',b,

Abstract
The present work is the software
development for two-dimensional incom
pressible laminar flows past an obstacle by
using the technique of computatit; n J nui 1
dynamics. The finite volume method is used
to discretize the governing equ tions. The
SIMPLER ,lclhod is a plied to nsure the
conversation of mass a j the lock-o r
method is used to indicate an ob't cl . re
gion. The flows past a backwar 1l,cil1g step
at Reynolds number 100, 389 . nel 1000 are
used as test cases. The comparison bctween
the calculated solutions and the experirnen
tal data shows that the developed software
can detect the flow separation and pressure
drop behind the backward facing step.
=
'1d11 'V1 r111.'l1'l{
2 'EJ1"l1'dtJ Aru::;'i)PI'dfl'd'd:l-JPl11.'l1'l{
.
U Yl f'1 'd 1 :l.J i1 tl t'1 ..:J fi n 1 'J '0' W.J U 1
'lI'Eli"Jdllb nl'J1 t'1
1 (9lf'lJ!J..:J1
l:n..:J V'llU'd ru I9IDmJ1 :l.J11.Jf lY1!J
"

,
SIMPLER "nn
n1 'Jfll'W'dru"11 nl 'Jf'1'dU f'1:l.Jvr..:JVI:l.Jt'1l11'W
,

OJ, '"
1oJi1 U nlUll VI'WiI1'lJ 'ElU b'n (9l'lJ!J nVl'IJ'd1..:J hitJ
nnl1 UfI'El nml 19I'lJ'dl..:J'J1JYl'J..:J
'"
-ITuu'Wlt'1 100, 389
1 000
1' .-... - d'
tJ n
1 'W Vlii'..:J'lJ 'EJ..:Ji'W u 'Wl t'11191 tJ'IJ 'eNl
U1b'l 'W VI ii'..:J-ITu uulVi Yl PI n l'Jl VI n ii'U
ViAYl1..:J
51131 11f1.
(Com
putational Fluid Dynamics; CFD) dlw
"1Ylm n n1J'"1 LAn :;,fl:]-.1 WI'J LL'i'l:; n1J'
LY1!l

n1J'l.Jl"1finlJ'r1I'W':lru
.
LIPl'tlf'rhtJl
-.,
LL'i'l:; n11'tl!l nLL [7lJ''lJ 'rJ..:J b UWlI!l
Lu1'u ULn !l LVi UU nu n1J'1.Jf"1fiv11 n1J'Yl "l

LL'i'l:::1'WYlnJ'UYlJ'..:J
q q 'U 'lJ
hJ i:j A'Jl \ tJ..:J [P\'tl 'eJU [7lJi tJ U J':;n'tl W1U
U"l"l U'WiP, 'tl U'\ 'tl HJ A')'1 J'nl Unl 1
.
o d..J'.dl 0

n111
1
'lJ'tl'lnl11Vl'i'l L'll'W A')'mL1'J 'tlruVll1iJ
. "
!l 'tl n 11 L}1 U1 'i1 "l L"l U 'W 'tl n "l1 n,f'W n 11
L tI 'WLL U 'i'l..:Ji1n 'W-31 'W nfjl 11:1
'i'l:::"l,) f)J')Vl L 1iL

..:Jl 'W,)"ltJ'WYll'lJ'WL !luJ':;unlPl'lJu'J'WnlJ'

LL'i'l ::; LYl AU, A1 Un 1 'j' LL rl 'b'1 n1 1 1..:J 1 J' 'J i'l
LYlflu,Al 'WnlJ'rllVlU"l'lJ!lU L'lJ[P]'lJ'tl'lJ'uYl1-31 u'W
"
1
'VI'i'ldl'W
(backward-facing step) '"l:;
1:1nl.Jl L nMru:;Yll..:J
"
d I 1.<:::1, .o<::t.
n 1 tJ 111 Yl ..:J 1 tJ [7l 'EJ n 1 1 1'1 "l1 J' ru 'I LL 'i'l :; Ln
U'i'lnDnl1ru'lJ!l..:JnldLLtln1Vl1HL'e1::; "l
'lJ'tl..:J nI 11
1 L"Jl'W'tlUmru
, .
01'" .... ..
r11HJ'EJnLtUU

