhere. The Temperance Movement was a movement against alcohol. The American

Temperance Movement was created and they handed out pamphlets, essays, held rallies and lectures to get people to try and stop drinking alcohol. Mostly women led this movement. Businesses began to claim themselves of being Cold Water businesses. These were businesses that did not have or use alcohol. They began to advocate for total prohibition and this caused a lot of controversy because some people like the German and Irish immigrants used liquor in their religious services.

Seneca

Falls

Convention

Another movement that was going on was the Womans Rights movement. Women advocated for abolition but when they advocated for it there was more resistance towards them than when the men advocated for it. People felt that women should not be speaking publicly and not be involved in political affairs. This is what triggered the Womens Rights movement. They now felt that they had to advocate for womens rights. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, along with many other women, was an advocate for womens rights. She and Lucretia Mott organized a meeting: the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. There, she drafted the Declaration of Sentiments which was based off of the Declaration of Independence. This declaration stated that men and women are created equal. This convention began the start of the womens rights movement. ZACH CHERNAS NOTES GO HERE- TO BE EMAILED SOON Horace Mann73

Son of a freed slave was considered one of the greatest poets of the Augustan Age. Theme to

his poems was simple life

Apel UpshurWas an American lawyer, judge ad politician from Virginia. Upshur was active in Virginia

state politics and later served as Secretary of the Navy and Secretary of State during the Whig administration of President John Tyler. Upshur was instrumental in negotiating the secret treaty that led to the annexation of Texas to the United States and played a key role in ensuring that Texas was admitted to the United States as part of the Union. He was among six people killed when a gun exploded during an official function on board the steam warship USS Princeton.

Leaves of GrassA collection of poems by Walt Whiteman. Whitmans poetry differed from others at the time

because it was based off the trancendtalist movement and gave an offshoot of romanticism.

Celestial Marriagea doctrine based of the Mormons, marriage in which takes place in a temple and only people

that are allowed to enter a temple or be married there or even attend weddings are one who are claimed worthy by the bishop.

Wilmot ProvisoDemocratic congressman, provided an amendment that banned slavery in any territory to be

acquired by Mexico in the Mexican war and in the future

Beechers BiblesWas the name given to the breech loading Sharps rifles that were supplied to the anti-

slavery immigrants in Kansas. The wooden crates the rifles were shipped were labeled bibles

Uncle Toms Cabin-

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An antislavery novel published by the author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Was the most influential

book of its day, talking about a slave named tom and his white owner. This book moved northerners of the horrors that were portrayed of slavery; southerners denied these so called untruths about slavery.

Simon

Legree-

White owner of slave writing about in Uncle Toms Cabin was cruel to slave tom.

Harriet Beecher StoweAuthor of Uncle Toms cabin, abolitionist who depicted the cruel life of African American

slaves that moved many northerners.

The

compromise

of

1850-

Because of the gold rush and the influx of 100,000 settlers in California law and order were needed to be created. The compromise admitted California to union as a free state. Divide the remainder of the Mexican cession into Utah and New Mexico. Give disputed territories between Texas and New Mexico to new territories. Ban slave trade in the District of Columbia but allow whites to own slaves as before. Adopt new Fugitive Slave law and enforce rigorously. Northerners opposed.

Omnibus

Bill-

A single document that is accepted in a single vote by a legislature, but packages together several measures into one or combines diverse subjects into a single bill

Free-

Soil

Party-

made up of Northern Democrats and Whigs that supported the Wilmot Privoso and stated that blacks and frees should be excluded from Mexican Cessesion (territory ceded to the U.S by Mexico in 1948). Party did not want to abolish slavery, however wanted to keep west a white majority so there wont be competition with black slaves

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Winfield

Scott-

United States army General, an unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig party in 1852. Commanded forces in the war of 1812 and Mexican-American war

John Freemontwas an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the

office of president of the U.S., and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform opposing slavery.

David WilmotAs a U.S. political figure. He was a sponsor and eponym of the Wilmot Proviso which aimed

to ban slavery in land gained from Mexico in the Mexican-American War of 18461848. Wilmot was a Democrat, a Free Soiler, and a Republican during his political career.

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Zachary Taylor - 12th president of the United States - He was a soldier in the Mexican American War, and he became a national hero after winning important victories at Monterrey and Buena Vista. - Part of the Whig Party - From Virginia - He fought in the War of 1812 (also known as Black Hawk War) and second Seminole War. - He attacked the Mexicans, in the Rio Grande and he won despite the ration being 4(Mex.): 1 (U.S). This was before President Polk declared war. - He won in the election of 1848 against Lewis Cass, a Democrat. - Taylor was chosen because he refused to say his opinion on any current subject and he was a puppet figure for the Whigs Party. - As President, Taylor, tried to end the dispute over slavery. - He requested greatly from settlers in New Mexico and California to draft constitutions and to apply for statehood. - Result: The Southerners were furious. Members of the congress were upset because the president was taking over their policy making. - He ignored Northern dislike for slave markets in D.C and southern demand for a stricter fugitive slave law. 5440 or Fight - In 1818, the U.S and U.K, both controlled British Canada, and they made a joint claim over the Oregon territory (they shared the territory). -The Oregon Territory was a region west of the Rocky Mountains and between 42 degrees north and 54 degrees 40 (54 40) North.

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-This joint claim between the U.S and U.K lasted for a while, until the countries decided to divide the Oregon Territory. - President Polk campaigned for the control over the whole territory with his slogan Fifty- Four or Fight! He wanted to go to war for the entire territory. -Result: The Boundary between U.K Canada and the U.S was 49 degrees in addition to the Treaty of Oregon, in 1846. NINA Signs - When the Irish immigrants came into the United States the business owners /shops had signs that said No Irish Need Apply. - It meant: If you are Irish dont apply for a job here. - The owners of shops and businesses did this to the Irish because they saw them as big drinkers, loud mouths, and they were seen as dirty people with diseases. Popular Sovereignty -Introduced by Stephen Douglas - A doctrine that gave settlers in the Federal territorial lands, a choice to decide whether they wanted to be a slave or Free states. - Douglas said this should be determined by a vote on settlers status, while the land /territory were in development. - Other people believed that the settlers should vote to be a slave or free state, once they were fully prepared for statehood. -Against Popular Sovereignty: Proslavery Southerners, and New Englanders. Dred Scott Decision - The Issue: Scott was a slave; his owner brought him around the country from Missouri (Slave State) to Illinois (Free State), to the Wisconsin Territory (Free State, according to Missouri Compromise),

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then back to Missouri. -While in Wisconsin, Scott got married. - His owner died of natural causes, and after Scott said he should be freed. -Because there were members of the owners family, Scott should have gone to them. -Scott wanted to legally fight for his freedom in Court, on the basis that he, along w/ his master resided in a free territory. - Result- a) Scott is black, and is therefore, not a citizen and because he is not a citizen, he cannot file a lawsuit. b) All slaves are considered property. c) Court says that Miss. Compromise is UNCONSTITUTIONAL Because it interferes w/ a slave owners ability to comfortably Navigate the Midwest w/ his property (the slave) Ruling- gives all slave owners the ability to bring their slaves wherever they go. Now, the government does not have any say on whether or not a new territory will be free or

slave state. Kansas- Nebraska Act -Allowed the new territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves if they wanted to be slave or free territory. - Act goes against the Missouri Compromise, which prohibited slavery in this area. -Many people from around the country made their ways into the new territories to influence the vote of free or slave. -Because many people were coming into the area to influence the vote, a lot of violence and fighting broke out. - Many of the people that came into the territories were Missouri Natives, known as Border

