Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
MDULO 8
Im upset about Estoy molesto/ disgustado por Id like to make a complaint about Me gustara hacer una queja sobre I would appreciate it if Apreciara si usted...
PUT Put away: to keep things in their right place. Guardar, poner en su sitio. Put away your clothes, your room is in an absolute mess!!! Put by: to save money. Ahorrar We put by some money for holidays but I decided to buy a new car. Put off: to postpone, to change the date. Posponer The President had an accident so they had to put off the meeting. Put on: to wear clothes. Ponerse Put on your jacket because its too cold outside. Put out: to extinguish, to quench (fire, flames). Apagar, tambin significa Sacar fuera. This is a non-smoking area, Please, put out your cigarette before entering. Put up: to raise, to elevate ( hand, curtain). Levantar, montar If you have any doubt, put up your hand and Ill explain it again. Put up with: to tolerate, to stand, to bear. Aguantar I cant put up with those students who behave so badly. Put down: to leave, to let go of. Soltar, dejar (phone) GO Go ahead / Go on: to continue, to proceed. Continuar I cant go ahead / go on. Im too tired today. Go around / Go round: to revolve, to turn, to visit. Visitar, dar vueltas. If I had a lot of money, I would go around the world. Go away: to leave a place, to depart. Marcharse, Irse de vacaciones. We are going away for a few days. Go off: a) to explore, be fired. Explotar / b) stop functioning or operating. Apagarse a) The bomb went off in a crowed street. b) The lights went off while the students were doing an exam. Go through: to examine or study something closely. a) Repasar, b) Pasar por, atravesar a) She went through the companys accounts, looking for evidence of fraud. Go up: to rise, to become higher in price, level. Subir, elevarse, estallar The price of petrol has been going up in the last years. TAKE Take after: to resemble. Parecerse a He takes after his father. Take away: to carry off ( used for restaurants where you can buy food and take it outside) Llevarse. Is your hamburger to eat here or to take away?. Take in: to give home to somebody, to lodge. Acoger She takes in tourists during the summer. Take off: a) to remove, to detach / b) to leave the ground for planes, helicopters a) Quitarse. Take off your clothes, its very hot in here. b) Despegar. The plane took off in very bad weather conditions. Take out: to remove physically, to withdraw, to put out. Sacar My father takes out the rubbish every night. Take over: to assume control, to take charge of ( a company, a situacion..) Tomar el mando He took over the business from his father.
GET Get along: to progress, to have a good relationship with somebody= to get on. Llevarse bien, tambin irse, Marcharse. Nowadays, students and teachers dont get along very well. Get away: to escape, to leave, to go away. Irse, escapar He managed to get away from work earlier than usual. Get back: to return, to regain possession. Recobrar, devolver We complained but we never got back our money. Get on: to climb on board US Get off: to dismount. (Get on / get off used with means of transport ). Subir o bajar del transporte pblico. Tambin llevarse bien = to get along, To go to Trafalgar Square get on bus number 7 and get off at Prince Street. Get over: to recover ( from an illness, tragedy, loss) Reponerse de It was too hard for him to get over his wifes death. COME Come across: to meet or find somebody or something by chance. Encontrarse con Having a look at the newspaper this morning, I came across the bad news. Come back: to return. Volver, regresar You came back very late last night. Come down: a) to fall, to become lower, to descend. / b) to collapse, to fall down, to crash. a) Bajar de valor. Houses are coming down in price. b) Derrumbarse, estrellarse. The Twin Towers came down after the plane crashes. Come out: a) to become visible, to appear. / b) to become know or revealed. a) Salir de. The rain stopped and the sun came out. b) Mostrarse, divulgarse. The full story came out at the trial. Come over: to move from one place to another. Venirse Her grandparents came over from Germany during the war. Come up: to occur, to raise, to appear. Sugir ( algon urgente), aparecer. Im afraid, I cant go. Something urgent has come up.
