Trigonometric Substitution

a = constant; u = function of x
Case # 1: When the integrand contains , use the substitution

Case # 2:

When the integrand contains

, use the substitution

u a Case # 3: When the integrand contains , use the substitution

a Examples: Given Using Case #1 Using Case #1 Values derived from Case #1 Draw a triangle defined from 2 the 4 th row as x and by using Pythagorean Theorem.

Substitution from the values in 3 rd row and 6 th row in terms of . Simplifying the Integrand Applying Integral Substituting this Value Answer

Given Using Case # 2 Using Case #2 Values derived from Case #1 Draw a triangle defined from the 4 th row as 2x 3 and by using Pythagorean Theorem.

Substitution from the values in 3 rd row and 6 th row in terms of . Simplifying the Integrand Applying Integral Substituting this Value Answer