Profiles of Drug Substances Vol 06

Analytical Profiles
Drug Substances
Volume 6
Edited b y
Of
Klaus Florey
The Squibb Institute for Medical Research New Brunswick, New Jersey
Contributing Editors
Norman W. Atwater Salvatore A. Fusari Glenn A. Brewer, Jr. Bruce C. Rudy Bernard Z.Senkowski Jack P. Comer
Compiled under the auspices of the Pharmaceutical Analysis and Control Section Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Academic Press New York San Francisco London

A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Publishers
1977
EDITORIAL BOARD
Norman W. Atwater Jerome I. Bodin Glenn A. Brewex, Jr. Lester Chafetz Edward M. Cohen Jack P. Comer Klaus Florey Salvatore A. F h u i
Erik H. Jemen k e n T. Kho Arthur F. Michaelis Gerald J. Papariello

Bruce C. Rudy Bernard 2 Senkowski . Frederick Tiehler
Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction
COPYRIGHT 0 1977, BY ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC OR MECHANICAL, INCLUDING PHOTOCOPY, RECORDING, OR ANY INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, WITHOUT PERMISSION IN WRITING FROM THE PUBLISHER.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.

11 1 Fifth Avenue, New
York, New York 10003
United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.

24/28 Oval Road, London NWI
LIBRARY CONGRESS OF CATALOG NUMBER: 70-1 8 7 2 5 9 CARD
ISBN
0-1 2-260806-2
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES O F AMERICA
AFFILIATIONS OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS
H. Y. Abooul-Enein, Riyadh University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia I. M. Asher, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.
N. W.Atwuter, E. R. Squibb and Sons, Princeton, New Jersey
S. A. Benezra, Burroughs Wellcome Co., Greenville, North Carolina
J. I. Bodin, Carter-Wallace Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey

G. A. Brewer, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
L. Chufetz, Warner-Lambert Research Institute, Morris Plains, New Jersey

G. P Chrekian, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York .
P J. Cloes, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .

E. M. Cohen, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
J. L. Cohen, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
J. P Comer, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana .

M. Dubost, R h h e Poulenc, Vitry-sur-Seine, France M. G. Ferrunre, Schering-Plough Corp., Bloomfield, New Jersey
K. Florey, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
S. A. Fusuri, Parke, Davis and Company, Detroit, Michigan
vii
AFFILIATIONS OF EDITORS A N D CONTRIBUTORS
E. H.Jensen, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan B. T. Kho, Ayerst Laboratories, Rouses Point, New York B. Krei1g;;rd. Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Kobenhagen, Denmark
A. F Michuelis, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, New Jersey .

G. W. Michel, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
G. J. Pupriello, Wyeth Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania R. Rucki, Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey B. C. Rudy,Burroughs Wellcome Co., Greenville, North Carolina
W.C. Suss, Parke, Davis and Company, Detroit, Michigan

R. E. Schwmer, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
G. Schwrtzmn, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.
B. Z. Senkowski, Hoffmann-LaRoche, lnc., Nutley, New Jersey
F Tishler,CibaGeigy, Summit, New Jersey .

USASRG, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C.
H. Vanderhaeghe, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
C K. Ward, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana .

D. B. Whigun, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey
W. C. Window, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey

R. D. G. Woolfenden, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Moreton, Wirral, England
V. Zbinovsky, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York
viii
PREFACE
Although the official compendia list tests and limits for drug substances related to identity, purity, and strength, they normally do not provide other physical or chemical data, nor do they list methods of synthesis or pathways of physical or biological degradation and metabolism. For drug substances important enough to be accorded monographs in the official compendia such supplemental information should also be made readily available. To this end the Pharmaceutical Analysis and Control Section, Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, has undertaken a cooperative venture to compile and publish Analytical Profiles of Drug Substances in a series of volumes of which this is the fifth. The concept of analytical profiles is taking hold not only for cornpendial drugs but, increasingly, in the industrial research laboratories. Analytical profiles are being prepared and periodically updated to provide physicochemical and analytical information of new drug substances during the consecutive stages of research and development. Hopefully, then, in the not too distant future, the publication of an analytical profile will require a minimum of effort whenever a new drug substance is selected for cornpendial status. The cooperative spirit of our contributors has made this venture possible. All those who have found the profiles useful are earnestly requested to contribute a monograph of their own. The editors stand ready to receive such contributions.
Klaus Florey
ix
AMPHOTERICIN B
Irvin M. Asher George Schwartzman and the USASRG *
*The U.S. Antibiotics Standards Research Group (USASRG) is an ad hoc collaboration of antibiotics researchers, a t the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and other Public Health Service Laboratories. Contributors t o this monograph include T. Alexander (BD) I. Asher ( 0 s ) B. Baer (NIH) B. B a r o n (BD) W. Benson (BD) W. Brannon (BD) J. Blakelp (BD) R. Bradky (NM)
M. Bunow (NIH)
S. Delgado(BD) V. Folen (BD) C. Graichen (BF) R. Gryder ( 0 s ) I. Levin (NIH) M. Maienthal (BD) G. Mazzola (BF)
G. Schwartzman (BD)
E. Sheinin (BD) B. Smith (EDRO) J. Staffa(0S) J. Taylor (BD) L. Wayland (BD) A. Wong (NIH) C. Zervos(0S)
The USASRG was formed at the request of P. Weiss, the National Center for Antibiotic Analysis, FDA, and is presently coordinated by the Office of Science, FDA. Individual contributions are referenced where possible.
IRVlN M. ASHER e t a / .
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1, Description 1.1 Drug Properties 1.2 Chemical Properties 1.3 The U.S. Standard 1.4 Chemical Composition 1.5 Structure 1.6 Physical Description 2. Physical Properties 2.1 Thermal Properties (DTA, TGA) 2.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 2.3 Solubility 2.4 Acid-Base Properties 2.5 Aggregation 3. Spectral Properties (Optical) 3.1 Ultraviolet Absorption 3.2 Infrared Absorption 3.3 Raman Scattering 3.4 ORD, CD, Specific Rotation 3.5 Fluorescence 4 . Spectral Properties (Other) 4.1 Proton NMR 4.2 13C-NMR 4.3 Mass Spectrometry 5. Chromatography 5.1 Paper 5.2 Thin Layer 5.3 High Pressure Liquid 5.4 Gas 5.5 Electrophoresis 6. Isolation 7. Stability 8. Antimicrobial Properties and Assays 9. Amphotericin A 1. DESCRIPTION 1.1 Drug Properties Amphotericin B is a macrocyclic, polyene antibiotic produced by streptomycetes nodosus (M4-575). It was originally isolated from a soil culture from the Orinoco River region, Venezuela ( ) 1 . Used topically as a cream, or parenterally as a Na-desoxycholate suspension (Fungizone), it is effective against a broad variety of fungi and yeasts, and some protozoans (1-3; see Section 8 ) . The possibility that Amphotericin B combines with
AMPHOTERICIN B
c h o l e s t e r o l t o form i o n - t r a n s p o r t i n g c h a n n e l s a c r o s s c e l l membranes i s b e i n g w i d e l y i n v e s t i g a t e d (4-6). The a b s e n c e o f membrane s t e r o l s would t h u s e x p l a i n t h e i n a b i l i t y o f Amphot e r i c i n B t o a f f e c t b a c t e r i a l growth. I n canine experiments (7) , o r a l l y a d m i n i s t e r e d Amphotericin B induced a 20-45% r e d u c t i o n i n serum c h o l e s t e r o l , s u g g e s t i n g a p o s s i b l e f u t u r e r o l e as a h y p o c h o l e s t e r o l e m i c a g e n t . Amphotericin B h a s a l s o b e e n used (8) t o t r e a t c a n i n e 30% r e d u c t i o n i n gland s i z e ) . p r o s t a t i c hyperplasia However, t h e t o x i c i t y of t h e b i l e s a l t complex ( 9 , l O ) may d i s c o u r a g e s u c h a p p l i c a t i o n s i n humans. Work on less t o x i c d e r i v a t i v e s i s underway ( 3 ) . I n mice, i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l LD5ois 280 mglkg f o r Amphotericin B ( 3 , 1 1 ) , 8 8 mg/kg f o r Fungizone and 1320 mglkg f o r t h e m e t h y l e s t e r . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n t r a v e n o u s dosages a r e o v e r an o r d e r of magnitude lower ( 3 ) .
(d
Chemical P r o p e r t i e s Amphotericin B i s an a m p h o t e r i c , m a c r o c y c l i c h e p t a e n e w i t h a mycosamine s u g a r head group. I t y i e l d s a v o l a t i l e b a s e i n c o n c e n t r a t e d NaOH and c a n b l e a c h KMnO4 o r Br2-CC14 (1). Its o r i g i n a l s e p a r a t i o n w a s b a s e d on i t s s o l u b i l i t y p r o p e r t i e s (1; see S e c t i o n 6 ) . Amphotericin B i s a p a r t i c u l a r l y d i f f i c u l t a n t i b i o t i c t o c h a r a c t e r i z e a n a l y t i c a l l y . I t i s i n s o l u b l e i n many solvents (Section 2 . 3 ) . Vibrator grinding dramatically a f f e c t s X-ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n s ( S e c t i o n 2 . 2 ) and infrared absorption s p e c t r a (Section 3.2). pH d r a m a t i c a l l y a f f e c t s ORD and s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n ( S e c t i o n 3 . 4 ) . H20 o r C02 ( o r b o t h ) may b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e l a t t i c e ( S e c t i o n 1 . 4 ) . Such c o n t i n g e n c i e s have l e d t o i r r e p r o d u c i b l e r e s u l t s and c o n f l i c t s i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . T h i s r e p o r t t r i e s t o a n a l y z e some of t h e p i t f a l l s , b u t c o n s i d e r a b l e c a u t i o n (and o f t e n i n g e n u i t y ) i s s t i l l r e q u i r e d o r a meaningful a n a l y s i s . The U . S. S t a n d a r d The c u r r e n t U . S . a n t i b i o t i c s t a n d a r d (Ampho. B - 2 ; 111271 74) w a s o b t a i n e d from Squibb which m a r k e t s t h e d r u g under t h e name Fungizone. The f i n a l s t a g e s of m a n u f a c t u r e i n c l u d e p r e c i p i t a t i o n from aqueous m e t h a n o l (pH c o n t r o l l e d by H C 1 t h e n NaOH), washing w i t h a c e t o n e , d r y i n g , and f o r c i n g through a s i z i n g s c r e e n . The s t a n d a r d is s t o r e d i n l o t s of 250 mg a t -20C, p r o t e c t e d from l i g h t and m o i s t u r e . Samples were d r i e d f o r 3 h o u r s a t 6OoC ( 45 mm p r e s s u r e ) b e f o r e measuring p o t e n c y , u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n , o r s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n . T h e r e i s a l s o an Amphotericin B-1 (Amphotericin B-2 f u r t h e r r e c r y s t a l l i z e d w i t h v a r i o u s s o l v e n t s and s a l t s ) f o r which no U. S . s t a n d a r d e x i s t s ; i t i s n o t f u r t h e r
1.2
1.3
IRVlN M. ASHER etel.
c o n s i d e r e d h e r e . There is a l s o an i n t e r n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d (WHO) f o r Amphotericin B (12). Chemical Composition E m p i r i c a l Formula and Molecular Weight 1.41 (1% = 12.000) (a) c47 H73 N017 MW = 923.62 1.4
i n agreement w i t h r e c e n t x-ray (13) and mass s p e c t r o m e t r i c (14) measurements; a c c e p t e d by USP-XIX ( 1 5 ) , s u p e r s e d e s : (b) c46 H73 NO20 MW = 959.62
r e p o r t e d i n Reference (11,16). 1.42 Elemental Composition (a)

C 61.12% H 7.96%
C47 H73 NO17 r e q u i r e s :

N 1.52%
0 29.45%
Reference 1 found:
C 60.40%
H 8.38%
N 1.62%
--
w i t h n e g a t i v e r e s u l t s f o r h a l o g e n s , s u l f u r , and a c e t y l and methoxyl groups, f o r samples p r e p a r e d by t h e methods of Reference 1. (b)

C 57.58%
C46 H73 NO20 r e q u i r e s :

N 1.46%
H 7.67%
0 33.34%
and Reference 1 7 found:

C 57.17% H 7.80%
N 1.20%
0 29.98%
f o r u n t r e a t e d U.S. s t a n d a r d Amphotericin B , c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e CHN r e s u l t s of R e f e r e n c e s 18,19. ( I n t h e l a t t e r Amphot e r i c i n B w a s d r i e d 3 h o u r s a t 80C p r i o r t o a n a l y s i s . ) Other measurements (20) on d r i e d samples of t h e U.S. s t a n d a r d ( 3 h o u r s , 60C) gave r e s u l t s (C 59.61%, H 8.32%, N 1.43%) c l o s e r t o t h o s e of R e f e r e n c e 1. N o t i c e t h a t t h e oxygen c o n t e n t of Reference 17 is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h 1 . 4 1 ( a ) r a t h e r t h a n 1 . 4 1 ( b ) .
AMPHOTERICIN 6
The f u l l CHNO a n a l y s i s of Reference 1 7 is c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e hydrochloride s a l t of 1 . 4 1 ( a ) p l u s 1 . 5 waters of h y d r a t i o n . ( V a r i a t i o n i n w a t e r c o n t e n t a l o n e can only p a r t i a l l y r e s o l v e t h e d i s c r e p a n c i e s noted above.) However, tests (20) f o r C1 i n t h e U.S. s t a n d a r d were n e g a t i v e (60.11%). The Karl F i s h e r t e s t gave 6 . 3 6 % (c) water c o n t e n t f o r t h e u n t r e a t e d U.S. s t a n d a r d (21). The s t a n d a r d e x h i b i t s a 4-5% loss on d r y i n g a t 6OoC under a vacuum. A t atmospheric p r e s s u r e , thermal g r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s (Section 2.12) indicates an 3.5% weight l o s s between 60100C. Although some of t h i s w a t e r may b e adsorbed, some appears t o b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e l a t t i c e ; t h e Amphotericin B d e r i v a t i v e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n Reference 1 3 i n c o r p o r a t e d t h r e e t e t r a h y d r o f u r a n molecules and one water molecule p e r u n i t cell. Structure The following s t r u c t u r e is based on x-ray c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s o f N-iodoacetyl Amphotericin B , trit e t r a h y d r o f u r a n monohydrate c r y s t a l (13). It corresponds t o formula 1 . 4 1 ( a ) . 1.5
COOH
AMPHOTERICIN B
The r i g i d heptaene c h a i n e l o n g a t e s t h e macrocycle, such t h a t one s i d e (polyene) is hydrophobic, w h i l e t h e o t h e r s i d e ( a l i p h a t i c ) is h y d r o p h i l l i c due t o t h e p r e s e n c e of s e v e n hydroxyl groups and an ester carbonyl group. This may account f o r i t s a b i l i t y t o a c t as an ion-channel i n membranes (4-6). A mycosamine r e s i d u e is a t t a c h e d t o one end, providi n g a f r e e amino group. There is an i n t e r n a l hemi-ketal r i n g . I t has been suggested (14) t h a t t h e ketal-form may b e i n e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h an open keto-form i n s o l u t i o n . However, r e c e n t 13C-NMR r e s u l t s (22) confirm t h e presence o f t h e ketal-form i n DMSO s o l u t i o n ( S e c t i o n 4.2), and provide no evidence f o r a keto-form i n t h a t environment. This s t r u c t u r e s u p e r s e d e s an earlier, p a r t i a l s t r u c t u r e by Cope, e t a l . , (23) which is i n c o r r e c t i n several details.
IRVIN M. ASHEA e t a / .
Physical Description B r i g h t yellow powder. Microscopic examination r e v e a l s prisms o r n e e d l e s f o r samples f r e s h l y r e c r y s t a l l i z e d from dimethylformamide ( 1 1 ) ; b u t t h i n , i r r e g u l a r fragments (roughly 5-15 l o n g , less t h a n 0 . 3 p t h i c k ) i n t h e U.S. s t a n d a r d (25). The fragments tend t o clump i n t o l a r g e ( + 8 0 d ~a m e t e r ) c l u s t e r s . The g r i n d i n g p r o c e s s used i n i d r u g manufacture may a l s o c o n v e r t some c r y s t a l s t o an amorphous form (24; S e c t i o n 2 . 2 ) . A t y p i c a l photomicrograph of t h e s t a n d a r d i s shown i n F i g u r e 1. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Thermal P r o p e r t i e s 2.11 D i f f e r e n t i a l Thermal A n a l y s i s (DTA) DTA s c a n s (25) show a g r a d u a l , approximately l i n e a r d e c r e a s e from 35 t o 135OC w i t h peaks n e a r 157 and 209C ( F i g u r e 2 ) . The sample b e g i n s t o decompose above 2 O O 0 C , w i t h o u t m e l t i n g . The 157C t r a n s i t i o n i s accompanied by a change i n c o l o r from b r i g h t yellow t o brown-orange which. b e g i n s around 130C, and i n c r e a s e s p r o g r e s s i v e l y . T h i s presumably r e f l e c t s an endothermic chemical change i n v o l v i n g t h e chromophore.
2.
1.6
Thermal G r a v i m e t r i c A n a l y s i s (TGA) TGA s c a n s (25) show an N 3.5% weight l o s s s t a r t i n g below 65C which r e a c h e s completion n e a r 90C ( F i g u r e 2 ) . A f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n i n weight b e g i n s n e a r 18OoC and l e v e l s o f f n e a r 220"C, w i t h maximum s l o p e n e a r 205OC. These changes may r e f l e c t l o s s of r e s i d u a l s o l v e n t and decomposition r e s p e c t i v e l y . Melting Point W f i n d no e v i d e n c e of t h e m e l t i n g i n e Amphotericin B up t o 250C, a t which t e m p e r a t u r e t h e a n t i b i o t i c h a s a l r e a d y decomposed. This i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h Reference (l), b u t perhaps n o t Reference (16,18). V a p o r i z a t i o n is d e t e c t e d (26) above 25OoC i n a mass s p e c t r o meter (vacuum 4 torr) Trimethylsilyl-ether derivatives of Amphotericin B may v a p o r i z e as low as 180C (26). 2.13
2.12
X-Ray Powder D i f f r a c t i o n The X-ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n of " u n t r e a t e d " (unground, unheated) U.S. s t a n d a r d Amphotericin B demons t r a t e s d e f i n i t e c r y s t a l l i n e s t r u c t u r e . The observed ds p a c i n g s are g i v e n i n Table 1 and F i g u r e 3 ( s o l i d c u r v e ) . Unground samples h e a t e d 1 5 minutes a t 158OC produce a p a t t e r n w i t h less i n t e n s e p e a k s , s l i g h t l y s h i f t e d d-spacings and i n c r e a s e d background ( F i g u r e 3 , d o t t e d c u r v e ) . These
2.2
Figure 1.
Photomicrograph (x100) of U.S. standard Amphotericin B. The final stages of the manufacturing process break the thin needles characteristic of the freshly recrystallized antibiotic.
J \
e
E
DTA
70
100%
I
157
I
210
90 %
80%
I
AMPHOTERICIN B
I I I
40
80
120
160
200
240
280
TEMPERATURE ( " C )
Figure 2.
Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) scans of Amphotericin B.
AMPHOTERICIN B
TABLE 1 X-Ray Powder D i f f r a c t i o n Data f o r Amphotericin B ( U n t r e a t e d Sample)

d (A) 18.0 9.30 7.73 7.42 6.30 5.82 5.14 4.82 4.65
111,
d (A) 3.87 3.79 3.49 3.33 3.22 2.925 2.775 2.460 2.370 2.315 2.240 2.040
I/Io
23 6 12 10 91 21 33 17 7 5 46 90 100
B B B B B
17 16 12 16 13 1 1 9 4 4 4 1 1 7
triplet
B = broad
= t h r e e most i n t e n s e l i n e s
TABLE 2 S o l u b i l i t y of Amphotericin B (MG/ML)

dimethyl s u l f o x i d e (1) formamide ethylene glycol dimethyl formamide (1) a c e t i c a c i d (1) propylene g l y c o l (1) pyridine methanol * isoamyl a l c o h o l water benzyl alcohol 1.4-dioxane ethanol ethyl ester acetone ethyl acetate e thylene-C 1 isoamyl a c e t a t e 30. 6.40 2.60 2. 1. 1. 1.75 1.60 1.05 0.75 0.75 0.55 0.50 0.50 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.24 0.16 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.002 0.0 0.0 40. 4. 2. 2.
cs2
methyl e t h y l k e t o n e isopr. alcohol
CHC1-j
benzene c-hexane pet. ether CCl4 t o l uene iso-octane X0.2
0 . 4 mg/ml f o r anhydrous methanol i n R e f e r e n c e 1.
AMPHOTERICIN B
632
24
20
28(DEG R E ES 1
16
12
Figure 3 .
X-ray powder diffraction patterns of "untreated" (unheated, unground) Amphotericin B ) and an aliquot heated to 158' C for 15 minutes (----). Both patterns taken at ( a z e n t temperature using a Philips wide-angle diffractometer equipped with a theta compensating slit and a focusing monochromator. The decreased peak intensities and elevated background of the heated material indicate some loss of crystallinity ( % 3 0 % ) . Ordinate for the magnified (x2.5) insert i s 4 x lo2 cps.
AMPHOTERICIN B
11
changes indicate the introduction of additional strain in the crystal lattice and an increase in the amorphous (noncrystalline) fraction of the sample ( 2 4 ) . Otherwise, the two patterns are highly similar. In contrast, the diffraction pattern of vibratorground Amphotericin B (ground at room temperature in 2 mg. aliquots, 3 minutes each) displays only a few broad, weak peaks with a high background (Figure 4 . Such a pattern is ) characteristic of amorphous powders, and demonstrates that the original crystalline powder has mostly undergone a transition to an amorphous form. This polymorphism explains the variations previously observed in infrared spectra (Section A complete structural determination of the N-iodoacetyl derivative (tri-tetrahydrofuran monohydrate crystal) is given in Reference 13 (see Section 1.5). Solubility As seen from its structure (Section 1.51, Amphotericin B is amphoteric with both polar (acidic and amino head groups) and nonpolar portions. It thus dissolves poorly in most pure solvents; exceptions are dimethylsulfoxide and dimethylformamide. The solubility data of Table 2 , unless otherwise noted, are part of a previous FDA study ( 2 7 ) . Ionization of the acidic and amino groups often aids solvation (1,ll):
2.3 3.2).
CH30H neutral acidic basic insoluble 0.1 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml

0 . 2 - 0 . 4 mg/ml 3-5 mg/ml 2-3 mg/ml
dimethylformamide
2-4 mg/ml 60-80 mg/ml
Water solubility can be greatly increased by adding Na-lauryl sulfate (19) or Na-desoxycholate (as in commerical injectable Fungizone). Amphotericin B also dissolves in lecithin-cholesterol vesicles and sterolcontaining natural membranes ( 4 - 6 ) . Acid-Base Properties Titration (28) of 66% aqueous dimethylformamide solutions of Amphotericin B with methanolic HC1 and KOH yields pK's near 5 . 7 and 10.0. Comparison with N-acetylAmphotericin B (pK=6.5) and Amphotericin B-methyl ester (pK=8.8) assigns the two pK's to carboxyl and amino groups respectively. Amphotericin B is found to be almost completely zwitterionic in this solution (tautomeric equilibrium
2.4
AMPHOTERICIN B (VIBRATOR GROUND)

is
. I I
- -
__
-~
-~
I
24
20 16 12 SCATTERING ANGLE, 28(DEGREES)
Figure 4.
X-ray powder diffraction of Amphotericin B ground in a vibrator (3 min., 2 mg. at a time). The dramatic decrease in peak heights and increase in background demonstrate a phase transition to an amorphous form; little crystalline Amphotericin B remains.
AMPHOTERICIN B
13
c o n s t a n t Kt = 1000 with r e s p e c t t o t h e n e u t r a l m o l e c u l e ) . Aggregation Measurements (29) of t h e u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n of aqueous s o l u t i o n s of Amphotericin B as a f u n c t i o n of concent r a t i o n do n o t obey t h e Beer-Lambert law. Subsequent Rayleigh l i g h t s c a t t e r i n g measurements (29) i n d i c a t e t h a t Amphotericin B forms very l a r g e , l a b i l e a g g r e g a t e s of N 2 x 106 M.W. i n 10-4 - 10-5 M aqueous s o l u t i o n s (pH 7 . 9 , i n t h e presence of Na+-desoxycholate and phosphate). The a g g r e g a t e mass is approximately u n a f f e c t e d by t h e a d d i t i o n of up t o 35% C2H50H, b u t drops p r e c i p i t o u s l y t h e r e a f t e r . S i m i l a r e f f e c t s a r e observed i n t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e 349, 367, 386, 409 n m u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n bands; however, t h e 328 nni band i s a f f e c t e d by even 10% C2H50H. The d a t a a r e e x p l a i n e d i n terms of e x c i t o n i c i n t e r a c t i o n s between t h e heptaene chromophores of t h e a g g r e g a t e . The a g g r e g a t e mass was c a l c u l a t e d u s i n g a (measured) v a l u e of 290. ml/mg f o r dn/dc, t h e change i n t h e index of r e f r a c t i o n with c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Amphotericin B.
SPECTRAL PROPERTIES (OPTICAL) 3.1 Ultraviolet Amphotericin B h a s a h i g h l y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n spectrum i n DMSO, CH30H s o l u t i o n s ( F i g u r e 5). The s h a r p , i n t e n s e bands a r i s e from t r a n s i t i o n s of t h e heptaene chromophore. The same spectrum o c c u r s i n h e a t e d samples (15 minutes, 158"C), b u t with 25% less a b s o r b t i v i t y . The i n t e n s e 406, 382, 363, 345 nm. q u a r t u p l e t of Amphotericin B s h i f t s t o 318, 304, 291, 289 nm. i n Amphotericin A (1,18). Thus, an u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c i f i c a t i o n is p a r t of t h e F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r (30) c r i t e r i a of a c c e p t a b i l i t y f o r Amphotericin B. S p e c t r a of Amphotericin B i n aqueous s o l u t i o n ( s o l u b i l i z e d by D S o r Na+-desoxycholate) a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y MO d i f f e r e n t (Figure 6 ) , and change f u r t h e r upon t h e a d d i t i o n o f l e c i t h i n and/or c h o l e s t e r o l (31,32). These changes appare n t l y r e f l e c t t h e presence of l a r g e , l a b i l e a g g r e g a t e s i n such aqueous s o l u t i o n s ( s e e S e c t i o n 2.4). A more d e t a i l e d account of Amphotericin B u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r a i n v a r i o u s H20: C2H50H systems may be found i n Reference (29). U l t r a v i o l e t r e f l e c t i o n s p e c t r a of Amphotericin B monolayers on w a t e r y i e l d t h r e e c o n c e n t r a t i o n - s e n s i t i v e bands (33). The t r a n s i t i o n moment ( o r i e n t e d along t h e heptaene c h a i n ) l i e s w i t h i n 6" of t h e w a t e r i n t e r f a c e ; t h e a d d i t i o n of c h o l e s t e r o l t i l t s t h i s upward t o approximately 35".
2.5
3.
n*
Infrared L i t e r a t u r e s p e c t r a of Amphotericin B are contrad i c t o r y (1,18,34). Two b a s i c types of s p e c t r a a r e s e e n (Figures 7 a , b ) . W f i n d t h a t both t y p e s can b e o b t a i n e d a t e
3.2
14
IRVlN
M. ASHER e r a / .
'
'
'
6
'
AMPHOTERICIN B (DMSO/CH30H)
303
363
AMPHOTERICIN
''
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Figure 5. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of Amphotericins B and A in DMSO/CH30H solution (concentrations respectively 5.45, 8.32 pg/ml).
AMPHOTERICIN B
15
1.4
a.
H ~ O
b.
C.
H ; O H20
+ CHOLESTEROL + CH30H
I
3
IC.
I
I I I I
I I
I
I
1.2
a.
I I
1
I I I
I
I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
I
I
I
I I
I
I
I
I
I I
I I
I
I
I I
I
I
I I
I I
I
1
I I
I I I
I
I
I
I I
0.8
I I I
I I I
d I I I I I I
I
I I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0.4
I
I
I
300
350
400
450
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Figure 6. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of Amphotericin B (1 IJM) solutions: (a) water, (b) water and cholesterol (10 v M ) , (c) water and methanol (1:1 v/v) , (From Reference 32).
16
IRVIN M. ASHER e r a / .
AMPHOTERICIN B
I R A B S O R P T I O N F R E Q U E N C Y (crn-1:
Figure 7. Infrared absorption spectra of Amphotericin B: (a) hand-ground powder, (b, c) vibrator ground powder pressed into KBr disks, (d) DMSO solution (saturated). Note the changes in the C=C and C=O stretch regions resulting from differences in sample preparation.
AMPHOTERICIN B
TABLE 3 Infrared Spectra Type I (625) 664 69 7 (732) 762 79 5 812 Type I1 T e n a t i v e Assignment
17
OH O u t - o f - p l a n e
Bend ( ? )
(sh) (792) (804)sh
Pyranose Ring B r e a t h i n g ( C )
818
(837)sh 851 (878) 889 (898)sh 9 16 (9 31) s h (953) s h (972)sh (981)sh 1009 1041 1 0 70 1109 1132 1164sh 1186 1210sh 1233sh 1272sh (sh) 1324 (1338) s h (1371)sh 1381 1401 1448 1556* (1628)B 1692" (1710)sh+ (sh) 2918d 2940d (2960)sh 2978 3009 (3370) 3390B NOTES:
CH Bend (GI
888
'
CH Bend, CH3 Rock
Pyranose Ring V i b r a t i o n ( C )
1010 1040
CH O u t - o f - p l a n e Bend (trans p o l y e n e )
?:6"
1130 (1173)B (1188)B
CO Asym. S t r e t c h (COC, COH)
COC Asym. S t r e t c h (COC=O)
(1230) s h 1269 (1291) 1322
CH2 Wag, Bend ( s k e l e t a l )
(1385) B (1400)B 1449 1566* 1628sh 1712B* 2859* 2925*
CH3 Sym. Bend, OH d e f o r m a t i o n CH I n - p l a n e Bend ( p o l y e n e ) CH2,CH3 Asym. Bend P o l y e n e C=C S t r e t c h NH2 I n - p l a n e Bend
C-0 S t r e t c h CH2,CH3 Symm. S t r e t c h CH2 Asym. S t r e t c h
1
1
CH3 Asym. S t r e t c h
CH S t r e t c h ( p o l y e n e ) OH S t r e t c h ( S t r o n g l y H-bonded)
(29 79 ) s h 3015 3 39 OB
broad, s h = shoulder, sl = s l a n t , S = s o l v e n t peaks, f r e q u e n c y u n c e r t a i n , sym = s y m m e t r i c , asym = asymmetric, = f r e q u e n c y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of Type I o r Type 11, and + = may a r i s e from s l i g h t a d m i x t u r e o f Type 11.
=
( ) = weak,
18
room temperature, i n t h e same medium ( i . e . , K r p e l l e t o r B Nujol mull) depending on t h e method of sample p r e p a r a t i o n (24). Handground powders t y p i c a l l y y i e l d t y p e I s p e c t r a (Figure 5a; Reference 1 , 1 8 ) , w h i l e v i b r a t o r ("wigglebug") ground powders y i e l d t y p e I1 s p e c t r a ( F i g u r e 5b; Reference 34) o r a more even mixture of t h e two t y p e s ( F i g u r e 7c). Type I s p e c t r a are c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a s h a r p C=O s t r e t c h band a t 1692 crn-l, a 1556 cm-l C=C s t r e t c h band and c o n s i d e r a b l e s u b s t r u c t u r e ( e . g . , 800-950 c m - l r e g i o n ) . Type I1 s p e c t r a a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a broad C=O s t r e t c h band n e a r 1 7 1 2 cm-1, a 1566 c m - l C=C s t r e t c h band and l e s s - r e s o l v e d s u b s t r u c t u r e . I n "mixed" spectra ( F i g u r e 5 c ) , superp o s i t i o n g i v e s a C=O 1692, 1710 c m - 1 d o u b l e t . S p e c t r a of DMSO s o l u t i o n s c o n t a i n a C=O s i n g l e t near 1715 cm-l. X-ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n s t u d i e s ( S e c t i o n 2.2) show t h a t t y p e I1 s p e c t r a r e p r e s e n t an amorphous phase induced by v i b r a t o r g r i n d i n g (24); similar polymorphism h a s been observed i n t h e Cinchona a l k a l o i d s (35). The broad s h o u l d e r observed n e a r 1710 cm-I i n F i g u r e 7a, may i n d i c a t e an amorphous f r a c t i o n i n t h e s t a n d a r d ( c f . 1 . 3 ) . Handg r i n d i n g of a l l samples would seem p r e f e r a b l e i n t h e f u t u r e , e s p e c i a l l y when preceded by f r e s h r e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n . Heating t h e sample t o 120C h a s l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e spectrum. I n c o n t r a s t , t h e s p e c t r a of samples h e a t e d above t h e chemical t r a n s i t i o n n e a r 157C ( S e c t i o n 2.1) resemble Type T I , even when handground. This i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e -30% i n c r e a s e i n t h e amorphous f r a c t i o n observed u s i n g x-ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n ( 2 4 ) . The i n f r a r e d a b s o r p t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s of Amphotericin B and t h e i r t e n t a t i v e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n are g i v e n i n Table 3 . F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m i n f r a r e d s p e c t r a confirm t h e e x i s t e n c e o f many of t h e weaker peaks. The 1692 cm-1 peak i s a c t u a l l y a very c l o s e d o u b l e t . The a d d i t i o n of Amphotericin B t o aqueous suspensions of l e c i t h i n : c h o l e s t e r o l ( 3 : l ) v e s i c l e s s h i f t s t h e midpoint of t h e "melting" t r a n s i t i o n of t h e l e c i t h i n s i d e c h a i n s from 41C t o r ~ 4 5 " C( a s monitored by frequency s h i f t s i n t h e CH s t r e t c h r e g i o n ; Reference 3 6 ) . Because of t h e h i g h i n f r a r e d a b s o r p t i v i t y of w a t e r , such measurements r e q u i r e t h e u s e of narrow, IRTRAN sample c e l l s .
RAMAN Laser Raman s p e c t r a o f Amphotericin B (37) a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Figure 8 and Table 4. The p r e s e n c e of a s t r o n g v i s i b l e a b s o r p t i o n r e s o n a n t l y enhances modes coupled t o the chromaphore. The i n t e n s e peak n e a r 1562 cm-l corresponds t o
3.3
AMPHOTERICIN B
19
CH 3 OH Solution
1800
ls00
1400
lz00
loo0
WAVE NUMBER DISPLACEMENT (cm' t
Figure 8. Resonance Raman spectra of Amphotericin B powder. Spectra taken with the 48808 line of an Argon ion laser (incident power -50 mw). Only those vibrations coupled t o the polyene chromophore are enhanced sufficiently to be seen. There is a -1 4-fold increase in the intensity of the 1564 cm line upon changing from 514.5 nm to 457.9 nm.
20
TABLE 4 Resonance Raman S p e c t r a (cm-l)
Powder 922
1007 (1014)sh 1142
CH30H
Ref. (36)
(9 80 1 995
KBr P e l l e t
Assignment
C=CC, HCC inp l a n e Bend
1011
1136sh 1156 119 8 (1298) 1559 1602 1639 (1666) 1140sh 1161 1201 1562 1607 1640 (1661) 1131sh 1152 (1195) 1287 1554 (1597) 1624 1636
1007
1136sh 1156 (1198)
1159 1202 1298 1562 1608 1635 (1645) sh
CC S t r e t c h ,
In-plane Bend HCC (mixed with' C=C S t r e t c h )