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Ruffians. Know Nothing Party or American Party -Know Nothings was their nickname. - Their real name was the American Party - The party was made up of Nativists, people who think of themselves to be Native American /people who believe they are from this land. - They believed that most of the major issues of this country were from the immigrants. - They wanted to make the lives of the immigrants really bad because they were the cause of all the countries issues. - Most of their political objectives revolved around making citizenship and rights difficult for the immigrants. - They did not have a big stance on slavery because their party was made up of many Northerners, and Southerners, so their belief on slavery was based on where they were. - Northerners against slavery - Southerners for slavery - Most members of the party were not big supporters of the Kansas- Nebraska Act. - Called Know Nothings because there code to get into the society was I dont know. - The society started out as a secret group against immigrants, but later it grew into a national party. - People that were part of the party often denied having anything to do with the party. Fugitive Slave Law Purpose: to track down runaway (fugitive) slaves who had escaped to a northern state,

capture them, and to return them to their southern owners. It placed Fugitive slave cases under the exclusive power of the federal government. Commissioners (people given power or authority) were allowed to issue warrants to these

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runaway slaves and to arrest them. If there was a black slave, who was free, and was captured, he was denied a trial by the jury. People, who tried to hide fugitives, or tried to go against the law would be punished.

Millard Fillmore Born in Finger Lakes, NY Vice President to Zachary Taylor, while comptroller in NY A lawyer and he worked as an associate of the Whig politician Thurlow Tweed. He held state office and for eight years he had been a member of the House of Representatives

in 1848. During his time as Vice President, Fillmore was dealing with Henry Clays

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Compromise of 1850. He did not get so involved in it until Taylors death, then he supported it. He was part of the Whig Party Daniel Webster was his Secretary of state. There were issues with admitting California as a slave or Free State during his Presidency. Fillmore then decide to accept the Compromise of 1850, which made California a free state and

he recommended from Congress that Texas abandon its claims to part of New Mexico. This influenced Whig members of Congress to lean against the Wilmot Proviso- said all land

gained by Mexican War must be closed to slavery. He also signed a compromise, similar to clays but by Stephen Douglas. He signed the Fugitive slave Act, and the Whig Party did not like this, and they did not nominate

him as the Whig candidate in the election of 1852. He ran in 1856 under the Know Nothings or American Party, since the Whig Party had

diminished He died in 1874

Franklin Pierce From New Hampshire, and was elected legislature, then its speaker He was a part of the House of Representatives and a senator for New Hampshire in the 1830s. Veteran of the Mexican War. In 1852, he ran for president, and was the democratic nomination. He promised for a time of peace and prosperity at home, and to be strict in relations with other

countries. He was for slavery, and wanted to extend it, but he had to act nice, to northerners who though he

was supporting the southerners in their attempt to spread slavery.

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He stirred up fear by forcing Great Britain to surrender its special interests along part of the

Central American coast, and he persuaded Spain to sell Cuba. He was involved in the Kansa Nebraska Act, which went against the Missouri Compromise., and

opened the question of slavery in the western territories. He did this (spreading slavery) with the help of Stephen Douglas, and Jefferson Davis who

wanted to build d railroads from Chicago to California (Douglas) and a railroad to the south (Davis). However, Douglas proposal said that any of those territories out west could decide whether or

not they wanted to be slave or free. Result: Northerners and southerners went to Kansas fighting, physically for what they believed

in (Bleeding Kansas). After this, pierce thought that Kansas was now officially settled down. However, the Democratic

Party decided not to have him as their runner up in the next election. John Brown, and Harpers Ferry A stern abolitionist from Connecticut Famous first, for his retaliation in Pottawatomie Creek because of what happened in Lawrence,

Kansas. He, and his sons, had killed five proslavery settlers of Pottawatomie Creek. He later on tried to start a slave uprising, in Virginia. He led a small group of black men in October, which also included his sons and former slaves

on an attack on a federal arsenal to arm Harpers Ferry. His plan was to use guns from the arsenal to arm the black slaves, and to rise up and revolt.

Many left because they were afraid of execution. However Brown and others who stayed were captured by Robert E. Lee and hanged. There were many southerners who praised Brown for doing this and they considered him a

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martyr. Pottawatomie Creek and Lawrence Kansas Pottawatomie Creek where John Brown and his sons killed 5 proslavery settlers in that area which was a proslavery settlement. This crazy act by John Brown was done in result of what happened in Lawrence, Kansas. In Lawrence Kansas On May 21, 1856, many proslavery people called border ruffians," armed

thugs from Missouri, raided the town of Lawrence, Kansas. They burnt and destroyed buildings owned by Free-Soilers (people who were against slavery in

the western territories). Stephen Douglas A senator from Illinois He ordered different organizations to pass each part of the Compromise of 1850. He supported Henry Clays Compromise of 1850 He was a member of the General Assembly from 1836 to 1837 He advocated for legislation that would benefit his area or section and Illinois. He was a supporter of a transcontinental railroad with Chicago as the last stop. However most

people preferred a route to the south. In order to get approval for his railroad, Douglas proposed a new bill The Kansas Nebraska Act-

settlers there got to decide whether they wanted to be slave or free. Since territories were located north of 36 degree 30 line this bill gave southern slave owners an advantage that had been closed by the Missouri Compromise. He believed slavery issue would be solved by crucial conditions or popular sovereignty. As a result to Kansas- Nebraska Act, people were coming in advocating and fighting for free or

slave (bleeding Kansas).

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He ran in e-election for the senate against Abraham Lincoln, an Illinois politician in 1858. They

had debates with one another, but in the end Douglas one. They would face each other gain in the presidential election of 1860, where Lincoln would win.

