TRAVERSE

INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:
A traverse is a survey where the boundaries of something is established or set up. In
survey explanation, traverse is defined as the field operation of measuring the lengths and
directions of a series of straight lines connecting a series of points on the earth. Each of these
straight lines is called a traverse leg, and each point is called a traverse station or control
point.

Traverse can be divided into two types, open traverse and closed traverse. Open
traverse do not close or end at a point of known coordinates which should be avoided in
conducting traversing. Closed traverses are consecutive lines that begin and end in points of
known coordinates. When the starting and ending points are the same, we may refer it as loop
traverse.

The accuracy of traverses is dependable to the instruments or equipment and
measuring techniques. For first class traverse, the maximum misclosure or allowable
misclosure is 115 and the fractional error is 1:8000. However, for second class traverse, the
maximum misclosure is 230 and the fractional linear error is 1:4000. The control traverse
we conducting should be a first class traverse.

OBJECTIVE:
To make a traverse survey, reduce the field data and plot the results graphically.

APPARATUS:
a) Total station
b) Tripods
c) Prisms
d) Nails
e) Hammer
f) Wooden pegs


PROCEDURE:
1. The total station is plumbed and accurately leveled over the point 20. The prisms are
set up at point 21 and peg 1.
2. Point 21 is sighted on face left of the theodolite set to the required horizontal angle.
The reading is filled in the field book.
3. The theodolite is turned anti-clockwise to peg 1 and peg 1 is sighted to get the
horizontal angle.
4. The instrument is then set face right by transiting the telescope and point 21 is sighted
again.
5. Peg 1 is sighted and the reading is taken.
6. Distance is measured by using the digital theodolite with centre collimated and the
reading is tabulated in the field book.
7. The total station is then moved to peg 1 and a new peg 2 is made. The prisms are
putted at point 20 and peg 2.
8. Point 20 is sighted on face left with theodolite and reading is taken.
9. Procedures 3 to 7 are repeated using the same pattern until the total station is plumbed
at point 20.

1) Calculate L A and D A ,
006 . 0 = AL m
020 . 0 + = AD m

2) Convert to polar ( , L)

|
.
|

\
|
A
A
=

L
D
1
tan u
|
.
|

\
|

=

006 . 0
020 . 0
tan
1
u
" 7 . 2 ' 18 73 = u

As it is at 4
th
quadrant, thus
" 00 ' 00 360 " 7 . 2 ' 18 73 + = u

2 2
L D L A + A =
( ) ( )
2 2
006 . 0 020 . 0 + = L
021 . 0 = L m

3) calculate linear error, e and fractional error,

Linear error,
2 2
L D e A + A =
( ) ( )
2 2
006 . 0 020 . 0 + = e
021 . 0 = e
m


Fractional linear error = |
.
|

\
| E
e
DISTANCE
: 1
= |
.
|

\
|
021 . 0
688 . 560
: 1
= 43 . 26699 : 1


















DISCUSSION:
1. The survey plan for the control traverse is drawn in A4 size paper.
2. The sources of errors that may arise when measuring traverse angles is discussed.

There are three types of errors that may arise when we measuring the control traverse
errors.
First and foremost, instrument error could be the one which affect the reading taken.
Instrument error such as plate bubble out of adjustment, vertical axis not horizontal to
horizontal axis, and vertical circle index errors will causes inaccuracy and imprecision of
angles measured. Usually this error occurred when the instrument have been used for many
times or some technical problems in making the instrument.
Secondly is the natural error which is inevitable. One example of natural error is the
wind. The blowing of wind due to rotation of earth will cause vibration to the instruments
which causes inconsistency in reading of the instruments. Besides wind, temperature also will
affect the traverse angle measured. Under a hot sun, unequal expansion may occur at many
parts of the instruments such as the lenses, prisms and so on. Moreover, different density of
atmosphere may cause diffraction where the observer tends to have sight readings different
from the actual readings.
Lastly is the personal error or human error caused by careless of human when
conducting the control traverse. For example, the instrument is not set up exactly on the point
or the datum. This may affect the horizontal readings. Next, the bubble of the total station is
not centered. Sometimes the observer tends to neglect the position of eyes when centering the
bubble. The eyes must perpendicular to the bubble so that parallax error can be avoided.
Besides, the poor focusing of the observer also will affect the readings. Some observers who
wear spectacles tend to have some problems in focusing at the prism or looking at the
telescope. Thus, gross error may occur. Moreover, careless in plumbing and placement of
tripod or rod by human where only the top can be seen by instrument operator due to the
obstacle in the way.





CONCLUSION:
According to our results, our value is

and our distance is 0.021m. Our

misclosure is 0 0045 which do not exceed our allowale misclosure for class one, 0 0115.
However, the fractional error calculated is 1:2989.213 which is not the first class value
1:8000. Errors may occur during the experiments.


REFERENCES:
1. 1991, Jack C. M
c
cormac, Surveying Fundamentals, Second Edition
2. 2010, John Uren and Bill Price,Surveying for Engineers, Fifth Edition