C=C S t r e t c h
(intense)
C=O S t r e t c h
(mixed w i t h C=C S t r e t c h )
AMPHOTERICIN B
21
almost p u r e C-C s t r e t c h , whereas t h e weak 1635-1645 c m - 1 modes a l s o c o n t a i n c o n s i d e r a b l e C=O s t r e t c h c o n t r i b u t i o n s . However, t h e numerous nonresonant modes could n o t b e o b s e r v e d , even u s i n g a dye l a s e r . N o t i c e t h a t s e v e r a l of t h e Raman modes are n o t i n f r a r e d a c t i v e (compare S e c t i o n 3 . 2 ) . S o l i d - s t a t e s p e c t r a d i f f e r o n l y s l i g h t l y from t h o s e i n CH30H o r D S s o l u t i o n (37). However, o u r r e s u l t s MO d i f f e r markedly from p r e v i o u s o b s e r v a t i o n s of w e t Amphoteri c i n B powder smeared on f i l t e r paper ( 3 8 ) ; i n p a r t i c u l a r , The supposed a b s e n c e of a w e observe a peak n e a r 1010 cm-1. 1010 cm-1 Amphotericin peak i n p r e v i o u s s p e c t r a w a s used t o i n t e r p r e t carotenoid s p e c t r a (38). S p e c t r a of h e a t e d Amphotericin B powder (15 minutes a t 158C) d i s s o l v e d i n CH30H (pH 5.) appear normal, d e s p i t e t h e change i n sample c o l o r ( S e c t i o n 2 . 1 ) . However, lowering t h e pH t o ( 1 c a u s e s immediate decomposition i n t o a p r o d u c t i n which t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e prominent 1156, 1559 cm-1 peaks is markedly reduced.
ORD, CD, S p e c i f i c R o t a t i o n The s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n , [& ] ~ 2 4 c Amphotericin B of has been given as -33.6' and +333' i n 0.1N m e t h a n o l i c H C 1 and " a c i d i c " D F r e s p e c t i v e l y ( 1 , l l ) . However, c l o s e r i n v e s t i M g a t i o n (39) shows t h a t t h e s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n i s h i g h l y pH dependent. I t i s approximately +285 and pH 1 . 0 , and +413 a t pH 2 . 1 , i n DMF (2.5 mg/ml) (The "pH" was measured w i t h a Beckman pH-meter w i t h one g l a s s and one K C 1 e l e c t r o d e ) . C i r c u l a r d i c h r o i s m (CD) s p e c t r a of Amphotericin B i n H 2 0 , CH30H/H20, and H 2 0 / c h o l e s t e r o l (32) are g i v e n i n F i g u r e 9 . The c o r r e s p o n d i n g o p t i c a l r o t a t o r y d i s p e r s i o n (ORD) s p e c t r a i n CH30H (0.1N HC1) and DMJ? (pH 2.2) s o l u t i o n s (40) are g i v e n i n F i g u r e 10. A l l CD peaks i n CH30H/H20 c l o s e l y match Amphoteri c i n B u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n f r e q u e n c i e s ; t h e peak r o t a t i o n s are p o s i t i v e f o r t h e s t r o n g 340-420 nm. q u a d r u p l e t , and n e g a t i v e f o r t h e weak 260-290 nm. t r i p l e t ( F i g u r e 9 c ) . The CD s p e c t r a of DMSO-solubilized Amphotericin B i n H20 and H 2 0 / c h o l e s t e r o l are less complex, o p p o s i t e i n s i g n and an o r d e r of magnitude more i n t e n s e . P r e p a r a t i o n s of Squibb Fungizone (Amphotericin B s o l u b i l i z e d i n H 2 0 by Na+-desoxychol a t e ) are s i m i l a r b u t even more o p t i c a l l y a c t i v e ( F i g u r e 9 a , b). The o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n i n a c i d i c CH30H (40) d i s p l a y s a p p r e c i a b l e changes only i n t h e 260-300 n r e g i o n , whereas i n m a c i d i c DMF both r e g i o n s show c o n s i d e r a b l e changes. In acidic DMF, t h e r o t a t i o n n e a r 2 7 1 , 392, 413 nm. is p o s i t i v e and t h e maximum n e a r 290 nm. becomes a minimum ( F i g u r e l o ) . ORD measurements (41) i n n e u t r a l CH30H somewhat resemble t h o s e i n a c i d i c DMF; however, t h e 286 nm. band is a s s i g n e d t o an
3.4
+ 2000
0.
a. n20
1500
b. n 2 0 + CHOLESTEROL
C.
H2Ot CH30H
u D
OI
1000
+ 500
250
300
350
400
450
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Figure 9. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of Amphotericin B (1 PM) solutions: (a) water, (b) water and cholesterol (10 uM), and (c) water and methanol (1:l v/v) . (32b) Preparations of Squibb Fungizone (Amphotericin B solubilized in H20 by Na+desoxycholate) are similar but even more optically active (Figure 9 a , b ) .
AMPHOTER IClN B
23
Figure 10. Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) of Amphotericin B in acidic methanol (a,b) and acidic DMF (c) with base lines (-.-.- ) . Vertical units are (a) O.0lo, (b) 0.04', (c) O.lOo. There may be some spectral change in the 20 minute interval required to obtain the spectrum (a,b). Amphotericin B undergoes a chemical change in 0.1N HC1-methanol (40). The optical rotation appears to be +87.7O soon after dissolution (0.2 mg/ml) , but decreases approximately linearly from +80.5 to - 3 0 . 2 O in 12 minutes in another experiment (2.0 mg/ml). Thus, the values given in References 1,11 should be viewed with caution.
24
i m p u r i t y . Reduction w i t h Na-borohydride h a s l i t t l e e f f e c t on t h e ORD s p e c t r a , s u g g e s t i n g t h e absence of t h e k e t o n e (and p r e s e n c e of t h e hemi-ketal) form i n n e u t r a l methanol. Fluorescence The f l u o r e s c e n c e spectrum of Amphotericin B (8.35 fl i n s a l i n e T r i s b u f f e r ) i s g r e a t l y enhanced by i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o l e c i t h i n v e s i c l e s (31). T h i s e f f e c t is s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduced i n t h e p r e s e n c e of e p i c h o l e s t e r o l b u t n o t c h o l e s t e r o l o r e r g o s t e r o l . The f l u o r e s c e n c e e m i s s i o n f o r 340 n e x c i t a t i o n is c o n s i d e r a b l e between 410-500 run, w i t h m broad maxima n e a r 427, 451, 472 nm. The most e f f e c t i v e e x c i t a t i o n wavelengths f o r 480 nm emission l i e between 300345 nm, w i t h broad maxima n e a r 310, 333 n m ( 3 1 ) . I n f r e e aqueous s o l u t i o n (10 J.M, 5OoC) t h e a d d i t i o n of c h o l e s t e r o l s l i g h t l y lowers t h e p a r t i a l quantum e f f i c i e n c y (355 n m e x c i t a t i o n , 475 n d e t e c t i o n ; Reference 42). m SPECTRAL PROPERTIES (OTHER) P r o t o n NMR A t y p i c a l 60 MHz p r o t o n NMR spectrum of Amphot e r i c i n B i n DMSO-db s o l u t i o n (43) i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e l l a . The broad s i g n a l s can o n l y b e l o o s e l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h s p e c i f i c chemical groups. S u b s t r u c t u r e is p r e s e n t ( c . f . t h e 1.19 pprn broad m u l t i p l e t ) b u t d i f f i c u l t t o r e s o l v e i n t h e 60 MHz spectrum. Amphotericin B h a s 13 exchangeable p r o t o n s (10 hydroxyl, 2 amino, 1 a c i d ) . Rapid exchange between H20 and Amphotericin p r o t o n s g i v e s rise t o a combined OH s i n g l e t . Its p o s i t i o n i s h i g h l y v a r i a b l e and depends upon t h e e x t e n t of Amphotericin-H20 hydrogen bonding, and t h u s H20 concent r a t i o n . P o s i t i o n s between 3.8 and 4.7 ppm a r e t y p i c a l (19,
3.5
4.
4.1
The 220 MHz spectrum ( F i g u r e l l b ) r e s o l v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e d e t a i l (e. g . , more t h a n 10 r e s o n a n t s i g n a l s between 0.7 - 1.7 ppm), a l t h o u g h t h e complexity of t h e molecule makes d e t a i l e d assignments d i f f i c u l t (44).
43).
I3C-NMR 13C-NMR s p e c t r a of Amphotericin B and i t s N-acetyl and methyl ester d e r i v a t i v e s c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e t h e pres e n c e of a hemi-ketal r i n g i n DMSO-d6 s o l u t i o n (22) c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e s o l i d - s t a t e conformation of Reference 1 3 . In There is no evidence o f an e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h a keto-form. u n - d e r i v a t i z e d Amphotericin B, t h e hemi-ketal and hemia c e t a l (mycosamine C-1) carbons appear a t 9 7 . 1 and 95.9 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y ; they are r e s p e c t i v e l y a s i n g l e t and a d o u b l e t
i n of f-resonance measurements. The l a c t o n e and COO- c a r b o n y l
4.2
AMPHOTERICIN B
i\
OH D M S
60 MHz
0
u 1
CH
7.50
6.75
5.00
3.75
2.50
1.25
Figure 11.
60 M z and 200 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of Amphotericin B in H
d6-DMSO.
The complex substructure can be resolved in the latter.
26
carbons appear a t 170.6, 177.6 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . A t y p i c a l spectrum of t h e U.S. s t a n d a r d (45) a p p e a r s i n F i g u r e 1 2 .
Mass Spectrometry E a r l y mass s p e c t r o m e t r i c a t t e m p t s a t s t r u c t u r a l e l u c i d a t i o n were n o t completely s u c c e s s f u l (23). More r e c e n t s t u d i e s (14; photo p l a t e d e t e c t o r ) of t h e per-TMS and perdg-TMS d e r i v a t i v e s are c o n s i s t e n t w i t h s t r u c t u r e 1.5 (TMS = t r i m e t h y l - s a l i n e ) . The f r a g m e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n of Amphotericin B i s f a r more complex t h a n t h a t of n y s t a t i n , d e s p i t e t h e i r c l o s e chemical resemblance. A d d i t i o n a l mass s p e c t r a (46; e l e c t r i c a l d e t e c t o r c a l i b r a t e d t o m / e 1800) of t h e TMS-ether d e r i v a t i v e are p r e s e n t e d i n Table 5. D e s p i t e g e n e r a l agreement s e v e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i o n s d i f f e r by 1-2 amu, o r are n o t observed (Table 6 ) . The M-150 fragment (m/e 1637) r e p r e s e n t s t h e l o s s of C02 CH3, and TMS:OH from t h e m o l e c u l a r i o n ; fragments f , g , h , i r e p r e s e n t t h e l o s s of a d d i t i o n a l TMS:OH. Fragment 1 (m/e 1346) r e p r e s e n t s M-150 minus a doubly s u b s t i t u t e d mycosamine fragment (m/e 201). F u r t h e r l o s s e s of TMS:OH from fragment 1 y i e l d fragments m, n , 0 , q , r. The g l y c o s i d e l i n k a g e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y v u l n e r a b l e t o f r a g m e n t a t i o n (46). The t r i p l y TMS-substituted mycosamine-ester fragment g i v e s rise t o an intense m / e 362 (80.5%) peak; c h a r g e r e t e n t i o n on t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e o f t h e l i n k a g e w a s less common (m/e 378, 4.05%). No s u g a r fragments were found w i t h a l l f o u r l a b i l e hydrogens r e p l a c e d (m/e 434, 450).
4.3 C R M T G AH HO AO R P Y 5.1 Paper The o r i g i n a l method ( 1 ) u t i l i z e d Whatman No. 1 p a p e r p r e t r e a t e d w i t h 0.3M K3PO4 b u f f e r (pH 3 . 0 ) . Spot developed 6-7 h o u r s w i t h 80% p r o p a n o l . The m o b i l i t y w a s Rf(B) = 0 . 5 f o r Amphotericin B and Rf(A) = 0.7 f o r Amphot e r i c i n A. However, t h e low p damaged t h e a n t i b i o t i c s , H p r e v e n t i n g l o n g e r development. High-pressure l i q u i d t e c h n i q u e s ( S e c t i o n 5 . 3 ) are p r e f e r a b l e f o r a u t o m a t i o n , l quan t i t a t i o n , and co 1 e c t i o n . Alternate methods (51) u t i l i z e Whatman No. 1 paper p r e t r e a t e d with McIlvaine's b u f f e r , equibrated over s o l v e n t f o r 1 h o u r , and developed f o r 5 hours. The r e s u l t s are : Solvents Sec-butanol: H20: C a C 1 2 (20 m l : 80 m l : 200 mg) Rf(A) 0.82 Rf(B) 0.64
5.
pH
3.2
T(OC)
37
"C-NMR
Amphotencin B (DMSO)
ppm
200
100
Figure 1 2 .
13C-NMR spectrum of Amphotericin B in DMSO-d6 solution (saturated).
28
TABLE 5 High Mass Portion of the Spectrum of Amphotericin B-TMSI I/BASE

0.74% 0.14% 0.51% 1.44% 1.40% 1.75% 0.96% 0.76% 3.72% 0.89% 3.16% 0.09% 1.04% 1.56% 2.70% 3.14% 0.63% 3.11% 1.15% 0.61% 1.08% 0.31% 0.50% 1.88% 0.16% 1.04% 2.88% 0.09% 1.61% 0.80% 0.36% 2.28% 1.27% 1.28% 0.98% 0.95% 2.29% 1.61% 1.90% 1.26% 0.74% 1.05% 0.61% MAS s 706.5 707.3 708.4 711.3 715.6 716.4 720.5 722.3 723.5 724.2 726.1 729.8 731.5 734.5 735.4 737.6 738.5 741.4 745.3 746.3 747.7 749 * 3 751.8 754.5 756.7 760.3 761.3 762.7 763.8 765.2 766.4 768.7 769.3 770.8 771.3 773.0 777.5 778.4 781.6 782.5 785.5 788.8 790.2
I/BASE
0.11% 0.71% 1.30% 1.33% 0.24% 0.87% 0.41% 3.63% 2.83% 2.64% 0.29% 1.05% 0.58% 0.87% 3.23% 2.71% 0.21% 1.05% 2.08% 3.24% 2.52% 2.05% 1.96% 1.23% 0.18% 0.53% 0.40% 0.71% 1.36% 1.76% 0.71% 0.92% 0.56% 2.53% 0.56% 1.50% 0.28% 0.76% 0.16% 0.51% 1.96% 2.79% 1.52%
MASS 791.5 793.5 794.3 796.3 798.7 804.3 805.5 806.6 807.3 810.5 811.3 813.7 815.5 817.1 818.2 819.6 820.3 823.3 826.5 835.2 836.1 837.2 838.4 839.3 840.4 841.1 844.0 846.8 848.5 851.0 852.0 853.2 857.0 861.5 865.4 866.3 867.5 868.3 868.9 869.6 877.0 881.3 882.4
AMPHOTERICIN B
29
0.44% 1.84% 1.23% 0.66% 0.31% 0.31% 1.29% 1.31% 1.06% 2.95% 0.09% 0.57% 0.74% 0.74% 0.61% 0.74% 1.12% 1.30% 1.40% 3.25% 0.40% 1.03% 2.34% 0.50% 0.62% 1.65% 1.98% 0.18% 1.25% 0.20% 0.33% 0.96% 0.17% 1.57% 0.08% 0.64% 2.12% 0.16% 0.09% 0.83% 1.63% 1.61% 1.55% 0.48% 0.69% 1.04% 2.21% 1.67% 1.32%
884.5 888.8 890.8 891.3 892.2 893.1 894.5 897.9 899.3 907.4 908.4 910.4 912.7 916.3 918.6 921.1 922.6 924.3 933.1 936.4 943.0 943.8 952.5 954.0 957.8 960.8 965.8 967.5 969.4 974.1 976.1 978.1 980.2 982.9 985.6 987.7 993.4 1000.8 1003.2 1004.8 1006.3 1016.3 1019.1 1024.0 1041.2 1044.8 1046.6 1050.3 1056.9
1.32% 1.56% 0.13% 0.31% 0.50% 0.77% 1.24% 1.21% 0.50% 0.06% 0.42% 0.79% 0.99% 0.95% 0.40% 0.12% 0.26% 0.78% 2.04% 1.07% 0.06% 0.56% 1.26% 2.08% 2.11% 0.47% 0.53% 0.37% 0.38% 0.44% 0.51% 1.51% 1.33% 0.81% 0.93% 0.45% 0.67% 0.45% 0.75% 0.21% 0.28% 0.26% 0.90% 0.52% 0.37% 0.64% 0.67% 1.84% 1.77%
1056.9 1058.1 1059.9 1061.2 1064.6 1072.0 1076.5 1094.3 lliO.l 1122.1 1123.1 1134.0 1148.5 1151.3 1153.1 1155.6 1171.3 1178.2 1204.3 1207.7 1209.3 1216.7 1223.0 1226.5 1228.6 1229.7 1232.8 1241.8 1247.6 1249.8 1250.6 1255.8 1257.3 1260.4 1268.0 1278.0 1280.5 1293.2 1300.5 1312.9 1319.1 1323.8 1332.0 1334.8 1340.8 1345.6 1351.5 1363.5 1366.4
30
I R V l N M. ASHER e r a / .
0.13% 0.94% 0.35% 1.00% 0.37% 1.01% 0.72% 0.84% 1.41% 0.73% 0.05% 0.13% 0.48% 0.98% 1.25% 0.36% 0.13% 0.35% 0.29% 0.41% 2.06% 1.57% 1.82% 0.93% 0.21% 0.43% 0.072
1360.5 1374.0 1393.9 1406.5 1412.8 1417.5 1423.6 1431.1 1433.1 1441.8 1445.0 1449.5 1451.3 1455.5 1491.1 1499.1 1500.8 1516.8 1532.4 1539.3 1549.3 1572.8 1594.5 1607.9 1641.2 1650.5 1652.5
TABLE 6 Comparison of C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Ions o f Ampho t e r i c i n B-INSi

Reference 14 R e f e r e n c e 46
m/e
mfe
Mt M-TMSi M- 150 ( e )
(f)
X R.
Intensity
1787 1714
1b37
1624 1567 1534 1457 1444 1367 1346 1277 125h 1166 1076 988
986
(8)
fh )
(1)
(1)
(m)
(n)
(0)
1549.3* 1532.4* 1455.5* 1 4 4 5 .O* 1366.4 1345.6 1278.0* 1255.8 1076.5 987.7 985.6 897.9* 806.6
Not Observed N o t Observed 2.0 0.3 0.9 0.05 1.8

0.6
(j)
(4) (P) (r) (k)
89 h
0.5 1.5 Not Observed 1.2 0.6 0. I 1.3

3.6 Not Observed
aot
71b
Measurements d i f f e r by
1 mu.
AMPHOTERICIN 6
31
Same ( p a p e r n o t equilibrated) A c e t o n e : H 2 0 (8:Z)
0.86
0.77
0.41 0.59
3.2 4.6
37 25
The l o c a t i o n o f t h e a n t i b i o t i c s was d e t e r m i n e d by b i o a u t o graphy u s i n g Candida t r o p i c a l i s (SC 1 6 4 7 ) , u s i n g t h e method f o r n y s t a t i n (52). T h i n Layer (TLC) Most u s a b l e s o l v e n t s y s t e m s f o r t h i n - l a y e r chromatography (TLC) of A m p h o t e r i c i n B c o n t a i n a l c o h o l (Table 6 ) . Solvent system G should s e p a r a t e Amphotericin B (Rf 0.32) from Amphotericin A. S o l v e n t s y s t e m s G,J s h o u l d s e p a r a t e Amphotericin B (Rf = 0 . 3 2 , 0.18 r e s p e c t i v e l y ) from n y s t a t i n (Rf 0 . 6 5 , 0.54 r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . O t h e r r e f e r e n c e s are found i n R e f e r e n c e 3. High-pressure L i q u i d (HPLC) U s i n g a Waters A s s o c i a t e s ( M i l f o r d , M a s s , ) p c18 , column, h i g h - p r e s s u r e l i q u i d chromatography (HPLC) c o u l d s e p a r a t e s o l u t i o n s of A m p h o t e r i c i n B from small amounts of a n accompanying d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t i n a v a r i e t y o f a c i d i c methanol s y s t e m s . The c o n t a m i n a n t r a n g e d from 0.7% i n f r e s h s o l u t i o n s t o ~ 3 i n o l d s o l u t i o n s using t h e s o l v e n t systems % of R e f e r e n c e 53. The u s e f u l s e p a r a t i o n of A m p h o t e r i c i n A and B i s more d i f f i c u l t , b u t c a n b e a c h i e v e d u s i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e (53): 20% CH30H/80% D F t o 100% CH30H o v e r 5 M m i n u t e s , s t r a i g h t o r concave g r a d i e n t , 1 . 5 ml/min f l o w , a b s o r p t i o n m o n i t o r e d a t 280 nm. S e p a r a t i o n r e q u i r e s l e s s t h a n 20 m i n u t e s . Maximum r e s o l u t i o n ( n a r r o w e s t p e a k s ) w a s o b t a i n e d f o r a concave g r a d i e n t ( F i g u r e 1 2 ) . S e p a r a t i o n w a s n o t a c h i e v e d i n CH30H, d e s p i t e e a r l i e r r e p o r t s o f s u c c e s s w i t h less e f f i c i e n t columns ( 5 4 ) . The B/A u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r b a n c e r a t i o is 0.6 n e a r 280 nm. The r e t e n t i o n times found b y o t h e r w o r k e r s (55) u s i n g VYDAC-RP (30-44 pm) columns w i t h H20:CH30H:tetrahydrof u r a n (420:90:45) f o r A m p h o t e r i c i n B (3.4 m i n u t e s ) a n d n y s t a t i n ( 3 . 0 , 3.4 m i n u t e s ) are t o o s i m i l a r t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e between them. The method o f R e f e r e n c e 5 3 i s a l s o u n a b l e t o s e p a r a t e Amphotericin B and n y s t a t i n . 5.4 5.3 5.2
Gas
C o n t r o l l e d p y r o l y s i s f o l l o w e d by g a s chromatography o f t h e r e s u l t i n g f r a g m e n t s ( > 30) g a v e d i s t i n c t " f i n g e r p r i n t s " f o r n y s t a t i n and A m p h o t e r i c i n B ( 5 6 ) .
5.5
Electrophoresis E l e c t r o p h o r e t i c m o b i l i t i e s of A m p h o t e r i c i n B ,
HPLC (,+tC18)
280 nm
AMPHOTERICIN A AMPHOTERICIN
B7 r
AMPHOTERICIN B
11
10.60
N W
TIME (MIN)
Figure 13. High-pressure liquid chromatograms of: (a) Amphotericin B dissolved in acidic methanol (1% v/v acetic acid), (b) Amphotericin A dissolved in neutral methanol, and (c) mixture of solutions (a) and ( ) b . The standard samples contained (a,c) 20 pg of Amphotericin B and (b,c) 11 pg of Amphotericin A at a concentration o f 1. mg/ml. A Waters p c18 column was used with a methanol/dimethylforamide solvent system as described in the text. The absorption o f effluent was monitored at 280 nm.
AMPHOTERICIN B
33
TABLE 7 Solvent Systems for Thin Layer Chromatography System

A
Solvent
!!
Reference 47 50 50
CHC1-j:CH30H:Borate Buffer (7:5:1) 0.60 pH 8.3 N-b utano 1:C2H50H :CH3COOH:H20 (50:1 5 : 15:20) N-butanol:CH$OOH:H20 (3:l: 1)
0.6
C
D E
0.5 0.45
0.4
CH30H:Acetone:CH3COOH (8:l: 1) CHC13 :CH30H:20% NaOH (2 :2 :1) Pyridine: ethylacetate: H20 (25:16: 7) Butan-l-ol:pyridine:H20 (3:2:1) N-butanol (H20 saturated) C2H5 OH: ammonia:dioxan-H20 (8:l:l:l)
CH30H:propan-2-ol:CH3COOH (90: 10:1) Butan-l-ol:ammonia:methanol:H~0
48
50
50
F
G
0.4
0.32 0.2 0.19
0.18
0.07
49
50
H
I
J
49
48
47
(20: 1:2:4)
34
I R V l N M. ASHER e t a / .
TABLE 8 Minimal I n h i b i t o r y C o n c e n t r a t i o n (MIC) of Amphotericin B
Candida a l b i c a n s Cand i da t r o p i c a l i s Candida pseudo t r o p i c a l is Candida p a r a k r u s e i Cryptococcus neoformans Epidermophyton floccosum F u s a r ium b u l b igenum Microsporum canis Microsporum a u d o u i n i Rhodotorula g l u t i n i s Rhodotorula mucilagenosa Saccharomyces c e r e v i s i a e Sporotrichum s c h e n c k i i ( y e a s t phase) T r i c h o p h y t o n megnini T r i c h o p h y t o n mentagrophytes Trichophyton g a l l i n a e T r i c h o p h y t o n rubrum Trichophyton t o n s u r a n s Monosporium apiospermum
MIC was
1.9 25.0 7.3 1.1

0.2 0.2
14.7 7.3
0.9 1.9 1.8 0.07 0.9 2.4 7.3 7.3 4.9

30.0
> 40 P g f m l
for:
A s p e r g i l l u s fumigatus Candida p a r a p s i l o s i s Cephalosporium r e c i f e i Cladosporium c a r r i o n i i Cladosporium w e r n e c k i Fonsecaea p e d r o s o i Fonsecaea compactum Geotrichum s p . Note:
Microsporum gypseum Nocardia a s t e r o i d e s N o c a r d i a a s t e r o i d e s mexicana Nocardia b r a s i l i e n s i s N o c a r d i a madurae Philaophora verrucosa Sporotrichum s c h e n c k i i (mycelial phase)
From R e f e r e n c e 1; M I C ()lg/ml) measured on s e c o n d day a f t e r i n n o c u l a t i o n of a g a r medium.
AMPHOTERICIN B
35
Amphotericin A , and several o t h e r a n t i b i o t i c s i n v a r i o u s e l e c t r o l y t e systems have been r e p o r t e d (57).

ISOLATION I n t h e o r i g i n a l method of Vandeputte, e t a l . , ( l ) , Streptomyces nodosus ( 4575) whole b r o t h i s mixed w i t h M i s o p r o p a n o l ( 1 : l ) and a d j u s t e d t o p 10.5. The f i l t r a t e i s H n e u t r a l i z e d , t h e a l c o h o l e v a p o r a t e d , and t h e r e s u l t i n g powder (40-70% pure) washed w i t h water and a c e t o n e , and vacuum d r i e d . S l u r r y i n g w i t h a 2 % C a C 1 2 methanol s o l u t i o n s e p a r a t e s Amphotericin A ( f i l t r a t e ) and Amphotericin B ( p r e c i p i t a t e ) . The B f r a c t i o n i s t h e s l u r r i e d w i t h a c i d i c DMF, followed by d i l u t i o n of t h e f i l t r a t e i n methanol and p r e c i p i t a t i o n w i t h w a t e r w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g pH 5. The p r e c i p i t a t e (75-80% p u r e ) i s a g a i n d i s s o l v e d i n a c i d i c DMF, d i l u t e d w i t h p u r e methanol, and p r e c i p i t a t e d w i t h water. Amphotericin A (65-70%) r e s u l t s from adding water t o t h e A f i l t r a t e , and d r y i n g t h e p r e c i p i t a t e . (Methanolic C a C 1 2 s o l u b i l i z a t i o n and water p r e c i p i t a t i o n can be r e p e a t e d t o remove t h e remaining Amphotericin B . )
STABILITY Dry Amphotericin B powder a p p e a r s s t a b l e f o r l o n g p e r i o d s of t i m e a t room temperature (1,ll). Isopropanol:H20(1:1) s o l u t i o n s a r e s t a b l e f o r days a t pH 6-8, less s t a b l e a t pH 4 , 10 and decompose r a p i d l y a t p 1 2 (1). The s t a b i l i t y a t H 70C (pH 7) i s h a l f t h a t a t 3OoC ( 1 ) . S o l u t i o n s i n phosphatec i t r a t e b u f f e r ( 5 < p H < 7 ) are a p p a r e n t l y s t a b l e ( 5 8 ) . I n d e x t r o s e i n f u s i o n s a t room t e m p e r a t u r e , Amphotericin B a g g r e g a t e s i n t h e presence of N a C l (25% r e d u c t i o n of a c t i v i t y within 4 hours). The a c t i v i t y of aqueous, c l i n i c a l l y prepared d e x t r o s e s o l u t i o n s ( p H > 4 ) d i d n o t d e c r e a s e a p p r e c i a b l y d u r i n g an 8hour exposure t o 100-foot c a n d l e s of ambient f l u o r e s c e n t l i g h t (59). A f t e r 3 days exposure t o l i g h t i n o t h e r e x p e r i ments, b i o l o g i c a l ( b u t n o t c o l o r i m e t r i c ) a s s a y s showed a 26% l o s s i n a c t i v i t y ( 60) . Heating d r y samples f o r 16 hours a t 105C r e s u l t s i n only ~ 1 7 l% s s of potency. o I n c o n t r a s t , 1 5 minutes a t 158OC (above t h e chemical t r a n s i t i o n of S e c t i o n 2 . 1 1 ) i s s u f f i c i e n t t 3 cause an ~ 2 1 l o s s of potency ( 2 1 ) . % Vibrator g r i n d i n g o f t h e sample a t room temperature causes an 2, 30% l o s s of potency (average a c t i v i t y 688 mcg/min, r a t h e r t h a n 986 mcg/min; Reference 61) as measured by t h e Saccharomyces Cervisiae a s s a y o f Reference 30. ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES AND ASSAYS Minimal i n h i b i t o r y c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (MIC) of Amphotericin B are given i n Table 8 f o r s e v e r a l organisms (1). Stock
6.
7.
8.
36
IRVlN M. ASHER etal.
s o l u t i o n s were made i n DMSO (4 mg/ml) and d i l u t e d i n d i s t i l l e d water; t h e f u n g i were p l a t e d on a g a r ( b r o t h d i l u t i o n a s s a y s g i v e somewhat d i f f e r e n t r e s u l t s ) . The d a t a of Table 8 are f o r t h e second day of o b s e r v a t i o n . Assay procedures u t i l i z i n g Saccharomyces c e r e v i s i a e , Candida a l b i c a n s , o r Candida t r o p i c a l i s are d e s c r i b e d i n References ( 1 , 3 , 1 6 ) . The Code of F e d e r a l R e g u l a t i o n s (30) prescribes a microbiological agar d i f f u s i o n assay s u i t a b l e f o r p h a r m a c e u t i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n s u s i n g Saccharomyces c e r e v i s i a e (ATCC 9763). A d d i t i o n a l b i o l o g i c a l a s s a y s can b e found i n Reference 3 and are summarized i n T a b l e 9 . The b i n d i n g of Amphotericin B t o 5. c e r e v i s i a e h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d u s i n g f l u o r e s c e n c e ( 6 2 ) . Weak, r e v e r s i b l e b i n d i n g o c c u r s even a t OC and i n t h e p r e s e n c e of m e t a b o l i c i n h i b i t o r s ; i t a p p e a r s t o a f f e c t o n l y t h e o u t s i d e of t h e membrane. I n c o n t r a s t , antimicrobial a c t i o n involves the l o s s of e s s e n t i a l c e l l u l a r c o n s t i t u e n t s as a r e s u l t of s t r o n g , i r r e v e r s i b l e b i n d i n g t o t h e membrane. This s t r o n g b i n d i n g , which can b e blocked by c o o l i n g t o OC o r by m e t a b o l i c i n h i b i t o r s , a p p a r e n t l y d i s r u p t s t h e deeper hydrophobic p o r t i o n s of t h e membrane. Enhanced f l u o r e s c e n c e a s s a y s are r e p o r t e d t o b e l i n e a r i n t h e r a n g e 0 . 1 - l 0 . p (62). Serum and u r i n e can b e assayed by a g a r d i f f u s i o n f o r Amphotericin B a c t i v i t y w i t h a s e n s i t i v i t y of about 0 . 0 1 mcg/ml (63). An e q u a l l y s e n s i t i v e t u r b i d i m e t r i c microbiol o g i c a l a s s a y (64) h a s been developed f o r u s e w i t h small samples ( e . g . , 2 5 ~ of 1serum o r s p i n a l f l u i d ) . These ~ methods are summarized i n Table 9. Feces l e v e l s can be determined by s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y of s i m p l e D S e x t r a c t s , MO making u s e o f a c o r r e c t i o n f o r t h e h i g h b a s e l i n e a b s o r p t i o n (64). AMPHOTERICIN A Amphotericin A (C46C73N019, Reference 13) i s i s o l a t e d from Streptomyces Nodosus, along w i t h Amphotericin B which i t c l o s e l y resembles ( 1 ) . I t i s , however, a t e t r a e n e ( l i k e n y s t a t i n ) and is t h u s r e a d i l y d i s t i n g u i s h e d from Amphotericin B by i t s u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n spectrum: 2 2 8 , 280, 291, 304, 318 n ( 1 , 1 8 ) . m I t s s p e c i f i c r o t a t i o n [ 0~ (-9.9" i n 0.1N methanolic HC1; +32" i n " a c i d i c " DMF) is a l s o d i s t i n c t i v e ( 1 , 3 ; b u t see S e c t i o n 3.4). In contrast, i n f r a r e d s p e c t r a ( 1 , 1 8 , 3 4 ) are h i g h l y s i m i l a r , b u t n o t i d e n t i c a l t o Amphotericin B. Amphotericin A i s f a r more s o l u b l e i n CH30H, DMF, waters a t u r a t e d propanol o r b u t a n o l , and CH3COOH t h a n Amphotericin B ( 1 ) . Unlike Amphotericin B , i t forms a water s o l u b l e sodium s a l t i n methanolic -NaOH and a methanol s o l u b l e C a C 1 2 complex; t h e l a t t e r p r o p e r t y w a s used i n i t s o r i g i n a l
9.
AMPHOTERICIN B
37
TABLE 9 M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l Assay Methods f o r Amphotericin B
Type of Sample Formulated and unformulated products
Method Diffusion
T e s t Culture
S a cch a romy ces cerevisiae N.C.Y.C. 87
Reference 65
Diffusion
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803 Paecilomyces v a r i o t i MSSC 5605 N I A I D Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803 Sac c h a r omy c es cerevisiae ATCC 9763
66
Turbidimetric
64
Body F l u i d s
D if f us ion
63
Turbidimetric (Micro s c a l e )
64
Animal Feeds
Diffusion
67
38
i s o l a t i o n (1). Amphotericin A can (presumably) b e s e p a r a t e d from Amphotericin B and n y s t a t i n by t h e t h i n - l a y e r chromatog r a p h i c methods of References 49 and 68 r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t can be r e l i a b l y s e p a r a t e d from Amphotericin B by h i g h - p r e s s u r e l i q u i d chromatography ( S e c t i o n 5 . 3 ) . Amphotericin A i s s e v e r a l times l e s s a c t i v e than Amphot e r i c i n B (59) and i s u s u a l l y encountered a s a contaminant of t h e l a t t e r . Amphotericin A i s c o n s i d e r a b l y more s e n s i t i v e t o c a t a l y t i c h y d r o l y s i s , and is t h u s less s t a b l e i n aqueous i s o p r o p a n o l (1).
AMPHOTERICIN B
39
REFERENCES
1. J . V a n d e p u t t e , J. L. W a c h t e l , and E. T. S t i l l e r , A n t i b i o t i c s Annual , 1955-1956, 579 (1956).
2.
P h y s i c i a n s Desk R e f e r e n c e , Med. Econ. I n c . , ( O r a d e l l , N J , 1970).

A. H. Thomas, The A n a l y s t ,
L i t t o n Pub.
3.
1 1 321, 0,
1976.
4. S . C . Kinsky i n A n t i b i o t i c s , Vol. I , D . G o t t l e i b and P. D . Shaw e d . , ( S p r i n g e r V e r l a g ; B e r l i n , 1 9 6 7 ) , pp. 122-141.

5. A. Cass, A. F i n k e l s t e i n and V . K r e s p i , J. Gen. P h y s i o l . , 56:lOO (1970); R. Holz and A. F i n k e l s t e i n , J . Gen. P h y s i o l . , 56: 125 (1970).
6. B. D e K r u i j f f , W . J . G e r r i t s e n , A . Oerlemans, R. A. D e m l , and L. L. Mivan Deenen, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, =:30 (1974); - 44; 44; B. D e K r u i j f f and R. A. D e m l , Biochem. ibid, Biophys. Acta, 339:57 (1974).
7. C . P . S c h a f f n e r and H. W. Gordon, P r o c . N a t . Acad. S c i . (USA) , 61, 36, 1968.
8. H. W. Gordon and C . P. S c h a f f n e r , P r o c . Nat. Acad. S c i . (USA), 60, 1201, 1968.

9.
J . M. T . H a m i l t o n - M i l l e r , Bact. Review,
37, 1 6 6 ,
1973.
10. F. R. K e i m , J . W. P o u t s i a k a , J . K i r p a n and C . H. K e y s s e r , S c i e n c e , 179, 584, 1973.

11. The Merck I n d e x , Merck & Co.,
(Rahway, N J , 1 9 6 8 ) .
12. J . W. Lightbown, P. d e R o s s i and P. I s a a c s o n , B u l l . World H e a l t h Org., 47,343, 1972. 13. W. M e c h l i n s k i , C. P. S h a f f n e r , P. G a n i s , and G. A v i t a b i l e , T e t r a h e d r o n L e t t . , H : 3 8 7 3 (1970); P. G a n i s , G. A v i t a b i l e , W. M e c h l i n s k i , and C . P . S c h a f f n e r , J . Am. Chem. SOC., 2: 4560 (1971).
1 4 . K. D. Haegele and D . M. D e s i d e r i o , Biomed. Mass S p e c . ,
1:20 (1974).
1 5 . The U. S. Pharmacopeia, 1 9 t h Ed. ( R o c k v i l l e , MD, 1 9 7 5 ) .
, USP
Convention, I n c .
40
16. Encyclopedia of I n d u s t r i a l Chemical A n a l y s i s , Volume 5 , F. D. S n e l l and C. L . H i l t o n , Ed., I n t e r s c i e n c e Pub. (New York, 1966).
1 7 . C. G r a i c h e n , BF, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a (1976).

18. I n d e x of A n t i b i o t i c s from Actinomycetes, H. Umezawa, e d . , Un. Park Press ( S t a t e C o l l e g e , PA, 1967). 1 9 . E. R . Squibb & Sons, I n c . , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a (1972).
20. A. Wong and B. Baer, N I H , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a .

2 1 . S. Delgado and L. Wayland, BD, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a .
2 2 . R. C. Pandey and K. L. R i n e h a r t , J r . , Un. I l l i n o i s , manuscript submitted.

23. A. C . Cope, J . Am. Chem. SOC., 3 : 4 2 2 8 (1966)
2 4 . G. Schwartzman, I . M. Asher, V. F o l e n , W. J . T a y l o r , FDA, m a n u s c r i p t s u b m i t t e d .
Brannon, and
25. M. M a i e n t h a l , BD, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a (1976). 26. W. Barron, BD, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a (1976). 27. M. L . Andrew and P . J . Weiss, A n t i b i o t i c s and Chemot h e r a p y , 9:277 (1959).
2 8 . E. D . E t i n g o v , G. V . Kholodova, V. 0. Kul'bakh, and A. I. K a r n a t u s h k i n a , A n t i b i o t i k i , 17,301 (1972).

