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Microwave transmission
Microwave transmission refers to the technique of transmitting information over microwave frequencies, using various integrated technologies. The portion of the microwave spectrum called millimeter wave is highly susceptible to attenuation by the atmosphere (especially during wet weather).
History
Following World War II, which saw the development of high-power microwave emitters known as cavity magnetrons, the idea of using microwaves to transmit power was researched. In 1964, William C. Brown demonstrated a miniature helicopter equipped with a combination antenna and rectifier device called a rectenna. The rectenna converted microwave power into electricity, allowing the helicopter to fly. In principle, the rectenna is capable of very high conversion efficiencies - over 90% in optimal circumstances.
PDH
The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) is a technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fiber optic and microwave radio systems. The term plesiochronous is derived from Greek plesio, meaning near, and chronos, time, and refers to the fact that PDH networks run in a state where different parts of the network are nearly, but not quite perfectly, synchronized.
PDH allows transmission of data streams that are nominally running at the same rate, but allowing some variation on the speed around a nominal rate. By analogy, any two watches are nominally running at the same rate, clocking up 60 seconds every minute. However, there is no link between watches to guarantee they run at exactly the same rate, and it is highly likely that one is running slightly faster than the other.
In case of a PDH microwave link, we aim at receiving and transmitting the signal. For which two antennas are installed ,one for receiving and the other for transmitting. * In some cases the link is also done by installation of one antenna. Here the BTS receives more than one E1 signals. We have to carry the E1 from the BTS and transfer it to the Indoor Unit (IDU). Through the IDU via microwave we transfer it to the next site. *The IDUs are also known as FIU (Flex-bus Interface Unit ). One FIU can trigger a maximum of 16 E1 signals.
Outdoor Unit
Microwave Antenna
At least 60% of link gets successful with a clear Fresnel Zone. The link is performed by series of hit & trial methods. This is achieved by adjusting the height and azimuth of the antenna. A perfect link can be achieved upto 60% if the microwave installation is done Carefully ,considering all aspect required for a link like Fresnel zone etc.
Again the link depends upon the transmission card used at the far end. If FIFA is installed then the E1 is processed at the BTS and the second is grabbed from FB2 port of the FIFA. It is bypassed directly through microwave or in some cases another FIU is installed and then the E1 is bypassed to the next site. If FIPA is used then it can be directly transmitted through it, as it can bypass 8 E1 as it is also known as integrated card.
In some cases we have to carry the E1 from the back bone site to the fresh site. Here we have to install two microwaves in two directions ,one towards the backbone site where we will receive the signal and one towards the fresh site to transmit it.
Flexbus Cable
Flexbus provides a single-cable interconnection between an indoor unit and an outdoor unit, or an indoor unit and another indoor unit bidirectional coaxial cable, operating in full-duplex mode carries digital baseband signals and control data between IU and OU also feeds DC power to the OU Flexbus can be used also to interconnect one Flexi Hopper IU to any other Flexi Hopper IU
Radios have low power consumption: 25W max per OU eliminates the need for a separate power supply contributes to higher reliability and longer running times on battery backup. Outdoor units are small, lightweight, and easy to install radios can be installed on a roof, wall, or tower alignment unit can be mounted on either side of a pole.
Separate 240/300 cm antennas with waveguide antennas are supplied with their own alignment unit. Flexi Hopper radios are installed separately using Flexi Hopper alignment unit, and connected to the antenna via a flexible waveguide. Any size antenna may be mounted separately and connected to the radio with a flexible waveguide. Dual-polarized antennas can only be mounted separately, as they must be connected to two different outdoor units simultaneously.
With interleaving, symbols in one transmit data block are distributed over several adjacent blocks, to minimize vulnerability to burst-type errors in 4-state modulation, interleaving is selectable between Off, 2-depth and 4-depth modes; in 16state modulation, interleaving is fixed to 4depth mode with 2-depth interleaving, symbols are distributed over two blocks; with 4-depth interleaving, symbols are distributed over four blocks 4-depth mode provides maximum errorcorrection effectiveness When FEC is used together with interleaving, burst-type errors can also be corrected more
Corrected frame
Installation
SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized multiplexing protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams over optical fiber using lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Lower rates can also be transferred via an electrical interface. The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) system for transporting larger amounts of telephone calls and data traffic over the same fiber wire without synchronization The basis of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is synchronous multiplexing - data from multiple tributary sources is byte interleaved. In SDH the multiplexed channels are in fixed locations relative to the framing byte.
SDH Rates
SDH is a transport hierarchy based on multiples of 155.52 Mbit/s The basic unit of SDH is STM-1: STM-1 = 155.52 Mbit/s STM-4 = 622.08 Mbit/s STM-16 = 2588.32 Mbit/s STM-64 = 9953.28 Mbit/s Each rate is an exact multiple of the lower rate therefore the hierarchy is synchronous.
SDH Rack
IF cable OFC
SDH
MUX
The procedure implemented for a SDH link are the same as in PDH link, but here we dont have to install two microwaves for receiving and transmitting. In this case already 63 E1 have been dumped in it, and from that node the signal is distributed to different sites ahead. First the signal is received through the microwave ,dumped and processed in the MUX. The signals are dumped in the sections of the KRONE plate .
After the initial installation of both FIU and Microwave antenna and alignment, the FIU is connected to the MUX and the KRONE where two tests are done:
LED test Here a LED is used to trace the TX port and the RX port of PCM cable at KRONE, the LED glows at the TX and viceversa. Loop test After the Led test the loop test is done to check the dumped E1. It is done by creating a loop and breaking it. If the NOC receives the break then we conclude the E1 is dumped.
Loop
Break