ill/Utf fIR us::ri70 2546
_d Q -..d=!J
[Pl'WYl n'i'lUYlIi'1Yll'1 fI'tlLnVl Vl'W Yl L
1'WVlIi'1Yl1..:J'lJ!l..:Jnl11'VI'i'l 'VI[p]1
.
(boundary layer) I.VltJj;.J'i'l
"l1 n n1J'fPll'W'J ru9:::LmtiU LVi tJU nu n1J'Yl
'lJ'tl-.1 Armaly et al. (1983)
100, 389 LL'i'l::: 1000
'i'l1i'11 fj IPl f'lJ!l..:J 1 'VI 'i'l L:n..:J r11 'W ':l ru LU'W
J':;uu"1fi"1 LAJi :;,fL:'8-.1 WI') i n1JLLrl
U 'lJ'VI1 n1'i'lVl'e1'lJ'EJ..:J'lJ!l-.11 Vl'i'l
1 = ..J .,j, ..
b LIPl!lJ''lJ'WL n1 mn n11
Vl'i'l

'1I!l..:Jl'VIm:n-3fPll'W')ruI.VltJv't'l11u LLU..:J1a1dJ'W 3
A'iJ
'"
1. oll 'U IPl 'el 'U n'el 'W n 1 'a fill 'W ') ru

o _
- n1VlUVl'i'lnMbl.J:::YlI-3nlt11l11'1
= d 1
9 (physical domain)
- 'WU1'L'Jru
"l tJvh nl 1LL u..:Ju1' L') ru ul"l!l 'tl n LU'W
1
'1 'lJftJ..:J
'lJ'EJ..:Jl 'll'W 'W

-
Luum 11 LL
-
(boundary conditions)
2. ij 3 15

-

(finite dif
ference)
;fUJ7frIV - UU7flV
ement)
ume)
l;j tv 0
3.
- n'I 'Jll HIto:j 'I nn'I
r11 ru'l 1 Lori

(contour) (vector)

'l n'l
'I'h n1'l'hi nlHl'JU VI'i'l
,
l11'tl':]("11

rl to:j U .:J 'l L Q.:] V1 '11 rj; 0 fi'1J 'iJ -3
1
, '
rllll
I I.....' a..- 0'" ......
'tltJ1.:Jllll'W6Jl nuVI'N n
nrtlu
q
roll rl lU'W il tJ fu n1':i' lln1J ClJVll 'V11-3


V1'Jl)J 'ltO:j)Jl n k1'i'l

n'l'i'fi'JU f1)J m'i'1V1'i'lLLUU n
,

LVitlurlUl'J'i'l1
'V1':i'.:])J'J'i'l 'WLL'W'JLLn'W x y
U
"
a a
-- (pu<?)+ - (pv) [r
a
)+
ax a y ax ax
(1 )
x y m)J/i'hrYlu
r sQl

4. n'l'31.1. (Transformation)
rllll A'1l

fI'IufI)Jn1'i'1 VI'i'l (1)
,
(physical plane)
r11'W'JIU (computational plane)
'1J '1l-3n1'i'f'11 'W'I ru"l::;lu'W rl 'ill n'lJ'El'llil'J LlU 'i'
rlU
(2)
nl'i'V1'1U nl':i'1VI'i'l'l ':i'uvt'l1 rI nl tlU':i'U
'li 'U 'U
'll)
a a 1 a(ra) a
a1; (pu) + 01l (pv) = j a1;
+ 2 a(ry) a + TS<t> (3)
J a'll a'll .
If' I cy V .0:::;:,1 l:l