29. J . Lematre, H. R i n n e r t , and G. Dupont, i n p r e s s .
30. "Code of F e d e r a l R e g u l a t i o n s , ' ' T i t l e 2 1 , Food and Drugs, Parts: 436.10, 436.105, 449.4, 449.104, 449.204, 449.504, U.S. Government P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , Washington, D . C. (1976).
31. R. B i t t m a n , W. C. Chen, and 0 . R. Anderson, B i o c h e m i s t r y , 13: 1364 (1974).
3 2 . J . Lematre and H. Moulki, C. R. Acad. S c i . P a r i s , Ser. C , 280:481 (1975); J . tematre, p r i v a t e communication. 33. N . Ockman, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 373:48 (1974).
34. L. Wayland and P. J . Weiss, i n I R and UV S p e c t r a of Some
AMPHOTERICIN B
41
Compounds of P h a r m a c e u t i c a l I n t e r e s t , A.O.A.C. D. C . , 1972).
(Washington,
35. A. L. Hayden and 0. R . Sammul, J. Am. Pharm. A s s o c . , 49: 497, 1960. 36. I . M. Asher, FDA, I. L e v i n , N I H , m a n u s c r i p t i n preparation. 37. M. Bunow, I . A s h e r , and I. L e v i n , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ( 1 9 7 6 ) . 38. L . R i m a i , M. E . Heyde and D . G i l l , J . Am. Chem. S O C . ,
95:4493 (1973).
39. S . Delgado, BD, FDA, m a n u s c r i p t i n p r e p a r a t i o n . 40. K. W. Henry, EDRO, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ( 1 9 7 6 ) .
41. C . N . Chong and R. W. R i c h a r d s , T e t r a h e d . L e t t . , 5053,

19 72. 42. F. S c h r o e d e r , J . F. Holland and L . L. B i e b e r , Biochemi s t r y , 11,3105 (1972). 43. E. S h e i n i n , BD, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ( 1 9 7 6 ) . 44. R. B r a d l e y , N I H , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a (1976). 45. G . Mazzola, BD, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a ( 1 9 7 6 ) . 46. R. B a r r o n , BD, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a (1976). 47. M. K a l a s z , V. S z e l l , J . Gyimesi, K. Magyar, I. H o r v a t h , and I. Szabo, Acta M i c r o b i o l . Acad. S c i . Hung., 19, 111, 1972. 48. L . Dryon, J. Pharm. B e l g . ,
2, 433,
1966.
49. S . Ochab, D i s s n e s Pharm. Pharmac.,
22,
351, 1970.
50. J . B l a k e l y , BD, FDA, u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a (1976). 51. J . Semar, The Squibb I n s t i t u t e f o r M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h , u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a (1964). 52. E. Meyers and D . S m i t h , 3. Chromatog.,
14,129
(1964).
53. B. Smith, BD, FDA, m a n u s c r i p t i n p r e p a r a t i o n .
42
54. Waters Associates, private communication. 55. W. Mechlinski and C. P. Schaffner, J . Chromat., 9 9 , 619 (1974). 56. H. J. Burrows and D. H. Calm, J. Chromat., 53, 566 (1970). 57. S. Ochab, Diss. Pharm. Pharmacol. , 24, 205 (1972): C. A. 77:44438t. 58. J . M. T. Hamilton-Miller, J . Pharm. Pharmac., 1973.
25, 401,
59. S. Shadomy, D. L. Brumer and A. V. Ingroff, Am. Rev. of Respir. Dis. , 107, 303 (1973). 60. J . F. Gallelli, Drug Intell.,
1,1 0 2 ,
1967.
61. S.L. Caldwell and E. Tarcza, BD, FDA, unpublished data. 62. J. Kotler-Brajtburg, G. Medoff, D. Schlessinger, and G. S. Kobayashi, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, - 770 (1974). 6: 63. S . Shadomy, J . A. McCoy, and Microbiol., 17,497, 1969.
S.
I. Schwartz, Applied
64. T. B. Platt, J. D. Levin, J. Gentile, and M. A. Leitz in Kavanagh, F. editor, "Analytical Microbiology," Vol. 11, Academic Press, New York and London, 1972. 65. "British Pharmacopoeia 1973," HM Stationary Office, London, 1973 p A102. 66. "Code of Federal Regulations," Title 21, Food and Drugs, Part 141.101, U . S . Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. (1976). 67. T. B. Platt and A. G. Itkin, J. Assoc. Off. Analyt. Chem.,
-, 536, 1974. 57
68. T . Ikekawa, F . Iwami, E. Akita, and H. Umezama, JAntibiot., , & I 5 6 , 1963. 69. W. Gold, H. A. Stout, J. F. Pagano, and R. Donovick, Antibiotics Annual, 1955-1956, 579 (1956).
BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE
Michael G. Ferrante and Bruce C.Rudy
44
MICHAEL G. FERRANTE AND BRUCE C. RUDY
INDEX
Analytical P r o f i l e
Betamethasone D i p r o p r i o n a t e
1.
Description 1.1 Name, Formula, M o l e c u l a r Weight 1 . 2 Appearance Physical P r o p e r t i e s 2.1 I n f r a r e d Spectrum 2 . 2 N u c l e a r Magnetic Resonance Spectrum 2 . 3 Mass Spectrum 2.4 U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrum 2.5 O p t i c a l R o t a t i o n 2.6 M e l t i n g Range 2.7 D i f f e r e n t i a l Scanning C a l o r i m e t r y 2.8 T h e r m o g r a v i m e t r i c A n a l y s i s 2.9 S o l u b i l i t y 2.10 Xray D i f f r a c t i o n Synthesis
2.
3.
4.
Stability
5.
Method of A n a l y s i s 5.1 Elemental A n a l y s i s 5.2 T h i n Layer Chromatographic A n a l y s i s 5 . 3 L i q u i d Chromatographic A n a l y s i s 5.4 Direct S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c A n a l y s i s 5.5 C o l o r i m e t r i c A n a l y s i s References
6.
45
1.
Description 1.1
Name, F o r m u l a , M o l e c u l a r Weight The c h e m i c a l name f o r b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e i s 9a-fluoro-11B-hydroxy-l6~-methyl-l7~2l-dipropionyloxy-pregna1,4-diene-3,20-dione.
2 8H37Fo 7
Molecular Weight
504.6
1.2
Appearance B e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e i s a w h i t e t o cream c o l o r e d powder.
2.
Physical Properties I n f r a r e d Spectrum (IR) The i n f r a r e d s p e c t r u m o f b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 1 . The s p e c t r u m was o b t a i n e d a s a m i n e r a l o i l m u l l on a P e r k i n - E l m e r Model 1 8 0 g r a t i n g i n f r a r e d s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r . The a s s i g n m e n t s f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c bands i n t h e i n f r a r e d spectrum are l i s t e d i n Table I. 1 2.1
Figure 1
INFRARED SPECTRUM OF BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE

2.5
3
I
4
I
5
I
WAVELENGTH, MICRONS 6 7 8
1
9
I
1 0
I
12 14
I 1
1 22 8
I I
35 50
10 01
I I 1 1 1 1
4Ooo
I
3500
3000
2500
I 2000
1
1700
I
1400
I
1100
I
800
I
500
200
FREOUENCY (CM-1
47
Table I
I R Assignments f o r Betamethasone D i p r o p i o n a t e
Frequency (cm-l)
Intensity
m
W
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c of
0-H s t r e t c h C-H s t r e t c h , A 1 y 4 C=O s t r e t c h , 17,21-diprop i o n a t e , 20-ketone C=o s t r e t c h , 3-ketone C=C s t r e t c h , A1,4-diene C-0 s t r e t c h , p r o p i o n a t e ester C-0 s t r e t c h , 11-hydroxyl
3300 3025, 3000 1755, 1728

1660 1620, 1608 1189 1068
s,d
s
s,d
S
* s = s t r o n g , m=medium, w=weak, d = d o u b l e t N u c l e a r Magnetic Resonance Spectrum (NMR) The 100 M z F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m p r o t o n NMR s p e c t r a of H betamethasone d i p r o p i o n a t e , F i g u r e 2 , was o b t a i n e d on a V a r i a n XL-100-15 s p e c t r o m e t e r a t ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n CDC13 s o l v e n t w i t h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 20 mg/ml. Chemical s h i f t s a r e r e p o r t e d i n ppm ( 6 ) d o w n f i e l d from i n t e r n a l t e t r a m e t h y l s i l a n e (TMS) i n T a b l e I I . 2 T a b l e I1
NMR Assignments f o r Betamethasone D i p r o p i o n a t e
2.2
21CH20CCH2CH3
0 //
Figwe 2 NMR SPECTRUM OF BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE

,..... . ,
.,
, ....
...
'.'.
:".
"
'
'
'
'
'
'
:' .'. , , ' ~
I.
. ,
.;.
cn
49
Proton
C 13-CH 3 C16-CH3 C10-CH3 1 la-H 21-H 21'-H 118-0-H C4-H C2-H
Chemical S h i f t (6) 0.92 1.27 1.52 4.30 4.45 4.80 5.52 6.04 6.26
Mu1t i p l i c i t y Singlet Doublet Sing l e t Mu1t i p l e t Doublet Doublet Doublet Broad s i n g l e t D o u b l e t of doublets J1, =10 Hz; J 2 , -1.5 Hz Doublet Triplet Quartet
C1-H 7.30 C17 and C21 P r o p i o n a t e 1.05 and 1 . 0 9 methyls C17 and C21 P r o p i o n a t e 2.42 methylenes
*Chemical s h i f t and c o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t v a r y w i t h concent r a t i o n and t e m p e r a t u r e , b u t d i s a p p e a r s when D20 i s added.
Mass Spectrum The mass s p e c t r u m of b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e w a s o b t a i n e d a t 7 0 e i on a V a r i a n MAT CH5 medium r e s o l u t i o n s i n g l e focusing (magnetic s e c t o r ) i n s t r u m e n t , i n t e r f a c e d w i t h a V a r i a n SS-1OOC d a t a s y s t e m , a t a p r o b e t e m p e r a t u r e of 170C and a s o u r c e t e m p e r a t u r e o f 25OoC. The d a t a system u t i l i z e d t h e o u t p u t of t h e s p e c t r o m e t e r t o d e t e r mine t h e masses, t h e n compared t h e i r i n t e n s i t i e s t o t h e b a s e peak (100% i n t e n s i t y ) and produced t h e b a r g r a p h i n Figure 3 . 3 A l i s t i n g of t h e p r o m i n e n t f r a g m e n t s and t h e i r r e s u l t i n g masses a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 111.
2.3
50
51
Table 111 Mass Spectrum Assignments for Betamethasone Dipropionate Mass 505 484 417 410 343 336 333 315 295 277 267
Ion
M+ 1 M-20 M-87 M-94 M-161 M-168 M-171 M-189 M-209 M-227 M-237
Fragments Lost
HF
CH~O~CH~CH~
HF+CH3CH2COOH CH20CCH CH +CH3CH2COOH 2 3 HF+2CH3CH2COOH
C O C H ~ OC~H:~ C H ~ + C 2
0 COCH~O~CH~CH~+CH~CH~COOH COCH20CCH2CH3+CH CH COOH+HF 3 2 C O C H ~ O ~ C H ~ C H ~CHC C O O H + H ~ O + H 3 2
fl
COCH20CCH2CH3+CH3CH2COOH+C0
91
223
147
52
T a b l e 111
(Continued)
Mass Spectrum Assignments f o r Betamethasone D i p r o p i o n a t e Mass Ion Loss -
U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrum (UV) When t h e u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m o f b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e was scanned from 350 t o 210 nm, a s i n g l e maxima was o b s e r v e d a t 238 nm @ = 1 . 5 7 ~ 1 0 4 ) . The s p e c t r u m i n F i g u r e 4 was o b t a i n e d from a s o l u t i o n of 3.056 mg of b e t a methasone d i p r o p i o n a t e i n 100.0 m l of m e t h a n o l . 2.5
Optical Rotation Betamethasone d i p r o p i o n a t e e x h i b i t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g specific rotations:4
2.4
26'
2' 7
53
Figum 4 ULTRAVIOLET SPECTRUM OF BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE
NAN0 METERS
54
M e l t i n g Range Betamethasone d i p r o p i o n a t e m e l t s i n a 3' r a n g e between 1700 and 179OC w i t h d e c o m p o s i t i o n , when t h e USP XvIT.1 c l a s s I a p r o c e d u r e i s u s e d . 5 D i f f e r e n t i a l S c a n n i n g C a l o r i m e t r y (DSC) The DSC c u r v e f o r b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e obt a i n e d a t a s c a n r a t e of 10C/min. i s shown i n F i g u r e 5 . The c u r v e was r e c o r d e d w i t h a DuPont 900 D i f f e r e n t i a l Thermal Analyzer u n d e r a n a t m o s p h e r e of n i t r o g e n f l o w i n g a t 200 c c / m i n . A s i n g l e endotherm w a s o b s e r v e d , t h e e x t r a p o l a t e d o n s e t o f m e l t i n g o c c u r r e d a t 175OC.6 T h e r m o g r a v i m e t r i c A n a l y s i s (TGA) The TGA c u r v e f o r s t a n d a r d b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e e x h i b i t e d no w e i g h t l o s s on a s c a n from 27O t o 175OC a t 10C/min.7 2.9 Solubility The s o l u b i l i t y d a a f o r b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e is l i s t e d i n Table IV.
2.6
2.7
2.8
Table I V Betamethasone D i p r o p i o n a t e S o l u b i l i t y Measurements Solubility mglml, 25OC
Solvent Ac e t o n e Benzene Chlorof orm Dimethylformamide D i m e t h y l s u l f ox i d e E t h a n o l (USP) E t h a n o l ( U S P ) 85% Water 15% ( v / v ) Ether E t h y l Acetate Methanol Mineral O i l Petroleum Ether P o l y e t h y l e n e G l y c o l 400 Propylene Glycol Water
>loo
>loo >loo >loo

45 30 5 70 55
<O .05 <0.03
30
26 7 <0.04
BETAMETHASONE D IPROPIONATE
55
Figure 5 DSC OF BETAMETHASONE OIPROPIONATE
56
2.10
Xray D i f f r a c t i o n The x r a y d i f f r a c t i o n s p e c t r u m of b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e is p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e V.9 The d a t a were c o l l e c t e d on a P h i l i p s APD-3500 u t i l i z i n g Cu Ka r a d i a t i o n (1.54188). Table V Xray Data f o r Betamethasone D i p r o p i o n a t e
I/I'
II /'
5.290 4.862 4.622 4.602 4.572 4.520 4.507 4.465 4.421 4.405 3.948 3.893 3.845 3.596 3.370 3.359
3.030
41.72 39.112 38.024 36.392 34.864 33.944 32.880 30.234 28.685 25.022 23.909 9.700 9.291 9.664 8.046 7.047 6.082 5.703
3.
50 52 52 51 52 50 49 46 43 31 26 22 54 40 45 15
100
71
3.020
77 55 12 13 14 12 12 18 24 24 28 40 26 20 37 37 24 24
Synthesis Betamethasone d i p r o p i o n a t e i s p r e p a r e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g s y n t h e s i s . Betamethasone is r e a c t e d w i t h e t h y l o r t h o p r o p i o n a t e and t o l u e n e - p - s u l p h o n i c a c i d t o y i e l d betamethas o n e 17,21-ethylorthopropionate.~O T h i s compound i s t h e n r e a c t e d w i t h a c e t i c a c i d t o y i e l d b e t a m e t h a s o n e 17propionate.llThis intermediate product is then t r e a t e d with p r o p i o n y l c h l o r i d e a t OOC, d i l u t e d w i t h water and a c i d i f i e d with d i l u t e hydrochloric acid. This y i e l d s t h e crude d i e s t e r which when r e c r y s t a l l i z e d y i e l d s t h e f i n a l p u r e form of b e t a methasone d i p r o p i o n a t e . 12
BETAMETHASONE D IPROPIONATE
57
Stability Betamethasone d i p r o p i o n a t e h a s a h i g h s t a b i l i t y i n aqueo u s s u s p e n s i o n s a s compared t o o t h e r c o r t i c o s t e r o i d s . T h i s may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o i t s d i e s t e r s t r u c t u r e and c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y low s o l u b i l i t y i n water. The compound is most s t a b l e a t pH 4 , w i t h any h y d r o l i z a t i o n r e s u l t i n g i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f b e t a m e t h a s o n e a l c o h o l . 13 A t t h e e x t r e m e s of pH, l a r g e amounts of more p o l a r p r o d u c t s were o b s e r v e d which a l t h o u g h n o t i d e n t i f i e d , c a n b e assumed t o b e f u r t h e r breakdown prod u c t s of t h e d i h y d r o x y a c e t o n e s i d e c h a i n . 1 4 Betamethasone d i p r o p i o n a t e i s s t a b l e towards a i r oxidat i o n i n t h e s o l i d s t a t e . H e a t i n g of t h e compound a t 75 C f o r 6 months i n t h e p r e s e n c e of a i r shows no change i n c o l o r o r i n t h e t h i n l a y e r chromatogram. 15 Over l o n g p e r i o d s of e x p o s u r e t o f l o u r e s c e n t l i g h t , t h e r e i s m i n o r d e g r a d a t i o n of t h e d r u g . 1 6 It s h o u l d a l s o b e exp e c t e d t h a t s o l u t i o n s of b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e a r e s u b j e c t t o p h o t o l y t i c d e g r a d a t i o n s i n c e p h o t o l y t i c degradat i o n of t h e A-ring of s t e r o i d a l 1,4-diene-3-ones h a s been r e p o r t e d i n l i t e r a t u r e . 17
4.
5.
Method of A n a l y s i s 5.1
Elemental A n a l y s i s The r e s u l t s o f e l e m e n t a l a n a l y s i s on a sample of s t a n d a r d b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e a r e p r e s e n t e d below. 18 Element

C H F
Theory 66.65
Found 66.54
7.40
3.77
7.18
3.65
T h i n L a y e r Chromatographic A n a l y s i s (TLC) A TLC s y s t e m which i s used i n t h e a n a l y s i s of b e t a methasone d i p r o p i o n a t e i s as f o l l o w s . The sample i s a p p l i e d t o a s i l i c a g e l GF p l a t e and s u b j e c t e d t o a s c e n d i n g chromatog r a p h y u s i n g ch1oroform:acetone (7: 1) a s t h e d e v e l o p i n g s o l vent.
5.2
58
A f t e r t h e s o l v e n t i s allowed t o ascend 1 5 cm, t h e p l a t e i s a i r d r i e d . T h i s p l a t e i s t h e n viewed u n d e r a s h o r t w a v e u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t t o i d e n t i f y and l o c a t e t h e b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e band. The a p p r o x i m a t e Rf v a l u e is 0.5.'9 Liquid Chromatographic A n a l y s i s A h i g h p r e s s u r e l i q u i d chromatography s y s t e m f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n and d e t e c t i o n of b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e was d e v e l o p e d u s i n g t h e p a r a m e t e r s l i s t e d below i n T a b l e V I . 20 Table V I Permaphase ODs* (DuPont) packed i n a I m x 2 m ( i . d . ) m s t a i n l e s s s t e e l column. D e t e c t o r : U l t r a v i o l e t d e t e c t o r a t 254 nm. Mobile P h a s e : A c e t o n i t r i 1 e : w a t e r ( 1 : 3 ) ( d e g a s s e d f o r 5 m i n u t e s u s i n g vacuum) P r e s s u r e : 600 p s i , a d j u s t a b l e Flow Rate: 0.5 ml/min Q u a n t i t y I n j e c t e d : 0.14 mg R e t e n t i o n T i m e s ( m i n u t e s ) : Betamethasone m o n o p r o p i o n a t e s 5 Betamethasone d i p r o p i o n a t e 7 Column: 5.3
*ODs
5.4
Octadecylsilane
Direct S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c A n a l y s i s Direct UV a b s o r b a n c e s may b e c a r r i e d o u t on b e t a methasone d i p r o p i o n a t e . A s o l u t i o n of b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e i s p r e p a r e d c o n t a i n i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0 . 0 2 mg/ml i n methanol. The a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m of t h i s s o l u t i o n i s t h e n r e c o r d e d between 350 and 220 n and compared t o a s i m i m l a r s o l u t i o n of t h e s t a n d a r d . 2 1
Colorimetric Analysis The c o l o r i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s f o r b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e i n v o l v e s u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e Mader-Buck r e a c t i o n . 22 A s o l u t i o n of b e t a m e t h a s o n e d i p r o p i o n a t e i s p r e p a r e d c o n t a i n i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.016 mg/ml i n e t h a n o l (USP). To 2 0 . 0 m l of t h i s s o l u t i o n i s added 2 . 0 m l of b l u e t e t r a z o l i u m s o l u t i o n (125 mg of b l u e t e t r a z o l i u m r e a g e n t i n 25 m l of USP e t h a n o l ) and 2.0 m l of tetramethylammonium h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n ( 1 0 m l of tetramethylammonium h y d r o x i d e , l o % , d i l u t e d t o 100 m l w i t h USP e t h a n o l ) . T h i s s o l u t i o n i s t h e n h e a t e d a t 45OC i n a water b a t h f o r 4 5 m i n u t e s . A f t e r h e a t i n g , 1 . 0 m l of g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d i s added and t h e s o l u t i o n i s a l l o w e d t o c o o l . The a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m of t h i s v i o l e t c o l o r e d s o l u t i o n i s r e a d between 600 and 4 5 0 n (hmax = 5 2 5 m).23 m
5.5
59
6.
References
1. 2.
E c k h a r t , C . and M c G l o t t e n , J . , S c h e r i n g - P l o u g h P e r s o n a l Communication.
Corp.,
B r a m b i l l a , R. a n d M c G l o t t e n , J . , S c h e r i n g - P l o u g h C o r p . , P e r s o n a l Communication. B a r t n e r , P . and M c G l o t t e n , J . , S c h e r i n g - P l o u g h P e r s o n a l Communication. E c k h a r t , C. and McGlotten, J . , Schering-Plough P e r s o n a l Communication. Rosenkrantz, B., Commun i c a t i o n . Schering-Plough Corp., Corp.,
3.
4.
5. 6.
Corp.,
Personal
G l i s s o n , R. and R o s e n k r a n t z , B . , C o r p . , P e r s o n a l Communication. Ibid. Rosenkrantz, B., Communication. S a n c i l i o , F. D . , Communication. Schering-Plough
Schering-Plough
7.
8.
Corp., Personal
9.
Schering-Plough
Corp.,
Personal
10.
E l k s , J . , May, P. J . , a n d Weir, N . G . ,
US P a t e n t
3,312,591 (1967). 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

E l k s , J . , May, P. J . , a n d Weir, N . G . , US P a t e n t
3,312,590 (1967).
Ibid. Rosenkrantz, B., Communication. Gut tman, D . , Schering-Plough Corp., Personal
J . An.
Pharm. ASSOC.,
47,773
Corp.,
(1958).
Rosenkrantz, B., Communication. Ibid.
Schering-Plough
Personal
16.
60
17.
- 253 (1963) 49,
Hamlin, W. E., Chulski, T., Johnson, R. H., and Wagner, J. G., J. Am. Pharm. ASSOC., Sci. Ed.
18. Evans, B. and McGlotten, J., Schering-Plough Corp., Personal Communication.

19.
Rosenkrantz, B., Schering-Plough Corp., Personal Communication. Bole, V. and Upton, L., Schering-Plough Corp., Personal Communication. Rosenkrantz, B., Schering-Plough Corp., Personal Communication. Mader, W. J. and Buck, R. R., Anal. Chem. 24,
666-667, (1952).
20.
21.
22.
23.
Rosenkrantz, B., Schering-Plough Corp., Personal Communication.
CLONAzEPAM
Walter C. Window
62
WALTER C . WINSLOW
Contents Analytical Profile - Clonazepam

1.
Description 1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight 1.2 Appearance, Color, Odor Physical Properties 2.1 Infrared Spectrum 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum 2.3 Ultraviolet Spectrum 2.4 Mass Spectrum 2.5 Optical Rotation 2.6 Melting Range 2.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 2.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis 2.9 Solubility 2.10 Crystal Properties 2.11 Dissociation Constant Synthesis Stability Degradation Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Toxicology Methods of Analysis 7.1 Elemental Analysis 7.2 Phase Solubility Analysis 7.3 Chromatographic Analysis 7.4 Electron Capture Gas Liquid Chromatography 7.5 Spectrophotometric Analysis 7.6 Polarographic Analysis 7.7 Titrimetric Analysis Acknowledgements References
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8 . 9.
CLONAZEPAM
63
1. Description
1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight Clonazepam is (5-[2-chlorophenyl]-l,3-dihydro-7nitro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one)
CLONAZEPAM
CiSHioCl N 3 0 3
M.W.
315.7
1.2 Appearance, Color, Odor
Light yellow, crystalline powder which is practically odorless. 2. Physical Properties

2.1
Infrared Spectrum The infrared spectrum of a mineral oil suspension of reference standard clonazepam is presented in Figure l.[l] The spectral assignments are listed in Table 1. Table 1
1.
NH stretching: 3250-3100 CM-I

Aromatic CH stretching: 3076, 3056 CM- Carbonyl stretching: 1696 CM- Aromatic Ring: 1615, 1582 CM-
1540 CM-l
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Asymmetric NO2 stretching: Symmetric NO2 stretching:
1339 CM-
7.
Aromatic CH out-of-plane bendin : 4 adjacent free Hs: 750 CM2 adjacent free H s : 844 CM-I
I \
0
0
I
0
(0
I 0
*
64
8
33NVllIWSNWl%
CLONAZEPAM
65
2.2
Nuclear Magnetic Resonsance Spectrum (NMR) The NMR spectrum o f clonazepam is shown in Figure 2 . The spectrum was determined on a JEOL C-60 HL spectrometer at ambient temperature (ca 25C). The sample was dissolved in DMF-d, containing ?T.IS as an internal reference. The spectral assignments are listed in Table 2. [ * ]
Table 2 Proton a
b
C
Chemical Shift 6 (ppm)
Multiplicity Singlet Mu1t iplet Doublet Broad Singlet
Coupling Const.J (Hz)
4.48
7.55-7.85 7.93 8.50 11.30
---
--2.5 8.6 (ortho coupling)
Doublet (2 Sets) 2.5 (meta coupling)
2.3 Ultraviolet Spectrum The W spectrum of clonazepam (1 mg of clonazepam in 100 ml of 7.5% methanol in isopropanol) in the region of 230 to 400 nm exhibits maxima at 248 nm ( E = 1.45 x l o 4 ) and 310 nm ( E = 1.16 x l o 4 ) . Minima are observed at 239 and 279 nm. The spectrum is shown in Figure 3. [ 3 ]
4
4
a
;d
a PI
N
(D
u
a,
66
CLONAZEPAM
67
FIGURE 3
UV Scan of Clonazepam
0.1
0.i
0E .
0.5
a a
E: m
E 0.4
0.3
0.2
0. I
0
1 1
1
250
NANOMETERS
300
350
1 400
68
WALTER C . WINSLOW
2.4
Mass Spectrum The low resolution mass spectrum of clonazepam is shown in Figure 4. [4] The spectrum was run on a Varian CH 5 spectrometer interfaced with a Varian data-handling system. The computer calculates ion masses and compares their peak intensities to the base peak, This information is then automatically plotted as a series of lines whose heights are proportional to the peak intensities. The largest mass was observed at m/e = 315. The other characteristic peaks observed were: Mass (m/e)
315 314 298 286 2 80 268 252 2 40 2 34 205
Species M+ M+ - H M+ OH M+ - CHO M+ - C1 314 - NO2 280 - CO, 280 268-CO 280-NO
CHzN
240-C1
A high resolution scan confirmed the results of the low resolution spectrum. [ 4] The elemental
composition for the characteristic masses determined in the high resolution scan are shown in Table 3 . Table 3 Mass Calculated _ _ C H 151.0548 1 2 7 177.0578 1 3 7 205.0767 1 4 9 213.0327 1 4 3 234.0794 15 10 240.0455 1 4 9 252.0536 1 4 8 252.0773 14 10 268.0404 1 5 9 280.0723 15 10 286.0383 1 4 9 287.0349 15 1 0 298.0381 1 5 9 314.0333 1 5 9 315.0411 15 10 N _ 0
0 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 3 3
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0
Mass Observed
151.0541 177.0596 205.0763 213.0354 2 34.0 797 240.0437 252.0531 252.0760 268.0433 2a0.0701 286.0370 287.0308 298.0362 314.0294 315.0364
1 1 1 1 1
a
at
69
70
WALTER C. WINSLOW
2.5
Optical Rotation Clonazepam exhibits no optical activity.
2.6
Melting Range Clonazepam melts between 237C and 240C when tested according to the USP XIX Class I procedure. [ J
2.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry The DSC thermogram of clonazepam at a of 10C/minute is shown in Figure 5. endothermic transition, corresponding ing of the compound, i s observed from 240.2"C. [ 6 ]
2.8 Thermogravimetric Analysis
heating rate A single to the melt238.6"C to
The TGA of clonazepam exhibited a single S shaped weight loss as a function of temperature. The loss started at ca. 195"C., reached 15% at 285C. and then leveled off at 355C. at which point 34% of the sample weight had been lost. Gradual weight loss continued until 500C. (upper limit of instrument). 2.9 Solubility Approximate solubilities in various solvents, as determined gravimetrically from solutions equilibrated for 3 hours at 25"C, are given in Table 4 . Table 4 Solvent Water 95% Ethanol Absolute Ethano1 Methanol Isopropanol Chloroform Ethyl Ether Benzene Ace tone Ethyl Acetate Propylene Glycol Solubility mg/ml
<o. 1
5.6 4.7 8.6
2.3
15 0.7 0.5 31 10
5.2
vl
71
72
WALTER C. WINSLOW
2.10 C r y s t a l P r o p e r t i e s
The X-Ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n of clonazepam is p r e s e n t e d below. [ 7 l Instrument C o n d i t i o n s Instrument Camera X-Ray T a r g e t Focus Voltage Current Atmosphere Exposure T i m e Film
GE Model XRD-6 G e n e r a t o r
Guider-DeWolff Sample Screen
11, w i t h Pt-Rh
0
Chromium (CrK, = 2.2909A)
Line
50 KV 12.5 mA
Helium
2 Hrs.
I l f o r d X-Ray Film I n d u s t r i a l G
0
28 17.89 22.30 22.58 23.33 26.30 25.02 27.49 27.93 30.21 30.84 33.59 34.39 34.72 36.16 36.78 38.91 39.47 41.50 42.04
d (A)
I/Io**
7.37 5.92 5.85 5.67 5.03 5.29 4.82 4.75 4.40 4.31 3.96 3.88 3.84 3.69 3.63 3.44 3.39 3.23 3.19
0.54 1.00 0.57 0.32 0.11 0.10 0.29 0.29 0.47 0.49 0.19 0.54 0.60 0.38 0.76 0.15 0.56 0.27 0.16
**I/Io
*d ( i n t e r p l a n a r d i s t a n c e ) = nX/(2 S i n e ) = r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y based on a maximum of 1.00
CLONAZEPAM
73
2.11 Dissociation Constant The pKa values for clonazepam have been determined spectrophotometrically to be 1.5, corresponding to deprotonation of the nitrogen in the 4 position and 10.5 for the nitrogen in the 1 position.[]
3.
Synthesis Clonazepam may be prepared by the reaction scheme shown in Figure 6 . [ 9 ] o-Chlorobenzoyl chloride is reacted with p-nitroaniline in a modified Friedel-Crafts reaction to The aminoyield 2-amino-5-nitro-2-chlorobenzophenone. ketone is then condensed with bromoacetyl bromide to form 2-bromoacetamido-5-nitro-2-chlorobenzophenone. This compound is isolated and converted to the corresponding acetamido compound by reacting it in solution with ammonia. The ammonium bromide by-product is separated and the solvent removed. The residue is taken up in 5N anhydrous hydrogen chloride in methanol to form the hydrochloride salt which is then taken up in boiling ethanol. Pyridine is added which catalyzes ring closure to clonazepam. [lo]
4.
Stability Degradation Degradation of clonazepam occurs principally via hydrolysis. Decomposition by this route is illustrated in Figure 7. The major breakdown products are 2-amino-2chloro-5-nitrobenzophenone (I) and 3-amino-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-nitrocarbostyril (111). [ 11, 121 The latter is presumably formed via the aminoacetamido intermediate(I1). Formation of the benzophenone results in a reduction in the absorptivity at 310 nm when measured in isopropanol, while formation of the carbostyril leads to an increase in the absorptivity. [ 12]
5. Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Clonazepam is an antiepileptic drug useful in the treatment of minor motor seizures which probably acts by potentiating inhibitory mechanisms in the subcortical brain structure responsible for the propagation of seizure activity , Clonazepam, even in pg doses, protected mice from pentetrazole induced convulsions, and elevated the threshold for electroshock seizures in mice and cats. At very low doses clonazepam suppressed amygdalohippocampal evoked potentials in the cat and elevated the threshold for the
E
w
8 z
8 z
74
%N
TI
7
_c I
FIGURE 7
Decomposition of Clonazepam v i a H y d r o l y s i s
02Na&+i"2
COOH CI \ NH2
\ CLONAZEPAM
v1
U
76
WALTER C . WINSLOW
generation of thalmic, but not cortical, after-discharges. On the spinal level, clonazepam depressed various motor reflex pathways and potentiated presyna tic inhibition as measured by the dorsal root potential. [p3] The principle pathways of biotransformation were shown by Eschenhoff[14] (Figure 8 ) to be reduction of the nitro group to an amine, subsequent acetylation of the amine and oxidative hydroxylation at C S which results in the elimination of these products as their glucuronides and/or sulfate conjugates. The half-life of the parent compound varies from 18 to 50 hours in humans and the major route of excretion is in the urine. [15,16] The two most prevalent metabolites of clonazepam have been found to be amino clonazepam and acetylamino clonazepam. Analytical procedures for detecting these compounds in body fluids, including differential pulse polarography[ 16] and electron capture glc [16,17,18],have been reported.
6.
Toxicology The chronic tolerance of clonazepam in laboratory animals is excellent. The LDSo for rats and mice: >4000 mg/kg by oral o r i.p. administration and no fetotoxic effects were observed. [ 3]
7.
Methods of Analysis 7.1 Elemental Analysis The elemental analysis of a sample of reference standard clonazepam is presented in Table 5. [ 19] Table 5 Element
C
% Theory % Found
57.37 3.17
11.28 13.43
57.07 3.19
11.23
c1
N
0
13.31
1 5 . 2 0 (by
14.75
difference)
F
\ /
2-X
y p
\ /
(u
77
78
WALTER C. WINSLOW
7.2 Phase Solubility Analysis

Phase Solubility Analysis is carried out using methanol as a solvent. A typical example, listing the experimental conditions, is shown in Figure 9 .
7.3
Chromatographic Analysis Thin Layer Chromatography The following TLC systems are useful for identification and evaluation of clonazepam. System I[2o, 2 1 ] is a mixture of acetone:heptane 6 0 : 4 0 v/v. System 11[ 2 1 ] is ethyl acetate:carbon tetrachloride 50:50. In both systems, 20 p 1 of sample solution, containing 0.5 mg of clonazepam in acetone, is applied to a silica gel GF plate and subjected to ascending chromatography. After development for about 15 cm the plates are removed and air dried. Detection is by examination of the plates under shortwave ultraviolet light. The plates are subsequently sprayed with 10% sulfuric acid and heated at 1 5 C for 15 minutes followed by diazotization 0' and reaction with Bratton-Marshall reagent. The limit of detection for all species listed is at the 0.5 pg level ( 0 . 1 % ) . Approximate R values for f clonazepam and related compounds are given below. System I Species Clonazepam Bromacetamido Impurity Aminoacetamido Impurity Carbostyril Benzophenone System I1 Rf
.43
Rf
.46 .56
.64
.60
.90
7.4
Electron Capture Gas Liquid Chromatography Methods for the determination of clonazepam in blood and urine have been reported which measure clonazepam directly, [ 17] as its benzophenone[ 16] and as its N-1-methyl derivative. ['*I Each of these methods is reported to have a sensitivity of approximately 1 ng/ml. [ 2 2 ]
FIGURE 9
Phase S o l u b i l i t y A n a l y s i s of Clonazepam
"
SOLVENT METHANOL SLOPE -0.02/0 EQUILIBRATION 20 HOURS AT 25C EXTRAPOLATED SOLUBILITY 10.72 mg/g SOLVENT
1 0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
SYSTEM COMPOSITION: rng SOLUTE/g SOLVENT
80
WALTER C.WINSLOW
7.5
Spectrophotometric Analysis S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s of clonazepam may be c a r r i e d o u t d i r e c t l y u t i l i z i n g t h e W maximum a t 310 nm i n i s o p r o p a n o l , [ 1 2 ] however, as h y d r o l y s i s p r o d u c t s o f clonazepam may a f f e c t t h e a b s o r p t i v i t y a t t h i s wavelength ( s e e s t a b i l i t y s e c t i o n ) , t h e absence of t h e s e s p e c i e s a t a p p r e c i a b l e l e v e l s should b e confirmed by TLC.
7.6
P o l a r o g r a p h i c Assay Clonazepam e x h i b i t s a d u a l r e d u c t i o n wave which may b e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e r e d u c t i o n of t h e 4,5-azomethi n e and n i t r o groups. S e n k ~ w s k i [ ~ ~ ]a l . showed et t h a t t h e p o l a r o g r a p h i c r e d u c t i o n of t h e s e groups f o r v a r i o u s 1 , 4 - b e n z o d i a z e p i n e s i n 0.1N H C 1 i n 20% methanol are s u f f i c i e n t l y s e p a r a t e d f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e work based on t h e r e d u c t i o n of t h e azomethine group a t a b o u t - 0.6V v s . SCE. L i n e a r i t y w a s obt a i n e d between sample c o n c e n t r a t i o n and t h e d i f f u s i o n c u r r e n t . The p o l a r o g r a p h i c a s s a y of clonazepam h a s been performed i n aqueous systems by D e S i l v a e t a 1 . , [ 1 6 ] w i t h a s e n s i t i v i t y of 0.5 - 0 . 7 5 pg/ml.
7.7
T i t r i m e t r i c Analysis Clonazepam i s a s s a y e d by d i s s o l v i n g t h e sample i n a c e t i c a n h y d r i d e and t i t r a t i n g w i t h 0.1N p e r c h l o r i c a c i d (HC104) i n g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d . The e n d p o i n t may b e determined p o t e n t i o m e t r i c a l l y u s i n g a g l a s s calomel e l e c t r o d e system o r , a l t e r n a t i v e l y , by a d d i n g 5 d r o p s of N i l e Blue hydroc h l o r i d e i n d i c a t o r (1%n g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d ) t o i t h e sample and t i t r a t i n g t o a yellow-green e n d p o i n t . Each m l of 0.1N p e r c h l o r i c a c i d is e q u i v a l e n t t o 31.57 mg of clonazepam.
8 . Acknowledgements
The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o acknowledge t h e a s s i s t a n c e of D r . K. Blessel, D r . R . I . F r y e r and t h e photog r a p h i c and g r a p h i c s e r v i c e s d e p a r t m e n t s of Hoffmann-LaRoche i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s p r o f i l e .
CLONAZEPAM
81
9. References 1. Waysek, E. and Go, M.V., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Communication 2. Johnson, J., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Communication 3. Data on File, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. 4. Benz, W., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Communication 5. Data on File, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. 6. Ramsland, A., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Communication 7. Chiu, A.M., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Communication 8. Kaplan, S.A., Alexander, K., Jack, M.L., Puglisi, C.V., DeSilva, J.A.F., Lee, T.L., Wenfeld, R.E. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 63, 527 (1974) 9. Propper, R. and Niemczyk, H., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Internal Report 10. Chase, G., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Internal Report 11. Mayer, W., Erbe, S., Wolf, G., and Voigt, R., Phmmazie, - 700-707, (1974); CA, 82:1601636 (1975) 29, 12. Johnson, J.B. , Hoffmann-Lzoche Inc. , Internal Report 13. Blum, J.E. , Haefely, W. , Jalfre, M. , Polc, P . , and Schaerer, K. , Arzneim. -Forsch., 23, 377-389 (1973) , CA, 79: 190 t (1973) 14. Eschzoff , E. , Arzneim. -Forsch., 23, 390 (1973) 15. Data on File, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. 16. DeSilva, J.A.F., Puglisi, C.V., Munno, N., Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 63, 520 (1974); CA, %:99138h (1974) 17. Naestoft, J. , Larsen, N.E. , Journal o f Chromatography, - 113-122 (1974) 93, 18. DeSilva, J.A.F. , Bekersky, I., Journal of Chromatography, 3, 447-460 (1974) 19. Scheidl, F., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Communication 20. Guastella, J. and Laureano, C., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Internal Report 21. Gomez, R., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Internal Report 22. Brooks, M.A. , DeSilva, J.A.F. , Talanta, 22, 849-860 (1975) 23. Senkowski, B . Z . , Levin, M.S., Urbigkit, J.R., Wollish, E.G. , Analytical Chemistry, - 1991 (1964) 36,
CYCLIZINE
Steven A . Benezra
04
STEVEN A. BENEZRA
INDEX Analytical Profile
- Cyclizine
1.
DESCRIPTION
1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight 1 . 2 Appearance, Color, Odor
2.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2.1
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Infrared Spectrum Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum Ultraviolet Spectrum Mass Spectrum Melting Range Differential Scanning Calorimetry Solubility
3.
4.
SYNTHESIS STABILITY DRUG METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS METHODS OF ANALYSIS

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7
5.
6.
Elemental Analysis Nonaqueous Titration Thin Layer Chromatography Gas Chromatography High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Fluorimetry Colorimetry
CYCLlZlNE
85
1.
DESCRIPTION
1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight

Cyclizine is 1-(diphenylmethyl) -4-methylpiperazine .
C18H22N2 1.2 Appearance, Color, Odor
Mol. Wt. 266.40
Cyclizine is a white, odorless, crystalline powder. 2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Infrared spectrum
The infrared spectrum of cyclizine in KBr is shown in Figure 1. The following assignments are given to the bands in Figure 1. 3058 c; m; 1448 cm-l 1372 cm 745,698 cm-I aromatic C-H stretch C-C skeletal vibration C-N stretch (tertiary amine) mono-substituted benzene
Numerous other bands are in agreement wif h the published spectrum of N,N-dimethylpiperazine. 2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum
The 100 MHz NMR spectrum is shown in Figure 2. The spectrum was taken as a 3 mgl0.5 ml solution of cyclizine in CDC13 containing tetramethylsilane. The following assignments can be made for the observed signals.
86
Figure 1.
1.
Infrared Spectrum of Cyclizine
1 0 1 0
-rI
PPm
Figure 2.
100 M z NMR Spectrum of Cyclizine H
88
STEVEN A. BENEZRA
Proton Position a b
C
No. of Protons 3 8 1 10
(C
Chemical Shift (ppm) 2.27 2.43 4.21 7.19-7.44
Multiplicity singlet singlet singlet mu1tiplet
n (a) @N o ! l N-CH3 ( I \ /
1 H
(b)
(d)
2.3 Ultraviolet Spectrum
. The UV spectrum in 0 1 N HC1 is shown in Figure 3 . The maxima and minima are listed in Table 1 along with the molar extinction coefficients at the A The values o tained are in good agreement withm%ose reported by Siek.9
TABLE 1
UV Absorption Data for Cyclizine in 0.1 N HC1
Wavelength of Maximum (nm) 269 263 258 253 (sh) 225
Molar Absorptivity 540 742 694 548 1.13 lo4
Wavelength of Minimum (nm) 267 260 244
2.4 Mass Spectrum The low resolution mass spectrum obtained at 70 ev electron energy is represented by the bar graph in
WAVELENGTH (nm)
Figure 3.
Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum of Cyclizine
90
STEVEN A. BENEZRA
Figure 4 . The molecular Ion of m/e 266 is present but is not the base peak. The base peak in the mass spectrum occurs at m/e 99, the N-methyl piperazine fragment. The species at m/e 167 is the molecular ion minus the N-methyl piperazine radical. Ions at m/e 194, 195, 207, and 208 are from the rearrangement and fragmentation of the N-methyl piperazine moiety.
2.5
Melting Range
The melting range reported in the N.F. XIV for cyclizine is 106C to 109C using the class I procedure.3
2.6
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
The DSC scan for cyclizine is shown in Figure 5.