Lincoln- Douglas Debates - A series of debates in the 1858 election of senators between Illinois politician Abraham Lincoln and Illinois senator Stephen Douglas. - Lincoln was a republican and only served a two-year term in congress in 1840s as a Whig (less experience). - Lincoln was not an abolitionist for slavery but he was against the expansion of slavery and was afraid it might turn out as a civil war. Lincoln said quotes like If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong and This government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. - These were lines said by Lincoln in his seven debates with Douglas all across Illinois. (It made him look like a radical). - Lincoln questioned Douglass to slavery as an ethical issue and in Freeport, Illinois he challenged the compromise made by Douglas for popular sovereignty in regard to the Dred Scott decision. - This was known as the Freeport doctrine. - Douglas than responded by saying that slavery could not be in communities where the local citizens did not pass and enforce laws (slave codes). -This comment made democrats upset because Douglas looked like he did not support the Dred Scott Decision enough. - In the end Douglas won, but he lost some support, and Lincoln became nationally famous and a contender for the presidential election of 1860. James Buchanan

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-Born in Pennsylvania and was gifted in debating and studied law. -Democrat, and he won in the election of 1856 against John C. Fremont. -Polks secretary of state and President Pierces minister to Great Britain. -During his time in office there were many sectional issues (Bleeding Kansas) but Buchanan thought these problems would go away if he kept a sectional balance in his actions, and he could persuade the people to accept constitutional laws as the Supreme Court interpreted it. - Republicans attacked him as a weak president under southern control. -He received a letter from Roger B. Taney Stating that the Dred Scott decision, asserted that Congress had no constitutional power to take away persons of their property rights in slaves in the territories. -Southerners were delighted, but the decision created uproar in the North. --Buchanan decided to end troubles by making Kansas a slave state (Lecompton Constitution). -However, he angered the Republicans and estranged members of his own party. Kansas remained a territory. -When Republicans became a majority in the House of Representatives in 1858, every significant bill they passed went before southern votes in the Senate or they were Presidential vetos. -Republicans attacked him as a weak president under southern control. - In his last five months as president, Buchanan did nothing to prevent secession, before Lincoln came into office (Buchanan did not run in election of1860). -He died on June 1, 1868

Freeport Doctrine: Douglas claimed popular sovereignty should be used to decide slave issue in new territories

and he supported Scott decision.

Clipper Ships: The fastest ship created at this time. Sleek hull that sliced through the water quickly. Ostend Manifesto:
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Attempt to gain/annex Cuba from Spain. Stated that Spain will sell Cuba to America, and if they dont sell it, America would

fight for it and take it by force America were scared that Great Britain was trying to get Cuba, so America mad a push for it This directly contradicts the Monroe Doctrine because America is interfering in foreign

affairs, while it stated in the Monroe Doctrine that they wouldnt.

Millard Fillmore: Was the VP for Taylor. Eventually becomes president after Taylor dies. He was from the

Whig party. 13th president

Shiloh Over shadowed Grants capturing of Forts Henry and Donelson Over 23,000 men died every death was American Confederate Leader killed Albert Johnston (very ambitious guy stood with his men and

fought Grant) Gave the south time to escape Union and Confederates took captives and put them in camps (thousands died, filled with

dieses, biggest camp was in Andersonville, GA) and many died Gets a lot of criticism for not taking Vitzberg on the Mississippi River, this battle was two

days straight of fighting men were tired and many were already killed

Gettysburg: July 1-3, 1863)-this battle was pivotal to the survival of the union.

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Union general was Meade he places Hooker. Lee saw this as an opportunity to attack under

new leadership so this is what starts the battle. Lee again divide and conquer to make the union army confused but the union army knows about Lees tactics and the union army tries to divide and conquer, then Lee does a desperate tactic he just tries to brake the union because some more of the army didnt show up to help him, but they dont brake the union and lee loosed over 5,000 men, union wins this battle was important to the union because if gives them moral to, confederacys men are cut down crushing defeat for Lee

Bull Run: July 21, 1861 1st battle of Civil War; fighting started at Fort Sumter Leaders: Union= General Irvin McDowell Confederate= Pierre Beauregard Fight South attacked first North met attack with own forces South about to lose and then Thomas Stonewall Jackson, a confederate general, comes at

perfect time. Jacksons troops along with rest of Beauregards surround Union, forcing them to run away.

Union left everything behind

Union didnt suffer many deaths. Because of this battle, Union realizes that they have to take the south more seriously. Southern morale increases. Charles Sumner:

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Massachusetts politician, great speaker, he makes a speech about Kansas and attacks a senator

in it, the attacked senator was no present but his nephew was and upon hearing these comments beat Sumner with a cane, South re-elected the nephew Brooks, and the North made Sumner a Martyr.100% against slavery. Beaten up by southern congressmen Preston Brooks Was an anti slavery senator Did not like the Kansas Nebraska act, he said that it was the rape of a virgin territory Since he was an anti slavery senator, he started bashing the pro slavery senators including

Senator Butler (he made fun of his drooling problems) Preston Brooks, whos uncle was Senator Butler attacked Sumner with a cane to take revenge

on what Sumner said about his uncle

Seward: Secretary of state, hoping to get south back he was a radical but now he wants to make

concessions to the south. Thought could use Lincoln as a puppet

The Monitor and the Merrimack civil war battleships, first all steel warships. Antietam: Many people were killed Lee divides his army (unexpected) but then they end up wasting men and time. Have Fewer people then Union, [George Pickett helped Lee split his troops] McClellan [union] does nothing Confederacy ends up retreating Fort Sumter: Confederates open fire on Fort Sumter because they didnt want to the fort (union) to receive

food supplies -Lincoln realizes that the war is going to get bad

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A base still under North control in South. Lincoln sent non-military aid to the fort. The

confederates opened fire on the base. The fort surrenders. These events lead to a surge of northern patriotism. Lincoln calls for volunteers to make an army and Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee secede.

Greenbacks: Name given to paper money issued by the government during the Civil War, so called because

the back side was printed With green ink. They were not redeemable for gold, but $300 million were issued anyway.

Farmers hit by the depression Wanted to inflate the notes to cover losses, but Grant vetoed an inflation bill and greenbacks

were added to permanent

Circulation. In 1879 the federal government finally made greenbacks redeemable for gold. Bounty jumping: Volunteering, or enlisting in the army, differed substantially from the process of conscription,

or being drafted. Volunteer soldiers often received a bounty, or signing bonus for enlisting. Lincolns initial call for volunteers announced a $ 300 bonus for enlistment. In order to urge enlistments in the latter years of the war, bounties increased dramatically to amounts reaching over $ 1,000.11 Unfortunately corruption in the form of bounty jumping, or signing up in multiple locations, plagued the Unions efforts to avoid drafting. I discuss Geary and Murdocks treatment of this issue in the resources portion of this unit. Today, the army continues to offer signing bonuses for volunteers to enlist. Currently, the amount advertised is $ 40,000.12 Substitution, the practice of sending a replacement was also allowed at times during conscription.

President Lincoln:

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Lincoln was elected President on November 6, 1860, and led the United States through the

nation's greatest crisis, the Civil War (1861-1865). He is credited with saving the Union from disintegration and eliminating slavery in America. - chose a Balanced Cabinet (which is a wide ranged cabinet), people were concerned because

you need to be able to mediate well or there will be a lot of arguing

Homestead Act of 1862The act passed in 1862 granted 160 acres of land to any person who wanted it. There were a

few conditions to get this free land from the government. He would have to better the land, build on it, and yield crop. Then the government would give the person who inhabited the land the deed to the property.

Morrill Land Grant Act of 1863The act gave states land to build schools on. These schools specialized in teaching specialty

skills such as farming, agriculture, mining, machinery, engineering etc. Was made to help educate the people so they could be more productive at what they did. Made public universities for people to attend.