BREAK Break down: a) to stop working (for vehicles, machines) / b) under pressure. ( for people) a) Averiarse. Our car broken down in the middle of the highway. b) Derrumbarse. During the court he broke down and confessed his crime. Break into: to enter a house or building without permission to rob. Entrar a robar The burglars broke into our house at midnight and stole my video cam. Break out: to escape ( from prison). Fugarse, escaparse Alcatraz Prison was closed because danguerous prisioners broke out. Break through: to penetrate. Abrirse paso, atravesar Finally, the sun broke through the clouds and we had a lovely day. Break up: to split, to separate, to divorce. Deshacer, dissolver una relacin. After ten years of marriage, they decided to break up. He loved another woman.
LOOK Look after: to take care of, to protect. Cuidar, vigilar Hes too old, he needs someone to look after himself. Look for: to search for, to seek. Buscar Im looking for my sunglasses but I can`t find them. Look forward to: to wish, to desire. Esperar con impaciencia, deseo. We look forward to hearing from you soon. Look through: to examine, to revise, to go through. Revisar, mirar detenidamente The police are looking through the evidences. Look up: to try to find (words in a dictionary, encyclopedia) Buscar en el diccionario. You have to look up the words in the dictionary if you dont know their meanings. Look at: to observe, to consider, to check. Estudiar, examinar, revisar Look out: to take care. Tener cuidado Look into: to examine. Estudiar, examinar TURN Turn back: to return the way somebody or something has come. Volver, desandar el camino The weather was so bad that we had to turn back. Turn down: to reject or refuse an offer, a proposal. Rechazar He asked Jane to marry him but she turned down his proposal. Turn off: to stop the flow of ( electricity, gas, water) = switch off. Apagar o apagar el deseo Turn off the volume of your radio because the neighbours are sleeping. Turn on: a) to excite or stimulate somebody sexually. / b) to star functioning by pressing a switch. ) = switch on. Encender a) Shes often turned on by tall men. b) Turn on the gas and light the fire to heat the water. Turn out: to appear, to attend, to be present at an event. Asistir, presentarse. He was the first one to arrive at the meeting but nobody turned out. Turn up: to show up. Aparecer, sacar a la luz, revelar. Turn over: Dar la vuelta, voltear. RUN Run away: to leave a place suddenly, to escape. Escaparse, fugarse, correr He ran away from home at the age of thirteen. Run into: to meet somebody by chance, to encounter. Tropezar, contrarse con We ran into an old school friend at the supermarket. Run out of: to be finished. Acabarse, quedarse sin They are running out into of time. Run over: a) to knock somebody or something down and pass over. b) durar ms de la cuenta, o rebosar. a) Atropellar Two children were run over by a lorry and killed. b) The show run over by five minutes.
Uso Adems del uso caracterstico que tiene en espaol, la voz pasiva inglesa se utiliza cuando queremos resaltar lo que se hace, no quien lo hace, ya sea por que lo desconocemos, no queremos o no nos interesa mencionarlo. De esta forma, la voz pasiva inglesa recoge los usos de la pasiva refleja y las oraciones con sujeto omitido del espaol. A new cinema has just been opened near my house. Acaban de abrir un nuevo cine cerca de mi casa. He was killed in the middle of the street. Le mataron en mitad de la calle. It is rumoured that she is virgin. Se rumorea que ella es virgen. I was told the answers of the exam. Me dijeron las respuestas del examen. Pero hay ocasiones en las que s interesa nombrar al autor tambin. En estos casos, el agente va precedido de la preposicin by. English is taught by the English teacher. El ingls es enseado por el profesor de ingls. America was discovered by Columbus. Amrica fue descubierta por Coln.