An endotherm caused by melting was observed at 103C
(uncorrected) when the temperature program was lO"/minute. The AHf was 7.1 kcal/mole.
2.7
Solubility
The solubility of cyclizine at 25C is as follows:4 Solvent Water Ethanol Chloroform Ether 3. SYNTHESIS Solubility gm/ml
<0.1 mg/ml 0.17 1.1
0.17
Cyclizine may be synthesized by the reaction scheme shown in Figure 6. Diphenylcarbinol is reacted to give the benzhydryl chloride which in tu n is reacted with N-methyl piperazine to give cyclizine.3
4.
STABILITY
Cyclizige is stable up to 5 years at room temperature. At 1 0 5 C cyclizine suspensions at pH 11.5 decompose to N-methylpiperazine, benzhydrol and benzophenone.7
91
= 7.1
caI/mole
TEMPERATURE OC
Figure 5.
DSC Thermogram of Cyclizine
OH I
CI
I
(0
Figure 6 .
Synthesis of Cyclizine
94
STEVEN A. BENEZRA
5.
DRUG METABOLISM AND PHARMACOKINETICS
8 Kuntzman and coworkers have determined that cyclizine is metabolized to its demethylated derivative, norcyclizine, which has little activity compared to cyclizine. Both the parent drug and its metabolite, norcyclizine, are distributed in plasma and tissues. The highest concentrations of drug and its metabolite were found in lung, spleen, liver, and kidney. The average half-life of norcyclizine in man was indicated to be less than 1 day wh n cyclizine was administered 5 50 mg t.i.d. for 6 days.
6.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
6.1 Elemental Analysis

Theoretical (%) Found ( X ) 10 80.93 8.33 10.50
H N
81.33 8.32 10.52
6.2 Nonaqueous Titration Dissolve 0.3 g in 75 ml glacial acetic acid. Titrate with 0.1 N perchloric acid using crystal violet indicator. Each ml of 0.1 N perchloric acid is equivalent 3 to 0.01332 g of cyclizine. 6.3 Thin Layer Chromatography
A variety of thin layer chromatographic systems have been used for cyclizine. They are given in Table 11. All visualization was done with short wave W .
CYCLlZlNE
95
TABLE I1
Thin Layer Chromatograph Systems for Cyclizine

Ad so rbent
Mobile Phase
cyc1ohexane:diethylamine: benzene (95:15:5)
-f 0.55
Ref -
silica gel silica gel silica gel silica gel silica gel
0.1 M NaOH coated Si02 plates
11
11
11
11
benzene:ethanol:NH OH 4 (95:15 :5) methano1:chloroform (1:2)

ethy1acetate:methanol:NH OH
0.61
0.60 0.67
(17:2 :1)
ch1oroform:isopropyl alcohol: 0.45 5% aq. NH40H (74:25:0.6) cyc1ohexane:benzene: 0.55 diethylamine (75:15:10) methanol acetone
11
12 12
0.46
0.27
12
12 12
0.1 M KHSO coated methanol 4 SiO plates 2 0.1 M KHS04 coated 95% ethanol SiO plates 2
0.41
0.16
6.4 Gas Chromatography

Cyclizine will elute off a 2 meter 0.07% SE-30 column, a 0.08% phenyldiethanolamine succinate polymer column, a 1.07% XF1150 column, and a 1.08% Carbowax 20M column in 3.2 min, 4.9 min, 6.2 min, and 4.8 min 13 respectively. The columns were maintained at 175OC.
96
STEVEN A. BENEZRA
6.5
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography
Cyclizine as the hydrochloride salt has a retention time of approximately 6 minutes on a DuPont strong anion exchange column (37-44 p ) 1 meter x 2.1 mm i.d. A mobile phase of 0.1% sodium borate at 1 ml/min, ampient ternperature is used, Detection is U.V. at 254 nm.
6.6
Fluorimetry
Cyclizine when treated with 3%H202 solution at the 0.1 mg/ml level has fluorescence maxima at 417 andl5 449 nm when excited at 305 nm and 335 run respectively. 6.7 Colorimetry
Tissue levels of cyclizine were determingd by complexation of cyclizine with methyl orange.
CYCLl Zl NE
97
REFERENCES
1. 2.
4.
3.
5. 6. 7.
8 .
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. 15.
P.J. Hendra and D.B. Powell, J . Chem. SOC., 5705 (1960). T.J. Siek, J . Forensic Sci. 19, 193 (1974). National Formulary XIV, 157 (1975). U.S.P. XIX, 1st Supplement p. 68 (1975). U . S . Patent #2,630,435 J. Murphy, Burroughs Wellcome, personal communication T . J . Coombers, Burroughs Wellcome, personal communication R. Kuntzman, A. Klutch, I. Tsai, and J.J. Burns, J . Pharmacol. and Exp. Ther. 140, 29 (1965). R. Kuntzman, I. Tsai, and J.Jxurns, J. Pharmacol. and Exp. Ther. 158,332 (1967). S. Hurlbert, Burroughs Wellcome, personal communication C-H. Yang, unpublished data W.W. Fike, Analyt. Chem. 38, 1697 (1966). A . MacDonald and R.T. Pflaum, J. Pharm. Sci. 53, 887 (1964). M. Franklin, Burroughs Wellcome, personal communication R.E. Jensen and R.T. Pflaum, J . Pharm. Sci. 2, 835 (1964)
DIPERODON
Jordan L . Cohen
100
JORDAN L. COHEN
Table of Contents
1 .
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
Description 1.1 Name: Diperodon 1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight 1.3 Hydrates 1.4 Salts 1.5 Appearance, Color, Odor and Taste Physical Properties 2.1 Spectra 2.11 Infrared Spectrum 2.12 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum 2.13 Mass Spectrum 2.14 Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum 2.2 Optical Rotation 2.3 Melting Range 2.4 Solubility 2.5 Dissociation Constant 2.6 Dipole Moment 2.7 X-Ray Diffraction Synthesis Isolation and Purification Stability and Compatibility Methods of Analysis 6.1 Identification Tests 6.2 Quantitative Analytical Methods 6.21 Elemental Analysis 6.22 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry 6.23 Titrimetry 6.24 Chromatography Analysis in Biological Fluids and Pharmacokinetics References
DIPERODON
101
1.
Description
Name: Diperodon Diperodon ~ s L i~ J e s i g n a t e d by Chemical A b s t r a c t s s d as 3-piperidino-1,2-propanediol d i c a r b a n i l a t e monohydrate. I t i s a l s o known as 1 , 2 - p r o p a n e d i o l , 3 - ( l - p i p e r d i n y l ) - , b i s (phenycarbamate) monohydrate.

1.2 Formula and M o l e c u l a r Weight
1.1
415.49 Hydrates Diperodon h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o e x i s t i n b o t h t h e monohydrate and anhydrous orms w i t h t h e f o r m e r b e i n g t h e p h y s i c a l l y s t a b l e compound
1.3
i.
Salts The h y d r o c h l o r i d e s a l t i s t h e o n l y r e p o r t e d s a l t of p h a r m a c e u t i c a l i n t e r e s t 5 . Appearance, C o l o r , Odor and Taste Diperodon o c c u r s as a f i n e , w h i t e c r y s t a l l i n e , o d o r l e s s power w i t h a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y b i t t e r teste f o l l owed by a s e n s e o f numbness. 2. Physical Properties 2.1 Spectra 2.11 1.5
1.4
I n f r a r e d Spectrum The I R s p e c t r u m od d i p e r o d o n h y d r o c h l o r i d e r e c o r d e d i n a K B r p e l l e t i s shown i n F i g u r e 1.6 S t r u c t u r a l a s s i g n m e n t s from t h i s s p e c t r u m are p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I .
Figure 1.
Infrared Spectrum of Diperodon Hydrochloride
DIPERODON
103
Table I Infrared Spectrum of Diperodon HC1
-1 IR Absorption Band (cm )

3400,3200 2630,2530 1730 1590,1490 1540 1200 690
Assignment N-H(H-bonded)stretch H-C1, stretch C=O, stretch C=C, Aromatic, stretch N-H, bending C-0 vibration monosubstituted aromatic
This spectrum is consistent with the drug structure and is in good agreement with the literature infrared spectrum for diperodon. 2.12 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum The 60 MHZ magnetic spectrum of dip rodon run in deuterodimethylsulfoxide is shown in Figure 2 , The ' structural assignments are illustrated in Table 11. Table I1
NMR Spectral Assignments for Diperodon

Chemical Shift
(T)
No. -
Proton Assignment 8.2 7.5 6.7 5.7 4.5 2.7 0.1,0.2
-CH2-(aliphatic ring) Impurity -H- CH

0 2
4
2
1
-1-0-CH 2 -C-0-CH-C -CH- ( aromatic)

0
5 2
-0C-NH-C H + 65
11
- C-N- C
H
-1.0
Figure 2 .
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum of Diperodon
DIPERODON
105
Nass Spectrum The low r e s o l u t i o n mass s p e c t r u m of d i p e r o d o n from a s o l i d p r o b e i n s e r t i o n i s d e p i c t e d i n F i g u r e 3. The e x t r e m e l y weak i n t e n s i t y of t h e p a r e n t i o n p e a k a t 397 m / e i s t y p i c a l of c a r b a m a t e s which undergo t h e r m a l a n d / o r e l e c t r o n impact induced i s o c y a n a t e e l i m i n a t i o n . Other s t r u c t u r a l a s s i g n m e n t s t o t h i s f r a g m e n t a t i o n are shown i n T a b l e 111. T a b l e I11
2.13
Mass S p e c t r a l F r a g m e n t a t i o n of Diperodon
MassICharge 98 (m/e) Assignment
119
Lb-CH20
-NH-t-CH2CHCN
124
141
158
C C
.
N -CH CH-CHOH
N-CH2-C=CHOH
260
l o s s of 119 and H
No c o m p a r a t i v e l i t e r a t u r e s p e c t r u m is a v a i l a b l e .
U l t r a v i o l e t A b s o r p t i o n Spectrum The u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m of a ~ x ~ O - s oM u t i o n of d i p e r o d o n i n H C 1 i s shown i n F i g u r e ~ l 4. Maximal a b s o r t i o n o c c r e d a t 233 nm w i t h a m o l a r a b s o r 8 p t i v i t y of 2 . 6 ~ 1 01 mole -'cm-l. The a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r u m w a s a l s o r e c o r d e d i n h e p t a t e with-? A-Tax of 234 nm and a m o l a r a b s o r p t i v i t y of 3 . 9 ~ 1 0 1 mole c m Although t h e r e i s no c o m p a r a t i v e l i t e r a t u r e d a t a t h e X max i s i n agreement w i t h t h a t r e p o r t e d f o r diperodon i n t h e o f f i c i a l a s s a y procedure of t h e N a t i o n a l Formulary! Optical Rotation The o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n o f d i p e r o d o n h a s a n assymetric c e n t e r and t h e m e t h y l e t h y l k e t o n e s o l v a t e s of t h e 2.2
2.14
Ln
K1
0
n !
30h
38'2
395
3hS
32s
30s
382
092
Oh2
022
002 08 I
09 1 OhI
02 .
00
08
09
Oh
02 d . !
0
106
a
0
2
0
0 0
33NVWOS9V
107
108
JORDAN L. COHEN
d- and 1- forms were r e p o r t e d 8 t o be [aID i- 14.5 and [aID-14.3" r e s p e c t i v e l y . Water w a s t h e s o l v e n t . Melting Range The o r i g i n a l s y n t h e t i c l i t e r a t u r e ' r e p o r t e d a m e l t i n g p o i n t of 106.5"C f o r diperodon and a range of 197198C f o r i t s h y d r o c h l o r i d e s a l t . C u r r e n t compendia3,101ist t h e m e l t i n g range f o r t h e h y d r o c h l o r i d e between 195 and 200C w i t h decomposition. Solubility Diperodon i s p r a c t i c a l l y i n s o l u b l e i n water b u t i s moderately s o l u b l e i n a l c o h o l and v e r y s o l u b l e i n most non-polar s o l v e n t s . The h y d r o c h l o r i d e s a l t i s s o l u b l e i n a l c o h o l , s l i g h t l y s o l u b l e i n e t h y l a c e t a t e , a c e t o n e and water ( l e s s t h a n 1%) and i n s o l u b l e i n most o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s such as benzene and e t h e r . 2 Its s o l u b i l i t y i n water is r e p o r t e d l y i n c r e a s e d by t h e a d d i t i o n of sodium ~ h l o r i d e .Like many o t h e r ~ t e r t i a r y amino a n e s t h e t i c s , dlperodon i s r e p o r t e d t o form 1:l s o l u b l e complexes w i t h 1 , 3 , 5 - t r i n i t r o b e n z a n e .I2 These i n t e r a c t i o n s are p o s t u l a t e d t o i n v o l v e t h e t e r t i a r y amino group and a r e probably c h a r g e - t r a n s f e r and hydrophobic i n n a t u r e . A s i g n i f i c a n t s p e c t r a l change i s observed a t 475 nm. D i s s o c i a t i o n Constant Diperodon i s a t e r t i a r y amine and i s weakly b a s i c . Aqueous s o l u t i o n s of 1% diperodon h y d r o c h l o r i d e have a p of 5 . 1 . l ' Although t h e d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t i s n o t s p e H c i f i c a l l y r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e a pKa of 8 . 4 4 can be e s t i m a t e d from t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n . Dipole Moment The d i p o l e morlrent of diperodon i s n o t a v a i l a b l e from t h e l i t e r a t u r e . X-Ray D i f f r a c t i o n The x-ray d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n f o r diperodon h y d r o c h l o r i d e h a s been determined and i s summarized i n Table IV . I 3 2.6 2.5 2.3
2.4
2.7
DIPERODON
109
X-Ray D i f f r a c t i o n P a t t e r n of Diperodon H C 1
28 2.26 2.95 3.13 3.22 3.49 3.64 3.94 3.
1/10
Table I V
28 4.29 4.58 5.10 5.89 7.06 9.39 11.42
111,
-50 -23
-13 -16 - 34 -18 -27 -28 -25
-50 -60 -23 -22 -100
Synthesis Diperodon i s one of s e v e r a l p h e n y l u r e t h a n e d e r i v a t i v e s of d i a l k y l amino a l c o h o l s which h a v e d e m o n o s t r a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l o c a l a n e s t h e t i c a c t i v i t y . 1 4 The o r i g i n a l s y n t h e ~ i s , ~ ~ ~ w h i c h h a s been P a t e n t e d , 16involves t h e c o n s e n d a t i o n of p i p e r i d i n e w i t h g l y c e r o l c h l o r o h y d r i n ( I ) i n t h e p r e s e n c e of a l k a l a i and t h e n c o n d e n s a t i o n of t h e r e s u l t i n g 1-piperidinopropane-2,3d i o l (11) w i t h p h e n y l i s o c y a n a t e ( 1 1 1 ) . The s y n t h e s i s i s o u t l i n e d below. NHR2 i s p i p e r i d i n e .
NHR2
HOCH2CHOHCH 2 1> C,
R2NCH2 CHOHCH 20H
(1)
(11)
(diperodon) I s o l a t i o n and P u r i f i c a t i o n Diperodon i s g e n e r a l l y a v a i l a b l e as t h e h y d r o c h l o r i d e s a l t which can b e r e c r y s t a l l i z e d from a m i x t u r e of a c e t o n e and e t h y l a c e t a t e . The f r e e b a s e can t h e n b e o b t a i n e d by addi n g a n e x c e s s of a l k a l a i t o an aqueous s o l u t i o n o f t h e hydroc h l o r i d e s a l t and e x t r a c t i n g w i t h e t h e r . The e t h e r must b e d r i e d o v e r anhydrous sodium s u l f a t e , f i l t e r e d and e v a p o r a t e d . 4.
110
JORDAN L. COHEN
The r e s u l t i n g diperodon i s r e c r y s t a l l i z e d from h i g h b o i l i n g petroleum e t h e r . S t a b i l i t y and C o m p a t i b i l i t y Diperodon h y d r o c h l o r i d e i s r e a d i l y n e u t r a l i z e d by t r a c e q u a n t i t i e s of a l k a l a i and s o l u t i o n s s h o u l d be s t o r e d i n nona l k a l i n e g l a s s c o n t a i n e r s . Even t r a c e s of a l k a l a i w i l l l e a d t o p r e c i p i t a t i o n of t h e i n s o l u b l e f r e e b a s e and g e n e r a l l y a trace of a c i d is added t o s o l u t i o n s o r d i l u t i o n s t o i n s u r e s o l u b i l i t y . 1 2 The removal of a c i d by f i l t e r p a p e r can a l s o l e a d t o p r e c i p i t a t i o n of t h e f r e e b a s e and less of potency of diperodon h y d r o c h l o r i d e s o l u t i o n s . S o l u t i o n s of t h e hydroc h l o r i d e a l s o a p p e a r t o decompose o v e r t i m e t o produce t r a c e amounts of a n i l i n e . T h i s i s a c c e l e r a t e d by h e a t i n d u r i n g s t e r i l i z a t i o n and a l s o by t h e a d d i t i o n o f a l k a l a i . g 8 A maximal p of 4 . 8 i s recommended f o r diperodon h y d r o c h l o r i d e H s o l u t i o n s and s o l u t i o n s w i t h t r a c e s of c l o u d i n e s s o r c o l o r should n o t be used. Diperodon monohydrate, which i s n o t i n compatible w i t h t r a c e s of a l k a l a i h a s been u t i l i z e d more rec e n t l y i n n o n - s o l u t i o n dosage forms i n c l u d i n g l o t i o n s and ointments.5 Methods o f A n a l y s i s 6.1 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n Tests Diperodon h a s been q u a l i t a t i v e l y i d e n t i f i e d by i n f r a r e d s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y *' C o n d i t i o n s f o r p a p e r e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s 1 9 a n d paper and t h i n - l a y e r chromatography20have a l s o been established. The x-ray d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n h a s a l s o been reSeveral s p e c i f i c chemical t e s t s ported13(see s e c t i o n 2.7). have been r e p o r t e d t o d i s t i n g u i s h diperodon h y d r o c h l o r i d e from o t h e r a n e s t h e t i ~ s .A w h i t e p r e c i p i t a t e is formed upon t h e ~ a d d i t i o n of s i l v e r n i t r a t e which i s s o l u b i z e d by e x c e s s ammo n i a . A d d i t i o n of H C 1 , sodium n i t r a t e and b e t a n a p h t h o l produces a w h i t e p r e c i p i t a t e which d a r k e n s t o y e l l o w and t h e n orange upon s t a n d i n g . Diperodon h y d r o c h l o r i d e r e a c t s w i t h c h l o r i d e t o g i v e a n organge-yellow p e r c i p i t a t e . 6. 6.2 Q u a n t i t a t i v e A n a l y t i c a l Methods
5.
5 Elemental A n a l y s i s C h l o r i d e i s determined by g r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s f o l l o w i n g t h e a d d i t i o n of s i l v e r n i t r a t e t o a n ammonia s o l u t i o n . N i t r o g e n is a n a l y z e d u s i n g a modified K j e l d a h l determination. Selenium o x y c h l o r i d e i s used i n p l a c e of copp e r s u l f a t e a s a c a t a l y s t and a f o u r h o u r , r a t h e r t h a n two h o u r , d i g e s t i o n i s used.
6.21
DIPERODON
111
U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrophotometry The o f f i c i a l a s s a y p r o c e d u r e f o r d i p e r o d o n o i n t m e n t i n v o l v e s a c h r o m a t o-g r a- p h i c s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e v e h i c l e from t h e d r u g u s i n g a n a l u m i n a column and a 1:l m i x t u r e of hexane and i s o p r o p y l a l c o h o l a s t h e e l u a n t . Q u a n t i t a t i o n i s performed by m e a s u r i n g t h e u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n a t 235 and 300 nm. The s u b s t a n t i a l m o l a r a b s o r p t i v i t y of d i p e r o d o n a l l o w s a t h e o r e t i c a l s e n s i t i v i t y i n t h e low microgram / m l range t o be achieved. 6.22
Titrat ion The compendia1 a s s a y f o r d i p e r o d o n i n v o l v e s t i t r a t i o n i n a c e t i c a c i d u s i n g p e r c h l o r i c a c i d and c r y s t a l v i o l e t as t h e i n d i c a t o r . Each m l of 0 . 1 N H C l O i s e q u i v a l e n t 4 Diperodon h y d r o c h l o r i d e c a n b e t o 39.75 mg of d i p e r o d o n . t i t r a t e d w i t h H C l O i n a c e t i c a c i d f o l l o w i n t h e a d d i t i o n of 4 mercuric a c e t a t e t o produce t h e f r e e base.28 M e t h y l v i o l e t i n monochlorobenzene i s used as t h e i n d i c a t o r .
6.24 Chromatography
A quantitative thin-layer
6.23
chromatographic method u s i n g p h o t o d e n s i t o m e t r y h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d . 20 Analysis i n Biological Fluids a g . P h a r m a c o k i n e t i c s Diperodon h a s n o t been a d m i n i s t e r e d i n t e r n a l l y and no d a t a concerning a n a l y s i s i n b i o l o g i c a l f l u i d s , metabolism o r p h a r m a c o k i n e t i c s i s a v a i l a b l e from t h e l i t e r a t u r e .
7.
Acknowledgement The a u t h o r would l i k e t o e x p r e s s h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o D r . W i l l i a m L. D a v i e s of t h e Norwick Pharmacology Company f o r p r o v i d i n g v a l u a b l e d a t a on diperodon.
112
JORDAN L. COHEN
1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6.
7.
8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
13.
14.
15. 16. 17.
18.
19. 20. 21.
References The N a t i o n a l Formulary, XlV, p.232 ( 1 9 7 5 ) . Merck, I n d e x , 8 t h Ed., p.385 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . Remington's P r a c t i c e of Pharmacy, 1 4 t h Ed., p.1076 (1970). J . S . S c a n l o n , General P r a c t i c e , 27, 1 3 ( 1 9 6 4 ) . Diperodon H y d r o c h l o r i d e B r o c h u r e , S.B. P e n i c k and Co., New York, N . Y . ( 1 9 6 2 ) . These s p e c t r a were k i n d l y p r o v i d e d b y D r s . K. F l o r e y , B. T o e p f i t z and A. Cohen, Squibb M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h , New Brunswick, N . J . K.P. O ' b r i e n , and R.C. S u l l i v a n , B u l l . N a r c o t i c s , 22, 35 (1970). M.S. Raasch a n d W.R. Brode, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 64,1 1 2 (1942) T.H. R i d e r , J . Am. Chem. S O C . , 52, 2115 (1930) U n i t e d S t a t e s D i s p e n s a t o r y , 2 7 t h Ed., p.439 ( 1 9 7 3 ) . T.H. R i d e r , J . o f Lab. C l i n . Med., 2,-7 1 ( 1 9 3 4 ) . 7 T.H. R i d e r , J . P h a r m a c o l . Exper. T h e r a p . , 255 (1933) R.C. S u l l i v a n and K.B. O ' b r i e n , B u l l . N a r c o t i c s , 2 0 ( 3 ) , 3 1 (1968). T.H. R i d e r , J . Am. Chem. SOC., 52, 2583 (1930) T.H. R i d e r and A . J . H i l l , J . Am. Chem. SOC., 5 2 , 1528 (1930) U.S. P a t e n t 2 004,132 (1935) E.S. Cook, K . Bambach and T.H. R i d e r , J . Am. Pharm. Assoc. 24, 269 (1935 E.S. Cook and T.H. R i d e r . J. Am. Pharm. ASSOC., 26, 222 (1937). 0. S c h e t t i n o , Farmac Ed. P r a t . 20, 4 0 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; C.A. 62: 89353 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . V . J o k l and A. Muchora, Acta. F a c . Pharm. Behemoslov., -: 2 3 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; C.A. 64: 14024g ( 1 9 6 6 ) . 11 J . W . B e c h e r , The Assay a n d S o l u b i l i t y of Diperodon, Ph.D. T h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland, S c h o o l of Pharmacy, 1 9 6 2 . The l i t e r a t u r e s u r v e y f o r t h i s monograph was from 1 9 3 0 t o J u l y , 1976 i n c l u s i v e .
5,
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
Bo Kreilgard
114
BO K R E I L G ~ R D
CONTENTS
1.
Description
1.1 N a m e 1 . 2 Formula a n d M o l e c u l a r Weight 1 . 3 Appearance, C o l o r , Odor a n d T a s t e

2.
Physical Properties
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
2.9
Infrared Spectra N u c l e a r M a g n e t i c Resonance S p e c t r u m U 1t r a v i o l e t Spectrum F 1 re sc e n ce and P ho spho re s ce nce uo Mass Spectrum Optical Rotation M e l t i n g Range S o l u b i l i t y , P a r t i t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s and M l e c u l a r Complexes o Dissociation Constants
3.
P r o d u c t i o n and S y n t h e s i s Degradation o f Ergotamine T a r t r a t e

4.1 4.2
4.
Chemistry o f Ergotamine Degradation S t a b i l i t y i n P h a r m a c e u t i c a l Dosage Forms
5.
6.
Drug Metabolism Methods o f A n a l y s i s

6.1 6.2 6.3
Identification Tests Element A n a l y s i s Spectrophotometric Analysis 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 Ultraviolet Colorimetric Fluorescence
6.4 6.5
Non-Aqueous T i t r a t i o n Chromatographic A n a l y s i s 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4 P a p e r Chromatography T h i n L a y e r Chromatography Column Chromatography High P r e s s u r e L i q u i d Chromatography
7.
Determination i n B i o l o g i c a l Systems Determination i n Pharmaceutical Preparations References
8.
9.
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
115
1.
Description 1.1 Name
Ergotamine Tartrate (1-3) is the (+)-tartrate salt of (6aRI9R)-N-((2R,5S,1OaS,l0bS)-5-phenylmethyl-lOb-hydroxy-2-methyl-3,6-di0~0-2,3,5,6~ 9,10,10a,10b-octahydro-8H-oxazolo[3,2-alpyrrolo [2,1-c]pyrazin-2-yl) 7-methy1-4,6,6at7,8,9-hexahydro-indolo[4,3 -fglquinoline-9-carboxamide. 1.2 Formula and Molecular Weight
COOH CHOH I CHOH

COOH
I
I
2
(C33H3s05N5) 2"24H606 1.3 Molecular Weight: 1313,43
Appearance, Color, Odor and Taste
Ergotamine tartrate occurs as colorless crystals or white yellowish white, crystalline, odorless powder with a slightly bitter taste.
2.
Physical Properties 2.1 Infrared Spectra The infrared absorption spectrum of ergo-
116
t a m i n e t a r t r a t e i s p r e s e n t e d i n F i g u r e 1. The spectrum w a s t a k e n i n a KBr p e l l e t w i t h a P e r kin-Elmer G r a t i n g S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r , Model 457. The I R s p e c t r u m o f e r g o t a m i n e b a s e u s i n g t h e K B r as w e l l a s t h e n u j o l t e c h n i q u e h a s b e e n rep o r t e d by Cromp a n d Turney ( 4 ) a n d Hofmann ( 5 ) .
2.2
N u c l e a r M a g n e t i c Resonance S p e c t r u m
The H 1-NMR s p e c t r u m shown i n F i g u r e 2 w a s o b t a i n e d by d i s s o l v i n g e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e ( p r e v i o u s l y d r i e d a t 6OoC below 1 mm H f o r 2 g hours) i n deuterated dimethylsulfoxide contain i n g t e t r a m e t h y l s i l a n e as a n i n t e r n a l r e f e r e n ce. The s p e c t r u m w a s r e c o r d e d o n a J e o l JNMC-60HL i n s t r u m e n t . The s p e c t r a l a s s i g n m e n t s o f some of t h e p r o t o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Table 1. A d e t a i l e d spectral a n a l y s i s of setoclavine, which h a s a s t r u c t u r e s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f l y s e r g i c a c i d h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d ( 6 ) . The 13C-NMR spectrum o f e r g o t a m i n e a n d e r g o t a m i n i n e h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d by Bach e t a l . ( 7 ) . 2.3 U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrum
The u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m o f e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e i n t a r t a r i c a c i d s o l u t i o n (1% w/v) i s shown i n F i g u r e 3 ( 8 ) . The s p e c t r u m of e r g o t a mine s a l t s and e r g o t a m i n e i t s e l f e x h i b i t s a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f l a t maximum a t a b o u t 317 nm a n d a minimum a t a b o u t 270 nm. Maximum w a v e l e n g t h s a n d molar a b s o r p t i v i t i e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Tabl e 2. 2.4 F l u o r e s c e n c e and P h o s p h o r e s c e n c e
E r g o t a l k a l o i d s of t h e l y s e r g i c a c i d a n d i s o l y s e r g i c a c i d t y p e a r e known t o e x h i b i t f l u o r e s c e n c e when i r r a d i a t e d w i t h u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t . Loss o f t h e 1 0 , l O a d o u b l e b o n d c o n j u g a t e d w i t h t h e i n d o l e g r o u p c a u s e s loss o f t h e fluorescence ( 1 1 , 1 4 1 . Fluorescence s p e c t r a of e r g o t a m i n e i n aque0u.s s o l u t i o n (pH 2 . 1 and 10.8) There i s a n d i n e t h a n o l a r e shown i n F i g u r e 4 . a h y p s o c h r o m i c s h i f t i n moving from t h e a l k a l o i d s a l t t o t h e b a s e a n d from a q u e o u s t o e t h a n o l i c s o l u t i o n ( 1 7 , 1 8 ) . Heacock e t a1 ( 1 9 ) des c r i b e d t h e i n f l u e n c e o f some o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s on t h e f luor escence i n t e n s i t y of ergotamine. The f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y of e r g o t a m i n e i n
1
117
118
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
119
Table 1
NMR S p e c t r a l Assignments o f Ergotamine T a r t r a t e
Proton
NH
Number of p r ot o n s 1 1
(indole
*
*
Chemical S h i f t (ppm)
Mu1t i p 1i c i t y
Broad s i n g l e t
10.9
9.5
6.9-7.4
NH ( a m i d e )
Broad s i n g l e t
Aromatic p r o t o n s
10
Mu1t i p l e t
+ . ,
C-lO'b,-OH
NE-CH
1
5
3 Tartrate,-OH H2 C-10 ' a , -H C-5' ,-H

C - 2 ' ,-CH
6.3-6.7
1 1
6.3
Triplet Triplet Broad s i n g l e t

~~ ~ ~~
4.5
1.5
~~ ~
Exchangeable w i t h D 0 2
16
12
240
260
280
300
320
340
Wavelength, nm
Figure 3 . U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrum of Ergotarnine T a r t r a t e in 1% a r t a r i c T
A c i d Solution ( 8 ) .
Table 2 Ultraviolet Spectral Characteristics Compound Ergotamine t a r t r a t e Ergotamine t a r t r a t e Ergot a m i ne t a r t r a t e Ergo tamine t a r t r a t e Ergotamine
p!
A
Solvent 1% a r t a r i c a c i d t
1% a r t a r i c a c i d t
max, nm 7 . 7 2 ( a t 318 nm) 7.34 -7.50 8.00
Reference 8
9
2 4 0 , 318
317 317 317.5 318 308-310 311
0.01 N H C 1
0.01 M t a r t a r i c acid
2
10
Ethanol Methylene c h l o r i d e Ethanol
7.24
8.59 8.60
1 1 12 13
Ergo t a m i ne Ergo tamine
122
BO K R E I L G ~ D
7.
c
@
- 5'
2
W
2
W
0 2
W
v) W
a2
0 3
0
WAVELENGTH
(nm)
F i g u r e 4. E x c i t a t i o n s p e c t r a ( l e f t ) of e r g o t a m i n e in: (1) water a t pH 2 . 1 ( A e m 435 m ) : ( 2 ) water a t pH 1 0 . 8 ( A e m 4 2 2 nm; ( 3 ) e t h a n o l (Aern 4 0 2 nm). E m i s s i o n s p e c t r a ( r i g h t ) o f e r g o t a m i n e i n (1) water a t p 2 . 1 (Aex 325 nm) : ( 2 ) w a t e r H a t 10.8 ( A e 318 nm); ( 3 ) e t h a n o l (Aex 318 m (17). y
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
123
aqueous s o l u t i o n i s h i g h l y dependent on t h e p H o f t h e s o l u t i o n showing a l m o s t e q u a l i n t e n s i t y i n t h e pH-range 1 - 9 a n d maximum i n t e n s i t y a t pH -11 ( 1 7 , 1 8 1 . Data o n f l u o r e s c e n c e o f e r g o t a m i n e a r e summarized i n Table 3 . The p h o s p h o r e s c e n c e s p e c t r u m o f e r g o t a m i n e i n e t h a n o l a t 7 7 O K showed Xmax a t 5 1 6 , 5 5 8 a n d 6 1 3 nm ( 1 3 ) .
2.5 Mass SDectrum
S e v e r a l a u t h o r s h a v e r e p o r t e d o n t h e mass spectrum of ergotamine ( 2 0 - 2 3 ) . The low r e s o l u t i o n mass s p e c t r u m o f e r g o t a m i n e i s shown i n F i g u r e 5 ( 2 2 ) . The m o l e c u l a r i o n ( p a r e n t p e a k ) i s a b s e n t i n t h e spectrum o b t a i n e d b y 7 0 e V e l e c t r o n impact i o n i z a t i o n ( 2 1 - 2 3 ) , w h i l e a "reasonable-sized" parent i o n i s observed using h i g h r e s o l u t i o n mass s p e c t r o s c o p y a t 1 6 e V ( 2 0 ) . The i o n s b and c o r i g i n a t e from t h e m o l e c u l a r i o n by s p i i t t i n g o f t h e bond b e t w e e n t h e C-9 carboxamide n i t r o g e n and t h e q u a r t e r n a r y c a r b o n ( C - 2 ' ) , followed by t h e hydrogen a t o m t r a n s f e r from t h e p e p t i d i c p a r t t o t h e l y s e r g a m i d i c part. Ion b (m/e = 267) i s i d e n t i c a l with t h e m o l e c u l a r i o n o f l y s e r g i c a c i d amide whose f r a g m e n t a t i o n i s known ( 2 4 ) . The s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t o f t h e i o n c u r r e n t ( 8 0 - 9 0 p e r c e n t ) comes from i o n s from t h e p e p t i d i c p a r t o f t h e molec u l e , w h i l e i o n b and i t s f r a g m e n t s form 1 0 - 2 0 per cent of t h e t o t a l ion current ( 2 3 ) . Other i m p o r t a n t f r a g m e n t s a r e shown i n Scheme I ( 2 1 , 23). C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of ergotamine r e l a t i v e t o o t h e r e r g o t a l k a l o i d s of t h e p e p t i d e t y p e i s based on t h e i o n s 1,& a n d t h e t r o p y l i u m i o n s i n c e t h e s e fragments i n c l u d e t h e methyl group a t C-2' and t h e benzyl group a t C-5'. High r e s o l u t i o n mass s p e c t r o s c o p y o f e r g o tamine has a l s o been r e p o r t e d ( 2 0 , 2 1 1 .
c,
2.6
Optical rotation
Carbons 6a, 9 , 2 ' , 5 ' , 1 0 ' a and 1 0 ' b o f e r g o t a m i n e a r e a s y m m e t r i c , r e s u l t i n g i n 6 4 poss i b l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n a l isomers. However, o n l y i s o m e r s w i t h c h a n g e d c h i r a l i t y a t C-9 a n d C - 2 ' o c c u r i n p h a r m a c e u t i c a l p r e p a r a t i o n s . The rot a t i o n o f e r g o t a m i n e a n d some o f i t s i s o m e r s
Table 3
D a t a on Fluorescence of Ergotamine
Solvent
Temper a t u r e
E x c i t a t i o n wavelength
(nm)
Ethanol Water Ethanol
25OC 2 5OC 3 20 3 20 3 20 325 318 318 335 325 350
Maximal Emission wavelength (nm)

404
Reference
13 13 13
432
383 43 5 422 402 43 5 425
400
77OK
ambient ambient ambient ambient ambient ambient
Water (pH 2.1) Water (pH 1 0 . 5 ) Ethanol Water (pH 2-6)
17
17
17
18
Water ( p H 8 - 1 4 )
Acetone
la
19
loor
'0(i)
80
125 (h)
[L
[L
3
V
-6
E
a
I -
0
U
244 (d) 120(k)
bp
50 F i g u r e 5.
w
100
150
200
250
300
M'E
Mass Spectrum of Ergotarnine ( 2 2 ) .
-4
q2
0
.-
+*
f
4J
qj0
m 0
w
k
+ I
I
0
.lJ
ro
+-
c,
w
U
m
126
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
127
are l i s t e d i n T a b l e 4 . The o p t i c a l r o t a t o r y d i s p e r s i o n spectrum of ergotarnine i n methanol h a s been r e p o r t e d (25) and i s reproduced i n Figure 6.
2.7
Melting range
T h e f o l l o w i n g m e l t i n g p o i n t s h a v e b e e n report ed: 18OoC (decomp. -190Oc 203OC (decomp. ) 2.8
(1)
(2) (29)
S o l u b i l i t y , P a r t i t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s and Mol e c u l a r Complexes
The s o l u b i l i t y o f e r g o t a r n i n e t a r t r a t e i s a s follows: Solvent Approximate solubility rng/rnl 2.5

-2
Temperature 30 Ambient 30 30 Ambient Ambient
Reference
Water
I1
(33)
(112)
0 , l N HC1
3.5 0.01
(33) (33) (2,341 (2)
0 , l M phosphate b u f f e r ( p H 6.65) Ethanol Chloroform
2- 3
-1
The b a s e , e r g o t a r n i n e , h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d t o be s o l u b l e 1 : 3 0 0 i n e t h a n o l , 1:70 i n m e t h a n o l , 1:150 i n a c e t o n e , f r e e l y s o l u b l e i n c h l o r o f o r m a n d a l m o s t i n s o l u b l e i n w a t e r a t room t e m p e r a ture (29). D i s t r i b u t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e b e t w e e n a q u e o u s a n d o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s h a s b e e n s t u d i e d b y several a u t h o r s (17,35-37). Virtually quantitative e x t r a c t i o n o f ergotarnine from aqueous a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n s (pH -8-11) i n t o b e n z e n e , e t h e r a n d c h l o r o f o r m h a s b e e n observed ( 1 7 , 3 6 1 . Beran a n d Sermonsky ( 3 8 ) r e p o r t e d o n c o u n t e r c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e i n t h e s y s t e m of
128
BO KREILGXRD
Table 4 O p t i c a l R o t a t i o n f o r Ergotamine a n d some of i t s i s o m e r s
Compound Ergotamine Ergo tamine Ergotamine Ergo tamine Ergo tamine Ergo tamine Ergotamine Ergo tami ne Ergo t a m i ne Ergotamine Ergo t a m i ne Ergotamine Ergo t a m ine Ergotamine Ergotamine
[al
-166'
A , r-lm
589 546.1 589 589 546.1 589 546.1 589 5 89 365 405 436 546 578
589
Conditions CHC13(c=l) ,25 0C

CHC13 ( c = l ),20 0C
Reference 26 27
-181O
-150 -160 -192O -12.7O -8.6O -155O +40 -466O -375O -309O -174O -152O -145O
0
0
C H C 1 3 ( c = 1 ) ,20C
CHC13 ( c = l ),2O0C
CHC13 ( c = l ),2O0C
28
29 29 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 27
p y r i d i n e (c=l. 0) 200C p y r i d i n e ( c = l . O ) 2OoC

CHC13, 20C
e t h a n o l ,2OoC
CHC13 (c=O. 6 ) ,20C
CHC13 ( c = 0 . 6 ) ,2O0C
C H C l ( c = O . 6) ,2O0C
CHC13 ( c = 0 . 6 ) ,20C
CHC13 (c=O. 6 ) ,20C CHClj(c=0.6) ,20 0C

CHC13, 20C C H C l (c=O.5 ) ,2O0C
Ergotaminine +4 50 Ergotaminine +369
546.1 589 546.1 589 546.1 589
29
29
29 29
30
E r g o t a m i n i n e +462 Ergotaminine +397
Ergotaminine +49 7O E r g o t a m i n i n e +381 Ac i - e r g o tamine Aci-ergo tamine -32O +258O
3 0 pyridine (c=O .5) , 2 O C p y r i d i n e ( c = 0 . 5 ) , 2 0 0C

CHC13, 2O0C
C H C l ( c = 0 . 5 ) ,2O0C
p y r i d i n e ( c = 1 . 2 ) ,20 0C p y r i d i n e ( c = 1 . 2 ) ,20 0C
32 32
589
0 0
a-
0
Lo
m
I I CY
0 c*l
r
0
00
(v
w e
= r
(v
0 0
(v
129
130
aqueous t a r t a r i c a c i d o r t a r t r a t e s o l u t i o n s chloroform. Using t h e p h a s e s o l u b i l i t y t e c h n i q u e i t h a s been shown t h a t e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e forms m o l e c u l a r complexes w i t h x a n t h i n e d e r i v a t i v e s ( 3 3 , 3 7 ) . The o b s e r v a t i o n s made do n o t p e r m i t c a l c u l a t i o n s of s t a b i l i t y c o n s t a n t s .

2.9
Dissociation Constants
Due t o t h e low s o l u b i l i t y o f e r g o t a m i n e i n w a t e r t h e a c i d d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t , pKa, c o u l d n o t b e d e t e r m i n e d by c o n v e n t i o n a l t i t r a t i o n m e t h o d s . An a p p a r e n t pKa v a l u e o f 6 . 4 a t 24O w a s obtained p o t e n t i o m e t r i c a l l y u t i l i z i n g a s o l u t i o n o f e r g o t a m i n e i n 2% c a f f e i n e ( 3 9 ) i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a v a l u e of 6 . 3 u t i l i z i n g t h e A pKa v a l u e o f 5 . 6 i n 8 0 s o l u b i l i t y method. p e r c e n t a q u e o u s m e t h y l c e l l o s o l v e h a s b e e n reported ( 5 ) .