General George McClellanGeneral for the North in the Civil War. Commanded the Union army of the Potomac and

fought at Antietam. At Antietam he had the opportunity to wipe out General Lee of the Confederates army but failed to do so. Thus Lincoln removed him from being the chief general of the Union army. Ran for president against Lincoln as a Democrat in 1864. McClellan and his family lived in West Orange, NJ (fun fact that I thought you would all enjoy)

General Robert E. Lee-

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The highest ranking General for the Confederates. Military genius. He fought the Union

troops in the Second Battle of Bull Run and the defeated General Burnside at the Battle of Fredericksburg. He personally saved the Confederates and kept them in the war for longer. Fought in Eastern US, he did not fight in the West by the Mississippi River. Invades the North as a last stand to try and win the war. This led to the Battle of Gettysburg from which Lee could not recover from, as he lost terribly. Eventually losses the war and surrenders at the Appomattox courthouse on April 9, 1865. James LongstreetWas the number two general for the confederates behind General Lee. Was known as Old

War Horse, this name was given to him by Lee himself. Served under Lee as his Corps Commander for many of the more famous Civil War Battles. Fought alongside the Army of Northern Virginia and with General Braxton Bragg and the Army of Tennessee, Longstreets talents as a general helped the Confederates greatly on their victories at Second Bull Run, Fredericksburg and Chickamauga. Was an expert at both offense and defense in war strategy. Was most famous for the Battle of Gettysburg where he disagreed with General Lee on the war strategy and reluctantly supervised as Picketts men got destroyed by the Union Army. Thaddeus StevensRepublican Congressman from Pennsylvania. Stevens and Charles Sumner fought Lincoln

over Lincolns lenient opinion during the Reconstruction Era. Felt Southern states should be treated as conquered territories not as equals. segregation blacks to vote. New York City Draft RiotsWas very radical. Wanted black equality, no more

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Many New Yorkers were outraged by the fact that they had been drafted to fight in the Civil

War. Led especially by the Irish. The Irish felt they should not fight for the blacks because once the blacks were free they would come to the North and take all their jobs. As a result the people rioted from July 13-16, 1863. Was the largest civilian riot in American History. At least 120 civilians were killed. There was approximately 1-5 million dollars worth of damage done to New York from the riots.

Habeas CorpusLaw that one can not be taken from their house without reason or probable cause. A person

can not be sentenced without a fair trial and a jury. Habeas Corpus is a right that is given to the American people. Lincoln suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus due to the Civil War claiming that as its wartime drastic measures must be taken. Led to the arrest of anyone who badmouthed the Union.

ConscriptionThe idea of having a draft. Both the North and South had drafts for the Civil War. All men

between the ages of 20-45 were drafted. Wealthy people could avoid the draft by paying someone to take their place in battle.

Battle of FredericksburgBattle in 1862. General Burnside gets destroyed by the Confederates led by General Lee.

Burnside is replaced by General Hooker shortly after the battle. Shows how weak the Unions Generals are.

Battle of ChancellorsvilleBattle in 1863. The Union lost the battle under the command of General Hooker to General

Lee and his Confederate troops. Is considered Lees greatest victory by many. The union was crushed at Chancellorsville, raised Southern morale. Battle of Vicksburg-

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The Union Army controlled all of the Mississippi River except Vicksburg. The Union army

sieges Vicksburg until they surrendered on July 4, 1863. This Union victory gave them complete control of the Mississippi River, which effectively split the Confederate Army in half. Second Battle of Bull Run August 1862. General Lee destroyed the Union army under the command of General Pope in

North Virginia. Confederate Victory.

AppomattoxCourthouse where on April 9, 1863 General Robert E. Lee surrenders to the Union.

Effectively ends the war.

John Wilkes BoothPro South man- a confederate sympathizer. Assassinates President Abraham Lincoln at Fords

Theater in Washington on April 14, 1865. Booth commits suicide shortly afterwards.

The 10 percent plan After the Civil War, Lincoln needed to find a way to govern the seceded states (many

Southern states came under Northern military control so Lincoln made a plan to re-establish the government in these states) The plan required that Southerners (except high-ranking officials that rebelled) to promise/

take an oath that stated future loyalty to the Union and acceptance to the end of slavery Purpose of the plan was to end the war faster After the number of people who took the oath in a state reached 10 percent of registered voters

in that state then the state could re-enter into the Union and a loyal state government could be made However, only those who took the oath could vote and participate in the new government Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana met the requirements of the plan and formed loyal

governments, but Congress would not recognize them

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Many radical republicans in the Congress felt that Lincolns ten percent plan did not punish

the South enough for leaving the Union Southern states with loyal governments were not recognized in Congress and did not receive

electoral votes in the election of 1864 Wade Davis Bill In response to the ten percent plan, radical republicans created the Wade Davis Bill because

they felt that the ten percent plan allowed supposedly new loyal governments to fall under the control of disloyal secessionists The bill was passed by Congress in 1864, but pocket vetoed by Lincoln afterwards It called for harsher terms than the ten percent plan it stated that 50 percent of the voters of

a state to take the loyalty oath and allowed only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution When Lincoln was assassinated, the republicans were happy because they thought Andrew

Johnson would be less generous to the South or easier to control Impeachment The process that enables a legislative body to remove a public official from office. It

comprises two parts: (1) an accusation or indictment and (2) a trial. Andrew Johnson was the first president impeached: Over Johnsons veto Congress passed the

Tenure of Office Act (honestly unconstitutional) prohibits the president from removing federal official or military commander without the approval of the senate This was created because Congress wanted to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnsons

cabinet Johnson believed this law was unconstitutional so he challenged it by firing Stanton (a radical

republican in charge of the military governments in the South) on his own power In response to Johnson firing Stanton, the House responded by impeaching Johnsonthey

charged him with 11 crimes and outward behavior

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In 1868, after a three month trial in the Senate, Johnsons enemies lost by one vote short of the

necessary 2/3 vote required to remove a president from office so he was not found guilty of the crimes (Seven moderate Republicans joined the Democrats because felt it was wrong to remove a

President for political reasons)

Reconstruction Acts Congress passed a series of acts to reconstruct the South (even though both bills were vetoed

by Johnson) took the step of placing South under military control The acts divided the old Confederate states into 5 military districtseach was under the

control of the Union army

The acts, also, increased the requirements for re-entering the states In order for an ex-Confederate state to re-join the Union the state had to approve the 14th

amendment and giving the right to vote in its constitution to all adult males (no matter the race)

14th amendment- declared that all people born in the US were citizens and that the states were

obligated to respect the rights of citizens and give them equal protection of the law and due process of law. The amendment, also, (these ones were more important in the Reconstruction acts) didnt allow former Confederate political leaders to hold state or federal offices, Congress would not fix the Confederacy governments debt, and penalized a state if they didnt let a person vote- they did this by reducing the states representation in Congress

Poll TaxesAn attempt to stop blacks from voting which they were given the right to do in the

Reconstruction Acts. The tax made people to pay to vote which blacks could not afford to pay the tax (not made illegal until the 24th amendment)

Literacy Test-

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Another attempt to keep blacks from being able to vote. Blacks were tested for literacy, which

was unfair because most blacks were illiterate and as a result could not vote.

