Abstract

This seminar, Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays. The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller PIC 61F887 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receivers are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller.

CHAPTER ONE Introduction

Automatic room light control is one the highly sensitive electronic design in the modern countries which has to do with different section of functions. It not common applied anywhere, there are valuable places in which the use of this automatic light control are needed in terms beautifying, security purposes and so on. Such places like modern equipped hospitals hotels government executive lodges and offices. Microcontroller based Automatic room light control This Project "Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using Microcontroller" is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons/ visitors in the room very accurately. When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one. The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out. The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays. The microcontroller does the above job. It receives the signals from the sensors, and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM. Microcontroller PIC 61F887 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers, When any object pass through the IR Receiver's then the IR Rays falling on the receiver?s are obstructed , this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller. Program

The aim of this seminar is to:

Serve the purpose of security and safety Show that the Design can enhance the beauty of the building where needed Bring awareness and increasing the use of microcontrollers in embedded system design in the field engineering. Design can easily be changed without necessarily changing the hardware concept of the circuit. Show that the Products are fast produced because the total chip count is reduced by greater than 70% through the use of a microcontroller in its architecture. Users can easily customize their products to suit their need.

The following steps were taking before this seminar/project was successfully carried out: 1. Sourcing for Circuit diagram 2. Sourcing for required components 3. Writing of computer program/ simulation 4. Loading of program into the microcontroller (PIC61F887) 5. Circuit construction/ testing 6. Building the Casing

CHAPTER TWO Literature review

This trend in technology was introduced in the early 19th century when electricity was first discovered by scientist from the western world by Sir Edward Haughton in 1876 that was born to the family of Hillary Haughton in north London. design has the short comings of handling greater power output. This

Also in that

same year an American physicist by name Robert Milestone came up with yet technique in power change over design. In has is design he used pressurized

hydrogen gas to lock to copper doctor bars that was meant to carry the current down to the load, with this introduction, high power change overs were made but also, its bulkiness and latency in switching over makes it very difficult to work around with. In 1889, Professor John Heinz a German mathematician ignited by the early works of Sir Michael Faraday on electromagnetic induction, came up with a design that uses this scheme - electromagnetic principles this arrangement was sort of a relay but in a housing that looks like a transformer. His design was largely welcomed due to its speed in making or breaking electrical contacts between its copper contact bars and also the first design that included three phase, the short comings of his design was mainly on size and the cost and thus was only suited to industrial use alone. Sequel to this discovery, series of designs were brought to the market scene like the power beaker from the Japanese in 1904 by Professor Hong To his design was largely welcomed due to it miniaturized size and the ability to withstand

enormous power without compromising speed.

And today, a vast model of

designs has been introduced in the market that stems from multi phase power changeover to single phase power changeover. In our design we are concentrating our focus on single phase power changeover due to its cost effectiveness and ease of construction.

A lighting control system consists of a device that controls electric lighting and devices, alone or as part of a daylight harvesting system, for a public, commercial, or residential building or property, or the theater. Lighting control systems are used for working, aesthetic, and security illumination for interior, exterior, and landscape lighting, and theater stage lighting productions. They are often part of sustainable architecture and lighting design for integrated green building energy conservation programs. Lighting control systems, with an embedded processor or industrial computer device, usually include one or more portable or mounted keypad or touchscreen console interfaces, and can include mobile phone operation. These control interfaces allow users the ability to remotely toggle (on-off) power to individual or groups of lights (and ceiling fans and other devices), operate dimmers, and preprogram space lighting levels

CHAPTER THREE How it operates

Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are made up with infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in any of the buildings in which when its energized, the transmitting signal and the receiving signal and awaits any interruption of the links, then the microcontroller count the number of people on the interruption of signal. The microcontroller will turn on the light at the entry point by energizing the switch relay, then count the number people that exit the door point, the microcontroller will decrement by the number of people in the room until the last person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off the light. The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links before taking effect on the microcontroller. The components use for the design: Power supply unit Microcontroller Infrared sensors transistors Relay

Crystal (oscillator)

Power supply unit

The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts: Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and everything starts to happen at high speed! The control logic registers what is going on first. It enables only quartz oscillator to operate. While the first preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged, the first milliseconds go by. Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and everything starts to happen at high speed! The control logic registers what is going on first. It enables only quartz oscillator to work. While the first

Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it. Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller. The functions of the microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model. The microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different features.

What is what in microcontroller? Obviously, everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and quite simple, but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which make it complete. Text below refers to that: Program Memory (ROM) The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program being executed. Obviously, the maximal length of the program that can be written to depends on the size of the memory. Program memory can be built in the microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip, which depends on type of the microcontroller. Data Memory (RAM) Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping different data and constants created and used during operating process. The content of this memory is erased once the power is off. For example: when the program performs addition, it is necessary to have a register presenting what in everyday life is called a sum. For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is named as such and serves for storing results of addition. Data memory size goes up to a few KBs. EEPROM Memory The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the microcontrollers have. Its content can be changed during program execution (similar to RAM), but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off

(similar to ROM). It is used for storing different values created and used during operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device (calibration values, codes, values to count up to etc.).

A Passive Infrared Sensor

The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Ivies programmable iFlex, 1026, and 884+ matrix mixers, but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closure. The IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed. A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open, combining rooms, changing levels, A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. PIR sensors are often

used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below). Apparent motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature, such as a human, passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature, such as a wall.[1] All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known as black body radiation. It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a purpose. The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation. Infra meaning below our ability to detect it visually, and Red because this color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it becomes invisible. Thus, infrared means below the energy level of the color red, and applies to many sources of invisible energy.

Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts. Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices. In fact, some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement. A type of relay that can

handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays

Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra. Equalized pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all other parts of the microcontroller It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower. The reason for this is that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers execution time of all instructions is equal, while in others microcontrollers execution time differs for different instructions)

Block diagram of the design

Room light

Power source unit

PIC 61F887 Micro controller Relay Switch

Infrared

transm itter

Infrared receiver

Door and infrared sensors

CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me, though it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics components. This seminar, Automatic room light control is an electronic desings which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from: Advertising It is used to beatify upgraded buildings It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained in it. These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic wonder. However, it has two major draw backs which are: It is very expensive to install in any firm Most of the components used are not easily accessible.

Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar, I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries. Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors. For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where its applied.

References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory Penfold Robert (1980): Eveready Electronics Theraja B.L and Theraja A. K. (2002) Text book of electrical Technology Menkiti, A.I. Aumere, O.E, Eze F.C (2005): Introduction to Electronics Ochiagha, G.C (Engr., Dr.), Okoronkwo Charles (Engr.) Igweonu E.I (Engr.) (2005): Electrical circuit theory with solved examples Coskun and H. Ardam, A Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by Telephone, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron. , vol. 44, no. 4, pp1291- 1297, November 1998.

Daldal Nihat, Microcontroller Based Control system (In Turkish), M.C. Term Project, Gazi University, Ankara, 2003.

E. Wong, A Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office Automation, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron. , vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 28-33, February 1995.

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