3.
P r o d u c t i o n and S y n t h e s i s
E r g o t a m i n e w a s o r i g i n a l l y p r o d u c e d by i s o l a t i o n o f t h e a l k a l o i d from t h e f u n g u s C l a v i c e p s Purp u r e a ( 3 0 , 4 0 ) . Methods o f i s o l a t i o n o f e r g o t a m i n e and p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e t a r t r a t e s a l t h a v e b e e n deThe c o m p l e t e s y n t h e s i s o f scribed (i.e. : 5,29,42) e r g o t a m i n e was n o t r e p o r t e d u n t i l 1 9 6 1 ( 4 3 ) (Scheme 11) M e t h y l b e n z y l o x y m a l o n i c a c i d - h e m i - e s t e r (I) i s r e a c t e d i n p y r i d i n e w i t h L-phenylalanyl-L-prolinel a c t a m (11) The r e s u l t i n g a c y l a t e d d i k e t o p i p e r a z i n e (111) i s v e r y l a b i l e a n d i s t h u s i m m e d i a t e l y t r e a t e d w i t h Pd/H2 t o c l e a v e t h e b e n z y l g r o u p (IV) (IV) c y c l i z e s s p o n t a n e o u s l y t o t h e c y c l o l s t r u c t u r e (V) Using f r a c t i o n a l c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n t h e stereoisomer w i t h t h e d e s i r e d c h i r a l i t y a t C - 2 ' i s i s o l a t e d . The c a r b e t h o x y g r o u p a t C - 2 ' i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n amino g r o u p ( V 1 ) t h r o u g h a C u r t i u s r e a c t i o n . The h y d r o c h l o r i c s a l t of t h e p e p t i d e p a r t i s react e d w i t h t h e h y d r o c h l o r i c s a l t of l y s e r g i c a c i d c h l o r i d e (VII) i n c h l o r o f o r m a n d t r i b u t y l a m i n e t o form e r g o t a m i n e . The f i r s t s y n t h e s i s of l y s e r g i c a c i d was r e p o r t e d by Kornblum e t a 1 ( 4 4 ) . An i m p r o v e d s y n t h e s i s o f e r g o t a m i n e u s i n g ( S ) - ( - 1 -methyl-benzyloxy-malonic-hemi-acid c h l o r i d e h a s b e e n reported (45).
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
131
1.
V
COOH
2 . - Cocl
*
3.
HCI
'
H2N
CH2C6H5
- CON3
sc - C I
$i
H
N-CH3
HCI
VI
ERGOTAMN E I
SCHEME I1
Synthesis of Ergotarnine ( 4 3 ) .
132
BO K R E I L G ~ D
4.
D e g r a d a t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e
4.1
C h e m i s t r y of e r g o t a m i n e d e g r a d a t i o n
The p o s s i b l e pathways o f d e g r a d a t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e a r e summarized i n Scheme I11 ( 8 ) .
Eo rt g; : e Aci-ergotamine
i c
$
z
Ergot;y;ine Aci-ergotaminine
Lumi compounds
I
t c
ie
Oxidation products
Lysergic acid amide
Lysergic acid lsolysergic acid
I lsolysergic acid amide I 1

.
Scheme 111. D e g r a d a t i o n scheme f o r e r g o t a m i n e . b: r e v e r a : r e v e r s i b l e e p i m e r i z a t i o n a t C-9. s i b l e e p i m e r i z a t i o n a t C-2 ' ( t h e a c i - i n v e r c: h y d r o l y s i s . d: f o r m a t i o n o f l u m i sion) e: o x i d a t i o n . compounds.
E p i m e r i z a t i o n a t C-9 w i t h f o r m a t i o n o f t h e i s o l y s e r g i c a c i d d e r i v a t i v e , ergotaminine, i s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r o u t e of d e g r a d a t i o n ( 4 6 48). I n acidic solutions ergot alkaloids epim e r i z e a t c-2', t h e so-called aci-inversion ( 3 2 , 4 7 , 4 9 ) . H y d r o l y s i s of t h e f o u r e r g o t a m i n e isomers w i l l r e s u l t i n f o r m a t i o n o f e i t h e r l y s e r g i c a c i d o r l y s e r g i c a c i d amide o r t h e corr e s p o n d i n g is0 compounds ( 2 7 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 5 0 - 5 3 ) . Upon e x p o s u r e t o l i g h t , p a r t i c u l a r l y U V - l i g h t , e r g o t a l k a l o i d s add a molecule w a t e r t o t h e 1 0 , l 0 a - d o u b l e b o n d ( 1 5 , 5 5 1 a s shown:
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
133
CO-R
r?
N-CH,
CO-R
J 7
H
N- CH,
N-CH, HO
A l l compounds m e n t i o n e d a b o v e are a b l e t o un-
d e r g o o x i d a t i o n ( 5 6 ) . One of t h e e x p e c t e d deg r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s i s t h e 2-0x0-3-hydroxy-2,3dihydro d e r i v a t i v e s ( R = peptide p a r t ) :
Ergotamine t a r t r a t e i n s o l i d s t a t e d e g r a d e s when e x p o s e d t o l i g h t , humid c o n d i t i o n s and h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e (34).

4.2
S t a b i l i t y i n P h a r m a c e u t i c a l Dosage Forms
S e v e r a l s t u d i e s o n t h e s t a b i l i t y of e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e i n a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n h a v e been done ( 4 7 , 4 8 , 5 5 , 5 7 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 6 0 , 6 6 ) . However, i n some of t h e s t u d i e s n o n - s p e c i f i c methods o f a n a l y s i s were u s e d . Due t o t h e f a c t t h a t e p i m e r i z a t i o n a t C-9 p r o c e e d s r a t h e r f a s t a t t h e p of o p t i m a l s t a H b i l i t y ( 4 7 ,4 8 ) i n j e c t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g t h e d r u g
124
a r e f o r m u l a t e d t o c o n t a i n a n e q u i l i b r i u m mixt u r e of t a r t r a t e s o f ergotamine a n d e r g o t a m i nine (1,2,63). I n accordance with t h i s , inves t i g a t i o n of some l i q u i d f o r m u l a t i o n s of e r g o t a m i n e showed a c o n t e n t of o n l y 50-60 p e r c e n t o f e r g o t a m i n e ( 6 1 , 6 2 ) . A t p H = 3 . 6 s u c h a mixt u r e a p p e a r s t o b e s t a b l e when s t o r e d p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t l i g h t i n a r e f r i g e r a t o r ( 4 8 ) . The r a t e of a c i - i n v e r s i o n i n c r e a s e s w i t h d e c r e a s i n g pH w h i l e h y d r o l y s i s i n t o t h e a c i d o r amide i s a t a m i n i m u m a t p - 3 ( 4 8 ) . The i n f l u e n c e of b u f f e r H s u b s t a n c e s on t h e r a t e of l i g h t - c a t a l y z e d f o r m a t i o n o f l u m i compounds h a s a l s o b e e n i n v e s t i gated (55). I f s o l u t i o n s containing ergotamine a r e p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t l i g h t and s t o r e d under i n e r t g a s f o r m a t i o n of l u m i compounds and o x i d a t i o n are very s l o w processes (47,481. Ergotamine t a r t r a t e i s n o t s t a b l e f o r prolonged p e r i o d s i n t a b l e t s . In t a b l e t s containing ergotamine t a r t r a t e , p h e n o b a r b i t a l and a m i x t u r e o f t r o p a n e a l k a l o i d s t h e c o n t e n t o f erg o t a m i n e was o b s e r v e d t o d e c r e a s e g r a d u a l l y dur i n g t i m e of s t o r a g e ( 6 4 ) . I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h i s t h e c o n t e n t of e r g o t a m i n e i n commercial t a b l e t s i n g e n e r a l i s less t h a n t h e d e c l a r e d amount ( 6 1 , 6 2 1 El-Shami e t a 1 ( 6 5 ) s u g g e s t t h a t e r g o t a mine t a r t r a t e i n s u p p o s i t o r i e s i s s t a b l e f o r a b o u t 2 y e a r s when 4 m t a r t a r i c a c i d b l e n d e d g g w i t h 4 0 m l a c t o s e were u s e d a s s t a b i l i z i n g a g e n t . The a u t h o r s , however, u s e d a method which o n l y d e t e c t e d l o s s of a c t i v e d r u g t h r o u g h oxidation.
5.
Drug M e t a b o l i s m
Very l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on t h e abs o r p t i o n , metabolism and e x c r e t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e (66). E r g o t a l k a l o i d s of t h e p e p t i d e t y p e a r e i n gen e r a l p o o r l y and i r r e g u l a r l y a b s o r b e d from t h e gas t r o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t a n d a l a t e n t p e r i o d o f -30 m i nutes w a s observed (32,66). Caffeine i n c r e a s e s t h e r a t e and e x t e n t of a b s o r p t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e and r e d u c e s t h e l a t e n t p e r i o d (32). The a l k a l o i d d i s a p p e a r s v e r y r a p i d l y from t h e b l o o d a f t e r i n t r a venous i n j e c t i o n ( 6 7 - 6 9 ) . Only a m i n o r amount o f t h e d r u g i s e x c r e t e d i n t h e u r i n e , i n d i c a t i n g det o x i f i c a t i o n by t h e l i v e r ( 3 2 , 6 6 , 6 8 , 6 9 ) . N o i n f o r -
ERGOTAM IN E TARTRATE
135
m a t i o n on m e t a b o l i s m o f e r g o t a r n i n e seems t o b e available i n the literature.

6.
Methods of a n a l y s i s 6.1 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n tests
Ergotamine t a r t r a t e c a n be i d e n t i f i e d by v i r t u e o f i t s U V , I R , NMR a n d f l u o r e s c e n c e s p e c t r a , a s w e l l a s i t s o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n (see section 2) V a r i o u s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c methods s u c h a s TLC ( s e c t i o n 6 . 6 . 2 1 , PC ( s e c t i o n 6 . 6 . 1 ) and HPLC ( s e c t i o n 6 . 6 . 4 ) p r o v i d e a l t e r n a t e m e thods f o r purposes of i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . A b l u e c o l o r i s p r o d u c e d when 0 . 3 m a l k a g l o i d i s dissolved i n 1 . 0 m l g l a c i a l acetic a c i d ( c o n t a i n i n g 0 . 5 p e r c e n t F e ( I I 1 ) a s FeCl 3 a n d 0 . 1 % g l y o x y l i c a c i d ) and 1 . 0 m l o f c o n c e n t r a t e d s u l p h u r i c a c i d i s added ( 5 ) . T h i s s o - c a l l e d K e l l e r r e a c t i o n which, modified s l i g h t l y , i s u s e d i n USP X I X (1) i s b a s e d o n a r e a c t i o n between t h e a l k a l o i d and g l y o x y l i c a c i d which i s almost always p r e s e n t as a n i m p u r i t y i n g l a c i a l acetic acid. The van Urk r e a c t i o n i s b a s e d o n c o n d e n s a t i o n between two m o l e c u l e s of an e r g o t a l k a l o i d and o n e m o l e c u l e p - d i m e t h y l a m i n o b e n z a h dehyde f o l l o w e d by a F e ( I I 1 ) - c a t a l y z e d o x i d a t i o n of t h e c o n d e n s a t e ( 5 , 7 1 , 7 2 ) . Other c o l o r t e s t s h a v e been r e p o r t e d by C l a r k e ( 7 3 ) . E r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e h a s b e e n i d e n t i f i e d by means o f TLC of i t s u l t r a v i o l e t d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s ( 7 4 ) a n d by o s c i l l o p o l a r o g r a p h y ( 7 5 ) .
6.2
Elemental a n a l y s i s
The e l e m e n t a l c o m p o s i t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e p r e v i o u s l y d r i e d f o r t w o h o u r s a t 60 and a t a p r e s s u r e below 1 mm H t o remove water g is: Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen 64.01% 5.83%
10.66%
19.49%
136
80
KREILGARD
Spectrophotometric Analysis Ultraviolet
6.3 6.3.1
The u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n o f e r g o t a m i ne t a r t r a t e c a n b e used f o r q u a n t i t a t i o n ( 8 , 9 , 1 2 , 7 6 , 7 7 ) , b u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of i n t e r f e r e n c e from r e l a t e d a l k a l o i d s , d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s and e x c i p i e n t s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e a l k a l o i d b e i s o l a t e d from t h e s e o t h e r s u b s t a n c e s p r i o r t o measurement. The a b s o r b a n c e of t h e f i n a l sampl e i s g e n e r a l l y measured i n t h e r e g i o n 310-320 nm d e p e n d i n g on t h e s o l v e n t ( s e e s e c t i o n 2 . 3 ) . E r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e i n a t a r t a r i c a c i d sol u t i o n o b e y s B e e r ' s l a w a t 271 a n d 318 run i n (8,761. t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e (1-10) x The c o n t e n t o f n a t i v e e r g o t a l k a l o i d s a s impur i t i e s i n h y d r o g e n a t e d a l k a l o i d s c a n be d e t e r mined by measurement of t h e u l t r a v i o l e t absorb a n c e ( 1 0 ) . By r e a d i n g t h e a b s o r b a n c e a t 2 7 1 , 283 and 318 nm o f a d e g r a d e d e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e s o l u t i o n t h e e x t e n t o f f o r m a t i o n of l u m i compounds a n d o f o x i d a t i o n p r o d u c t s c o u l d b e estimated ( 8 ) . 6.3.2 Colorimetric
The m o s t w i d e l y u s e d c o l o r i m e t r i c method f o r a n a l y s i s of e r g o t a m i n e i s t h e r e a c t i o n w i t h p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde ( 8 t 7 1 r 7 2 t 7 9 - 9 7 ) . I n t h e l i t e r a t u r e t h e r e a g e n t u s e d i s named a s e i t h e r t h e v a n Urk r e a g e n t ( 7 1 ) I t h e M a u r i c e Smith r e a g e n t ( 8 9 ) o r t h e A l l p o r t r e a g e n t ( 8 0 ) depending on v a r i o u s minor m o d i f i c a t i o n s . Sev e r a l a g e n t s have been s u g g e s t e d t o b r i n g a b o u t t h e o x i d a t i o n of t h e c o n d e n s a t e ( s e e sect i o n 6 . 1 ) s u c h a s l i g h t ( 8 9 , 9 3 , 9 5 ) , FeC13 ( 8 0 , 9 3 , 9 5 ) , hydrogen p e r o x i d e ( 8 0 , 9 6 , 9 7 ) and s o d i um n i t r i t e ( 9 5 ) . The a b s o r b a n c e o f t h e f i n a l The sample i s g e n e r a l l y m e a s u r e d a t 550 nm. method i s n o t s p e c i f i c f o r e r g o t a m i n e . A l l compounds w i t h i n t a c t l y s e r g i c o r i s o l y s e r g i c a c i d s t r u c t u r e as w e l l a s l u m i d e r i v a t i v e s w i l l i n t e r f e r e . M e a s u r i n g a b s o r b a n c e a t 546 and 586 nm f o l l o w i n g t h e v a n U r k r e a c t i o n a n d c a l c u l a t i o n s assuming a two-component s y s t e m w i l l l e a d t o a n e s t i m a t e o f t h e amount o f l u m i d e r i v a t i v e s i n a given ergotamine t a r t r a t e sample ( 8 ) . I t h a s b e e n s u g g e s t e d t o u s e m e t a l d e h y d e r e a g e n t r a t h e r t h a n a p-dimethylami-
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
137
nobenzaldehyde r e a g e n t due t o improved s e n s i t i v i t y and s p e c i f i c i t y ( 9 8 , 9 9 ) . E r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e h a s a l s o been a n a l y s e d c o l o r i m e t r i c a l l y by r e a c t i o n w i t h m i d o p y r i m i d i n e ( 1 0 0 ) . Ionp a i r f o r m a t i o n between e r g o t a m i n e a n d t r o p a e o l i n 0 0 0 ( t h e sodium s a l t of 4 - [ ( 2 - h y d r o x y napthy1)azolbenzol-sulphonic a c i d ) h a s b e e n u s e d i n t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s of e r g o t a m i n e (101).
6.3.3
Fluorescence
A f l u o r i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s f o r ergotamine t a r t r a t e i n t a b l e t s h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d by Hoop e r e t a 1 ( 1 7 ) . The t a b l e t s were e x t r a c t e d w i t h a n a c i d i c a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n , which a f t e r b e i n g made a l k a l i n e w a s e x t r a c t e d w i t h benzen e . A f t e r e v a p o r a t i o n of b e n z e n e t h e r e s i d u e was d i s s o l v e d i n e t h a n o l a n d t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y w a s r e a d w i t h a n e x c i t a t i o n wavem l e n g t h o f 318 n and a n e m i s s i o n w a v e l e n g t h o f 4 0 2 nm. The minimum d e t e c t a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n was r e p o r t e d t o b e 0 . 0 0 2 ug p e r m l a n d t h e s t a n d a r d c u r v e w a s l i n e a r up t o 5 pg p e r m l ( 1 7 ) . It is reported t h a t the standard curve f o r ergotamine t a r t r a t e i n t a r t a r i c a c i d solut i o n i s n o n - l i n e a r i n t h e r a n g e 1 0 - 6 0 ug p e r m l (102). In order t o increase sensitivity f l u o r i m e t r i c d e t e c t o r s h a v e b e e n u s e d i n anal y s i s o f e r g o t a m i n e by h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i d chromatography ( 1 9 , 1 0 3 ) . F o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n of ergotamine t a r t r a t e i n pharmaceutical dosage forms by q u a n t i t a t i v e t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a phy, e l u t i o n f o l l o w e d by f l u o r i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f t h e e l u a t e h a s been u s e d (61). The f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y o f e r g o t a m i n i n e i s 2.5 f o l d g r e a t e r than t h a t of ergotamine ( 1 9 ) . F l u o r i m e t r y h a s been u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e amount of n a t u r a l e r g o t a l k a l o i d s i n hydrogenated alkal o i d s e.g. dihydroergotamine ( 7 8 , 1 0 5 ) .
6.4
Non-Aqueous T i t r a t i o n
Ergotamine t a r t r a t e d i s s o l v e d e i t h e r i n a m i x t u r e of a c e t i c a n h y d r i d e and g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d (1) o r a m i x t u r e o f d i o x a n e a n d g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d ( 2 ) can be t i t r a t e d with perchlor i c a c i d i n g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d . The e n d p o i n t c a n b e o b s e r v e d p o t e n t i o m e t r i c a l l y o r by u s i n g
138
c r y s t a l v i o l e t as i n d i c a t o r .
Each m l o f 0 . 0 5
- p e r c h l o r i c a c i d i s e q u i v a l e n t t o 32.84 m o f N g
ergotamine t a r t r a t e . I s o l a t i o n o f t h e a l k a l o i d b a s e by c h l o r o form e x t r a c t i o n o f a n a l k a l i n e a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n and s u b s e q u e n t t i t r a t i o n w i t h p e r c h l o r i c a c i d o r p-sulphonic a c i d h a s been d e s c r i b e d (84). 6.5 6.5.1 Chromatography Paper chromatography
Several paper chromatographic systems f o r e r g o t a m i n e are summarized i n T a b l e 5 , and methods f o r v i s u a l i z i n g t h e s p o t s a r e o u t l i n e d O t h e r r e p o r t s o n PC of e r g o t a m i n e i n Table 6. a r e found i n r e f e r e n c e s ( 9 2 , 1 0 6 , 1 0 7 , 1 5 9 ) . Q u a n t i t a t i o n o f e r g o t a m i n e f o l l o w i n g pap e r chromatography i s d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e s (47,108-110).
6.5.2
T h i n L a y e r Chromatography ( T L C )
A v a r i e t y o f TLC s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n dev e l o p e d f o r e r g o t a m i n e and most of t h e s e are summarized i n T a b l e 7 . Methods u s e d f o r d e t e c t i o n a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e o n t h e p l a t e a r e summarized i n T a b l e 8. Q u a n t i t a t i o n o f e r g o t a m i n e f o l l o w i n g TLC i s done u s i n g e i t h e r e l u t i o n t e c h n i q u e ( 8 , 111-114,120) o r i n s i t u s c a n n i n g ( 6 2 , 1 1 5 - 1 1 9 ) . The most s u i t a b l e s o l v e n t t o u s e as e l u t i n g a g e n t i s a w a t e r - m e t h a n o l m i x t u r e t o which a n i n o r g a n i c o r o r g a n i c a c i d i s added ( 1 1 2 , 1 2 0 ) . Measurement o f t h e e l u a t e i s done u s i n g e i t h e r W - s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y o r c o l o r i m e t r y . The in s i t u measurement i s d o n e u s i n g U V - r e f l e c t a n c e (1161, fluorimetry (62,115,117) o r transmiss i o n of p l a t e s s p r a y e d w i t h t h e van Urk t y p e r e a g e n t ( 1 1 9 ) . TLC s y s t e m s h a v e a l s o b e e n mentioned i n r e f e r e n c e s ( 5 8 , 7 8 , 8 1 , 8 5 , l O l , l l l , 115,121-127)
6.5.3
Column Chromatography
I n t a c t e r g o t a m i n e and t h e most import a n t degradation product ergotaminine can be d e t e r m i n e d i n p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s by u s i n g t w o se-
Table 5 P a p e r Chromatography S y s t e m s f o r E r g o t a m i n e
No. Pap - -e r
Impregnation Ace t o n e - f o r m a m i de (6:4) Dimethylpthalate
S o lv en t system Benzene
Rf 0.17
Appl i ca t i o n S e p a r a t i o n of ergot alkaloids S e p a r a t i o n of ergot alkaloids
Reference 12,15
1.
S c h l e i c h e r and S c h h l l no. 2043b Whatman n o . 1
2.
Formami d e - w a t e r ( 4 : 6 ) (pH=5.2 w i t h Formic a c i d ) Benzene-ethanol (95%) (9:l)
0.37
16
3.
2
S c h l e i c h e r and S c h i i l l no. 2043b
W w
C i t r i c acid-phosphate buffer (pH=5.6)
0.35
41
4.
S c h l e i c h e r and S c h i i l l no.2043b Whatman n o . 1
Ethanol-formamide (1:l)
E t h a no 1 f o r m a m i de -
Benzene
0.05
54
5.
Chloroform
0.86
S e p a r a t i o n from d e g r a d a t i o n products S e p a r a t i o n from d e g r a d a t i o n products
70
(1:l)
6. S c h l e i c h e r and S c h i i l l no.2043bM
D i m et h y l pt h a l a t e
Formamide-O.066M Na2HP04 s o l u t i o n (4:6) Formamide-citrate b u f f e r (pH 4 . 4 ) (2:8)
0.05
47
7.
S c h l e i c h e r and S c h G l l no. 2043bM
Dimethylpthala t e
0.38
47
No. -
Paper S c h l e i c h e r and S c h i i l l No.2043bM S c h l e i c h e r and S c h i i l l no.2043bM
Impregnation
D i m e t h y l p t h a l at e
S o lv en t system Formami de0 . 1 N KOH ( 2 : 8 ) Ether
Rf 0.00
Application Separation from d e g r a d a tion products Separation f r o m de g r a d a tion products
Reference 47
8.
9.
Formamide- b e n z o i c acid (25:l)
0.24
47
10. Whatnian no. 1
5% sodium d i h y d r o gen c i t r a t e
None
2.4 g o f c i t r i c a c i d i n water-butanol (65:435) Methylethylketoneacetone-formic acid w a t e r (40:2:1:6) Methylethylketonediethylamine-water (921:2:77) 1 0 p a r t s of m e t h y l isobutylketone satur a t e d w i t h 1 p a r t of 4% formic a c i d
10 p a r t s of c h l o r o form s a t u r a t e d w i t h a m i x t u r e of 1 p a r t of m e t h a n o l a n d 1 p a r t of 4% formic a c i d
0.65
I d e n t if i c a t i o n
78
11.
4
Whatman n o . 1
0.80
Identification
104
12.
Whatman no. 1
None
0.91
104
13.
Whatman no. 1
None
0.16
104
14.
Whatman n o . 1
None
0.47
104
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
141
Table 6 V i s u a l i z a t i o n o f Ergotamine o n P a p e r Chromatograms

No. -
Treatment Ultraviolet light ( A = 254 or 366 nm)
Result Blue
Reference 15,78,104
1.
2.
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde r e a g e n t ( v a r i o u s modifications)
mnO4 (1% aqueous s o l u t i o n )
Blue-violet
16,54,78, 104
3.
4.
78,104 104
2,6-dibromoquinone-4-chloroimide (0.5% s o l u t i o n i n d i oxane-acetone ( 4 : l ) )
Table 7 T h i n Layer Chromatography Systems f o r Ergotamine S o l v e n t system Sorbent S i l i c a g e l (Merck G ) 0.2% NaOH impregnated Rf 0.04 A p p l i c a t i o n and comment Separation o f e r g o t alkaloids Reference 128
1. Heptane-tetrahydrofurantoluene-chloroform (5:4:1:5)
2. Heptane-tetrahydrofurantoluene- ethy1 a c e t a t e (10:8: 3:9)
'p
N
S i l i c a g e l (Merck G ) , 0.2% NaOH impregnated
0.14
S e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t alkaloids
128
3. H e p t a n e - t e t r a h y d r o f u a n t o l u e n e (2:4:5)
4. Heptane-tetrahydrofurantoluene (2:4:1) 5. Heptane-tetrahydrofurantoluene (1:4:1)
6. T e t r a h y d r o f u r a n - t o l u e n e (4:l)
S i l i c a g e l (Merck GI, 0.2% NaOH impregnated S i l i c a g e l (Merck G ) 0.2% NaOH impregnated S i l i c a g e l (Merck G ) 0.2% NaOH impregnated S i l i c a g e l (Merck G ) 0.2% NaOH impregnated S i l i c a g e l (Merck G ) 0.2% NaOH i m p r e g n a t e d
0.05
Separation of ergot alkaloids Separation of e r g o t ka a1 loids S e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t alkaloids S e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t alkaloids S e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t alkaloids
128
0.08
128
0.16
128
0.27
128
7. Benzene-cyclohexaned i e t h y lamine ( 5 :2 :0.0 1 )
0.05
128
S o l v e n t system
Sorbent S i l i c a g e l , formamide impregnated
Rf 0.17
A p p l i c a t i o n and comment S e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t k a 1 aloi ds
Reference 129
8. Di-isopropylether-tetrahydrof uran-die thylamine (80: 20: 0 . 2 )
9. Dibuthylether-dichlorom thane-diethylamine e (60:40:0.2) s a t u r a t e d w i t h f ormamide 1 0 . Chloroform-methanol
S i l i c a g e l , formamide imp r e g na t e d
0.29
S e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t alkaloids
129
(9:l)
Silica gel
0.39
S e p a r a t i o n from o t h e r l y s e r g i c a c i d type compounds S e p a r a t i o n from o t h e r l y s e r g i c a c i d type compounds Quantitative analysis
130
11. Chloroform-methanolc o n c e n t r a t e d ammonia
S i l i c a gel
0.25
130
(18:l:O.Ol)
1 2 . Benzene-chloroform ethanol (2:4:1)
1 3 . Methanol-chloroform ( 2 : 8) 1 4 . Diethylamine-chloroform (1:9) Silica gel G
0.62
131
Silica gel G
0.65
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of ergot alkaloids I d e n t i f i c a t i o n of ergot alkaloids
132
Silica gel G
0.09
132
Solvent system
Sorbent Silica gel G
Rf
0.75
Application and comment Identification of ergot alkaloids Identification of ergot alkaloids Quantitative'analysis
Reference 132
15. Methanol-chloroformconcentrated ammonia (20:80:0.2 )
16. Chloroform-ethanol (96:4)

17. Ethylacetate-N,N-dimethyl formamide-ethanol (13:1.9:0.1)
Aluminiumoxide G Silica gel G
0.58
132 114
0.31
18. Benzene-N ,N-dimethylformamide (13:2 )
Silica gel G Aluminium oxide G
0.31
Quantitative analysis
114
19. Chloroform-diethyletherwater (7:1:2) 20. Benzene-n-propanol-NH (1 M) 3 (100:10:2) 21. Chloroform-ethanol-acetone (6: 4) 4: 22. ChLoroform-ethanol (9: 1) 23. Dichloromethane-methanol (92.7:7.3)
0.01 Quantitative analysis

0.29 Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis Usefulness of azeotropic mixtures in TLC
114
Silica gel Silica gel G Silica gel G
158
120 120 133
0.51
0.27
(Merck) 0.56 Silica g e l GF 254 0.1 N Na CO

2 3
irnpregnated
S o l v e n t system 24. Chloroform-ethanol (92: 8)
Sorbent
S i l i c a g e l GF254(Merck) 0.1 N Na2C03
Rf
0.44
A p p l i c a t i o n and comment Usefulness of azeotropic m i x t u r e s i n TLC
Reference 133
impregnated 25. Chloroform-2-butanon (17:83) S i l i c a g e l GF254(Merck) 0 . 1 N Na2COj impregnated 26. Acetone-cyclohexane (67.5:32.5)
d
0.16
U s e f u l n e s s of a z e o t r o p i c m i x t u r e s i n TLC
133
S i l i c a g e l GF254(Merck)
0.31
0.1 N N a 2 C 0 3
impregnated
Usefulness of azeotropic m i x t u r e s i n TLC
133
u1 P
27. Chloroform-ethanol (95%) (9: 1) 28. Chloroform-ethanol (95%) (9:l)
Silica gel G
0.29
S e p a r a t i o n f r o m degradat i o n products S e p a r a t i o n from degradat i o n products T e s t i n g of p u r i t y o f ergot alkaloids T e s t i n g of p u r i t y o f ergot alkaloids Quantitative analysis
61
S i l i c a g e l G , 1% KOH impregnated
0.16
134
29. Benzene-chloroforme t h a n o l ( 2 : 4: 1)
3 0. Hep t a n e - c a r b o n t e trachloride-pyridine (1:3: 2 ) 31. Chlorofonn-acetoned i e t h y l a m i n e (5:4:1)
Silica gel G
0.43
135
Silica g e l G
0.16
135
Silica gel
0.24
163
S o l v e n t system 32. Chlorof om-me t h a n o l ( 9 : 1) 33. Chloroform-methanol
Sorbent Silica gel S i l i c a g e l GF254 S i l i c a g e l GF254 Silica gel G Silica gel G Silica gel
Rf -
A p p l i c a t i o n and comment Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis
Reference
0.50 0.52 0.36
136,137
8
(7:l)
34. Chloroform-ethanol ( 9 5 % )
(9: 1)
35. Chloroform-methanol 36. Chloroform-methanol
(17: 3)
( 4 : 1)
0.64
Quantitative analysis Quantitative analysis S e p a r a t i o n from o t h e r e r g o t a l k a l o i d type compounds S e p a r a t i o n from o t h e r e r g o t a l k a l o i d type compounds I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from L S D I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD
112
0.75
112
138
37. Morpholine-toluene
(1:9)
0.22
38. Chloroform-methanol
(9: 1)
S i l i c a gel
0.58
138
39. Acetone
S i l i c a g e l F254 (Merck , precoated)
0.32
139
40. Acetone-chloroform
(4:l)
( 4 : 1)
S i l i c a g e l F254 (Merck, precoated) S i l i c a g e l F254(Merck, p r e c o at e d )
0.39
139
41. Acetone-methanol
0.63
139
S o l v e n t system 42. C h l o r o f o r m
So rbe n t
Rf 0.00
A p p l i c a t i o n a n d comment I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n f r o m LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n f r o m LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n f r o m LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD
Reference 139
S i l i c a g e l F254 (Merck, precoated)

(6:l)
S i l i c a g e l F254 (Merck, p r e c o ated)
43. C h l o r o f o r m - a c e t o n e
0.02
139
44. Chloroform-methanol
(4: 1) ( 9 :1)
S i l i c a g e l F254(Merck, precoated)
S i l i c a g e l F254(Merck, precoated)
0.62
139
45. Chloroform-me t h a n o l
0.35
139
S i l i c a g e l F?,, (Merck, precoated)

-2-
0.69
78,139
47. M e t h a n o l - a c e t a t e (pH 4.5) ( 9 : l )
buffer
S i l i c a g e l F254 (Merck, precoated) Silica gel F (Merck, 254 precoa ted) S i l i c a g e l F254 (Merck, pr e coa t e d )
S i l i c a g e l F254 (Merck , precoa t e d )
0.73
139
48. Chloroform-cyclohexaneisopropylamine (5:5:1) 49. Chloroform-cyclohexaned i e t h y l a m i n e ( 5 : 5: 1) 50. l , l , l - t r i c h l o r e t h a n e methanol ( 9 : l )
0.11
139
0.02
139
0.20
139
Solvent system 51. Acetone
Sorbent Aluminium oxide F (Merck , 254 precoated)
Rf
0.48
A p p l i c a t i o n and comment I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from L D S I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD I d e n t i f i c a t i o n , separ a t i o n from LSD
Refereme 139
52. 1 , 1 , l - t r i c h l o r o e t h a n e methanol (9: 1)

53. l , l , l - t r i c h l o r o e t h a n e methanol (96:4) 54. 1,1,l - t r i c h l o r o e t h a n e methanol (98:2) 55. l,l,l-trichloroethananolmethanol (99: 1) 56. n-Butanol-citric water acid-
Aluminium oxide F
254 (Merck, p r e c o a t e d )
0.52
139
A l u m i n i u m oxide F254
(Merck, p r e c o a t e d )
0.20,
139
A l u m i n i u m oxide F254
(Merck , p r e c o a t e d )
0.04
139
Aluminium oxide F
254 (Merck, p r e c o a t e d )
0.00
139
(870 n1:b.B g:130 ml)

57. Benzene-acetone-diethylether-ammonium hydroxide ( 2 5 % ) (4:6:1:0.3)
C e l l u l o s e (Merck) sprayed with 5% sodium dihydrogen c i t r a t e and dried Silica gel G
0.77
139
0.65
Identification
140
Solvent system
Sorbent Silica gel G
Rf
0.41
A p p l i c a t i o n a n d comment Identification
Reference 140
58. Benzene-chloroform ( 4 : 5 ) s a t u r a t e d w i t h formamide a n d mixed w i t h 10% methanol

59. Benzene-n-heptanec h l o r of o m - d i e t h y1 i n e m (40:20:30:10) 60. C h l o r o f o r m - e t h a n o l
Silica gel G
0.05
Identification
140
(9:l)
Aluminium o x i d e S i l i c a g e l , formamide impregnated
0.82
0.11
Identification S e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t alkaloids
141 142
I P D
6 1. D i i sopropy 1 e t h e r -t e trahydrofuran-toluene-die t h y l a m i n e (70: 1 5 :15: 0 . 1 )
62. Dioxane-cyclohexaned i e t h y l a m i n e (10: 20 :0 . 5 ) 63. Chloroform-cyclohexanediethylamine (10:20:0.5) 64. 2-Butanon-cyclohexanediethylamine (20:30:0.5) 6 5. E t h a n o l - c h l o r o forma c e t i c a c i d (20:200:0.5)
Polyamide
0.05
S e p a r a t i o n of a l k a loids S e p a r a t i o n of a l k a loids S e p a r a t i o n of a l k a loids S e p a r a t i o n of a l k a loids
143
Po 1 yamide
0.15
143
Polyamide
0.11
143
Polyam ide
0.97
143
Solvent system 66. Water-ethanol-pyridine (10:0.5:0.3)

6 7 . Cyclohexane-ethylacetate
Sorbent Polyamide
Rf -
Application and comment
Reference 143 143
0.10 Separation of alkaloids

0.01 Separation of alkaloids
Polyamide
n-propanol-dimethylamine ( 30: 2.5: 0.9: 0.1)
68. Water-ethanol-dimethylm i n e (88:12:0.1)
Polyamide Silica gel Silica gel G, 0.1 N NaOH impregnated Cellulose, formamide impregnated
0.03 0.51 0.51
Separation of alkaloids Quantitative analysis Identification Identification
143 113 144 145
69. Chloroform-ethanol (10:1)

A
70. Chloroform-methanol ( 9 : l ) 71. Benzene-heptane-chloroform (6:5:3) followed by benzene-heptane (6: 5)
m 0
0.06
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
151
Table 8 V i s u a l i z a t i o n o f Ergotamine on Thin Layer P l a t e s No. Treatment Result

B h e - v i o l et
Reference
1. p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Reagent ( v a r i o u s modifications)
58,78,113, 120,132, 1 3 5 ,1 37 ,1 3 8 139 ,1 4 4 8,78,120 124,128, 132,138, 139 62, 115, 116 ,117 , 119 143 58
2. U l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t ( A = 254 o r 366 nm)
Blue
3. I n s i t u scanning
4. I o d i n e v a p o r 5. Dragendorff Reagent
6. Ammoniated copper sulphate
Violet-brown s p o t s on l i g h t g r e e n background Blue-violet
58,140,141
7. Xanthydrol-hydrogen peroxide 8. Ninhydrin-cadmium acetate 9 . Iodo p l a t i n a t e Reagent 10. Potassium permanganate