Grandfather clauseThe south realized that by having the poll taxes and literacy tests it was lessening the amount

of whites being able to vote as well so they created the grandfather clause. If a member in your family was allowed to vote in the past, then you could vote now. However, many grandfathers of black families in the 1860s never voted since they were not allowed to vote so this kept many blacks from voting.

SharecroppingAfter the Civil war blacks hoped that plantations would be divided up between them and the

Whites, but the land was just returned to the owners. The blacks didnt want to work for wages because they still were technically slaves under the control of Whites. In response, owners broke up their land into different sections and the former slaves would grow their own crops. The owners would give them machinery in exchange for 1/3 or of the crops that are produced.

Tenant farmingThis allowed laborers to rent an area of land from the owner for a percentage of the crops or

cash payments. Usually the laborer supplied their own equipment

Crop-lien systemFarmers used their crops as creditif they didnt have money they would pay in crops even if

it were before the season so then when they have the crops they would pay. This didnt always work because if the farmers crops were bad then he went into debt.

Graft-

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A type of political corruption. People in charge of governmental projects would claim that

project would cost more than it did and then pocketed the extra money. Many government officials were involved. Taxpayers were cheated out of a lot of money because of these types of corruption. (A lot of these types of corruption occurred on Grant)

Examples: Credit Mobilier Scandal, black Friday scandal, Sanborn Contract Fraud Chisholm TrailLed from Mexico and Texas to the north, where cattle drovers drove large herds of cattle to be

shipped off and sold at markets. Those who traveled the trail had to be tough because it included many hardships that had to be overcome. The common stereotype of a cowboy came about from the Chisholm Trail. Some farmers disliked them going over their land so they tried blocking it, and there was also unrest between the cattle drovers and the Native Americans.

SodbustersThe name for the pioneers that went ahead of everyone and lived self-sufficiently in harsh

conditions. Their houses were generally built out of strips of sod, because they were one of the least permanent and costly methods of building, hence the name. They led the way for many new people, and were viewed as very tough because of all the hardships that they had to face down, having left the comfort of living in an already-established town.

MugwumpsWere members of the Republican Party during the election of 1884 that did not support the

republican candidate, Blaine. (Such as Godkin and Schurz) They disliked him because he was associated with lots of political corruption and patronage. Instead, they backed the democratic candidate, Cleveland, and were said to have affected the elections in some states.

Rutherfraud B. Hayes-

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Was what many people called Rutherford B. Hayes. They believed that his election as

president had been fraudulent, because he had lost the popular vote by 250,000, and an electoral commission had decided it. They said that the counting of the votes had also been dishonest. It was then decided by the Supreme Court, which were all republicanHayes was a republican so clearly he would win. Also what helped this nickname was the Compromise of 1877, which many people saw as an easy way to become president and that it was not done for the good of all people. compromise of 1877 to get Democrats to agree to the election- wanted peace. Compromise of 1877The Democrats were outraged about the results of the elections (the fact the the republicans He did the

now hold office) - Southerners would accept Hayes and support him of he removed the troops from the south

and let the South run their own internal affairs -Hayes then recalls the troops - As a sign of support Hayes goes as far as appointing a former confederate army general as

postmaster general so that the southerners would support the Republicans in office

This compromise also ended Reconstruction after the civil war Booker T. WashingtonBorn as a slave in Virginia, was educated Atlanta Compromise- Blacks must lift themselves up but accept white prejudices -stop fighting segregation and learn useful skills -urged whites to give a helping hand to blacks - His view on blacks was that if you had to choose between confrontation vs. accommodation

you should choose accommodation - ignore whites instead of trying to fight them -he did not want blacks to submit to racial slurs or claims of inferiority Plessy vs. Ferguson- 1896
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 attack

-segregation is legal but the accommodations must be of equal value -Justice John Marshall Harlen -legalized Jim Crow laws Comstock Lode- Nevada 1859 -$306 million in gold and silver were found in 20 years -yielded ores worth $4,000 a ton -boomer town with many saloons Crazy HorseGeneral Custer was supposed to find the Indians location and prevent them from escaping the

-he underestimated the number of Indians and only attacks with 264 men -Custer and all of his men die - known as Custers last stand - Crazy Horse was one of the three tribal leaders leading the attack Bloody ShirtFirst used by Massachusetts congressmen while showing the House a blood stained shirt of a

carpetbagger who had been beaten by terrorists in Mississippi -used as a reminder to the Northern Republicans that the Southerners that succeeded from the

Union were Democrats and if they got more power we would have a bunch of rebels leading our nation -also became a way for Republican nominees to avoid questions about their shortcomings -also used as a sign for black rights because look how badly the Democrats treated them James A. GarfieldHayess successor -assassinated 4 months after inaugurated - Fought at Shilo and Chickamauga
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-sat in congress -opposed inflationary schemes Stalwarts and Half BreedsSplit the Republican Party -Stalwarts= fought for the spoils of office to get power -Half Breeds= more circumspect and didnt openly fight for the spoils Chester A. Arthur - took over after Garfield got shot -abolitionist, pro spoil system, made no effort to push his programs Pendleton Act-1883 -classified 10% of all government jobs - testing in order to get jobs in the gov - cleaning up the government - President also had the authority to make more jobs classified Crime of 73 - Return to bimetallism (use of silver and gold dollars) -the value of silver began to go down so they stopped using silver dollars -then miners found a lot of silver in Nevada and Colorado -many inflationists wanted them to go back to the bimetallism system so that the value of the

dollar would go down -many silver miners were upset that the silver they found was worth so little and called this the

crime of 73 $2-$4 billion

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-in response the gov implemented 2 acts 1) Bland-Allison Act- had the gov buying silver to stop the deflation -the gov only bought the min amount required to stop deflation which was

2) Sherman Silver Purchase Act- required gov to buy $4.5 million ounces of silver a month Credit Mobilier (CM) CM was charging Union Pacific (another RR companies to) to build a RR between Kansas and

the Rockies money

-Union Pacific (UP) then complained to gov about over billing->the gov gives UP more

-The only thing is, is that CM&UP are the same company! So they were over charging

themselves and getting money from the gov Populist Party: A political party that was also known as The Peoples Party Party mainly consisted of farmers Platform: Direct Election of Senators Graduated Income Tax Coinage of Silver at a rate of 16:1 Sub-Treasury That the government would put their surplus into warehouses and give farmers

the money for those crops Recall- the ability to get rid of a politician before the end of his term Initiative and Referendum: Initiative- ability to create a petition for something and to get a vote for it Referendum- if vote is yes on what petition is fighting for, it must be done Public ownership of railroads 8 hour work day Federal loans to farmers Wanted to reform the system by spreading the wealth First appeared in the Election of 1892 when they nominated James Weaver to run for president
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Famous Populist William Jennings Bryan Favored civil rights and black voting Wanted to unite the white and black slaves in the south but that failed Cross of Gold Speech: Even though William Jennings Bryan was a Populist, he attempted to also obtain the

Democratic Nomination for the Election of 1896 At the Democratic Convention in 1896, Bryan delivered a speech, know as the cross of gold

speech which locked him as the Democratic Candidate silver Unsure of what they would do, Bryan delivered this speech on July 9, 1896 in Chicago and The Democratic Party was divided into those who were pro gold, and those who were pro

won the nomination for Democratic Candidate Bryan also ran as the Populist Candidate during the same election In the Cross of Gold Speech, Bryan said that gold was not the best way to back up the U.S

currency and said that he was pro-coinage of silver Goldbugs and Silverites: The two sides of the issue on whether or not to have silver and gold to back up the currency or

to just have gold Goldbugs and Silverites described the two sides of the Democratic Party Goldbugs- in favor of only gold Silverites- in favor of silver being added to back up currency

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Who They Were

Goldbugs Bankers

and

Silverites Farmers

and

Businessmen What They Wanted

Laborers Silver to be added gold to back up

Only gold to be

used to back up currency with less money in circulation

currency more money in circulation

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Why?