Temor
Preocupacin
Despedida
traduccin Aburrido Interesante Asombrado Confundido Molesto, fastidiado Cansado aterrador desafiante
La confusin aparece cuando nos referimos a personas: My boss is boring / Mi jefe es aburrido. My boss is bored / Mi jefe est aburrido. He is interesting. / l es interesante. (persona interesante) He is interested. / l es un interesado. (aprovechado)
Aprobacin
Im going to get a new teapot in my office. It doesnt really matter to me! Voy a conseguir una nueva cafetera para mi oficina. Me da lo mismo I broke the flower vase in reception. Ill replace it. Im delighted! He roto el jarrn de flores de recepcin. Lo reemplazar. Me encanta
b) Con frecuencia, el futuro continuo sugiere que el hecho futuro al que se refiere ha sido decidido o planeado de antemano. Mr. Smith will be attending tomorrows meeting. Mr. Smith estar asistiendo a la reunin de maana. c) Tambin se utiliza cuando queremos preguntar a alguien acerca de sus planes de forma educada y sutil. Will you be having lunch with us on Sunday? Tomaras la cena con nosotros el Domingo? d) Como alternativa al futuro continuo se puede utilizar la forma going to en lugar de will, sin que el significado se vea alterado. Im going to be working all Saturday morning. Ill be working all Saturday morning.
Descripcin de sentimientos
Its small, Its made of metal and Its used for holding pieces of paper. Its a sort of flower. Its how you feel when someone does something bad to you.
En cuanto al significado, los pronombres indefinidos compuestos de every- implican la totalidad, los compuestos de some- y any- una parte y los de no- excluyen todo. Body y one se refieren a personas, thing alude a cosas y where a lugares. Cuando estos pronombres funcionan como sujeto, el verbo de la oracin va en singular. Everybody was smart. Todo el mundo iba muy elegante. Los compuestos de some- se usan en frases afirmativas y los de any- en frases negativas e interrogativas. Forma afirmativa Something is happening somewhere. Algo esta pasando en algn lugar. Forma negativa. I havent found anybody in the office. No he encontrado a nadie en la oficina. Forma interrogativa. Has he said anything about the murder? Ha dicho algo sobre el crimen? Existen casos en los que los compuestos de some- y any- no siguen estas reglas. -Los compuestos de some- se pueden usar en frases interrogativas para formular peticiones u ofrecer algo. Would you like something to eat? Quieren algo de comer? -Los compuestos de any- se utilizan con el verbo en forma afirmativa y se traduce como cualquier, cualquiera. Anyone can do it. Cualquiera puede hacerlo.
355,624,897
605 2,317 43,209 487,921 355,624,897 Six hundred and five. Two thousand, three hundred and seventeen. Forty-three thousand, two hundred and nine. Forty hundred and eighty-seven thousand, nine hundred and twenty-one Three hundred and fifty-five million, six hundred and twenty-four thousand, eight hundred and ninety-seven.
En ingls, el separador de miles es la coma y no el punto. 3,590 37,001 1,345,980 Los trminos hundred, thousand y million solo se utilizan en plural al hablar de cantidades indefinidas. Hundreds of people. Cientos de personas Thousands of birds. Miles de aves Millions or records. Millones de discos Estos tres nmeros se pueden utilizar en singular con a o con one, pero nunca solos. Ill love you for a hundreds years. Ive paid one thousand pounds for this. La lectura de nmeros redondos entre 1,000 y 1,900, se puede simplificar de la siguiente forma. 1,100 eleven hundred en lugar de one thousand, one hundred 1,900 nineteen hundred en lugar de one thousand, nine hundred. Para leer fracciones sencillas se utilizan los nmeros ordinales. 1/7 (one seven) 2/6 (two six) La expresin hour se lee three quarters of an hour, y 1 se lee one and a half. Los sustantivos que le acompaan va en plural. Last night Peter drank one and a half pints of beer. La ltima noche Pedro bebi una pinta y media de cerveza. Al leer nmeros decimales se menciona cada una de las cifras individualmente. La separacin se realiza por medio de un punto, no de una coma. 0.9 (nought point nine) 4.765 ( four point seven six five) El nmero cero se puede leer de diferentes formas: 0 Zero Nil (como la letra o, por ejemplo al leer nmeros de telfono o de habitacin de un hotel) (con medidas, como por ejemplo -8, eight degrees below zero) (al leer los resultados de competiciones deportivas, como por ejemplo, Manchester two, Chelsea nil)