11. F e r r i c c h l o r i d e glyoxylic acid
140
Red-violet s p o t s on p i n k background Grayish v i o l e t
140
58,143,146 78
Blue
124
152
BO KREILGKRD
p a r a t e C e l i t e 545 columns ( 1 4 7 , 1 4 8 ) . The f i r s t column i s i m p r e g n a t e d w i t h sodium b i c a r b o n a t e a n d t h e a l k o l o i d bases a r e e l u t e d w i t h c h l o r o f o r m . The s e c o n d column i s i m p r e g n a t e d w i t h a 20% c i t r i c a c i d s o l u t i o n and ergotaminine i s e l u t e d with a p o r t i o n of chloroform. E r g o t a m i n e i s e x t r a c t e d w i t h c h l o r o f o r m from t h e e x t r u d e d s u p p o r t which i s s u s p e n d e d i n a n aqueous b i c a r b o n a t e s o l u t i o n . The a l k o l o i d content i n each f r a c t i o n i s determined using T h i s method h a s b e e n t h e van U r k r e a c t i o n . a d a p t e d by t h e USP X I X i n t h e a s s a y o f e r g o t a mine t a r t r a t e i n j e c t i o n (1) a n d i n a n a l y s i s o f t a b l e t s containing ergotamine t a r t r a t e , tropane a l k a l o i d s and p h e n o b a r b i t a l ( 6 4 ) . The met h o d , however, d o e s n o t t a k e t h e p r e s e n c e o f o t h e r d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s , s u c h as a c i - d e r i v a t i v e s , l y s e r g i c and i s o l y s e r g i c a c i d a i d e i n t o account. E r g o t a m i n e and e r g o t a m i n i n e i n d r u g s h a v e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g C e l i t e 545 i m p r e g n a t e d w i t h formamide a s t h e s t a t i o n a r y p h a s e a n d benz e n e - p e t r o l e u m e t h e r ( 9 : 1) a s t h e m o b i l e p h a s e (149). Ergotamine can be q u a n t i t a t i v e l y s e p a r a t e d from o t h e r e r g o t a l k a l o i d s u s i n g a n aluminium o x i d e column and m e t h y l e n e c h l o r i d e add i n g i n c r e a s i n g amounts o f m e t h a n o l a s e l u t i n g s o l v e n t ( 1 2 , 1 5 1 . C a r l e s s ( 1 5 0 ) u s e d columns of c e l l u l o s e i m p r e g n a t e d w i t h a pH 3 . 0 McIlvane c i t r a t e - p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r and e t h e r , adding 0 . 1 % p y r i d i n e as m o b i l e p h a s e f o r s e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t a l k a l o i d s . Only a b o u t 8 0 % e r g o t a m i n e i s recovered (150)
6.5.4
High P r e s s u r e L i q u i d Chromatography
(HPLC 1
W i t h i n t h e l a s t few y e a r s h i g h p r e s s u r e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c methods f o r t h e a n a l y s i s o f e r g o t a m i n e h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d . Ads o r p t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y i s c a r r i e d o u t on s i l i ca g e l w i t h s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s a s m o b i l e p h a s e s ( 1 9 , 1 0 3 , 1 5 3 ) . A reverse phase Bondapak p h e n y l / C o r a s i l o r pBondapak c 1 8 column w i t h a c e t o n i t r i l e - a q u e o u s ammonium carb o n a t e b u f f e r as mobile p h a s e , p e r m i t s s e p a r a t i o n of e r g o t a m i n e from i t s d e g r a d a t i o n products (154,155). Increased s e n s i t i v i t y i n t h e
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
153
a n a l y s i s of e r g o t a m i n e c o u l d b e a c h i e v e d by u s i n g p i c r i c a c i d as c o u n t e r i o n i n f o r m i n g a n i o n - p a i r which o n t h e s i l i c a g e l column i s d i s t r i b u t e d between a s t a t i o n a r y aqueous phase and a m o b i l e o r g a n i c p h a s e ( 1 5 2 ) . An i n c r e a s e d s e n s i t i v i t y r e l a t i v e t o common f l u o r i m e t r i c d e t e c t o r s ( 1 9 , 1 5 1 ) c o u l d b e a c h i e v e d by u s i n g a h i g h - p r e s s u r e Xenon a r c lamp w i t h a n i n t e g r a l c o l l i m a t i n g mirror a s e x c i t a t i o n s o u r c e ( 1 0 3 ) . A l s o U V - d e t e c t o r s a t 254 nm h a v e been u s e d (153-155) t o d e t e c t e r g o t a m i n e . R e c e n t l y Bethke e t a1 ( 1 5 6 ) d e s c r i b e d a r e v e r se p h a s e HPLC method w i t h s o l v e n t g r a d i e n t which i n l e s s t h a n 20 m i n u t e s e n a b l e d them t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o n t e n t of e r g o t a m i n e a s w e l l a s a l l e p i m e r i z a t i o n and h y d r o l y s i s p r o d u c t s i n pharmaceutical preparations. 7. D e t e r m i n a t i o n i n B i o l o g i c a l Systems
E r g o t a m i n e h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d i n plasma by Kopet & D i l l e (69) used t h e van Urk reaction t o determin e e r g o t a m i n e i n b l o o d and t i s s u e s , w h i l e a n a l y s i s of e r g o t a m i n i n e i n plasma i s done u s i n g HPLC equipped w i t h a f l u o r e s c e n c e d e t e c t o r ( 1 0 3 ) . B i o a v a i l a b i l i t y s t u d i e s on e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e h a v e b e e n done m o n i t o r i n g plasma and u r i n a r y r a d i o a c t i v i t y a f t e r i n g e s t i o n of 3 H - l a b e l l e d e r g o t a m i n e tartrate (32).
TLC f o l l o w e d by i n s i t u f l u o r i m e t r y ( 1 1 5 ) .
8.
Determination i n Pharmaceutical Preparations
The f o l l o w i n g methods h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o a n a l y s i s of e r g o t a m i n e t a r t r a t e i n p h a r m a c e u t i cals: References Colorimetry Fluorimetry P a p e r chromatography Column chromatography T h i n l a y e r chromatography High p r e s s u r e l i q u i d chromatography 81,91,92,99,157 17
47
64,148,149 8,6l,62,113,115,117,158 152,156
154
BO
KREILGWRD
Re ferences
1.
2.
3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.
The United States Pharmacopoeia XIX, Mack Printing Co., Easton, Pa., 1975, pp.173-175. Pharmacopea Nordica 1963, Editio Danica, Nyt Nordisk Forlaq, A.Busck, Copenhagen 1963. European Pharmacopoeia Volume 111 , Maisonneuve S.A. , France, 1975, pp. 17-19. C.C.Cromp and F.G.Turney, J.Forensic Sci. 12, 538 (1967). A.Hofmann, Die Mutterkornalkaloide, F.Enke V e e lag, Stuttgart (1964). R.G.Mrtek, H.L.Crespi, G.Norman, M.I.Blake and J.J.Katz, Phytochemistry 7, 1535 (1968). N.J.Bach, H.E.Boaz, E.C.KErnfeld, C.-J.Chang, H.G.Floss, E.W.Hagaman and E.Wenkert, J.Org. Chem. - - 39, 1272 (1974). B.Kreilg5rd and J.Kisbye, Arch.Pharm.Chemi Sci. - 2, 1 (1974). Ed. J.Bayer, Magy.Kem.Foly 63, 197 (1957). Z.Gawrych and I.Wilczynza, Acta Pol.Pharm. 22, 1 (1965). 38, A.Stoll. and W-Schlientz, Helv.Chim.Acta 585 (1955). A.L.Kapoor, H.Schumacher and J.BCchi, Pharm. Acta Helv. 32, 411 (1957). A.Bowd, J.B=udson and J.H.Turnbul1, J.Chem. Soc.Perkin 11, 1312 (1973). A.Stol1 and A.Hofmann, Helv.Chim.Acta 26, 2070 (1943). 101, W.Soffe1 and H.Rochelmeyer, Pharm.Ztg. 1059 (1956). A.Stoil and A.Riiegger, Helv.Chim.Acta - 1725 37, (1954). W.D.Hooper, J.M.Sutherland, M.J.Eadie and J.H.Tyrer, Anal.Chim.Acta 69, 11 (1974). A.C.Metha and R.A.Chalmers,Chem.Anal.(Warsaw) - 565 (1972). 17, R.A.Heacock, K.R.Langille, J.D.MacNei1 and R.W.Frei, J.Chromatogr. 77,425 (1973). M.Barber, J.A.Weisbach, B.Douglas and G.O.Dudek, Chem.Ind. (London) 1072 (1965). D.Voigt, S.Johne and D.GrGger, Pharmazie 2 , 697 (1974). J.Vokoun and Z.Rehacek, Coll.Czech.Chem.Com. - 1731 (1975). 40, J.Vokoun, P.Sajd1 and Z.Rehacek, 2bl.Bakt.Abt. - - 499 (1974). I1 129,
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
155
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.
38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.
T.Inoue, Y.Nakahara and T.Niwaguchi, Chem. Pharm.Bul1. 20, 409 (1972). L.C .CraigI Proc .Nat.Acad.Sci.U. S. 61, 152 (1968). G.H.Svoboda and G.S.Shahovskoy, J.Amer.Pharm. Ass.Sci.Ed. 42, 729 (1953). S.Smith and G.M.Timmis, J.Chem.Soc. 1440 (1936). A.E.Beesley and G.E.Foster, Analyst 70,374 (1945). A. Stoil I Helv.Chim.Acta 28, 1283 (1945). A.Stol1 I Schweiz.Apoth.Ztg. 60, 341 (1922). J. Sage1 I Pharm.Weekb1. 107,119 (1972). R. Schmidt and A.Fanchamp, Europ.J.Clin.Pharmacol. - - 7, 213 (1974). M .A.Zoslio, H.V.Mauldinq and J.J.Windheuser, 58, J.Pharm.Sci. - 222 (1969). Merck Index, 8th Ed., Merck & Co.Inc.Rahway, New Jersey, 1968. C.Lorincz, Herba Hung. 5, 211 (1966). H.Hellberg, Farm.Revy 50, 17 (1951). B.Berde, A.Cerletti, H2.Dengler and M.A.Zoglio, Third Migraine Symposium 24.-25.April (1969). Ed. by A.L.Cochrane. Heinemann, London 1970. M.Beran and M.Sermonsky, Cesk.Farm. 11, 440 (1962). H.V.Maulding and M.A.Zoglio, J.Pharm.Sci. 2, 700 (1970). Swiss Patent No. 79879 (1918). F.Gstirner and H.O.MGller, Arch.Pharm. 589 (1955). V.Mascov, E.Nichiforescu, L.Rosca, C.Rizescu and I .Veiea, Farmacia (Bucharest)-21, 557 (1973). A.Hofmann, A.J.Frey and H.Ott, Experientia 17, 206 (1961). E .C .Kornfeld I E J .Fornefeld , G B. Kline I M.J.Mann, R.G.Jones and R.B.Woodward, J.Amer. 76, Chem.Soc. - 5256 (1954). A.Hofmann, H .Ott, R.Griot, P.A .Stadler and A.J.Frey, Helv.Chim.Acta 46, 2306 (1963). A.Stol1, A.Hofmann and F.Troxler, Helv-Chim. Acta - -32, 506 (1949). W.Schlientz, R.Brcnner, A.Hofmann, B.Berde and E.StGrmer, Pharm.Acta Helv. 36, 472 (1961). B.Kreilg5rd and J.Kisbye, Arch.Pharm.Chemi S c i Ed. - - 2, 38 (1974). H.Ott, A.Hofmann and A.J.Frey, J.Amer.Chem.Soc. - 1251 (1966). 88,
z,
156
BO KREILGKRD
50.
51.
52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
W.A.Jacobs and L.C.Craig, J.Biol.Chem. 1 4 0, 547 (1934). 106, W.A.Jacobs and L.C.Craig, J.Biol.Chem. 393 (1934). S.Smith and G.M.Timmis, J.Chem.Soc. 763 (1932). S.Smith and G.M.Timmis, J.Chem.Soc. 1543(1932). J.Kolsek, Mikrochim.Acta 1377 (1956). H.Hellberg, Acta Chem.Scand. 11, 219 (1957). F.Troxler and A.Hofmann, HelvThim.Acta 42, 793 (1959). R.Adamski, J.Lutomski, A.Socha and H.Speichert, Farm.Po1. 24, 43 (1968). K.C.Guven G d T.Guneri, Eczacilik Bul. 13, 57 (1971). M. Sprung , Pharmazie 16 , 515 (1961) J.Trzebinski and T.WGcko, Acta Pol.Pharm. 24, 579 (1967). 40, M.Sahli and M.Oesch, Pharm.Acta Helv. - 25 (1965). 106, J.M.G.J.Frijns, Pharm.Weekb1. - 865 (1971). British Pharmacopoeia, The Pharmaceutical Press, London 1973. 667 (1966). I.Juhl, Arch.Pharm.Chemi 2, A.E.H.A. El-Shamy, F.M. El-Anwar and A.A.Kassem, J.Drug Res. 2, 159 (1973). L.S.Goodman and A.Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Fourth Ed. The MacMillan Compagny, London 1971 , p. 902. E.Rothlin, Bull.Schweiz Akad.Med.Wiss. 2, 249 (1946/47). E.Rothlin, Helv.Chim.Acta 29 , 1290 (1946) J.C.Kopet and J.M.Dille, J%er.Pharm.Ass. 31, 109 (1942). K.Macek, M.Semonsky, S.Vanecek, V.Zikan and A.Cerny, Pharrnazie-2, 752 (1954). -narm.Weekb1. H.W. van Urk, Pharm.Weekb1. 66, 473 (1929) 286, 509719531. M.P6hm, =h.Pharm. -, 50971953) 286 E.G.C.Clarke, Isolation and Identification of Press , Druss , -Drugs , The Pharmaceutical Press. London 1969. D.L.Andersen, J.Chromatogr. 41, 491 (1969) G.Dusinsky and L.Faith, Pharzzie 22, 475 ith, -(1967). J.Bayer, Acta Pharm.Hung. 28, 35 (1958). A.Harmsma, Pharm.Weekb1. 65, 1121 (1928). E.G.C.Clarke, J.Forensic Zi.Soc. 2, 46 (1967). F.Adamanis, E.Pawelczvk and Z.Plotkowiakowa, 513 (1961). Farm.Po1. N.L.Allport and T.T.Cocking, Quart.J.Pharm. 5, Pharmacol. - 341 (1932).
&,
EflGOTAMlNE TARTRATE
157
E.Ermer, Pharm.Ztg. - 149 (1975). 120, G.E.Foster, J.Pharm.Pharmaco1. 7, 1 (1955). W.N.French, J.Pharm.Sci. 54, 1726 (1965). 1.Gyenes and J.Bayer, Pharmazie 16, 211 (1961). 85. P.Horak, Cesk.Farm. 17, 37 (1968). 86. Y.Kazutaka. T.KawataS. T.Tabata, S.Fukushima 73, and M.Ito,.J.Pharm.Soc: (Japan) - 268 (1953). 87. V.Pedersen, Arch.Pharm.Chemi 62, 675 (1955). 88. F.Schlemmer, P.H.A.Wirth and TPeters, Arch. Pharm. 274, 16 (1936). 89. M.I.Smith, Pub.Health Rep. 45, 1466 (1930). 90. J.W.Strong and F.A.Maurina, J.Amer.Pharm. Ass.Sci.Ed. 42, 414 (1953). 91. F.D.Snel1 anTC.T.Snel1, Colorimetric Methods of Analysis. Including Photometric Methods. Volume IV AA, Van Nostrand Reinhold Comp. 1970. 92. R.Voigt and F.Weiss, Pharmazie 13, 319 (1958). 93. R.Voigt, Mikrochlm.Acta, 619 (1959). 94. F.Wokes and H.Crocker, Quart.J.Pharm.Pharma- - 4 , 420 (1931). col. 95. L.E.Michelon and W.J.Kelleher, Lloydia 26, 192 (1963). 3 96. E.Schulek and G.Vastagh, Dan.Tidsskr.Farm. 1 , 101 (1939). 37, 97. L.Vida and G.Vastagh, Acta Pharm.Hung. - 6 7 (1967). 98. E.Graf and E.Neuhoff, Arzneimittel-Forsch. 4, 397 (1954). 106, 99. H.J. van der Pol, Pharm.Weekb1. - 515 (1971). 100. H-Wachsmuth and L. van Koeckhoven, J.Pharm. Belg. 2 , 378 (1963). 101. E.M.Karacsony and B.Szarvady, Planta Medica - 169 (1963). 11, 102. 1.Gyenes and K.Szasz, Magy.Kem.Foli. 61, 393 (1955). 103. R.J.Perchalski, J.D.Winefordne !r and B.J.Wi 1der, Anal.Chem. 47, 1993 (19751 . 104. L.Reio, J.ChromaGgr. 68, 183 (1972). 105. L.Wichlinski and J.Trzebinski, Acta Pol. Pharm...20, 32 (1963). 106. P.Heinanen, L.Tuderman and E.N 'issilz Suom , Apt.Lethi 46, 133 (1957). 107. K.Macek, A.Cerny and M.Semonsk y , Pharmazie 388 (1954). 108. J.Kolsek, Mikrochim.Acta, 1500 (1956).
81. 82. 83. 84.
158
BO KREILGARD
109.
110.
111. 112. 113.
114.
115. 116. 117.
118. 119.
120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135.
K.Macek and S.Vanecek, Pharmazie 10, 422 (1955). P.Heinanen, M.Jarvi and M.LahteenmZki, Farm. Notisbl. 68, 155 (1959). R.Adamski, J.Lutomski, A.Socha and H.Speichert, Farm.Po1. 23, 571 (1967). S.Keipert and R.V=gt, J.Chromatogr. 64, 327 (1972). M.Klavehn, H.Rochelmeyer and J.Seyfried, 0, Deut.Apoth.Ztg. 1 1 7 5 (1961). J.L.McLaughlin, J.E.Goyan and A.G.Pau1 i J.Pharm.Sci. 53, 306 (1964). 1 M.Amin and W.Spp, J.Chromatogr. 1 8 , 225 (1976). H.Bethke and R.W.Frei, J.Chromatogr. 91, 433 (1974). E.Eich and W.Schunack, Planta Med. 2 , 58 (1975). K.Genest, J.Chromatogr. 19, 531 (1965). M.Vanhaelen and R.Vanhaelen-Fastre I J-Chromatg. o: 72, 139 (1972). K.Roder, E.Mutschler and H.Rochelmeyer, Pharm. Acta Helv. 42, 407 (1967). P.Horbk and S.Kudrndc, Cesk.Farm. 15, 483 (1966). ;A . . Dal Cortivo, S.R.Broich, A.Dihrberg and B.Newman, Anal.Chem. 38, 1959 (1966). 1.Zarebska and A.Ozarowski, Farm.Po1. 22, 518 (1966). 29, A.Peuch, C.Duru and M.Jaaob, J.Pharm.Belg. 126 (1974). M.PEhm, Arch.Pharm. 289, 324 (1956). D.GrEger and D.Erge, Pharmazie 18, 346 (1963). L.Wichlinski, Acta Pol.Pharm. 26, 617 (1969). V.Mascov, L.Rosca and E.NichifGescu, Farma- (Bucharest) 21, 499 (1973). cia J.Reichelt and S.Kudrnac, Cesk.Farm. 23, 13 (1974). A.R.Sperling, J.Chromatogr.Sci. 12, 265 (1974). L . Wichlinski and Z .Skibinski I Farm.Pol. 22, 194 (1966). S.Agurel1, Acta Pharm.Suecica 2, 357 (1965). E.R6der, E.Mutschler and H.Rochelmeyer, Z.Anal.Chem. 244, 46 (1969). J.Tyfczyfiska, Diss.Pharm.Pharmaco1. 18,491 (19661 M.Zinser and C.Baumggrte1, Arch.Pharm. 297, 158 (1964).
ERGOTAMINE TARTRATE
159
Y.Petrova. T.Tomova and L.Fili~ova. Farmatsiya (Sofia) 22, 9 (1972). 137. E.Stah1, D i i n n z h i c h t - C h r o m a t o g r a p h i e , Ein Laboratoriumhandbuch, 2.Ed. Springer, Berlin 1967. 138. G.V.Alliston and M. J. de Faubert Maunder, J.Pharm.Pharmaco1. 23, 555 (1971). 139. R.Fowler, P.J.Gomm and D.A.Patterson, J.Chromatogr. 72, 351 (1972). -140. K.C.Guven and TGuneri, Eczacilik Bul. 17, 46 (1975). 141. K.C.Guven and L.Eroglu, Eczacilik - -10, 53 Bul. (1968). 142. J.Reichelt and S.Kudrnac, J.Chromatogr. 87, 433 (1973). 143. H.-C.Hsiu, J.-T.Huang, T.-B.Shih, K.-L.Yang, 14, K.T.Wang and A.L.Lin, J.Chin.Chem.Soc. 161 (1967). 144. W.N.French and A.Wehrli, J.Pharm.Sci. 54, 1515 (1965). 145. K.Teichert, E-Mutschler and H.Rochelmeyer, Deut.Apoth.Ztg. 100, 283 (1960). 146. F.Sita, V.Chmelova and K.Chme1, Cesk.Farm. - 234 (1973). 22, 43, 147. T.G.Alexander, J.Ass.Offic.Agr.Chem. - 224 (1960). 148. T.G.Alexander, J.Pharm.Sci. 52, 910 (1963). 95, 149. J.J.A.M. van de Langerijt, Pharm.Weekb1. 133 (1960). 150. J.E.Carless, J.Pharm.Pharmaco1. 5, 883 (1953). 84, 151. I.Jane and B.B.Wheals, J.ChromatEgr. - 181 (1973). J.Chromatogr. 152. W.Santi, J.M.Huen and R.W.Frei, - 423 (1975). 115, , 153. J.D.Witter,Jr. and J.H.Kluckhoh .n J .Chromatogr.Sci. 11, 1 (1973). 154. ApplicationSheet No DS 042, Wa ters Associates,Mass., U.S.A. 155. Application Sheet No.AN 118, Waters Associates,Mass., U.S.A. 156. H-Bethke, B.Delz and K.Stich, J.Chromatogr. 123. - 193 (1976). 157. S.Czyszewska, F.Kaczmarek, L.Lutomski and H.Speichert, Herba Pol. 12, 87 (1966). 158. V.Prochazka, F.Kavda, M.Eucha and J.Pitra, Cesk.Farm. 2 , 493 (1964). 159. M.P&m and L.Fuchs, Naturwissenschaften 41, 63 (1954). This profile attempts to cover the literature on ergotamine tartrate published up to June 1975. 136.
FENOPROFEN CALCIUM
Christine K , Ward and Roger E. Schimer
162
CHRISTINE K. WARD AND ROGER E. SCHIRMER
CONTENTS
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
6.
7.
8.
9. 10.
Description Phys ica 1 P r o p e r t ies 2.1 C r y s t a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 2.1.1 C r y s t a l . Forms a n d H y d r a t e s 2.1.2 M e l t i n g Range a n d D i f f e r e n t i a l Therma 1 Ana l y s is 2.2 S o l u b i l i t y 2.3 pKa 2.4 E l e c t r o n i c S p e c t r a 2.4.1 U l t r a v i o l e t A b s o r p t i o n S p e c t r u m 2.4.2 O p t i c a l R o t a t i o n 2 . 5 I n f r a r e d Spectrum 2.6 N u c l e a r M a g n e t i c Resonance S p e c t r u m 2.7 Mass S p e c t r u m Synthesis D e g r a d a t i o n of F e n o p r o f e n C a l c ium M t a bol i s m of F e n o p r of e n e 5 . 1 M e t a b o l i t e s of F e n o p r o f e n 5.2 P h a r m a c o k i n e t i c s E lementa 1 A n a l y s i s C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c Methods of A n a l y s i s 7 . 1 T h i n Layer Chromatography 7.2 Gas Chromatography 7.3 High P r e s s u r e L i q u i d Chromatography T i t r i m e t r i c D e t e r m i n a t i o n s ( f e n o p r o f e n and ca l c ium) S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r ic A n a l y s i s A n a l y s i s of F e n o p r o f e n i n B i o l o g i c a l S a m p l e s
FENOPROFEN CALCIUM
163
1.
Descr - i p t ion
F e n o p r o f e n C a l c i u m is c a l c i u m 2 - (3-phenoxyphenyllpropionate dihydrate (I).
ii
2.
coo- 1
I.
-2H$
E m p i r i c a l Formula ( C 1 5 H 1 3 0 3 ),Ca*2H20 558.60 M o l e c u l a r Weight I t is a n odorless, w h i t e , c r y s t a l l i n e powder. Physical Properties 2.1.1
Crys Forms ydrate -t a lr o f e n c ai nudm Hoccurs s a s Fenop
c r y s t a l l i n e d i h y d r a t e w h i c h is s t a b l e from 94% t o less t h a n 1% e l a t i v e h u m i d i t y a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . r Only o n e c r y s t a l f o r m has b e e n o b s e r v e d f o r t h e d ih y d r a t e
M e l t i n g Range a n d D i f f e r e n t i a l Therma 1 Ana l y s is When r u n i n a n o p e n pan the thermcgram of F e n o p r o f e n C a l c i u m (e !e f i g u r e 1) e x h i b i t s a large e n d o t h e r m n e a r 94 C c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a l o s s of water accompanied by c o l l a p s e o f t h e c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e t o a g l a s s . When t h e loss of v o l a t i l e s is r e s t r i c t e d , a s i n a m e l t i n g p o i n t t u b e , t h $ e n d o t h e r m a p p e a r s a t h i g h e r temperature (118-123 C ) a n d is accompanied by p a r t i a l l i q u i f i c a t i o n of t h e s a m p l e . T h i s does n o t a p p e a r t o be a t r u e m e l t .
2.1.2
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF FENOPROFEN CALCIUM
r
TGA
loo -90
-80
-70 -60
DTA
-50
-40 94 Figure 1
-30
FENOPROFEN CALCIUM
165
2.1.3
d
X-ray Powder P a t t e r n of Fenoprofen

f!a lc i u m
1/11
100 10 60 60 50 50 80 90 90 70 10 70 05 05 30 Solubility Solubility <mg/m11
8 11 0.01 -0.01 2.5 0.12 0.28 3.30
d -
13.40 9.70 7.31 6.70 6.06 5.79

4.83
4.47 4.27 4.07 3.89 3.75 3.53 3.40 3.27 2.2 Solvent
3.12 3.06 2.96 2.85 2.75 2.55 2.42 2.35 2.22 2.15 1.99 1.91 1.85 1.76
05 10 10 10 20 15 05 05 02 10 20 05 15 02
Temperature 37 O 37 O 37 O 37 O 25OC 25 O C 25 O C 25OC 4.5 7.6
Methanol 1-Hexano 1 Chloroform Cyc lohexane Water Buffer pH 1.2 4.0 6.0 2.3 pKa
Water
66% D i m e t hylf ormamide/34$ water
2.4 E l e c t r o n i c Spectra 2.4.1
U l t r a v i o l e t Absorption Spectrum The u l t r a v i o l e t spectrum of Fenoprofen C a l c i u m i n methanol is shown i n F i g u r e 2 . The s p e c t r e x h i b i t s maxima a t 266, 272, and 278 nm w i t h E @ v a l u e s of 61.3, 70.0, and A bill 63.2, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
_ I
166
0.5
250
Figure 2.
300
350
380
U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrum of F e n o p r o f e n Calcium
FENOPROFEN CALCIUM
167
O p t i c a l Rotation Althousch F e n o p r o f e n Calcium is used a s t h e racemic mixture, o p t i c a l r o t a t i o n s have been r e p o r t e d f o r t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g e n a n t i o mer i c a c i d s . 1 ta12i C = 1 - i n CHC1, d - (+I-Fenoprofen Acid +46.0 -45.7O 1- (- -Fenopr of e n A c i d 2.4.2 I n f r a r e d Spectrum The i n f r a r e d sDectrum of F e n o m o f e n Calcium i n a KBr d i s k is g i v e n i n F i g i r e 3. The s p e c t r u m w a s o b t a i n e d u s i n g a Beckman IR12 I n f r a r e d S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r . Major band a s s i g n ments a r e as f o l l o w s : Band P o s i t i o n , CM-l Assignment
-OH s t r e t c h i n g of hydrate
2.5
3660, 3600 and 3300 1560 ( v e r y s t r o n g , b r o a d ) and 1420 1490, 1440 and 1450 1260 t o 1210 (several bands) 930 t o 695 ( s e v e r a l bands) 2.6
CO; a s y m m e t r i c and symmetric s t r e t c h i n g
aromat i c r i n g st r e t c hing
C-0-C asymmetric e t h e r stretching
p r i m a r i l y aromat i c out of p l a n e bend i n g
N u c l e a r Magnetic Resonance Spectrum - h T e y nmr s p e c t r u m of Fenoprofen C a l c i u m i n d e u t e r a t e d d i m e t h y l s u l f o x i d e a c i d i f i e d w i t h t r i f l u o r o a c e t i c a c i d is g i v e n i n F i g u r e 4. Assignments of t h e bands a r e as f o l l o w s : Band P o s i t i o n , ppm 8 . 4 - 6 . 0 (complex mult i p l e t ) 3 . 7 0 ( q u a r t e t , J = 7Hz)
1.35 ( d o u b l e t , J = 7Hz)
Assignment
aroma t i c p r o t o n s
-CH-
-CH3 -
E a,
E nl
E a, E
a,
w c
k rd k
a, k
168
169
170
Mass Spectrum The mass s p e c t r u m of F e n o p r o f e n is presented in Figure 5 .

3.
2.7
Synthesis The s y n t h e s i s of F e n o p r o f e n Calcium is presented i n Figure 6 .
4.
Stability
F e n o p r o f e n is q u i t e s t a b l e t o a c i d % b a s e , and heat. For example, s t o r a g e a t 135 C f o r s i x d a y s r e s u l t s o n l y i n t h e loss of t h e waters of hydratio!. Samples stored f o r o v e r three y e a r s a t 37 C showed no d e g r a d a t i o n a t a l l . However, d e g r a d a t i o n of F e n o p r o f e n c a n be induced by e x p o s i n g a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s of t h e d r u g t o i n t e n s e u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t . Under these c o n d i t i o n s p h o t o - f r ies r e a r r a n g e m e n t s o c c u r l e a d i n g t o a m i x t u r e of t h e f o l l o w i n g isomeric biphenyls2 :
y COOH
ycoon
No d e g r a d a t i o n of Fenoprof e n C a l c ium has been o b s e r v e d i n a n y f o r m u l a t i o n .
,yY'
.'I
It.
II
1 1 1 1 1 ~ 1 ' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' 1
I,
200
F i g u r e 5.
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
Mass S p e c t r u m of F e n o p r o f e n Calcium
0 k
a
0
b 4
(u
rn
-4
a
172
r.4
F ENOPRO F EN CALCIUM
173
Table 1 Urinary M e t a b o l i t e s of Fenoprofen3'4
H3c\c00H
3%
(unchanged Fenopr of e n )
455
I1
0
COOH
2%
42%
F i r s t unidentified acid l a b i l e conjugate Second u n i d e n t i f i e d a c i d l a b i l e c o n j u g a t e
35
5%
I74
CHRISTINE K. WARD AND ROGER
E. SCHIRMER
5.
Metabolism
5.1
Metabolites The p r i n c i p l e r o u t e s of metabolism of F e n o p r o f e n i n v o l v e h y d r o x y l a t i o n of t h e t e r m i n a l p h e n y l g r o u p and c o n j u g a t i o n w i t h g l u c u r o n i c a c i d . 3 ) 4 The s t r u c t u r e s and t y p i c a l percentages of t h e m e t a b o l i t e s i n human u r i n e a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e 1. Pharmacokinetics -*compartment open mode 1 p r o v i d e s a r e a s o n a b l y a c c u r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of F e n o p r o f e n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n plasma f o l l o w i n g o r a l d o s e s . 596 R e p r e s e n t a t i v e v a l u e s of t h e k i n e t i c p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e one compartment model a r e g i v e n i n F i g u r e 7.5 K i n e t i c p a r a m e t e r s have a l s o been r e p o r t e d f o r t h e t w o compartment open model. 59 6 Rena 1 c l e a r a n c e v a l u e s f o r Fenoprof e n range from 3 8 . 6 t o 4 7 . 8 ml/min a n d suggest that t u b u l a r r e s o r p t i o n of F e n o p r o f e n o c c u r s . 6. E lement a 1 Ana l y s is Calcium Fenoprof e n Anhydrous D i hydra t e 5.2
Element
Ca C H 0
7.
7.17 64.50 5.41 22.91
7.67 68.94 5.01 18.37
Chromatographic Methods of A n a l y s i s 7.1
T h i n Layer Chromatography S e v e r a l t h i n l a y e r s y s t e m s have been r e p o r t e d f o r s e p a r a t i o n o f F e n o p r o f e n from its s y n t h e t i c p r e c u r s o r s and metabolites. T h e s e s y s t e m s are summarized i n T a b l e 2 . S i l i c a g e l p l a t e s were u s e d in a l l cases. The Roman numerals r e f e r t o t h e structures given in
Figure 6 .
kab=0.15 min-1
PLASMA COMPARTMENT
rn
f D
f/V = 0.14 Q-1
kd=0.005 min-1
kab= absorption rate constant kd= elimination rate constant f D = fraction of dose absorbed x dose
V = volume of the plasma compartment
Figure 7. Pharmacokinetics of Fenoprofen Calcium
Ic
I D
m
00
I n
10
I:
O
O
cv
(0
*I
cv
0
4O
:
rl
I n
176
21 8
Q,
I n
I n
(D
El
3
(0 (0
z
I n
Q,
C U Q , ( D C D
El 3
m
m
CUN
I n
(D
:
W
rl
0 0
b
cvcv
u ( 0
>I
Q,
w
I n I n Q ,
(D
W
N
d (
w
W W
"I
Iy"
m
v)
dn
drl
b m
0
t -
.rO al4
+o
alc
dl
S o l v e n t System
I V VI VI VIII - - - -I - 63 86 49 82 60 89 54 56 66 96
IX
62 91
Ref. -
17.
18.
Ethyl ether Ethyl etheracetic a c i d (98-2) Ethyl etheracetic a c i d (95-5 1 Ethyl etheracetic a c i d (90- 10)
7 7
19.
87
82
89
87
98
91
20.
A
92
85
92
91
98
92
CO I
FENOPROFEN CALCIUM
179
G a s Chromatography C a l c i u m F e n o p r o f e n r a w materials a n d f o r m u l a t i o n h a v e b e e n a n a l y z e d b y gas chromatog r a p h y . The s a m p l e is p r e p a r e d by s u s p e n d i n g t h e d r u g or c r u s h e d f o r m u l a t i o n i n a q u e o u s h y d r o c h l o r i c acid and e x t r a c t i n g w i t h chlorof o r m , d r y i n g t h e chloroform o v e r a n h y d r o u s sodium s u l f a t e a n d e v a p o r a t i n g t h e chloroform a s necessary t o c o n c e n t r a t e t h e s a m p l e . The F e n o p r o f e n a c i d is s i l y l a t e d by warming a t 6OoC f o r 15 m i n u t e s w i t h N,O-bis- ( t r i m e t h y l s i l y l ) trif luoroacetamide and then i n j e c t e d o n t o t h e column. S e v e r a l sets of c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c c o n d i t i o n s s u i t a b l e for t h e a n a l y s i s are summarized i n T a b l e 3. Diphenamid a n d m - d i p h e n y l b e n z e n e have been used as i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d s .
High P r e s s u r e L i q u i d Chromato r a p h y a d by Fenoprof e n Calcium c high p r e s s u r e l i q u i d chromatography u s i n g t h e following condit ions :
7.2
7.3
Column :
30 c m x 4 mm s t a i n l e s s s t e e l column packed w i t h p-Bondapak C 18.
Temperature : S o l v e n t Flow Rate :
Ambient ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25OC )
100 ml/hr
(-1100 p s i )
Detector:
Sample S i z e : E l u t ing Solvent :
U l t r a v i o l e t , 2 8 0 nm A p p r o x i m a t e l y 22 mcg o n c o lumn
600 m l d e i o n i z e d water
4 0 0 m l a c e t o n i t r i l e and
20 ml g l a c i a l acetic a c i d
Internal Standard :
p - c h l o r o b e n z o i c acid
Table 3 C o n d i t i o n s for G a s Chromatography of S i l y l a t e d Fenoprofen A rox. Solid Support Length ID Been Temp.
Liquid Phase
L
~ - w p ~- ~ ~
Tfme ion
Ref
8
3.8$, W 9 8
1.0$, W98
0.5%,OV17
D iat opor t S
Gas Chrom
3 ft.
3 mm 3 mm
175OC 15OoC
175OC
14OoC
4 min 4 min
2 ft.
Chromosorb GHP
Chromosorb G-
4 ft.
3 ft.
3 mm 3 mm
2 min
6 . 6 min.
1% .,
oV17
A W DMCS
FENOPROFEN CALCIUM
181
8.
T i t r i m e t r i c Determination
The c a r b o x y l a t e f u n c t i o n may be d e t e r m i n e d by p o t e n t i o m e t r i c t i t r a t i o n w i t h p e r c h l o r i c a c i d using glacial acetic acid as t h e s o l v e n t . Calcium c a n be d e t e r m i n e d by t i t r a t i o n w i t h 0.05 M EDTA u s i n g C a l c o n i n d i c a t o r . About 1.5 g of F e n o p r o f e n Calcium is d i s s o l v e d i n e t h a n o l and d i l u t e d t o 100 m l w i t h e t h a n o l . 10 m l of t h i s s o l u t i o n a r e t h e n t i t r a t e d t o t h e blue endp o i n t i n a s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g 7 0 m l of water, 2 m l of 10%sodium h y d r o x i d e , 1 d r o p of 1% g e l a t i n , 3 d r o p s of 10% KCN a n d 2 drops of C a l c o n i n d i c a t o r s o l u t ion.
9.
-e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c Sp
Determinations
F e n o p r o f e n acid has b e e n d e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r i n g t h e a b s o r b a n c e a t 272 nm i n m e t h a n o l s o l u t i o n s ac i d i f i e d w i t h acet i c a c i d . F e n o p r o f e n Calcium has been d e t e r m i n e d by measuring t h e a b s o r b a n c e a t 2 7 0 nm i n a pH 7.5 phosphate b u f f e r s o l u t i o n .
10,
A n a l y s i s of F e n o p r o f e n i n B i o l o g i c a l Samples
F e n o p r o f e n has b e e n d e t e r m i n e d i n blood plasma s a m p l e s 8 by gas chromatography f o l l o w i n g e x t r a c t i o n . F e n o p r o f e n was first e x t r a c t e d i n t o hexane from t h e a c i d i f i e d plasma s a m p l e , t h e n e x t r a c t e d o u t of t h e hexane i n t o 0 . 1 N s o d i u m h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n , and f i n a l l y e x t r a c t e d back i n t o hexane a f t e r a d j u s t i n g t h e pH of t h e a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n t o a b o u t 3. The hexane w a s evaporated and t h e fenoprofen s i l y l a t e d u s i n g hexamethyl d i s i l i z a n e i n c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e . T h e c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e s o l u t i o n is t h e n i n j e c t e d o n t o a 3 f t . 3.8% W98 on D i a t a p o r t S operated a t
175O C .
182
Reference ---s
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
- -
W.S. M a r s h a l l , U.S. P a t e n t 3 , 6 0 0 , 4 3 7 (1971 t o E l i L i l l y and Company). A . Dinner, Unpublished r e s u l t s . A . Rubin, P. Warrick, R.L. Wolen, S.M. C h e r n i s h A.S. R i d o l f o , C.M. Gruber, J r . , J . Pharmacol, E X ~ .Ther. 183, 449(1972) A . Rubin, S.M. C h e r n i s h , R. C r a b t r e e , C.M. Gruber, Jr., L. Helleberg,B.E. Rodda, P. Warrick, R.L. Wolen, and A.S. R i d o l f o , C u r r . Med. R e s . Opinion 2, 529(1974). A . Rubin, B.E. Rodda, P. Warrick, A.S. R i d o l f o , and C.M. Gruber, Jr., J. Pharm. S c . 6 0 , 1797 (1971) A . Rubin, B.E. Rodda, P. Warrick, A.S. R i d o l f o , and C.M. Gruber, J r . , J . Pharm S c . 61, 739 (1972 ) R.H. B i s h a r a , J. Ass. Off. Anal Chemists 5 6 , 657 (1973)J . F . Nash, R. J . Bopp and A . Rubin, -. J Pharm Sc. 60, 1062(1971).
---
- -
---
- --
- -
ISONlAZID
Glenn A. Brewer
184
GLENN A. BREWER
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Description 1.1 N a m e , F o r m u l a , Molecular W e i g h t 1 . 2 A p p e a r a n c e , C o l o r , Odor, T a s t e P h y s i c a l and Chemical P r o p e r t i e s 2 . 1 Spectra 2.11 I n f r a r e d Spectrum 2.12 U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrum 2.13 Chemiluminescence 2.14 Fluorescence Spectrum 2 . 1 5 N. M. R. Spectrum 2 . 1 6 E. S. R. S p e c t r u m 2 . 1 7 Mass S p e c t r o m e t r y 2.2 P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s of t h e S o l i d 2.21 Melting C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s 2 . 2 2 D.T.A. a n d D.S.C. 2.23 T.G.A. E l e c t r i c a l Moment 2.24 2.25 E l e c t r i c a l Conductivity 2.26 Crystal characteristics 2.27 X-Ray D i f f r a c t i o n 2.3 S o l u b i l i t y 2 . 3 1 Water S o l u b i l i t y 2.32 Solubility i n Solvents 2.4 Physical Properties of Solution 2 . 4 1 PH 2.42 D i s s o c i a t i o n Constant 2.43 Photolysis Constant 2.44 Oxidation P o t e n t i a l Metal Complexes History, S y n t h e s i s and Manufacturing Stability A n a l y t i c a l Chemistry 6.1 Identity T e s t s 6.2 Methods o f A n a l y s i s 6 . 2 1 General Reviews 6 . 2 2 Colorimetric Methods 6 . 2 3 S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c Methods 6 . 2 4 F l u o r i m e t r i c Methods 6 . 2 5 T i t r i m e t r i c Methods 6 . 2 6 E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Methods
ISON IAZlD
185
7. 8. 9.
6 . 2 7 G r a v i m e t r i c Methods 6 . 2 8 M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a n d E n z y m a t i c Methods 6 . 2 9 M i s c e l l a n e o u s Methods 6 . 3 C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c Methods 6 . 3 1 P a p e r Chromatography 6 . 3 2 Thin-Layer Chromatography 6 . 3 3 I o n Exchange c h r o m a t o g r a p h y 6 . 3 4 O t h e r C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c Methods 6 . 4 D e t e r m i n a t i o n of I s o n i a z i d and i t s Metabolites i n Body F l u i d s and T i s s u e s 6 . 4 1 G e n e r a l Reviews 6.42 C o l o r i m e t r i c Methods 6 . 4 3 T u r b i d i m e t r i c Method 6 . 4 4 F l u o r i m e t r i c Methods 6 . 4 5 E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Methods 6 . 4 6 G a s o m e t r i c Methods 6 . 4 7 M i s c e l l a n e o u s Chemical A s s a y s 6.48 M i c r o b i o l o g i c a l Assays 6.49 Chromatographic Assays Drug Metabolism Biopharmaceutics References
186
GLENN A. BREWER
1. Description 1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weiqht Generic names - Isoniazidl, Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide, INH, Isonicotinoylhydrazine, Isonicotinyl hydrazide, Isonicotinylhydrazine, Tubazid, ISoniazidum Chemical names - 4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrazide, pyridine-4-carboxyhydrazide, pyridine- y-carboxylic acid hydrazide. Chemical Abstracts Registry No. 54-85-3 2
C6H7N30 1.2
Appearance, Color, Odor, Taste Colorless or white crystalline powder which is odorless and has at first a slightly sweet and then bitter taste3. Physical and Chemical Properties 2.1 Spectra 2.11 Infrared Spectrum The infrared spectrum of isoniazid and other hydrazides of carboxylic acid have been recorded and band assignments were made4 , Nagano et a15 in a later paper made band assignments for isoniazid, metal complexes of isoniazid and related compounds The infrared spectra of isoniazid as a solid in a KBr pellet and as a mull in mineral oil are shown in Figures 1 and 2 . The following assignments have been made by Mrs. Toeplitz6. Frequency(cm-l) A s s iqnment 3300-3000 Bonded NH and C-H 1670 c=o 1560 Amide I1 1640 NH2 deformation 1610t ring C=C and C=N 1500/
2.
(++)-c0mNH2
Mol. Wt. 137.14
WAVELENGTH (MICRONS)
FRMUENCY (W')
F i g u r e 1:Infrared
spectrum of isoniazid as a KBr p e l l e t .
FREQUENCY (W')
Figure 2:Infrared
s p e c t r u m of i s o n i a z i d i n m i n e r a l o i l m u l l .
ISONIAZID
189
U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrum Numerous a u t h o r s h a v e r e c o r d e d t h e u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m o f i s o n i a z i d i n a number o f s o l v e n t s 7 , 8 ~ 9 ~ 1 0 , 1 1 ~ 1 2 . The e f f e c t of t h e p H o f t h e s o l u t i o n on t h e r e s u l t i n g s p e c t r u m h a s been noted. Zommer13 h a s r e c o r d e d t h e s p e c t r a of t h e h y d r a z o n e s of i s o n i a z i d and a c e t o n e o r p-hydroxybenza ldehyde. The u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m o f i s o n i a z i d i n d i l u t e a c i d (0.01N aqueous HC1) shows t w o a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l maximima a t 213 n m ( E Y i m 437) a n d 265 nm ( E l % 4 1 7 ) . The minimum 1m c o c c u r s a t 233 nm. The s p e c t r u m i n d i s t i l l e d w a t e r shows a b r o a d peak a t 2 6 1 n m (EFgm 306) w i t h o u t a d e f i n e d minimum. T h e r e i s a s h o u l d e r a t 208 nm. I n d i l u t e a l k a l i (0.01N a q u e o u s a l k a l i ) t h e s p e c t r u m t a k e n i m m e d i a t e l y shows a s h o u l d e r a t 266 n m ( E F i m 293 a n d p e a k s a t 272 n m (EFgm 298) a n d 295 n m (Elcm 2 8 4 ) . On s t a n d i n g t h e s e p e a k s s h i f t % ! so t h a t a t 2 h o u r s t h e r e a r e p e a k s a t 256 n m ( E l % 1 7 3 ) , 262 n m ( E E m 1 7 0 ) a n d 325 n m (Ergm 76). 1c m A t 24 h o u r s t h e 325 nm peak d i s a p p e a r s . The same s h i f t t a k e s p l a c e w i t h h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of a l k a l i e x c e p t t h a t i t occurs more r a p i d l y . The u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m t a k e n i n m e t h a n o l i c r a t h e r than aqueous s o l v e n t s a r e s i m i l a r t o those i n water except t h a t the absorption maximima g e n e r a l l y o c c u r a t s l i g h t l y lower wavelengths. 2.13 Chemiluminescence C a e n l 5 h a s o b s e r v e d a weak c h e m i l u m i n e s c e n c e o f i s o n i a z i d when s o l u t i o n s a r e o x i d i z e d w i t h sodium h y p o c h l o r i t e . The lumj n e s cence i n c r e a s e s w i t h pH from 1 0 . 2 t o 13. The maximum o f t h e e m i s s i o n c u r v e i s a t 0.552 p c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a n e n e r g y o f 5 1 K c a l , Two t h e o r i e s f o r t h e o b s e r v e d l u m i n e s c e n c e a r e o f f e r e d , b o t h of which depend on t h e p r e s e n c e o f f r e e OH a n d H 0 2 r a d i ca 1 s
2.12
190
GLENN A. BREWER
Fluorescence Spectrum I s o n i a z i d shows a n i n t e n s e f l u o r e s c e n c e s p e c t r u m when o x i d i z e d w i t h p e r o x i d e o r a f t e r cleavage of the p y r i d i n e r i n g with This fluorescence is t h e basis cyanogen bromide. o f s e v e r a l s e n s i t i v e methods t o d e t e r m i n e i s o n i a z i d i n b i o l o g i c a l m a t e r i a l s ( S e e S e c t i o n 6 . 4 ) . When a s o l u t i o n o f i s o n i a z i d a t pH 6 . 5 t o 7 . 5 w a s t r e a t e d w i t h d i l u t e p e r o x i d e a t 100C f o r 30 m i n u t e s w e found t h e e x c i t a t i o n maximum a t 333 n and t h e m e m i s s i o n p e a k a t 415 n 14 m A f t e r i s o n i a z i d i s rea c t e d w i t h cyanogen b r o m i d e r e a g e n t i n 1 . 8 N a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n a t room temperature w e f o u n d a n a c t i v a t i o n maximum a t 312 n a n d a f l u o r e s c e n c e m maximum a t 392 nmI4. I s o n i a z i d a l s o f l u o r e s c e s when r e a c t e d w i t h c e r t a i n a r o m a t i c c a r b o n y l compounds (Section 6.24). 2.15 N. M. R. S p e c t r u m Several authors have studied t h e n u c l e a r magnetic resonance spectrum o f t h e h draz i d e s o f c a r b o x y l i c a c i d i n c l u d i n g i s o n i a z i d y 6 9 l7 9 t s 18. H i l l e r b r a n d and c o - w ~ r k e r s ~ gu d i e d t h e N. M. R. spectrum o f t h e copper s a l t . The N.M.R. spectra o f i s o n i a z i d a n d *zO exchanged i s o n i a z i d a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 3 a n d 420. The 60 MHz NMR s p e c t r u m of i s o n i a z i d , i n dimethyl sulfoxide-d6 containing tetramethyl s i l a n e a s i n t e r n a l r e f e r e n c e shows t h e p r e s e n c e o f hydrazino protons resonances a t (ppm) 4 . 6 0 ( b r o a d , 2 H , e x c h a n g e d ) and 10.15 ( b r o a d , l H , exc h a n g e d ) . The a r o m a t i c p r o t o n s r e s o n a n c e s appear a s m u l t i p l e t s a t 7 . 7 3 ( 2 H ) and 8 . 7 0 ( 2 H ) . ( F i g u r e s 3 a n d 4 ) . The complex p a t t e r n of t h e resonances, o t h e r than t h e expected doublets, suggests charge d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e p y r i d i n e ring. However, t h e h i n d e r e d r o t a t i o n a r o u n d t h e N-C=O a s w e l l as C - a r y l b o n d s c a n n o t be r u l e d o u t . The NMR s p e c t r u m i n m e t h a n o l -d4 w a s s i m i l a r t o F i g u r e 4 , t h e h y d r a z i n o p r o t o n s h a v i n g b e e n exchanged. The a d d i t i o n of d e u t e r a t e d H C 1 d i d n o t a l t e r t h e spectrum except a downfield s h i f t of t h e aromatic
2.14
.d
a,
W d
5
d
5 a,
a
a, U
.d
0 k
a l
. d
c 0 m
w 0
191
a
a,
E X
al
a
-rl
a,
X 0
192
ISON IAZ I D
193
p r o t o n s r e s o n a n c e b y 0 . 1 ppm. 2.16 E. S. R. Spectrum H i l l e r b r a n d a n d co-workers19 u s e d E l e c t r o n S p i n Resonance t o s t u d y c h a r g e t r a n s f e r i n t e r a c t i o n s between i s o n i a z i d and c o p p e r i o n s . 2.17 Mass S p e c t r o m e t r y G i l l i s 2 1 h a s d i s c u s s e d t h e fragment a t i o n p a t t e r n f o r i s o n i a z i d a n d s i m i l a r compounds. F i g u r e 5 shows t h e e l e c t r o n - i m p a c t mass s p e c t r u m o b t a i n e d on an A E I MS902 mass s p e c t r o m e t e r e q u i p p e d w i t h a d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n s y s t e m . The M+ o c c u r s a t m / e 137 and t h e f r a g m e n t i o n s r e s u l t from e i t h e r d i r e c t bond c l e a v a g e ( m / e 106, 78) o r t h r o u g h t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f HCN from t h e p y r i d y l r i n g ( m / e 5 1 ) .
m/e
106
m/e
51
m/e
78
Physical Properties of t h e S o l i d 2.21 Melting C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s The m e l t i n g p o i n t o f i s o n i a z i d i s u s e d a s s p e c i f i c a t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Pharma~ o p o e i a ~ ~European Pharmacopoeia3. The m e l t i n g and p o i n t o c c u r s between 1 7 0 a n d 174OC. 2.22 D.T.A. and D.S.C. D i f f e r e n t i a l thermal a n a l y s i s w a s used t o s t u d y i s o n i a z i d b e f o r e t h e t e c h n i q u e gained i t s c u r r e n t p o p u l a r i t y 2 4 3 25. P i r i s i 2 6 showed t h a t i s o n i a z i d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f z i n c , c o p p e r and ' i r o n s a l t s and m e r c u r i c o x i d e g i v e s an a b n o r m a l D.T.A. pattern. D r . J a c o b s o n 2 7 h a s shown t h a t t h e
2.2
194
GLENN A. BREWER
3793
ISONIHZID LOT 866434