,

ay ax (ax)2 [d
y
)2
u u a'll ' v = v a = a'll ,y = a1;
(4)
IS
I
r-
i
.'".", .....,. ',." .., ;, j
i
w
s w
11 e
'lltl'lmml'lJ'91 nlJbbu'lB n nlJ'
ruii' LUl..lnlJ' rubL uul.Jf
f'l'WrJn'i'11.:J 1
" " "
3
"
(C;. 11) bL'i'l:;
, ,
oJ1l ru
, ,
+ J JJS<IJdc;dll
fCpu<!e - CPU<!wJi'l11 + rCpV<!n - Cpv<!sJi'lS
1[7 -[rt
+ l[r} -(r} U
1'lh:;b11
n1dLl "v'l1u'i'l:;1.Jf'j':; bU fJU U
r'n nJti nlJ' C3)
(C;. 11)


L
.... _-
J.

zt/;{ 1 LU'iI?l.J"lJiJ'ilL"lJfPI"lJ'Ni16]j'lll1'1l1'u":w
dJU (mm.)
l '
_200_
5. (Grid Generation)
n1 bi1'w nl 'nb U'llVi UJ'W'lJ!l'l
1
1'W UVl A'Jl;j.J l11ri1vll nl1bb n nlJ'
1 bbMl'l
, "
2
"
VI'l riI')!l tJl'l n1 1bb U'l 1 'J ru bL'i'l:;
.yf'W lL dL'lllL L'J ru d:J nVi'll 'J 1'l
6. ..hooo (Finite Volume)
llPl 191 n VI LU 'W nl J'
vh rnJ'hJ 1?1!l b nlJ'fl'JU nlJ'l Vl'i'l
,
1VI iJ1 'W ruJ bb nlJ'
tTUJlV11J - iJu'IYIV
'I'J"l11mJ''l'J1 L
,
..... t5' d .Q( q.-::::f. 'J.I , ....

CD nUYlI'llYll-:J nrr1VI'i:'l 1(;l
'J

Q.I ..
flWlJ'el-:JVl f1Yl1-:J m r1 d:H1Yl l3'l"l'i'l P
,
Vi r11-#(":I'vh n1 r011 'W') ru
mr1

LLlh1
,
Ap<Pr = AN<PN + AS<PS + AE<PE + AW<PW +
JS<!> + (5)
l(;ltJ
AI': De + max [-Fe. oJ
A
w
D
w
+ max [Fw . 0)
AN D
n
+ max [-F
n
' oJ
As D
s
+ max [Fs' oJ
Ap A
E
+ A
w
+ AN + As
TDMA (Tri-Diagonal Matrix Algorithm)
7. (Flux Limiter)
'l"l"'l11 Vlfl
,
m::;vh mr L L'1I'W
do....... Cod 'Y ...... ..J
'tl 'W(;lUVI'W-:J U t1U'J fi 17l'W'i:'l
Q.;
UVI'W-:J
lon LL Yl 'W 11 'W 'W M'W J'W1 ,x fOl ') 1 rl n M1] '1 LL IPi
'"

,

.
'el 'W (;lU '1'l 'il'luJ:] nl J'LLn 'tl..:l 'i:'l L'il 'i:'l M'il..:l

(<p)
L'il'i:'ltl

.
'l1'W19tJUJ:1l;'1'el'lLLUU01'il Koren
<per) = max [0, min (21', + (6)
Ll'''l::; superbee
(r) max ro, min(2r,1), min (r, 2)) (7)
r =
<P
D
, <Pc' <PI!
'W "'ll?ln'i:'ll-:J LL 'i:'l::;"l (;lUfl1 t1'i:'l
, ,
B. 15 SIMPLER
SIMPLER (Semi-Implicit Method
of Pressure-Linked Equation Revised) LU'W
oCl....c::Idc. '1/ 9
'JfiYlfl(9Jf!'W'1J'Wb(;ltJ Patankar LLfl::; Spalding
(1972)
L1
"
v ,
.d '" QI a
'lIU U'Vl r1':lI:J..J Ul?l'tl..:J nl 'l'Vl9::::
urL':lru1 u
LL'Cl:::: V dJ'U 0
'lI1w,JlU'l 1"1'1 1U o,rhPl:DJ1'li'w,
<Pdesigd = 0 DlJ l1n11 UQ"""