Loans should be

Products would be

repaid in full

sold at higher prices

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 16:1 Silver to Gold: In the 1873, Congress passed a law which stopped the coinage of silver throughout the

country. Because of this, it meant that the countrys currency was only going to be based on the gold in circulation After this law was passed, many silver mines were found on the west coast, causing people to

protest and demand that silver should be used to expand the countrys money supply. These demands led Congress to passing the Bland-Allison Act, which said that there was a

limited amount of coinage of silver, between 2-4 million dollars worth of silver each month. This silver was to be coined at the standard silver to gold ratio of 16:1 Farmers, miners and debtors were not satisfied with and continued to fight for unlimited

coinage of silver. 16:1 means that for every 1 bar of gold, there can be 16 legal measures of silver in circulation William McKinley: A Republican first nominated for election in 1896 Vice President was Mark Hanna Hanna was the brains of the operation, he had the financial

power behind McKinleys nomination. Favored sound money meant that he was in favor of gold (was a goldbug) His campaign was known as the Front Porch Campaign spoke about his ideas to become

president from the front porch of his home in Ohio Had a distinguished war record was known to be very honest and respectable McKinley was extremely wealthy, so Hanna tried to make him seem as an average man in

order to gain more support to win election In Election of 1896, he defeated William Jennings Bryan. After this election, the Populist

Party was ended because couldnt gain support McKinley, during his campaign traveled all around the country to gain support
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Right after McKinley took office in 1897, gold was discovered in Alaska the country had

more money the economy boosted because of this gold discovery Minstrel Shows: Began being performed in the U.S in 1830 Shows were performed by white men dressed up as black slaves and acted like blacks (did

black dances, songs)

Soon became very popular as time went on Shows portrayed the white opinion of blacks, being lazy and inferior to whites Ragtime: Ragtime originated in African American musical communities in the late 19th century Was later adopted by whites in the late 19th century and early 20th Ragtime was a type of music at this time Most Famous Ragtime Musician- Scott Joplin Ragtime is one of the first American music genres (excluding Jazz) Joseph Pulitzer: A Hungarian Immigrant in the United States in the late 1800s Was the first publisher to sell 100,000 copies of something (sold The New York World) He bought The New York World from Jay Gould, and eventually had competition from

William Randolph Hearst in selling newspapers

Now, there is the Pulitzer Prize, named after him Chivington Massacre: 1864 Also known as the Battle of Sand Creek November 29-30, 1864 in Kiowa County, Colorado Was an attack on the Cheyenne and Arapaho in Colorado It all started as a result of the gold rush that brought many white settlers to the west, and

started searching in Indian Territory

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Because of this problem, territorial governor John Evans sent Colonel John Chivington to take

care of these Indian tribes that were causing harm to white settlers The Cheyenne and Arapaho tribes were waiting to sign a peace treaty with the U.S, so they

camped in Sands Creek, Colorado The tribes sent out a lot of their warriors to hunt for food, and at that time, Chivington attacked

the defenseless tribes with an army Wounded Knee: 1890 The last major battle of the Indian Wars out west The Sioux Tribe (leader Big Foot) was camped by Wounded Knee Creek During 1890, the Sioux Tribe started performing the Ghost Dance, and the U.S declared to

arrest the leaders of the tribe When they went to arrest Sitting Bull, another Sioux leader, the killed him and moved on to

Big Foot When Big Foot heard the news, he tried running away with his tribe but was caught and

returned to the Wounded Knee campsite

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The next day, fighting erupted between the Sioux and the Americans Mostly all the Sioux tribe was killed including Big Foot Dawes Act: Gave land set aside for Indian reservations to individual male Indians Government would give around a 100 acres to each Indian that wants it This was mainly offered to Indians whose tribes didnt live on a reservation Also know as the General Allotment Act

Little Big Horn: 1876

The Sioux and Cheyenne Tribes were looking to attack the white settlers as they took their

land.

The U.S Army sent Colonel George Custer and the Seventh Cavalry to fight these Indians. Custer found a small group of warriors and attacked them, only to be outnumbered and

almost destroyed them.

He tried sending soldiers to a different group of soldiers to save them. Custer had to think of something in order to defeat the Indians. Custer then attacked the rest of the Sioux and Cheyenne tribes, only for he and his men to be

killed in a matter of minutes.

Known as the worst American Military disaster in history Black Hills of the Dakotas: The Black Hills were land given to the Indians. Latter people discovered that there was gold

in this region. The government kicked the Indians off the land to let people mine for the land. Sitting Bull Grant wanted to put the Indian reservations under control and the Indians wanted to fight back.

In 1876 they tried to accomplish this. General Custer was put in charge and tried to block the Indians from escaping to the Bighorn Mountains. He underestimated the number of Indians and led his 264 men to their deaths. Custer was also killed (Custers Last Stand). Rural Free Delivery Those in rural areas wanted mail delivered directly to them instead of having to pick it up at a

far away post office. The Grange was very supportive of this idea. Though a costly endeavor to the post office, once implemented it became very popular.
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Exodusters After federal troops left the South during Reconstruction (after the Civil War), a new wave of

racism cropped up. Benjamin Singleton encouraged blacks to move out West, and those who did were called Exodusters. Sooners In 1893 there was the Oklahoma Land Rush where northern Oklahoma was opened to be

settled. However, before the official opening, some people decided to settle there (even though they were supposed to wait to claim their land). These people who got there early are called Sooners. Johns Hopkins Founded in 1876, this university in Baltimore was established by wealthy industrialists. It

specialized it graduate education and allowed its professors a lot of time for research. It produced scholars such as Woodrow Wilson and John Dewy. NAACP The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was founded in 1909 and

went on to become the largest civil rights organization. The motivation for starting this group was the constant lynching of blacks in Illinois. Ironically, it was founded by white liberalists, Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard. It seeks to ensure equality of blacks as promised by the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments. George Washington Carver As a renowned agricultural scientist he developed many uses for things like peanuts and

soybeans. Because he was black, he had to move around to find a school. He went to college and eventually became the first black teacher on the staff of Iowa College. Vaudeville