1
I
1O O t
9080-
I
I
WR
70.60-
1 :
l
-t-a -t
_I
58--
483020-
--
a 10 o ttZ
W
--
-Fl+T-r
6
. i
3( J02 ,
4 d +
INTENSITY
MFISS/CHRRGE SUM = 4 4 6 7 2 B R S E PERK 2 =24.36
Figure 5:Low-resolution mass spectrum of isoniazid.
ISON IAZlD
195
S q u i b b House S t a n d a r d of i s o n i a z i d shows a s h a r p endotherm a t 17OoC u s i n g DuPont t h e r m a l a n a l y s i s
equipment.
The p u r i t y of t h i s s t a n d a r d w a s d e t e r m i n e d t o be 99.95 mole p e r c e n t u s i n g a P e r k i n E l m e r DSC-1B d i f f e r e n t i a l s c a n n i n g colorimeter27. 2.23 T.G.A. Thermogravimetry c a n be u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e m o i s t u r e or r e s i d u a l s o l v e n t s i n i s o n i a z i d . When t h e S q u i b b House S t a n d a r d w a s t e s t e d no loss on d r y i n g was r e c o r d e d 2 7 . 2.24 E l e c t r i c a l Moment Lumbroso and Barassin* d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c a l moment of i s o n i a z i d w a s 2.92 I.L. 2.25 E l e c t r i c a l C o n d u c t i v i t y The e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y of a compressed t a b l e t of i s o n i a z i d w a s d e t e r m i n e d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s between 50 and 1500C29. 2.26 C r y s t a l Characteristics B h a t a n d co-workers30 h a v e r e p o r t e d t h a t i s o n i a z i d c r y s t a l s a r e o r t h o r h o m b i c , space g r o u p P 2 1 2 1 8 1 , w i t h a , 14.915 ( 1 5 ) b, 11.400 ( 1 0 ) c, 3.835 ( 5 ) ~ d ( m e a s u r e d ) = 1.417 ( 7 ) , d ( c a l c u l a t e d ) = 1.395 and 2 = 4.
196
GLENN A. BREWER
X-Ray D i f f r a c t i o n The powder x-ray d i f r a c t i o n c u r v e f o r i s o n i a z i d i s shown i n F i g u r e 6 3 f The r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t i e s f o r t h e v a r i o u s peaks a r e g i v e n below:
2.27
Interplanar Distances Relative I n t e n s i t i e s d (ANGSTROMS ) 0.098 8.84 0.408 7.30 0.398 6.10 0.451 5.64 1.000 5.25 0.502 4.49 0.296 3.69 0.398 3.51 0.102 3.42 0.068 3.36 0.197 3.27 0.235 3.10 0.060 3.04 0.058 3.01 2.80 0.170 0.076 2.63 0.168 2.47 0.115 2.42 0.187 2.33 2.3 S o l u b i l i t y 2 . 3 1 Water S o l u b i l i t y32 F o u r t e e n g r a m s of i s n i a z i d -re s o l u b l e i n 100 m l o f water a t 25OC. T w e n t y - s i x grams a r e s o l u b l e i n 100 m l of water a t 4OoC. 2.32 Solubility i n Solvents32~33 Solvent S o l u b i l it ethanol(25OC) 2 g/100 e t h a n o l ( b o i l i n g ) 10 g/100 m l ch l o r o form 0 . 1 g/100 m l ethyl ether very s l i g h t l y soluble benzene i ns o l u b l e
mf
104
100
I.,
h
M
co
70
60
re
30
ie
20
ut
- 0
Figure 6:X-ray powder-diffraction pattern of isoniazid.
198
G L E N N A. BREWER
Physical P r o p e r t i e s of Solution 2.41 pH The p o f a s o l u t i o n ( 1 i n 10) H should b e between 6.0 and 7.523. 2.42 D i s s o c i a t i o n Constant There i s a d i s c r e p a n c y i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t s of isoniazid. T h i s i s i n p a r t due t o t h e d i f f e r e n t methods of measurement employed. F a l l a b 3 4 determined t h e b a s i c d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t a s 3 x 10-11 measured conductC a n i 6 and D j o r d j evi635 e s t a b l i s h e d ometrically. t h a t t h e 1st b a s i c c o n s t a n t s h o u l d be a s c r i b e d t o t h e p y r i d i n e n i t r o g e n and t h e 2nd t o t h e h y d r a z i n e group. T h i s i s c o n t r a r y t o p r e v i o u s work by Cingolani and G a ~ d i a n o ~ ~ . Nagano and c o - ~ o r k e r sdetermined ~~ t h e dissociation constants potentiometrically as PK1 = 2.13, PK2 = 3.81, PK3 = 11.03. S a l v e s e n and G l e n d r a n c ~ e ~ ~e r det mined t h e d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t s i n 1 . O M sodium and K2 = c h l o r i d e s o l u t i o n a s K1 = 9.80 x 1.42 10-4. Zommer and Szuszkiewicz'l have e s t a b l i s h e d pK1 = 1 0 . 7 5 and pK2 = 11.15 and prot o n a t i o n c o n s t a n t s cf 3.57 f o r t h e p y r i d i n e N and 1.75 f o r t h e h y d r a z i d e N. Rekker and N a ~ t found t h a t sola ~ ~ u t i o n s o f i s o n i a z i d became yellow a t p H 10 and 2.7. The c o l o r i s r e v e r s i b l e on changing t h e pH. They e x p l a i n e d t h i s b e h a v i o r on t h e b a s i s o f t h e e x i s t ance o f two p o s i t i v e i o n s , a monovalent yellow p o s i t i v e i o n and a d i v a l e n t c o l o r l e s s p o s i t i v e ion. The p v a l u e s a r e pK' = 2 . 0 0 , pK" = 3.6 K and pK"' = 10.8. 2.43 Photolysis Constant S a l v e s e n and Eiki113' e s t a b l i s h e d t h e p h o t o l y s i s c o n s t a n t s f o r i s o n i a z i d a t 20C and o ' * and 370 nm i n M NaCl s o l u t i o n a s kl = 1 . 0 0 x l k2 = 1.45 x 10-4.
2.4
ISONI AZ I D
199
Oxidation P o t e n t i a l The o x i d a t i o n p o t e n t i a l s f o r i s o n i a z i d a t v a r i o u s pH v a l u e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d b y vu 1t e r i n 4 0 . Solution i n Ef 1 N HC1 0.70 0.025M Na2B407 0.25 3N NaOH -0.22 Metal Complexes I s o n i a z i d forms metal complexes w i t h many d i v a l e n t i o n s . T h e s e complexes h a v e b e e n used i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i s o n i a z i d (see S e c t i o n s 6.22, 6.25 and 6.29). T a m u r a a n d Nagano4I h a v e d e t e r m i n e d t h e c o n s e c u t i v e f o r m a t i o n c o n s t a n t s f o r t h e complex formed b e t w e e n i s o n i a z i d a n d C d ( I 1 ) . The e x p e r i ments were c a r r i e d o u t a t pH 7.2 ( a d j u s t e d w i t h NaOH) i n M NaN03 u s i n g 0.001M Cd(N03)2 a t 25OC. The d e t e r m i n a t i o n was made p o l a r o g r a p h i c a l l y . The v a l u e s d e t e r m i n e d were k l = 35, k2 = 0 . 5 7 , k3=52.5. A t high concentrations o f i s o n i a z i d yellow c r y s t a l s o f Cd ( I N H ) 2 (NO3)2-H20 p r e c i p a t e d from s o l u t i o n indicating t h a t contrary t o t h e polarographic data t h a t t h e 2 : l complex is more s t a b l e t h a n t h e 3 : l complex. By p H t i t r a t i o n t h e s t e p w i s e f o r m a t i o n c o n s t a n t s w e r e k l = 1 2 . 2 , k2 = 1 2 . 6 , a n d k 3 = 3.4. The Same a u t h o r s 4 2 s t u d i e d t h e f o r m a t i o n c o n s t a n t s o f i s o n i a z i d a n d C u ( I I ) , Zn, N i ( I I ) , C o ( I 1 ) a n d M (11). n The complexes o f c o p p e r a n d i s o n i a z i d h a v e been e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d by I ~ h i d a t e ~ ~ . History, Synthesis and Manufacturinq I s o n i a z i d w a s f i r s t p r e p a r e d b y Meyer a n d M a l 1 Y s o 0 i n 1912 b y h e a t i n g a m i x t u r e o f ison i c o t i n i c a c i d a n d h y d r a z i n e above 30OoC. The a c t i v i t y of t h e compound a g a i n s t Mycobacterium S . J was f i r s t r e c o g n i z e d b y C h o r i n e 5 0 1 a n d b y Huant502 i n 1945. The d r u g w a s r e p o r t e d a s a u s e f u l t u b e r c u l o s t a t i c a g e n t b y F a r b e n f a b r i k e n - B a y e r , A. G., Hoffmann-LaRoche, I n c . a n d E. R. S q u i b b & S o n s , I n c . 4. 3.
2.44
200
GLENN A. BREWER
i n 1952503. The b a s i c method of m a n u f a c t u r e o f i s o n i a z i d i s t h e condensation of hydr azine with a y - s u b s t i t u t e d pyri d i ne H y d r a z i n e c a n be d i r e c t l y c o n d e n s e d w i t h i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d , The w a t e r formed i n t h e rea c t i o n i s u s u a l l y removed b y a z e o t r o p i c d i s t i l l a tion44945946947, E s t e r s o f i s o n i c o t i n y l a c i d c a n be h y d r o l y z e d and t h e r e s u l t i n g a c i d condensed w i t h h y d r a z i n e . Ammonia i s u s u a l l y employed f o r t h e h y d r o l y s i s 4 8 . Y - P i c o l i n e c a n be o x i d i z e d i n 70% s u l f u r i c a c i d w i t h manganous d i o x i d e t o form i s o n i c o t i n i c acid. The c o r r e s p o n d i n g a c i d c h l o r i d e i s made with thionyl chloride. The a c i d c h l o r i d e i s t h e n r e a c t e d w i t h h y d r a z i n e i n anhydrous benzene t o y i e l d isoniazid49. I n a modification of this procedure t h e a c i d c h l o r i d e i s r e a c t e d w i t h e t h a n o l t o form t h e e t h y l ester which i s t h e n r e a c t e d w i t h h y d r a z i n e i n e t h a n o l t o form i s o n i a z i d 5 0 . I n a s i m i l a r manner o n e c a n o x i d i z e 2 , 4 d i m e t h y l p y r i d i n e w i t h s e l e n i u m and s u l f u r i c a c i d . T h e m i x t u r e i s n e u t r a l i z e d w i t h ammonia. A m i x t u r e o f i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d , i s o n i c o t i n a m i d e and i s o n i c o t i n i c h y d r a z i d e i s forrned51.
Stability The s t a b i l i t y o f i s o n i a z i d h a s b e e n s t u d i e d e x t e n s i v e l y i n s o l u t i o n a n d i n v a r i o u s pharmaceut i c a l p r e p a r a t i o n s . Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i s t h e r e a c t i o n of t h e h y d r a z i n e g r o u p w i t h n a t u r a l l y o c c u r i n g a l d e h y d e s and k e t o n e s such a s s u g a r s o r k e t o a c i d s and the complexation o f i s o n i a z i d w i t h metal i o n s . Lewin a n d H i r ~ c h a~ e shown t h a t n o n - i o n i c v~ c h e l a t i n g material can l a r g e l y p r e v e n t t h e degrad a t i o n o f i s o n i a z i d when n e u t r a l a n d a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n s a r e a u t o c l a v e d . They n o t e d t h a t C u ( I 1 ) and Mn(I1) i o n s a c c e l e r a t e d t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f i s o n i a z i d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f hydrogen peroxide. P o o l e a n d M e ~ e r e~ o r t e d t h a t i s o n i a z i d i s p~ u n s t a b l e i n human o r r a b b i t plasma w h i l e i t i s
5.
ISON I A2 I D
201
s t a b l e f o r s e v e r a l weeks i n b u f f e r e d aqueous s o l u t i o n s a t p v a l u e s below 8 . The i n s t a b i l i t y i n H plasma i s q u i t e marked even a t r e f r i g e r a t o r temperatures. Kakemi and c o - ~ o r k e r shave s t u d i e d t h e ~~ d e g r a d a t i o n o f i s o n i a z i d i n aqueous s o l u t i o n under a n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s . A l k a l i n e h y d r o l y s i s under a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s y i e l d s a m i x t u r e of i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d , i s o n i c o t i n a m i d e and 1 , 2 d i i s o n i c o t i n o y l h y d r a z i n e p l u s s m a l l amounts of u n i d e n t i f i e d products. Under a n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n s i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d and 1 , 2 d i i s o n i c o t i n o y l h y d r a z i n e were t h e p r i n c i p a l p r o d u c t s . When EDTA was added t o t h e r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e only i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d was formed. F i r s t o r d e r k i n e t i c s were followed. Inoue55 found t h a t a t p 3 . 1 u n d e r a n a e r o b i c H c o n d i t i o n s i s o n i a z i d h y d r o l y z e s t o form i s o n i c o t i n i c acid. Pseudo f i r s t o r d e r k i n e t i c s a r e followed. A t lower p v a l u e s t h e e f f e c t of b u f f e r t y p e can H be s e e n . A c t i v a t i o n e n e r g i e s were c a l c u l a t e d for t h e h y d r o l y s i s by d i f f e r e n t i o n i c s p e c i e s . Horioka and c o - ~ o r k e r sfound t h a t losses o f ~~ i s o n i a z i d were encountered when t h e drug was blended w i t h v a r i o u s a n t i a c i d p r e p a r a t i o n s . The e f f e c t of t e m p e r a t u r e , humidity and p on t h e H s t a b i l i t was determined. Haldg7 found t h a t i s o n i a z i d underwent slow o x i d a t i o n i n aqueous s o l u t i o n , b u t i n t h e p r e s e n c e of s u c r o s e t h e i s o n i a z i d r e a c t e d w i t h t h e a l d o hexoses formed on i n v e r s i o n . The r e a c t i o n w i t h s u c r o s e could b e i n h i b i t e d by t h e a d d i t i o n o f 0.3% sodium c i t r a t e . Pawelczyk and c o - ~ o r k e r sfound t h a t a s long ~~ a s c o n d i t i o n s were k e p t a n a e r o b i c t h a t t h e decompos i t i o n of i s o n i a z i d i n t h e p r a n g e 3 t o 7 followed H f i r s t order kinetics. They r e p o r t e d t h a t a 1 % s o l u t i o n of t h e drug was 37 times more s t a b l e a t P 6 t h a n a t p 3.The e f f e c t of d i f f e r e n t b u f f e r H H s p e c i e s on t h e r a t e o f t h e r e a c t i o n was noted. W and co-workers59 i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e browning u r e a c t i o n between l a c t o s e and i s o n i a z i d i n t h e
202
G L E N N A. BREWER
s o l i d s t a t e with d i f f u s e r e f l e c t a n c e spectrophotometry. T h i n - l a y e r chromatography was u s e d t o demonstrate t h e p r e s e n c e of i s o n i c o t i n o y l hydrazones of l a c t o s e and h y d r o x y m e t h y l f u r f u r a l . InoueG0 h a s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e e f f e c t of t h e p r e s e n c e of copper (11) i o n s on t h e r a t e of oxidat i o n of i s o n i a z i d i n s o l u t i o n . The r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s were i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d , i s o n i c o t i n a m i d e , 1,2-diisonicotinoylhydrazine, i s o n i c o t i n e carboxaldehyde and i s o n i c o t i n o y l hydrazone. The copper c h e l a t e s of i s o n i a z i d a r e degraded by a f i r s t o r d e r r e a c t i o n and t h e r a t e i s determined b y t h e r a t i o of t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of c h e l a t e d s p e c i e s p r e se n t Inoue and Ono61 have e s t a b l i s h e d t h e k i n e t i c s of t h e d e g r a d a t i o n of i s o n i a z i d i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f Managenese (11). Shchukin62 h a s s t u d i e d t h e r e a c t i o n of copper (11) w i t h i s o n i a z i d . Kakemi and co-workers63 s t u d i e d t h e s t a b i l i t y of t h e sodium m e t h a n e s u l f o n a t e salt of i s o n i a z i d from p H 3 t o 9. Rao and c o - ~ o r k e r shave demonstrated t h a t ~~ i s o n i a z i d i n s y r u p f o r m u l a t i o n s undergoes hydrazone formation w i t h t h e f r e e g l u c o s e t h a t i s p r e s e n t . Absorption of t h i s hydrazone i s r e p o r t e d t o b e impaired. The a u t h o r s s u g g e s t t h e u s e of s o r b i t o l a s a replacement f o r s u c r o s e .
A n a l y t i c a l Chemistry 6.1 Identity Tests A l a r g e number of i d e n t i t y t e s t s have b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d f o r i s o n i a z i d . Most of t h e s e a r e colorimetric and a r e r e p o r t e d below i n t a b u l a r form.
6.
Reaqen t
p- Dimethylaminobenza l d e h y d e A l k a l i n e Na2Fe ( C N ) 5NO Q C F e (CN) 6J + light Dini t r o c h l o r o b e n z e n e o-ninitrobenzene R e d u c t i o n w i t h Zn/HCl and ph e n y l h y d r a z i n e 1 , 2 Naphthoquinone4 - S u l f o n i c a c i d + NaOH 1,2,4-Aminonaph t h o 1 s u l f o n i c a c i d SbC13, SbC15 o r AsC13 E p i ch l o r o h y d r i n Dimethylglyoxime i E t h y 1 i c d i ca rbox y 1 c a c i d s en (fumaric, maleic a c i d s , e t c . ) Naphthoqu inone-HgC12 3,5-Dini t r o s a l i c y l i c a c i d N i n h y d r in BrCN a n d NaOH Benzyl c h l o r i d e NaOH D r a g e n d o r f f ' s Reagent
r l r n n
i n t e n s e yellow i n t e n s e orange pink purple violet y e 1low bright red orange t o red
Reference 66,67,68,74,85,86 69,74 70 71,74,86 72 73 74,75,76 77 78 79 80 81

82 83 84,85 85 85 86,94
--
8 w
red red ye 1 low
-brown r e d
r e d orange green-blue f l u o r . b l u e fluorescence red
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e c o l o r r e a c t i o n s a number o f c o l o r e d p r e c i p i t a t e s can be formed o n t h e a d d i t i o n of m e t a l s a l t s o r a c i d s t o i s o n i a z i d .
Reagent Am03 S e02 HgC12 cuso4 Hg2C12 KI AuI Lead a c e t a t e + K I KBr
e 0
~205.12~03 Picrolonic acid Tannic a c i d V i t a l i l s reagent Mecke' s r e a g e n t Frghde' s r e a g e n t Mandelin' s r e a g e n t Alloxan D i s u I f imides M e t h y 1i o d i d e K2 C r 2 0 7 Pho sphomo 1 d i c a c id yb P i c r i c Acid Reineckel s s a l t Styphnic a c i d
Color of P r e c i p i t a t e White Red White Blue White Amorphous mass Dark c r y s t a l s Yellow a c i c u l a r c r y s t a l s E f f e r v e s c e n c e followed by b l a c k and c o l o r l e s s crystals Precipitate Green-ye1 low PPt Yellow mass Rose-sienna Blue Red White p p t
Reference 74,94 78,87,88 74 86 86 86,93,95 86 86 86
-Yellow n e e d l e s
--
--
86 86,93 86 86 86 86 86 89 90 91 92 92 93,94 94 94
Kay's reagent Vaillef s reagent Na 2 P t B r 6
94 94 94
F e i g l a n d c o - w o r k e r s g 6 h a v e r e p o r t e d a s p o t t e s t i n which i s o n i a z i d i s ( C N ) 6-7 q u a t e r n i z e d a n d p y r o l y z e d w i t h Na2S203 a t 180OC. A c i d i f i e d Fe i s used f o r d e t e c t i o n .
Be
97 98 Popkov and Amelink h a v e r e p o r t e d on m i c r o c r y s t a l l i n e t e c h n i q u e s f o r t h e detection of isoniazid. 6 . 2 Methods of A n a l y s i s 6 . 2 1 G e n e r a l Reviews Deltombe99, S l o u f l O O , Robles a n d Unzueta'Ol, Yalcindaglo2, B r a n d y s l 0 3 a n d G a r c i a a n d c o - w o r k e r s l o 4 h a v e a l l p u b l i s h e d r e v i e w s on t h e q u a l i t a t i v e and q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f i s o n i a z i d . 6 . 2 2 C o l o r i m e t r i c methods A number of a u t h o r s h a v e formed h y d r a z o n e s of i s o n i a z i d w i t h v a r i o u s aldehydes and k e t o n e s and used t h e h i q h l y c o l o r e d p r o d u c t s t o determine t h e d r u g . O f t h e v a r i o u s a ldehydcs u s e d , p-dimei?hylaminobenza l d e h y d e lo8, log,l o ,lll. Benza1dehydes7, I 6 O , I e a r s t o be t h e m o s t 0 ular105,106, lo7; a n d v a n i l l i n 1 1 3 ' 197yPgghave a l s o been u s e d . The o f f i c i a l method o f t h e AOAC i s t h e r e a c t i o n of i s o n i a z i d w i t h b e n z a l d e h y d e i n sodium b i c a r b o n a t e solution. The a b s o r b a n c e o f t h e h y d r a z o n e i s m e a s u r e d a t 302 nm. The absorbance a t 375 nm ( b a c k g r o u n d ) i s s u b s t r a c t e d a s a c o r r e c t i o n 1 6 9 . Sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate r e a c t s w i t h t h e h y d r a z i d e p o r t i o n o f i s o n i a z i d i n a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n t o p r o d u c e a n orange-red c o l o r w i t h a maximum a t 480 nm1149115. 2-3-Dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone r e a c t s
?R
206
GLENN A. BREWER
with isonia zid t o give a b lu e co lo r i n a l k a l i n e ~ o l u t i o n ~ l ~The r~ a c t i o n i s u s e f u l w i t h , ~ e~ . pharmaceutical p r e p a r a t i o n s which a l s o c o n t a i n sodium a m i n o s a l i c y l a t e l l 8 . An a s s a y u t i l i z i n g 1, 4-naphthoquinone h a s a l s o been regorted1l9. I s o n i a z i d r e d u c e s phosphomol b d a t e i n a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n t o molybdenum b l u e 1 2 0 , l Y l . In a s i m i l a r r e a c t i o n molybdophosphotungstate g i v e s a b l u e color122. An a s s a y u t i l i z i n g molybdic a c i d i n a l k a l i n e a c e t o n e s o l u t i o n h a s also been r e p o r t e d l 2 ? I s o n i a z i d r e a c t s w i t h cvano en c h l o r i d e 1 2 4 ~ 1 2 5 ~ 1 2 6 c h l o r o r h o d a n a m i n e l 2 7 ~ 18 o r ,
cyanogen bromide129 t o form g l u t a c o n i c d i a l d e h y d e which can t h e n be condensed w i t h b a r b i t u r i c o r 2t h i o b a r b i t u r i c a c i d s t o y i e l d c o l o r e d polymethine dyes. I s o n i a z i d reduces f e r r i c y a n i d e t o f e r r o c y a n i d e . The amount o f f e r r o c y a n i d e can be determined by t h e a d d i t i o n of f e r r i c i o n t o y i e l d a b l u e colorl30,131. Sodium pentacyanoaminoferroate r e a c t s w i t h i s o n i a z i d t o g i v e a yellow chromogen 132 I s o n i a z i d r e a c t s w i t h 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene i n a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n t o g i v e a p u r p l e color133,74,134. l-Fluoro-2,4 d i n i t r o b e n z e n e a l s o r e a c t s i n a s i m i l a r manner 135 I s o n i a z i d forms c o l o r e d complexes w i t h many m e t a l s which can be used i n a n a l y t i c a l c a n be formed w i t h ammonium methods. vanadate f e r r i c c h l o r i d e and 2 , 2 1 b i ~yridinel~~, copper139 and N i c k e l (11) and f e r r i c i0nl40. Reineckels s a l t forms a w a t e r i n s o l u b l e p r e c i p i t a t e with i s o n i a z i d . This p r e c i p i t a t e d i s s o l v e s i n a c e t o n e and t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of i s o n i a z i d can b e determined c o l o r i m e t r i c aiiy141, 142. The f o l l o w i n g compounds have a l s o been used i n c o l o r i m e t r i c assays for i a o n i a z i d .
13g~y9~358,
Reagent Reference ch loropicrin 504 epichlorohydrin 143 ninhydrin 144 145 tripheny1tetrazolium ch loride 9-chloroacridine 146 dinitrobenzoic acid 147 p-aminosalicylate-HVO~ 18 4 1,2,4-aminonaphtholsulfonic acid 77 p-ni trophenyldiazonium fluoroborate 149 7-chloro-4 nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole 150 acid chrome dark blue 151 2-bromo-1-acetonaphthone 112 N- (4-pyridyl) pyridinium chloride 152 174 picryl chloride 6.23 Spectrophotometric Methods A number of authors have utilized the strong absorbance of isoniazid in the ultraviolet as a means of determining the concentration of the drug. In many methods the a @! :7 f4 IPS in alkaline and acid solution as an identity test 1659237. Isoniazid can be determined in the presence of p-aminosalicylate by an ultraviolet assay162,163,164. 6.24 Fluorimetric Methods Although isoniazid does not have any native fluorescence several sensitive fluorometric assays have been reported for the drug. Isoniazid is coupled with 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde to give a yellowgreen fluorescence. The compound has an excitation maximum at 495 m and an
y3,iQ%, iB; ar39:'
Fh
208
GLENN A. BREWER
e m i s s i o n maximum a t 534 nrn166~167. I n a n o t h e r method t h e p y r i d i n e r i n g i s c l e a v e d w i t h cyanogen b r o m i d e t o form A S c h i f f ' s base i s t h e n formed glutacondialdehyde. w i t h 4 - a m i n o b e n z o i c a c i d which has a n e x c i t a t i o n maximum a t 336 6 . 2 5 T i t r i m e t r i c Methods A large variety of titrimetric methods h a v e b e e n employed f o r the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of i s o n i a z i d i n b u l k and i n formulated products. A series of reviews have been w r i t t e n on t i t r i m e t r i c methods170, 1 7 1 9 1 7 2 3 1 7 3 ~ 202. The o f f i c i a l m e t h o d s of a n a l y s i s i n t h e U . S. P. 2 3 , B. P. 174 a n d E u r o p e a n P h a r m a c o p o e i a 3 a r e t i t r i m e t r i c methods. I n t h e U.S.P,23 a n i t r i t e titration is utilized. I n t h e B.P. 174 t h e i s o n i a z i d i s r e a c t e d w i t h bromine and t h e e x c e s s bromine i s t i t r a t e d w i t h t h i o s u l f a t e a f t e r t h e l i b e r a t i o n o f i o d i n e by t h e a d d i t i o n o f potassium iodide. I n t h e European P h a r m a c o p o e i a 3 a d i r e c t t i t r a t i o n w i t h bromate i s u t i l i z e d w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f ethoxychysoidine a s an i n d i c a t o r . The v a r i o u s t i t r i m e t r i c methods a r e summarized i n t h e Table.
mr ,m r 0 3 ,KI m r
Br2
Reaq e n t
~ 1 0 3KI , H I , K2Cr207, K I
~ ~ 1 0 4 ,
I C 1, K I
N
Titrant thiosu1 ate f KBr03 alkali KBrO3 mr03 t h i o s u lf a t e KIO~ thiosulfate t h i o s u 1f a t e t h i o s u l f at e t h i o s u l f at e