30
(Ap + 10 )p = LAnbnb (9)
(9)
q 'U
uiDU11rlU lIMU)Q .1",".,1UQ"w,
... 'lDU111"1'llUQ.....
III-DU111LlJ1I '11 UQ"wJQ .],i""1 '11U 0, ... 11
MJl1rlU UIoMI"'U
..
toLl" 11111 .11UQ"w.u1 LlJ1I'11U o,.l'li-'Jl1
D'.nU'1U UI4II"U

'linn",
9. (Block Orr)
,;)'finuf011 d-J lHI
L'U'Cl 1 1 f011lWld-J n1'l
q q
1
q
<Pdesigd ann
(5) A
p
= A
p
+
30 30 1'V
10 S + lOx <Pdesigd 9::::
1
q q
30 30
(Ap + 10 )p = LAnbnb + 10 . (desigd)
(8)
10.1
n U'l.lllPl
I l.iO Q. ", ..... .!;
Y1 U':l1 r11lPl ':l1d-J Lnu'l b'J 'U
1'\Il'Cl lil':l
iJUrL':l ru
, V
,dq , w; :il. '*" I <t=lo 'i/ I
Yld-J r11 r1':lId-J L'l'J!il 'l.l'El t1UJL 'J rU(;l1 u't:n ..:J'll'tl..:J
, ,
"
'll'tlUL'll!il Lij on AI r1'J1 d-J L
91 niu f011lPl'Jld-J
tJrd-J1 ClrWmJ'iN"'lUm::::i'lii lPl'Jld-J br':l bUU
'l:::: iJ:::: v11'l ri 'IV! L1 iJ n'l:::: Vl'i'l d-J

1?1'J'Elih.J1'UnJvi (5)
'U

L'liJ,U'Cll?i 100. 389 LL'Cl:::: 1000 r1'El 7.76 9.18
LL'i'l:::: 14 ll?itliim..l':lmuu'l::::iJ::::vi"h'l

'U
10.2
r.ilnlPl F11 btJ":itJ'lJ bYitJ'lJn'lJ15 l?1'l.l
q,..I QJ .cQ
lUJ'tl'l.llPl'lJ'Vl'l.l'l
Y1 U11 LL UU lPl 'Jl:J..J b t'l':l'1 d-J
'U
1
q
1 ulil':l'tlrJl'1'lllvi (6)
"
'l::::L 1
tTu:mw - VU7fJlJ
f11'W 'J If'1tl'':lllU';J'fi re)Uc;1UVli1'l
UrlJVl1111d'1 Vl'i\i1 'Wnnud
1 0.3 'lJb Vi 'lJ fl1 'W 'H)J


" '"
Ll UU nld'1 f11'W'Jru1lh:l-Jl l
Armaly et al. (1983)
!
I
! ./
ill'
100 ,
389 1000 7 (l'l 9
'"
!Oll mu bb UU 111d'1 Al"W'J ru
'" '"
U ni"W
u'W11>1't)'i]nJ.Jlb1J'Wd':::U::;jj>l1-:J 1
bA tJ..:I flu I:J 'i\i nld'V1 Al bd'tJ1"W'i\i
d d I tf J
'"l'i\ilI>1Lfl'i\i'e)'W!Ol1nmd'VlI>l'i\i'i]'ly]'"l11.d'U b'W'i\iI>l'iN'lJ"W
'"
)
I I
1
! 1-
I
.......,-"
i'-- i ...
i-'I--t-+--I-t-l- .......
. V
I "..
I
,
-s lJ S 1D ze Z$ JII 15 <10 4S &5 1'0 15 lUI llS 90 95 11;0 HI! 110 U5 HD
"('N"')
6
389
rnJutf 48 2546
,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,.
'" '" '" '" '" '"
"
1\

,\
A 1\
\


<
<
<
< S

14 1.