14.8.14 Obligacin, Necesidad o Prohibicin Must / have to / neednt / dont have to / not be allowed to
Tanto must como have to pueden usarse para expresar obligacin o necesidad, pero existen algunas diferencias: Must. Con must, la obligacin no es objetiva, sino subjetiva, expresa la opinin del hablante. Have to. Al utilizar have to, sin embargo, el hablante se limita a constatar el hecho de que existe una obligacin externa a l, con la que puede o no estar de acuerdo.. The Americans must investigate immigrants carefully. ( I think this is important) The Americans have to investigate immigrants carefully. (its the law). Must (+ infinitivo sin to) se usa solo para hablar del presente y el futuro inmediato. Para los dems tiempos verbales se usa have to. The first settlers had to adapt to the New World quickly. Neednt y dont have to se usan para expresar la ausencia de obligacin. ( no es necesario...) Canadians neednt apply for a visa to enter the United States. Mexicans dont have to produce a visa to enter the Unites States Mustnt se usa para indicar que no debe hacerse algo, porque el hablante opina de ese modo. Not be allowed to, sin embargo, se usa cuando el hablante se limita a informar de la existencia de una prohibicin. ( por ley o algo parecido) You mustnt tell anybody about it. ( I think this is important) You are not allowed to enter the United States without going through Immigration. ( Its the law) Mustnt (+ infinitivo sin to) se usa solo para hablar del presente y futuro inmediato. Para los dems tiempos verbales se usa not be allowed to. The first immigrants werent allowed to vote. If you go the States, you wont be allowed to enter without a visa.
If I had worked hard, I would have passed my exams. ( but I didnt work hard and I didnt pass them). Si hubiera estudiado mucho, habra aprobado los exmenes If she had the money, she would have bought the coat. Si ella hubiera tenido dinero, habra comprador el abrigo If I had known about this, I wouldnt have come here. Si yo hubiera sabido esto, no habra venido aqu. If Jenni hadnt had children, they would have more freedom. Si Jenni no hubiera tenido hijos, ellos habra tenido ms libertad If Jennis employers hadnt made her redundant, they would have to pay a nanny. Si los empleadores de Jenni no le hubieran despedido, habran tenido que pagar una nani. If she hadnt gone to that house party, she wouldnt have met him. Si ella no hubiera ido a esa fiesta en una casa, ella no lo habra conocido.
Si en la frase inicial hay ms de un verbo auxiliar, en la frase con So/Nor/Neirher se utiliza el primero de ellos en la forma que corresponda. Ive been looking for a good novel for ages. - So have I. He estado buscando una buena novela por aos.- Yo tambin. Mike will be sent to the new offices in Leeds. So will I. Mike ser enviado a la nueva oficina de Leeds.- Estoy de acuerdo Si no hay ningn verbo auxiliar en la frase inicial, se usa la forma correspondiente del verbo do: do, does o did, segn el tiempo verbal que se requiera. He likes swimming. So do I. A l le gusta nadar.- A mi tambin She got engaged in Turkey. So did he. Ella se comprometi en Turkia.- l tambin. Recuerda que existen palabras que aportan un significado negativo a la frase y por lo tanto, hay que utilizar nor o neither para expresar que se est de acuerdo con ellas. Martha never reads poetry. Neither does he. Martha nunca lee poesa.- l tampoco Nobody thinks hell pass. Nor do I. Nadie piensa que l aprobar.- Yo tampoco Desacuerdo. Expresiones Para expresar disconformidad se puede decir lo siguiente: Youre 30. You were in Italy. You didnt do it. Hes very stubborn! No, Im not. Im 25 No, I wasnt. I was in Spain. Yes, I did. No, I dont think so.
Una de las formas ms comunes de expresar desacuerdo es utilizando el Sujeto y el verbo auxiliar que corresponda en el sentido contrario al de la oracin con la que no se est de acuerdo. En este caso el sujeto se pronuncia con una mayor fuerza. I dont like literature very much. - I do. No me gusta mucho la literatura.- Pues a mi si. He reads about a book a week.- I dont. l lee alrededor de un libro a la semana.- Pues yo no. En algunos casos se puede expresar acuerdo / desacuerdo utilizando las frases: I think so / I dont think so ( creo que si / Creo que no. She isn t very reliable. - I think so. Ella no es muy fiable.- Estoy de acuerdo. They will be a happy couple.- I dont think so. Ellos sern una pareja feliz.- No pienso lo mismo.