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Popular in the post-Civil War era, it made big business after theater entertainment and became

an important part of American culture. It was presented in the form of a variety show (many acts that are not related to each other). Though it did cross racial and social classes, there were many parts that were risqu and even racist. Minor vs. Happersett 1875, A woman, Minor, appealed to the court that the Fourteenth Amendment should give

women the opportunity to vote. The Court overturned this and said that the Constitution does not grant that right. Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall William Tweed was New Yorks boss with headquarters at Tammany Hall. This was the

epitome of corruption. Boss Tweed landed himself a spot on the County Board of Supervisors. He got his people into government positions. While corrupt, it wasnt all bad. For example, construction began on the Brooklyn Bridge when he was in control. Even when Boss Tweed lost power, Tammany Hall did not lose its reputation and remained the powerhouse for city bosses, corruption, and control. Jane Addams College educated, Jane Addams of Illinois devoted most of her life to working on social and

civil projects to benefit the needy. This included the creation of a settlement house in Chicago. She was a feminist and a pacifist, received an honorary degree from Yale University and went on to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Settlement Houses/ Hull House Hull House was a settlement house Founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. It sought

to help people by becoming a sort of community center with social, artistic, and educational programming. Many residents rose to national prominence and influenced things such as political reform, housing and sanitation issues, and child labor laws, to name a few. George Pullman
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He invented railcars for people to sleep in. He basically owned his own factory town near

Chicago (Pullman). He employed the residents. However, there was a massive strike in 1894 when he raised living costs without raising wages. Railroads were stopped up when train companies refused to allow Pullman cars to ride on their tracks. The strike essentially ended when President Cleveland got involved and sent in the military to break the strike. Knights of Labor Union who wanted things like an eight our work day, no child labor, and a graduated income

tax. Originally opposed strikes but eventually became involved in things like the Haymarket Riot. Bessemer Steel Developed by an English Industrialist, Henry Bessemer, this process radically transformed

steel making into a cheaper and quicker process. His process was implemented by people such as Andrew Carnegie.

Andrew Carnegie: Owner of Carnegie steel Carnegie Steel: Bessemer process: a cheep way to make everything out of steel, used by Andrew Carnegie,

who realized future was built on steel and that RR tracks and skyscrapers and vessels would be made out of steel. Carnegie steel becomes biggest steel monopoly in country.

Carnegie's workers couldn't really strike because they were only semi-skilled- so their skills

weren't too hard to replicate, but when they did strike, Carnegie got a scratch and the workers got it 20xs worse

If worker got injured on job (ex: cut off 2 fingers) and couldn't work, they'd be fired The "Melting Pot": Immigrants in the US assimilating, the way American culture changed as immigrants came to

America bringing customs from their native countries.

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Clannish: Tending to stick together Homestead Strike: Carnegie wanted to break the union in 1888 when the wanted collective bargaining, so they

went on strike. Carnegie said to Henry Clay Frick (who ran homestead steel for him) that he needed to break the union. Frick wasn't the nicest guy and Carnegie knew it. So Carnegie said do what you have to do, I'll be in Scotland. The strike got particularly bad, and a few people were killed, so Frick brought in scabs (non unionized workers) and the Pinkertons (strikebreakers, had handguns, brass knuckles, etc.) whose job was to protect scabs when entering plant and beat up workers in the union. The union blocked entrance, so because plant was on river, brought in Pinkertons through barge, and thats when shooting broke out and lots of people died and someone broke into Frick's office and shot him, but Frick recovered in his office over time.

Terence Powderley: Headed the Knights of Labor. Haymarket Riot: The McCormick Reaper plow company made farming equipment, and had really bad strike

and knights of labor called for people to show up at Haymarket in Chicago in 1887. A lot of people showed up. Unfortunately some crackpot showed up and through a bomb and killed 7 cops. A lot of the workers that were there were put on trial and a few were executed before governor stopped it because of uncertainty as to who through the bomb.

Padrone System: someone who needed a building demolished (and didn't want to pay to do it legally) would go

to someone give them x amount of money and they'd keep half of it and used the other half to pay people to actually do it (would pay very little)

US Steel Corporation and JP Morgan:

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Carnegie sold his business to JP Morgan for $400mil who consolidated carnegie's and a few

other's into US steel- first Billion $ corporation. From 1900-present is one of the world's biggest steel producers

John Rockerfeller: Rockerfeller- Standard Oil. Ran 90% of US oil. Their were govt. laws in place to prevent a

monopoly or Oligopoly, but Rockerfeller got around this by a trust-"delegating" power to different people to run his operations throughout the country and when accused of having to much power, he would say that he didn't- it was spread out. Henry Clay Frick: Ran Homestead steel for Carnegie. Used by Carnegie to try to break Homestead strike. Wasn't

the nicest guy and Carnegie knew it. So Carnegie said do what you have to do, I'll be in Scotland. The strike got particularly bad, and a few people were killed, so Frick brought in scabs (non unionized workers) and the Pinkertons (strikebreakers, had handguns, brass knuckles, etc.) whose job was to protect scabs when entering plant and beat up workers in the union. The union blocked entrance, so because plant was on river, brought in Pinkertons through barge, and thats when shooting broke out and lots of people died and someone broke into Frick's office and shot him, but Frick recovered in his office over time. American Federation of Labor (AFL): union formed in same year as Haymarket Riot Wouldn't take anyone under semi-skilled

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Formed by Samuel Gombers: cigar maker, wasn't realistic, concerned with bread and butter

issues- health insurance, minimum wage, workman's comp, workers safety (RR work is dangerous, as is mining and other things), etc., wanted to advocate for 8hr work day because after 8hrs workers started to loose it (government got involved in hours after a RR conductor who was 10hrs on the job straight screwed up), but the 8hr workday was connected to Knights of Labor (who had a bad reputation) Had more controlled growth- had about 250k, had men in steel industry and a variety of

industries, had men in homestead steel- 1 of Carnegie's plants- which section was called Amalgamated steel worker's union. Carnegie wanted to break the union in 1888 when the wanted collective bargaining, so they went on strike. Carnegie said to Henry Clay Frick (who ran homestead steel for him) that he needed to break the union. Frick wasn't the nicest guy and Carnegie knew it. So Carnegie said do what you have to do, I'll be in Scotland. The strike got particularly bad, and a few people were killed, so Frick brought in scabs (non unionized workers) and the Pinkertons (strikebreakers, had handguns, brass knuckles, etc.) whose job was to protect scabs when entering plant and beat up workers in the union. The union blocked entrance, so because plant was on river, brought in Pinkertons through barge, and thats when shooting broke out and lots of people died and someone broke into Frick's office and shot him, but Frick recovered in his office over time. President Cleveland: In The American Railway Workers Union strike (Pullman cart strike) Cleveland ordered union

back to work and sent national guard to protect Pullmans town. Chinese exclusion act: (1882) congress said no more Chinese, only Chinese that could come

were ones that had relatives in US, because by 1882 RRs were done and they didn't need Chinese anymore. In 1897- literacy test was proposed, but Grover Cleveland struck it down said it was racistScandinavians would have passed and blacks would have failed. WASPs: White Anglo Saxon Protestants
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Was used to describe rich Americans Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890: was supposed to go after monopolies that hurt people, the way law was worded wasn't clear, it

banded illegal combination in restraint of trade- because when a union went on strike- they were restraining trade and because courts were conservative it made union activity very difficult. Eventually AFL union was broken and didn't reorganize till 1930- attempt on Frick's life

turned people against them

Pinkertons (strikebreakers, had handguns, brass knuckles, etc.) George Dewey(Spanish American War) Dewey was a commodore in the navy. Theodore Roosevelt had told

Dewey to be prepared to wipe out the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor in the Philippines if war is declared. When war was declared, Dewey and his men traveled from Hong Kong to Manila. Dewey quickly annihilated the Spanish Fleet before they even started moving and gained control of Manila in the Philippines. It was the first thing done in the war. It was the most lopsided victory in the Spanish American war.