0
0
0 <
<
c
C
,

Co
L

It
i
I
!
i
0
,;:;.0 zss 10' 151 <1,
<3D .-, !iIZ rH IlIi.D "',", llU'
'z"'
v (uo.'lo)
7 100
... ..
.. gO 3D
"

"
l\
i
i
i
1
l
.
I
.... 3
::0 412 4.2Q 11 &4
,'"
10l
,'" ,'"
,.
".
"" "" "" "" ""
'''' '''' ''''
""
\j
1

PI
t\
,1
1
,
0
0
U;'l:jl ... rlll ... .,."' .. '
-II;'1I1"JW.",,';R;l.t.
0
f:-
. j
,
r.,
\





IJ
!1
,. '=.D !.5l5 iZ iSS:; 1li.1Z

rrU]'Ifi!V - [JU7fJU
11.

1
nlJ'1 cil'W
'lJ
Ln 'W U7V)CU
tJ U'lJtJ'l.ff'Wu'W1i?1 1 Lblj1n
cil n1'WU1b1 Jll'W
"
'lJ'tlU'lJ tJ'l.ff'W U'W1i?1 cil'W 8' 'tl'W
L Ln r?l nlJbLtJ nl m:m'i1:;vhl,x:n
,
nlJ'1 'WU1L'J
'lJ'tl'l.ff'WlJ'W1i?1
rucil'l IOn n
nlmnuub'VitJUJUbL uUnlJ'1 ru1Jlnu
"

vll'Wlmb'W'J1 nlJbni?lnlJbb tJn1 'Wu1VJCU
Jll'W n
rhl rul:jrll
nlJ'rll'W1
mJ'i1 nlJ'Yl i?I'i1'tl'l'U ti b{i'tl..:l'"ll n'l 'WnlJ'
"
Ylr?lIN ill'il L Ln
... d' ",.1 .-J-
bHJ t bblPl [iJ.J'Wl'lJ'W b'W'lJru:;
'W1Yll'lhwlJ'
U rl1 'lJ tJ 'OJ:; 'tl'l Vll n') U J'.J 1UJ' bb
,

'Vq cv
j;.J b'lJ tJ 'W'lJ tl 'lJ tl U J:::; f1 ru 1:'1 rll U 'W 'J 9 tJ
" ,
bL'i1:;'0'WJ 'WI bb t,\.:J tJl tJ Ln'Etf?lJ' All:'1l?l fl 'W
nlJ"l tJ LLIN::;'lJtJ'lJ'tlU r1 ruC'J-D'ltJ
'II '" <jJ
i?lJ'. L'tln'ntJ LLtl::;'Wlti

'lJtJ'l1
Ylrll
,
!lULU'Wur:;1u'n,r
5ff.::m 1J$lS vn.
[1] H.K.Versteeg and W.Malalasekera
(1995). An introduction to computa
tional fluid dynamics: The finite vol
ume method, Longman Scientific &
Technical
[2] John D. Anderson, JR. (1995). Com
putational Fluid Dynamics The Basics
With Applications, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
New York.
[3J Suhas V. Patankar (1980). Numerical
Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow,
McGraw- Hm, Inc., New York.
[Ll] B.F. Annaly et at., (1983). Experimen
tal and theoretical investigation of
backward-facing step flow, J. Fluid
Mech. (1983), VOJ.127, pp. Ll73-496
[5J C.T. SHAW (1992). Using Computa
tional Fluid Dynamics, Prentice Ha11
International (UK) Ltd,
[6] V. Suratanakavikul (Juntasaro) (1999).
Computational Study of Compressible
Flow in an S-Shape Duct, Ph.D. The
sis, Imperial College of Science, Tech
nology and Medicine.
[7] B. Koren, (1993). A Robust Upwind
Discretization Method for Advection,
Diffusion and Source Terms, in C. B.
Vreugdenhil and B. Koren (eds), Nu
merical Method for Advection-Diffu
sion Problem, Vieweg, Braunschweig,
pp. 117-137
[8] P. L. Roe, Some Contributions to the
Modelling of Discontinuous Flows,
Lectures in Applied Mathematics, Vol.
22,pp.163-193