Sentimientos
Opinin
It smells terrible and it doesnt taste very nice. Huele fatal y no sabe muy bien. I dont want this book. I prefer that one. No quiero este libro. Prefiero este otro. I dont understand what you are telling me, but I believe you. No entiendo que ests dicindome, pero te creo. I am listening to music on my walkman. Estoy escuchando msica en mi walkman. Esto es una excepcin. Listening es accin voluntaria.
Opinin
Para expresar oraciones en estilo indirecto para afirmar o negar, el verbo que introduce este estilo suele ser say o tell, y generalmente va en pasado. Al introducir la frase por uno de estos verbos en pasado suele producirse un cambio en los tiempos verbales al igual que en espaol:
ESTILO DIRECTO Presente simple I love Tanya Present continuous Im dating Tanya Past simple I argued with her. Present perfect I have always loved Tanya. Will I will open the door for you. Can I can live without Tanya. May I may go on holiday
ESTILO INDIRECTO Past Simple He said that he loved Tanya. Past continuous He told me that he was dating Tanya. Past perfect He said that he had argued with her. Past perfect He said that he had always loved Tanya. Would He told me that he would open the door for me. Could He said that he could live without Tanya. Might He said he might go on holiday.
Las formas would, should, could, must y los verbos en pretrito pluscuamperfecto (past perfect) no experimentan ningn cambio al pasar al estilo indirecto. He said, I had eaten there befote. He said he had eaten there before.
Algunos verbos modales tienen forma de pasado y se puede utilizar sta al cambiar de un estilo a otro.( may, can, ect) He said, I may go on holiday. He said he might go on holiday.
Otros verbos modales que no la tienen recurren a otras formas verbales que transmitan la misma idea. He said, I must go. He said he had to go.
La conjuncin that detrs de say o tell se omite con frecuencia. He said that he loved her. l dijo que la quera. He said he loved her. l dijo que la quera. Los verbos introductorias say y tell son diferentes. Ambos significar decir pero tell se construye obligatoriamente con complemento indirecto, mientras que say puede o no llevarlo. Cuando say lleva complemento indirecto, ste va precedido de to. I told him he had to leave. I said to him he had to leave.
En las oraciones de estilo indirecto, hay que cambiar no solo el tiempo si no tambin los pronombres y los adverbios. PRONOMBRES I we my our ADVERBIOS here now today tomorrow yesterday This week/ year Last week / year Next week / year there Then That day The next day The day before That week / year The week / year before The following week / year
Si el verbo que introduce el estilo indirecto va en presente, el verbo de la oracin principal se queda en el mismo tiempo que estaba en estilo directo. Adems existen otras dos excepciones, en present perfect y futuro. He says He says I loves Tanya. I loves Tanya. reporting clause reporting verb
He says: I love Tanya. El dice: Quiero a Tanya He have said: I love Tanya. El ha dicho: Quiero a Tanya He will say: I love Tanya. El dir: Quiero a Tanya
He says that he loves Tanya. l dice que quiere a Tanya. He has said that he loves Tanya. l ha dicho que quiere a Tanya. He will say that he loves Tanya. l dir que quiere a Tanya.
Uso Para decir que se obliga a alguien a hacer algo se utiliza make y force, siendo force mucho ms violento que make. He made me stand up for an hour. Me hizo estar de pie una hora. He force me to stand up for an hour. Me forz a estar de pie una hora. Para decir que se permite a alguien hacer algo se utilizan let y allow indistintamente, aunque allow es ms formal y es muy frecuente utilizarlo en voz pasiva, omitiendose de esta forma la persona que nos permite realizar la accin. He let me stay in his flan. He allowed me to stay in his flat I was allowed to stay in his flat Las tres frases se podiran traducir por Me dej estar en su piso