Yellow JournalismJournalism that relies on sensationalism and lurid exaggeration to attract readers. Joseph

Pulitzers New York World and William Randolph Hearsts New York Journal competed fiercely to increase circulation through exaggeration of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. Such stories whipped up popular resentment of Spain, and helped to create a climate of opinion amenable to war.

William Jennings Bryan-

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Ran three times for president. He lost each time. He was a Democrat from Nebraska. In 1896

Bryan ran against McKinley. Populist party fused with Democratic Party under Bryan. He represented poor farmers and roots for silver instead of gold. He became famous for his Cross of Gold speech, which advocated for free silver and bashed those in favor of gold. In 1900 Bryan ran against McKinley, Roosevelt, and Debs. Bryan was for anti-imperialism and silver. In 1908 Bryan ran against Taft and Debs. Bryan called for government ownership of railroads, thus thought of as a radical. During the Scopes Monkey Trial Bryan volunteered to be the prosecutor in the case because he is a bible guy and once represented farmers (farmers=the "moral", rural people). Bryan was called up on stand and embarrassed. Bryan died three days after the trial. It is said that he died of embarrassment.

DeLome LetterSpanish Foreign Minister DeLome sent a letter back to Spain about President McKinley and

America. It spoke about how bad America and how McKinley was a weak, crowd-playing politician Spain has nothing to fear. It was intercepted by Cuban insurgents and printed in American papers.

American JingoismA war-like stance to get what you want- ultra nationalistic waving of the flag that motivates

the public to take action. America wants to do this in the Caribbean. Yellow journalism whips up jingoism. Jingoists pushed for war.

Teller AmendmentIssued the night before the US declared war on Spain. Teller Amendment was designed to

reassure anti-imperialists. The Amendment pledged that the US has no designs on staying in Cuba and annexing it following the conclusion of the war. It states that the US is fighting to liberate Cuba, not take control of them. There will be no territorial gain and Cuba will become a sovereign nation. Platt Amendment-

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Provided that Cuba become a virtual protectorate of the US. Cuba could NOT (1) make a

treaty with a foreign state impairing its independence (2) contract an excessive public debt. Cuba required to (1) allow the US to preserve order on the island (2) leave a naval base at Guantanamo Bay to the US for 99 yrs

Social GospelMessage preached by many urban Protestant ministers that focused on improving living

conditions for the city's poor rather than on saving souls. They advocated civil service reform, child labor laws, Gov. regulation of big business, and graduated income tax. Middle class helping and representing poor (actively helping, on ground doing work instead of just giving money). Advocates of the social gospel, such as Jane Addams, urged the creation of Settlement Houses (Hull House by Addams) and better health and education services to accommodate new immigrants. New religions formed based on the social gospel, including the Salvation Army.

Munn vs. Illinois(Munn is a government worker- its a federal case because railroads are interstate; state of

Illinois wants a law to regulate the railroad) Popular resentment of railroad abuses (price fixing, charging for storage and transportation, etc.) created demands for state regulation of the railway industry. Does Illinois have right to regulate railroad? Supreme Court ruled that the state of Illinois can regulate the railroad in the state of Illinois only. Wabash vs. IllinoisThe railroads were angry so 10 yrs after Munn vs. Illinois they reopened the case. The

Supreme Court went against their original ruling and told Illinois that they could NOT regulate the railroad going through their state b/c the railroad is an interstate issue which only the government can regulate. (Interstate is regulated by government. Intrastate is regulated by individual states)

Interstate Commerce Act-

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1887- When the Supreme Court (in the Wabash case) ruled individual state laws

unconstitutional because only Congress had the right to control interstate commerce, the Interstate Commerce Act was passed. It provided that an Interstate Commerce Commission be established to oversee fair and just railway rates, prohibit rebates, end discriminatory practices, and require annual reports and financial statements. This all sounded great to all the farmers who had complained about railroad abuse because they thought that the government had finally acknowledged their wants and complaints. However, in actuality, the ICC was given no teeth because members of the Supreme Court had "special interests" in the railroad industry. It wasn't until 1906 that the ICC got it's first real power of regulating the price of shipping.

SteeragePoorest immigrants came to America in steerage. Steerage is the part of the ship all the way in

the back. Large amounts of poor immigrants were packed into the steerage. The ships charged very little to be there, but because so many poor immigrants paid to be in steerage the ships made most of their money off of steerage. There were communal bathrooms. A lot of bad diseases were contracted on steerage so 2% of the ships were sent back.

Looking Backward1888- by Edward Bellamy. It tells the story of a young man who wakes in the year 2000. The

young man finds that in the year 2000 everyone is equal, there is no poverty, and there is no disease. Bellamy was trying to introduce Socialism with an utopian lifestyle. Eugene Debs-

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Helped found American Railway Union (1894), the Socialist Party of America (1901), and the

Industrial Workers of the World (1905). Debs ran on the Socialist Party ticket five times between 1900 and 1920 (In 1920, he actually ran for president while in prison). The workers of Pullman Palace Sleeping Company were part of the American Railway Union (Debs was running the union and had helped found it). Debs, in sympathy with the workers, said that they should shut down the railway system if even one Pullman car was attached to the train, even if it was carrying mail. President Cleveland said that they need to run for the Pullman cars because the mail needs to be delivered. Debs refuses to listen. Cleveland then sends everyone back to work and even issues a court order. When Debs still refuses to agree he is sent to jail for contempt of court. (Pullman Strike-1894). In 1918, Debs made his famous anti-war speech protesting WWI. He was sentenced to serve 10 years in prison in violation of espionage and sedition acts. In 1921 President Harding released Debs from prison. Coxey's ArmyJacob Coxey led an "Army" of unemployed workers to Washington, DC in 1894. They

demanded a federal public works program to make jobs available to those left unemployed by the Panic of 1893. Coxey was arrested for trespassing on the White House lawn. Boxer RebellionUprising started by a superpatriotic Chinese group, over two hundred white missionaries and

other people were murdered. Several foreign diplomats were also besieged in Beijing. 18,000 international troops descended and crushed the rebellion, including men from Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, and the US. The allied invaders angrily assessed a Chinese indemnity of $333 million.
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