HC lo4
non-aqueous
I2
Indicator starch ethoxychrysoidine pheno lphtha l ei n methyl orange p o t e n t iome t r i c starch ethoxychrysoidine starch starch starch starch thermome t r i c crystal v i o l e t or methyl v i o l e t
non-aqueous non-aqueous non-aqueous Cd++ Cd++

cU++,
NaN02 HC 104 HClOq

NaClO4 NaOMe
Sb e l e c t r o d e
Complexon 1 1 1 CaC12 Am03 EDTA
g l a s s electrode potentiome tric thymol b l u e eriochrome B l a c k T methylthymol B l u e

mu r e x i de
NH4SCN
CU++, N H ~ S C N
Reference 1 7 5 ,1 7 7 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 2 176,106,180,184 178 181,186 1 8 1 , 1 8 3 ,1 8 5 ,1 8 7 74,188,192,196 189 1 9 0 , 1 9 3 ,1 9 5 191 106,194 198 200 217,211,210,209,208, 207,206,204,205,216, 213,201,74,57,203, 2 14 233 212,276 215 2 18 2 02 219,221 220 222 2 2 3 ,224
%
~m
a E E
0 0 0
m a ,
d
a m a
a
0 k c,
rl
a,
a,
-ti
c
.ti
a,
5
0
d
a .ti a
a,
a,
a,
a,
5 k
4J
h C
E
k
a, I k
E 7
c,
m
. d
nl
m
a
m
4J
Ill
H H
4J
a,
C 0
0 a 0 mEcn
NUf:
dd
C cr a, m m rn W
d
C O D
9
d
h
o"+
cn+
0-
'
u u
3 3
t n
210
Nesslerl s reagent
I2
C e (So4) 2
NaOH bromphenol b l u e 262 KOH K3Fe (CN) 6 P t electrode 263,264 K 3Fe (CN) 6, KOH, H2S04, K I t h i o s u I fa t e starch 265 6.26 E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Methods A number of a u t h o r s have d e t a i l e d p o l a r o g r a p h i c methods f o r i s o n i a z i d . The r e d u c t i o n a p p a r e n t l y o c c u r s i n two s t e p s ( t o t a l o f 4 e l e c t r o n s ) b u t t h e s t e p s a r e n o t s u f f i c i e n t l y w e l l s e p a r a t e d t o be u t i l i z e d The h a l f wave p o t e n t i a l bea n a l y t i c a l l y , s o t h a t t h e s i n g l e wave i s used. b u t t h e h e i g h t d i d n o t change r e a t l y comes more n e g a t i v e a t h i g h e r p v a l u e s H ,278, o v e r t h e H r a n g e s t u d i e d 266,153,267,266,269,270,271,272,273,274,275,27 279,280,2Kl
K2Cr207 isopropenyl t r i chloroacetate
sodium d i e t h y l d i thiocarbama t e hydraz i n e ammonium hexani t r o c e r a t e (IV) Mohrrs s a l t C e (NO314 Mohrfs s a l t
cuso4 starch a-naphthof lavone P t electrode P t electrode diphenylamine
2 56 2 57 2 58
259 2 60 261
A.C.Polarography h a s been used by Sato282 and Vallon and c o - ~ o r k e r s ~ ~ h ei n s s a y o f i s o n i a z i d . Okuda and co-workers284 ret ~ a a c t e d i s o n i a z i d w i t h 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic a c i d and have t h e n used p o l a r o g r a p h y t o measure t h e r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t . se e r p l au h o r s h ve r e r t e d c o u l o e t ' c g e t h o d s for t h e a n a l y s i s o f i s o n i a z i x w i t h ekectroccemica??y g e n e r a t e 8 c 6 i o r i n e 285,286 o r bromine286,287,288,289.290.
212
GLENN A. BREWER
Gravimetric Methods R e l a t i v e l y few g r a v i m e t r i c a s s a y s have been r e p o r t e d f o r i s o n i a z i d . T h i s i s probably because of t h e l a r g e number of c o l o r i m e t r i c , t i t r i m e t r i c and e l e c t r o c h e m i c a l methods a v a i l a b l e which a r e f a s t e r and more convenient than t h e g r a v i m e t r i c methods. Leal and Alves 234 have r e p o r t e d an a s s a y using p i c r i c a c i d t o form a w a t e r i n s o l u b l e salt. Akiyama and co-workers291 prec i p i t a t e i s o n i a z i d e a s t h e C u ( I 1 ) o r Hg(I1) s a l t s . The s a l t s a r e r e d i s s o l v e d i n h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d and t h e metal i s then r e p r e c i p i t a t e d a s t h e s u l f i d e which i s determined g r a v i m e t r i c a l l y . The z i n c 2 9 2 and cadmium293 s a l t s can be measured by d i r e c t gravimetry. The benzyli d e n e d e r i v a t i v e can be determined e i t h e r g r a v i m e t r i c a l l y o r v o l ~ m e t r i c a l l y ~ ~s~ . i a z i d I on can b e q u a t e r n i z e d and t h e s a l t can b e then measured v o l u m e t r i c a l l y o r g r a v i m e t r i c a l l y 2 95. The phosphotungstate of i s o n i a z i d can b e determined gravime t r i c a 1 1 ~ 1 6 4 . 6.28 M i c r o b i o l o q i c a l and Enzymatic Methods S e v e r a l a g a r d i f f u s i o n microbiol o g i c a l a s s a y s u t i l i z i n g s t r a i n s of a c te rium have been r e p o r t e d f o r i s o n i a ~ i d ~ ~ ~ I s o n i a z i d i n h i b i t s many enzyme systems and a number of t h e s e might b e s e l e c t e d a s t h e b a s i s of enzymatic a s s a y s . Examples of enzyme systems which a r e i n h i b i t e d a r e pea cotyledon amine o x i d a s e , c a r r o t r o o t L-glutamic decarboxylase and wheat s e e d l i n g t r a n s a m i n a ~ e ~ The . i n h i b i t i o n ~~ i s r e v e r s e d by t h e presence of k e t o a c i d s . 6 . 2 9 Miscellaneous Methods O s c i l l o m e t r i c t i t r a t i o n s have been used t o determine i s o n i a ~ i d301. ~ I s o n i a z i d can ~ ~ j be assayed g a s o m e t r i c a l l y a f t e r o x i d a t i o n w i t h iodate3O2 o r f e r r i c y a n i d e 3 0 3 304. Conductometric t i t r a t i o n s with sodium hydroxide o r h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d have been
J
6.27
u s e d t o measure i s o n i a z i d c o n t e n t 3 0 5 , 3 0 6 . The c o p p e r c h e l a t e of i s o n i a z i d i s s o l u b l e i n m e t h y l i s o b u t y l ketone. The c o p p e r c o n t e n t of t h e c h e l a t e i s d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e o r g a n i c p h a s e by a t o m i c a b s o r p t i o n s p e c t r o m e t r y 3 0 7 . I s o n i a z i d i n p u r e s o l u t i o n s can b e d e t e r m i n e d by r e f r a c t o m e t r y 3 08 Chromatographic Methods 6 . 3 1 Paper Chromatoqraphy Numerous p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c s y s t e m s h a v e b e e n u s e d t o s e p a r a t e i s o n i a z i d from i n t e r m e d i a t e s u s e d i n t h e s y n t h e s i s , d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s and m e t a b o l i c p r o d u c t s . Since isoniazid absorbs strongly i n t h e u l t r a v i o l e t and g i v e s a number of c o l o r r e a c t i o n s 3 0 9 t h e r e i s no problem i n d e t e c t i n g o r q u a n t i t a t i n g t h e d r u g a f t e r t h e s e p a r a t i o n h a s been completed. A t a b l e of some p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c s y s t e m s i s g i v e n below: Solvent Syst e m Detection Use Ref. Water s a t u r a t e d b u t a n o l C14 l a b e l l e d Urine metabolites 310 Isoamyl alcohol-waterCNBr ,Microb i o 1. Urine metabolites 311 a c e t i c a c i d ( 5 0 :50 :1 . 5 ) I s o p r o p a n o l - w a t e r (85 :1 5 ) Urine metabolites 312,313 Butano 1-ammonia -Derivatives 31 4 1st Dimension sec. b u t a n o l w a t e r (saturated) 6.3
5
w
--
2nd Dimension i s o a m y l alcohol-acetone-acetic a c i d - w a t e r (56:24:6: 1 4 )
CNBr- o-phenyl-
Urine
enediamine dimethylbenza l d e h y d e
Butanol-10% NH4OH(lO:2) circular Butanol-water(4:l) ascending 2,4-lutidine-isoamyl alcohol-water (5: 100: 9) Butanol-HC1-pet. ether or Butanol-HCl-H20(paper sat. with KC1 solution) (a)Butanol-ethanol-water
(2:2:1) (b)Butanol-pyridine-water (16:4: 3 )
Butanol sat.ammoniaca1 Impurities with silver nitrate dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Dosage forms methanolic dinitrochlorobenzene iodine-platinic iodide Impurities other basic substances
3 16
317 318
319
(c) Ethanol-l.5N NHqOH-water ultraviolet (17:1:2)

(d)Phenol-isopropanol-water (16:1:5) 0.5 ammonium chloride u 1traviole t (a)Butanol saturated with water -(b) Propanol-water( 8 0 : 2 0 )
I
1
metabolites
320
metabolites metabo 1ites in urine
321
322,323
2 Ln
(a) 1sopropanol-25% NH20H(85: 15) (b) Isopropanol-water(85:15) (c) Isopropanol-formic acidwater (80: 1O:lO) Pyridine-Water(65:35) Isopropanol-NH40H-water (7:1:2) Butanol-acetic acid-water ( 5 :1:4) ( a ) E thyl me thyl ketone-acetoneformic acid water(40:2:1:6) (b)E thy 1 me thy1 ketone-diethy lam inewater (921:2 :7 7 ) (c)Methyl isobutylketone-formic acid-water(ketone sat.with 4 % formic acid) (d)Chloroform-methanol-formic acidwater(CHC13 sat.with 1 part H20 % and 1 part 4 formic acid) (e)Benzene-ethylmethyl ketoneformic acid-water(9 parts benzene plus 1 part ketone sat.with 2 formic acid) % (f)Benzene-formic acid-water (benzene sat. with 2 formic % acid)
1
1
CI4 and spray reagents
Me tab01ites Metabolites Metabolites
324 325 326
-K 3 F e (CN)6
FeC13 and
327
la)ISO-propanol-water (17:3) (b)Butanol-acetic acid-water(4:1:5) (c)1.4M potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0

Butanol-acetone-water(45:5:50)
Butanol-phosphoric acid-water(3:1:3) (a)Butanol S a t . with water in atmosphere of NH3 (b)95% ethanol-M ammonium acetate(7:3) adjusted to pH 5 6.32
2,4,6 trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid chlorani1ic acid
3 28
--
N m
Thin-layer Chromatrogaphy In recent years several authors have developed thin-layer chromatographic system for isoniazid. These are presented in tabular form. System Chloroform-methanol( : 8 2) Chloroform-acetone-diethylamine (5:4:1) Cyclohexane-chloroform-diethylamine (4:5:1) Butanol-phosphoric acid-water(3:1:3) Acetone-methanol-NJQOH (50: 50: 1) (a)Pkthanol (b)Chloroform (c)Ethanol Detection Folin-Ciocalteu or Phosphomo 1ybdate
1
--
copper sulfate in ethanol then 0.1% benzidine in 50% aqueous ethanol
329 330 33 1
Use separation from other drugs
Ref 332
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde 5:l mixture 10% cuso4 and 10%

NH~OH
derivatives 330 identification 333 identity test 334
ISopropanol-acetone(6:4 )
---
chloroform-methanol (6:4) Chloroform-methanol(125:60) (a!Ethyl acetate-cyclohexanedioxane-methanol-waterNH40H(50:50:10:10:1.5:0.5)
(b)same solvent but (50:50: 10: 1O:O. 5: 1.5) Ninhydrin or separation from (c)Ethyl acetate-cyclohexane0.5% H2S04 drugs of abuse NHqOH-methanol-water (70:15:2:8:0.5) (d)E thyl acetate-cyclohexaneNHqOH-methanol(56 :40:0.4:0.8) (e) same but (7 :15 :5 :10) 0 (f)E thyl acetate-cyclohexaneNH40H ( 5 0:40:0.1) Methanol-NH4OH-H20(100:1:4) KMnO4 bromothymol other drugs blue
UV iodine
separation of hydrazine separation of isonicotinic acid hydrazone with lactose
335 335
59
336
337
rn 3
338 254 nm U.V. iron chloride(a)Chloroform-methanolhexacyanoferrate,molybdo13N ammonia (90:10: 1) phosphoric acid. Folin(b) Benzene-;oethano1Ciocalteu,potassium diethylamine (90 10:1) : permanganate,ammoniacal (c)Chloroform-hexanol13N ammonia(90:10:0.2) silver nitrate,amminepenta(d)Chloroform-ethyl acetate cyanoferrate,iodoplatinate, iodine,Dragendorff, cinna13N ammonia ( 50 :50 :1) maldehyde triphenyltetra(e) chloroform-acetonezolium,dithiocarbamate 10: 1) acetic acid (90: or ammonium molybdate (f)Benzene-acetonediethylamine (50 50 :1) : (g) Chloroform-acetoneacetic acid(50:50:1) Nishimoto and T ~ y o s h i m a ~ ~found that isoniazid showed tail' ing on thin-layer chromatography due to trace metals in the silica gel. When the adsorbent was treated with EDTA the tailing was eliminated. Wijnne and c o - w o r k e r ~ ~ ~ ~ that isoniazid could be found quantitated after thin-layer chromatography by coulometric titration. Schmidt341 showed that isoniazid could be revealed on a thin-layer plate by exposure to iodine vapor. Kawale and c o - w o r k e r ~ ~ ~ ~ sprayed thin-layer plates with 1 mercurous nitrate to reveal isoniazid as black spots. % 6.33 Ion exchanqe Chromatoqraphy Tsuji and Sekiguchij4j have shown that isoniazid is quantitatively adsorbed on Dowex 50 cation exchange resin in various metal forms. The strength of adsorption decreases in the following order:Cu++k N'2 i+ Hg++> H+ > Co++ > cd++k En++>Fe++ > Pb++> m++> ~ l + + + .
ISONIAZID
219
No a d s o r p t i o n o c c u r s on r e s i n i n t h e Ba++, Mg++, Ca++ o r Na+ forms. H e l l e r and c o - ~ o r k e r ss ~ p a ~a t e d e ~ r a c e t y l i s o n i a z i d from i s o n i a z i d on a column o f Dowex 1-X8 i n t h e p y r u v a t e form. 9 Kakemi e t -a~~~~ d e v e l o p e d a c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c method f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f i s o n i a z i d from some d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s . I s o n i a z i d i s a d s o r b e d on a weak c a t i o n e x c h a n g e r s u c h a s A m b e r l i t e CG-50 i n t h e hydrogen form. I s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d i s n o t a d s o r b e d and i s d e t e r m i n e d c o l o r i m e t r i c a l l y u s i n g cyanogen bromide. To determine i s o n i c o t i n a m i d e t h e sample s o l u t i o n i s o x i d i z e d w i t h a l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n i d e and t h e n p a s s e s t h r o u g h a column o f s t r o n g a n i o n e x c h a n g e r s u c h a s Dowex 1-X8 i n t h e c h l o r i d e form. The amide i s unchanged Another degradaand i s n o t a d s o r b e d on t h e r e s i n . t i o n product,1,2-diisonicotinoyl h y d r a z i d e i s d e t e r m i n e d b y a d j u s t i n g t h e s a m p l e t o pH 8 . 9 w i t h b o r a t e b u f f e r and d e t e r m i n i n g t h e a b s o r b a n c e a t 329 nm. P e t e r s a n d c o - ~ o r k e r s 347 ~ ,e r e ~~ w a b l e t o s e p a r a t e and q u a n t i t a t e a l a r g e number o f m e t a b o l i t e s of i s o n i a z i d u s i n g Dowex AG-50-X4 r e s i n i n t h e hydrogen and ammonium forms. S e l e c t i v e c o l o r r e a c t i o n s were u s e d t o d i f f e r e n t i a t e t h e g r o u p s of m e t a b o l i t e s . Fan and Wald348 s e p a r a t e d p - a m i n o s a l i c y l i c a c i d from i s o n i a z i d u s i n g a Dowex 2 - X 8 column. I n o u e and c o - w ~ r k e r su~ e~ ~ s d a s y s t e m s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Kakemi e t a 1 3 4 3 t o s e p a r a t e i s o n i a z i d from i t s d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s . Lewandowski and S y b i r ~ k a ~ ~ O s e p a r a t e d i s o n i a z i d from i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d b y p a p e r chromatography u s i n g b u t a n o l s a t u r a t e d w i t h water. The p a p e r was c o n n e c t e d w i t h an i o n exchange p a p e r i n t h e a c i d form. The s p o t s were e l u t e d w i t h d i o x a n e . The s h a r p z o n e s on the i o n exchange p a p e r were v i s u a l i z e d w i t h i c r y l c h l o r i d e Darawy a n d Mobarak3" chromatog r a p h e d s e v e r a l d r u g s on CM-82 c a r b o x y m e t h y l c e l l u l o s e c a t i o n exchange p a p e r u s i n g a w a t e r -
220
GLENN A. BREWER
acetone-foramide(l0:l:l) solvent system. 6.34 Other Chromatoqraphic Methods Barreto and Sabin0352 used a anhydrous sodium sulfate column eluted with chloroform-diethylamine(9: to concentrate 1) metabolites of isoniazid from serum or urine. Smolarek and Dlugosch353 separated isoniazid and p-aminosalicylic acid by paper electrophoresis in barbital buffer, pH 8.5. B a r r e t ~ ~ ~ ~ used two dimensional electrophoresis to separate the metabolites of isoniazid. also used paper electrophoresis to separate several acyl hydrazides. A pH 2.0 acetate buffer was used. Isoniazid was separated from several antituberculosis drugs by gas chromatography356,357, A silanized chromosorb G coated % with 6 QF1 was used. Gas chromatography was used to separate the products of oxidation of hydrazides with Fehlings solution358. 6.4 Determination of Isoniazid and its Metabolites in Body Fluids and Tissues The methods described in this section were specifically developed for the determination of isoniazid in body fluids and tissues. Many of the methods are similar to other general analytical methods described in Section 6.2 perhaps differing only in the extraction procedure. 6.41 General Reviews Terze and D a d i ~ t o u ~studied a ~ number of color reactions to determine their application to blood level assays. Ginoulhiac360 also made a literature review of blood level methods, A critical review of methods for isoniazid determination has been written364 6.42 Colorimetric Methods Colorimetric methods are most popular for the determination of isoniazid in biological samples. The methods are listed in tabular form.
Reaqent Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
Pretreatment of sample acid hydrolysis none extraction into isoamyl alcoholether from alkaline solution deproteinization with ~ ~ 1 0 ~ deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid none
Type of specimen Ref. serum & urine 361,370, 375 urine 362,363 plasma and 365,366, urine 367,3 68, 369. serum serum and tissues serum
37 1 372 373,376, 377 374,432, 433,434 375 3 78 379,380, 429,430 38 1
Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
N
Vanillin Vanillin Vani 11in Van i11in Cinnama ldehyde Cinnamaldehyde
deproteinization serum with trichloroacetic acid extraction with serum organic solvent extraction with milk propanol deproteinization serum with trichloroacetic acid extraction with serum butanol-chloroform
o- t robenza ldehyde Ni Sa 1icyla 1dehyde- FeC1

S a licy la ldehyde
deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid extraction into isoamyl alcohol-ether from alkaline solution none extraction with acetone deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid none deproteinization with trichloroacetic acid automated method deproteinized serum deproteinized trichloroacetic acid deproteinized trichloroacetic acid acid hydrolysis
serum serum bio logica1 fluids cadavers plasma biological ma teria Is citrated blood serum serum & urine biological fluids urine urine
382 383
3 84
385 386 387 388 389 390 391,404, 411,412 392
Salicylaldehyde Glutaconic aldehyde @-diketone

N
Catecho1 Catecho1 H2 0 2 CNBr
CNBr
A Ikaline
hydrolysisCNBr NHqV03-H2S04
KCN, Chloramine Tbarbituric acid
393,394,395, 396,397,398, 399,370,435 plasma,urine 400,401 tissues,serum
1-amino-2-naphthol-4sulfonic acid Naphthoquinone-4sulfonic acid Naphthoquinone-4sulfonic acid 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene
6 K3Fe (CN) Sodium pentacyanoaminoferroate K3Fe (CN)6
urine biol. fluids urine deproteinization Zn (OH) 2 extraction methyl isobutyl ketone deproteinized serum deproteinized tissue deproteinized with sodium tungstate deproteinized with phosphoric acid urine whole blood urine serum serum tissue, urine spina1 fluid serum spinal fluid urine blood blood urine plasma urine spinal fluid plasma
402 403,404,405, 406,407 408 409,410 411 412,413

414 415,416,417 418
r J .
Ni tropentacyanoferroate Na ph thoquinone
Na ph thoq inone H202,CNBr, aniline
419 420 421 422 423,424 425
--
Picryl chloride KMn04,BrCN,NH3
trich loracetic acid tungstic acid extraction BuOH,Et20

Py tein-free fiPtrate
3
P
4-pyridylpyridinium trichloracetic acid plasma 426 dichloride,NaOH,HCl filtrate KBrO3+ methyl o r a n g e acid tungstate blood 427 Zn powder + h e a t -urine 428 6 . 4 3 T u r b i d i m e t r i c Method I s o n i a z i d r e d u c e s K2Hg14 t o form HgI w h i c h i s i n s o l u b l e . The r e s u l t i n g t u r b i d i m e t r y c a n be measuEed t o d e t e r m i n e t h e amount o f i s o n i a z i d Wagner a n d co-worker-431 h a v e a p p l i e d t h i s method t o b l o o d f o l l o w i n g present. d e p r o t e i n i z a t i o n w i t h b a r i u m h y d r o x i d e and z i n c s u l f a t e . 6 . 4 4 F l u o r i m e t r i c Methods A number of f l u o r i q e t r i c m e t h o d s o r i s o n i a z i d h a v e b e e n reported. H e d r i c k a n d c o - ~ o r k e r sa~ s o ~b e d a p r o t e i n f r e e f i l t r a t e of s e r u m b~ r on p H 6 . 5 A m b e r l i t e XE-64 i o n e x c h a n g e r e s i n . T h e i s o n i a z i d was e l u t e d w i t h d i l u t e a c i d and t h e n r e a c t e d w i t h hydrogen p e r o x i d e i n pH 8.7 b u f f e r . The m o x i d a t i o n p r o d u c t f l u o r e s c e s a t 415 n when a c t i v a t e d by u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t a t A s l i t t l e a s 0.05 y/m1 o f s e r u m c a n be d e t e r m i n e d . 320 nm. S c o t t and Wright437 r e a c t e d s a l i c y l a l d e h y d e w i t h i s o n i a z i d and reduced t h e r e s u l t i n g hydrazone. The r e s u l t i n g compound w a s h i g h l y f l u o r e s c e n t . R e i s s , Morse a n d P u t s c h 4 3 8 a s s a y e d i s o n i a z i d f l u o r i m e t r i c a l l y a f t e r a b s o r p t i o n a n d e l u t i o n from i o n e x c h a n g e r e s i n and t r e a t m e n t w i t h a l k a l i n e c y a n o g e n bromide. Wilson, Lever and u t i l i z e d t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e of t h e z i n c c h e l a t e of t h e hydrazone of i s o n i a z i d w i t h pentane-2,4-dione i n an a s s a y i n serum. E l l a r d , Gammon a n d W a l l a c e 4 4 0 h a v e d e v e l o p e d s p e c i f i c f l u o r i m e t r i c a s s a y s f o r i s o n i a z i d , a c e t y l i s o n i a z i d , mono-and d i a c e t y l h y d r a z i n e , i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d a n d i s o n i c o t i n y l g l y c i n e i n serum a n d u r i n e . Boxenbaum a n d Riegelman441 h a v e a l s o d e v e l o p e d a s s a y s f o r i s o n i a z i d and i t s m e t a b o l i t e s i n whole blood. M i c e l i , O l s o n a n d Weber442 h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d a micro method f o r
ISONlAZlD
225
t h e f l u o r i m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n of i s o n i a z i d i n serum. A s l i t t l e a s 2 5 p1 o f s e r u m can be u s e d i n t h e assay. P e t e r s , Morse a n d Schmidt 443 and 0' B a r r , K e i t h and B l a i r 4 4 4 h a v e compared f 1 U O r i m e t r i c and m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a s s a y s f o r i s o n i a z i d i n serum. 6.45 E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Methods Lauermann a n d O t t o 4 4 5 h y d r o l y z e d i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d h y d r a z i d e and i t s m e t a b o l i t e s t o i s o n i c o t i n i c a c i d w i t h a l k a l i . The h y d r o l y s i s product w a s determined p o l a r o g r a p h i c a l l y . The a u t h o r s found t h a t t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y t h i s method i n t h e a n a l y s i s o f c a d a v e r i c f r a c t i o n s was comparable t o t h o s e o b t a i n e d when t h e method o f N i e l s c h a n d G i e f e r 4 0 1 was u s e d . The p o l a r o g r a p h i c method was l e s s t i m e consuming. Kane 446 d e t e r m i n e d i s o n i a z i d i n biological f l u i d s without p r i o r separation. 6.46 G a s o m e t r i c Methods The h y d r a z i n e g r o u p i n i s o n i a z i d c a n b e r e a d i l y decomposed i n t o n i t r o g e n g a s . Several a u t h o r s have u t i l i z e d t h i s r e l a t i v e l y s e l e c t i v e f i n i s h f o r b l o o d and u r i n e l e v e l a s s a s . S t r i c k l a n d a n d H e n t e l 1;47 r e a c t e d i s o n i a z i d w i t h sodium i o d a t e i n a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n . The a s s a y i s n o t e f f e c t e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f pa m i n o s a l i c y l i c a c i d which i s o f t e n g i v e n i n conjunction with isoniazid. H a r t i n g and G e r z a n i t s 448used a l k a l i n e f e r r i c y a n i d e t o l i b e r a t e t h e nitrogen gas. I t o and c o - w ~ r k e r 7s450 were a b l e ~~~ t o s e l e c t i v e l y u s e c o p p e r , i r o n a n d chromium azometry t o determine i s o n i a z i d and i t s v a r i o u s metabolites i n urine. 6.47 M i s c e l l a n e o u s Chemical A s s a y s V e r r o t t i and B a r d e l l i 4 5 1 d e t e r m i n e d i s o n i z i d i n cerebrospinal f l u i d by iodometric ti t r a t i o n . Schwenk a n d c o - ~ o r k e r s ~employed ~* a radioimmunoassay f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f isoniazid i n biological fluids.
N m
Microbioloqical Assays Although isoniazid is readily measured in biological fluids and tissues by chemical assays, as with many antibacterial substances a number of microbiological assays for this substance have been proposed. Microorganism Type of assay S ens itiwi ty Ref. 2.5-30 y/ml 453 Mycobacterium phlei agar diffusion Koch bacilli turbidimetric -454 tubercle bacteria cord formation -455 bacilli vertical diffusion -456 Mycobacterium vertical diffusion -457 tuberculosis HV37 Mycobacterium agar diffusion -458 tubercu10s is 0.49 y/m1 459 vertical diffusion Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and H 3 7 R a assay of isoniazid 378 BGG in milk-agar diffusion
6.48
>
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
vertical diffusion vertical diffusion vert ica 1 di fusion tube dilution vertical diffusion for urine
460 46 1 462 463,464
--
ISON IAZlD
227
Bartmann and F r e i s e 4 6 5 s t u d i e d t h e t i s s u e b i n d i n g of i s o n i a z i d w i t h t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l assay. They found 40% b i n d i n g w i t h human t i s s u e w h i l e mice and g u i n e a p i g t i s s u e g a v e 80% binding. Incubating the t i s s u e a t an e l e v a t e d temperature d i d not r a i s e t h e recovery. N i ~ h i P o o l e~ and Meyer467, ~ ~ , T a n s i n i and c o - w o r k e r ~ ~ ~ t~ , s and c o - w o r k e r s 433 Pe er and O B a r r & a4!* l l compared v a r i o u s c h e m i c a l a a s s a y s and m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a s s a y s . A l l w o r k e r s c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e two methods g a v e c o m p a r a b l e results 6 . 4 9 Chromatographic A s s a y s The m e t a b o l i s m o f i s o n i a z i d i s complex and many w o r k e r s h a v e s e l e c t e d chromatog r a p h i c a s s a y s t o measure t h e d r u g i n t i s s u e and biological fluids. T h e s e methods p r o v i d e t h e s p e c i f i c i t y t h a t a r e n o t g i v e n b y many c h e m i c a l methods. A l a r g e number of c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c s y s t e m s a r e g i v e n i n s e c t i o n 6.3. Many of t h e s e methods c o u l d p r o b a b l y be u s e d t o measure i s o n i a z i d i n t i s s u e s and b i o l o g i c a l f l u i d s . The methods g i v e n i n t h i s s e c t i o n h a v e been d e v e l o p e d j u s t f o r t h i s purpose. Makino and c o - ~ o r k e r sf o l ~o~ e d ~ l w t h e m e t a b o l i s m of i s o n i a z i d i n l i v e r and i n u r i n e by p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ( w a t e r s a t u r a t e d b u t a n o l , 1% ammonia-isopropanol(3:20), b u t a n o l s a t u r a t e d w i t h 0.02M p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r p H 7 . 4 , 1%ammonia s a t u r a t e d b u t a n o l and b u t a n o l - a c e t i c a c i d - w a t e r
(4:1:5)).
L e ~ s c h n e r ~ ~eg s e c - b u t a n o l us d s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r and i s o a m y l a l c o h o l a s developing solvents. I ~ a i n s k y e~ a r a t e d t h e s p~ ~ h y d r a z o n e s o f i s o n i a z i d and p y r u v i c and a - k e t o g l u t a r i c a c i d from i s o n i a z i d w i t h p a p e r chromatography. S e z a k i 470 s e p a r a t e d i s o n i a z i d from p y r a z i n a m i d e i n u r i n e b y means of A m b e r l i t e IRA-400. B e l l e s and L i t t l e m a n 4 7 1 u s e d Dowex 50-X8 t o s e p a r a t e i s o n i a z i d from a c e t y l i s o n i a z i d . Abiko
228
GLENN A. BREWER
and c o - ~ o r k e r s ~ ~ ~ use Dowex 1-XlO to separate these as well as the hydrazone of glucuronic acid. Peters, Miller and Brown346 utilized ion exclusion chromatography to separate metabolites of isoniazid into ionized, slightly ionized and unionized groups of compounds. The individual metabolites were measured with specific colorimetric assays. Okudaira and c o - ~ o r k e r s ~ used ~ Dowex 1 and Dowex 50 columns in tandem to separate the various metabolites of isoniazid. Paper chromatographic systems have been used to isolate the various metabolites of isoniazid474,475,352. Barreto and S a b i n have~described ~ ~ ~ a two dimension separation of isoniazid metabolites using paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis The same authors352 have also used a sodium sulfate column developed with chloroform-diethylamine(9O:lO) to separate the metabolites of isoniazid. Fartushnyi and S ~ k h i n * ~ ~ used have TLC to determine isoniazid and other drugs in cadavers. Cattaneo, Fantoli and Ferrari478 claim that their chromatographic studies indicate that the tumorogenic effect of isoniazid in mouse lung is due to the large amount of isonicotinic acid produced in that organ. Hughes479 separated acetylisoniazid from isoniazid by counter-current distribution (butanol-ethylene dichloride- 9:1 - 2M phosphate buffer pH 5.1). Ozawa and Kiyomoto480 isolated three conjugated metabolites of isoniazid by paper used paper chromatography. Cuthbertson et chromatography to determine isonicotinoylglycine. They used the following systems: Water saturated butanol Methylethy1ketone:acetic acid:water(49:1:50) Propano1:water (4: 1) Zamboni and D e f r a n ~ e s c h iused a ~~~ isopropanol:water(85:15) system to separate the hydrazones of pyruvic and a -ketoglutaric acid from
i son i a z id. 7. Druq Metabolism The drug metabolism of isoniazid is unusually complicated in that it is a very reactive molecule and can undergo non-enzymatic reactions in the body. A general metabolic pattern is indicated in diagram.
Non-enzymatic Enzymatic
0
II
acetylisoniazid
isonicotinoylhydrazones of glucose, a-ketoglutaric acid, aldehyde pyruvic acid etc.

N I D
or ketone
isonicotinamide
N , N * diisonicotinoylhydrazide
230
GLENN A. BREWER
The major metabolite of isoniazid is N-acetylisoniazid. The rate of acetylation is genetically ~ o n t r o l l e d 485. ,It ~ ~ been ~ ~ ~ ~ has established that the slow acetylation is a autosoma1 recessive trait. The acylation occurs by N-acetyl transferase. Six hours after the oral administration of 4 mg/Kg of isoniazid fast acetylators have plasma concentrations of 0.2 pg/ml or less while slow acet lators have plasma levels higher that 0.4 pg/ml 4 Y 8j In a metabolic scheme,such as the one indicated earlier,relative amounts of the various metabolites found in the urine will differ for each individual and will depend on genetic factors, previous drug history (enzyme induction) and general nutrition (availability of ketoacids). Reviews on the drug metabolism of isoniazid have been re ared b a number of authors487,488, 489,490,49!?, 462,493,i94,495,496,497
Toth and Shimizu have reported that the continuous administration of N-acetylisoniazid in rats has markedly increased the incidence of lung tumors in this species. Since the N-acetyl derivative is a major metabolite in man this poses some questions on the long term administration of the compound497.
8 Biopharmaceutics . Kakemi and co-workers498 determined the rate of absorption of derivatives of isoniazid in the stomach and intestine. The authors report a rough correlation between degree of absorption and lipidwater partition coefficient.
ISONIAZID
231
9.
References G r i f f i t h s , M. C. ; Dickerman, M. J. a n d M i l l e r , L.C. ; USAN and t h e USP D i c t i o n a r y of Druq Names page 152 ( 1 9 7 5 ) . Anon; Chemical Abstracts S e r v i c e , R e g i s t r y Handbook-Number S e c t i o n ( 1 9 7 4 ) . Anon; European Pharmacopoeia Volume 1 , p a g e 310 (1969). P r e v o r x e k , D. ; B u l l . SOC. chim. F r a n c e , 795-801 (1958) ;C.A. 53 2 1 1 6 0 b ( 1 9 5 9 ) . Nagano, K. ; K i n o s h i t a , H. a n d Hirakawa,A. ; Chem. Pharm.Bul1. l2,1198-1206 ( 1 9 6 4 ) ;C.A. 62 2759a ( 1 9 6 5 ) . T o e p l i t z , B . ; E. R. S q u i b b and Sons: P e r s o n a l Communication. Lapp, C. ; B u l l , SOC. pharm. Nancy 3 4 , 14-17 ( 1 9 5 7 ) ; C.A. 53 21145d ( 1 9 5 9 ) . G r e b e n n i k , L. I. ;Farmakol. i T o k s i k o l . 24, 233-7 ( 1 9 6 1 ) ; C . A . 55 26263a ( 1 9 6 1 ) . Pinyazhko, R. M. ;F a r m a t s e v t . Zh. 2 0 , 18-22 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; C.A. 64 7969e ( 1 9 6 6 ) . Kracmar, J . ; Kracmarova, J. and Zyka, J . ; Pharmazie 2 3 , 567-73 ( 1 9 6 8 ) ; C . A . a 3 1 7 1 9 r (1969). Zommer, S. and S z u s z k i e w i c z , J. ;Chem.Anal. - 1075-83 (1969) : C.A. 14, 2 89616n ( 1 9 7 0 ) . C e l e c h o v s k y , J . ; Greksakova, 0. and P o l a s e k , E . ; A c t a Fac. Pharm. l 7 , 5 1 - 5 ( 1 9 6 9 ) ; C . A . B 112880a (1970). Zommer, S. ; A c t a Pol. Pharm. 29,533-5 (1972) ; C.A. 78 158502k ( 1 9 7 3 ) . Dunham, J. ; E. R. S q u i b b a n d S o n s ; P e r s o n a l Communication. Caen, G. ; J . Chim.phys. 51,60-3(1954);C.A. 48 10438e ( 1 9 5 4 ) . T i t o v , E. V. ;Kapkan, L. M. ;Rybachenko,V. I. and Korzhenevskaya, N . G . ; R e a k t s S p o s o b n o s t O r q . S o e d i n 2, 673-81 (1968) ; C.A. 70 6 7 4 4 8 r ( 1 9 6 9 ) . T i t o v , E.V. and Kapkan, L.M.; Dokl.akad.Nauk -SSSR 184,1342-5 ( 1 9 6 9 ) ;C.A. - 114411k ( 1 9 6 9 ) . 70
1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6. 7.
8.
9. 10.
11.
12.
13. 14.
15.
16.
17.
232
GLENN A. BREWER
Titov, E. V. :Kapkan, L.M. and Chervinskii,A.Yu. : Teor. Eksp. Khim. &3, 202-9 (1972):C.A. 77 74367m (1973). 19. Hillerbrand M. :Lohmann, W. : Penka,V. and Ehling, U.: Z.Naturforsch, Tell C =,33-6 (1975):C.A. - 1 6 9 6 6 3 ~(1975). 82 20. Puar, M . S . : E. R. Squibb and Sons: Personal communica tion, 21. Gillis, R. G. : Orq. Mass Spectrom. 2,1107-11 (1971): C.A. 75 150910j (1971). 22. Funke, P.T. : E. R. Squibb and Sons:Personal Communications. 23. Anon: United States Pharmacopoeia XIX page 272 (1975). 24. Mattu, F. and Pirisi, R . : Chimica g, 188-9 (1953): C.A. 48 1897b (1954). 25. Mattu, F. and Pirisi, R.: Rend.seminar. fac.sci. univ. Caqliari 25,96-117 (1955):C.A. 50 767211 (1956). 26. Pirisi, R. : Rend. seminar. fac. sci. univ. Caqliari 25,88-95(1955):C.A. - 7668~(1956). 50 27. Jacobson, H.and Valenti, V. : E. R. Squibb and Sons:Personal Communication. 28. Lumbroso, H. and Barassin, J. : Bull. SOC.Chim. France, 3190-7(1964):C.A. - 10322e(1965). 62 29. Ziolkowski, J. and Guminiski, K. : Roczniki -- 38, 1807-13 (1965);C.A. - 9168b (1965). Chem. 63 30. Bhat, T.N.: Singh, T.P. and Vijayan, M. : Acta Crystallogr. ,Sect.B B30, 2921-2 (1974): C.A. 82 50126j (1975). 31. Jacobson, H. and Ochs, Q.: E. I?. Squibb and S o n s : Personal Communication. Del Rio-Estrada, C. and Dougherty, H.W. ; Kirk32. Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technoloqy 2nd Vol 21 Page 528-533 John Wiley & Sons,Inc. (1970). 33. Clarke, E.G. C. : Isolation and Identification of Druqs page 383, The Pharmaceuti ca 1 Press London (1969) 34. Fallab, S.: Helv.Chim.Acta 36, 3-S(1953): C.A. 3 7296c (1953). 35. Cani6,V.D. and Djordjevie,R.Dj,-geoqrad 22, 193-9(1956) :C.A.= 16026f ( 1 9 5 8 ) .
18.
ISONI AZlD
233
36. 37.
38. 39.
40. 41. 42. 43.
44. 45.
46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54.
C i n g o l a n i a n d G a u d i a n o ; Rend. 1 s t . s u p e r . s a n i t > l7, 6 0 1 ( 1 9 5 4 ) . Nagano, K. ; T s u k a h a r a , H. ; K i n o s h i t a , H. a n d Tamura, Z . ; Chem. Pharm.Bul1. 1 1 , 7 9 7 - 8 0 5 ( 1 9 6 3 ) ; C.A.59 486711 ( 1 9 6 3 ) . S a l v e s e n , B. a n d G l e n d r a n g e , J . H . ; Medd.Norsk. F a r m . S e l s k 28 2 7 2 - 8 ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; C . A . 66 6 8 8 6 6 e ( 1 9 6 7 ) . S a l v e s e n , B. a n d E i k i l l , S . A . ; E d d . N o r s k . F a r m . S e l s k a p 27,135-44 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; C . A . & 9507f (1966). V u l t e r i n , J. : T a l d n t a 1 891-8 ( 1 9 6 3 ) : C.A. 0 59 121423. ( 1 9 6 3 ) . Tamura, Z . a n d Nagano, K. ;Chem. Pharm.Bul1. 11, 793-6(1963);C.A.% 1 4 8 6 7 f ( 1 9 6 3 ) . Tamura, Z . a n d Nagano, K. ; i b i d 999-1013 ( 1 9 6 3 ) ; C . A . 59 14868a ( 1 9 6 3 ) . I s h i d a t e , M. : A n a l . Chem. Proc. I n t e r n . S y m p . , Birminqham Univ. ,Birminqham, E n q l . 178-82 ( 1 9 6 2 ) : C . A . 59 1 0 9 6 7 b ( 1 9 6 3 ) . Thomassen, 1 I . B . :Dan P a t . 8 7 , 2 2 8 ( J u l y 7 , 1 9 5 9 ) ; C.A. - 7742 ( 1 9 6 0 ) . 54 Pavlov, L.N. ; G a n g r s k i i , P.A. and P o l y a c h e n k o , V.M. ; U . S . S . R . P a t 1 0 6 , 2 2 0 ( J u l y 25, 1957);C.A. 5 1 16563 ( 1 9 5 7 ) . P a s e d a c h , H. a n d S e e f z d e r , M . : G e r . P a t 1 . 1 1 6 , 6 6 7 (Nov. 1 9 , 1 9 6 1 ) ; C . A . z 1 4 2 4 7 ( 1 9 6 2 ) . F r e h d e n , 0 . a n d L a z a r e s c u , G. ;Rev.Chim. 1 3 91-5(196i);C.A.57 11158i (1962). T a k i z a w a , S. : ,Tap. P a t . 7472 (Nov. 1 5 , 1 9 5 4 ) ; C . A . 50 9447 ( 1 9 5 6 ) . Magrane, D . ; S p a n . P a t . 202,45O(May 2 8 , 1 9 5 2 ) : C . A . 50 i 7 3 2 3 ( 1 9 5 6 ) . Lock, G. : Pharm. I n d . 1 4 , 3 6 6 - 8 ( 1 9 5 2 ) :C. A. 47 10531 ( 1 9 5 3 ) . I s h i k a w a , M. ; J a p a n . P a t . 2 6 2 9 ( A p r i l 2 1 , 1 9 5 5 ) ; C . A . - 14832 ( 1 9 5 7 ) . 51 Lewin, E. a n d H i r s c h , J. G. ;Am. Rev. T u b e r c . 7 1 732-42(1955);C.A.= 2918e(1956). Poole,N. F. a n d Meyer,A. E. ,;P r o c . SOC.E x p t l . B i o l . 661b(1961). - Med. 104,560-2 ( 1 9 6 0 ) ; C . A . = Kakemi, K . : S e z a k i , H. a n d I n o u e , S . ;Yakuqaku Z a s s h i 8 163-8(1966);C.A.= 6 17362c(1966).
234
GLENN A. BREWER
55. 56. 57. 58. 59.
60.
61. 62. 63.
64.
65. 66. 67. 68.

69.
70.
71.
Inoue,S.; Yakuqaku Zasshi 87,883(1967); C.A. 68 2 1 4 4 1 ~(1968). Horioka, M.;Tsuruoka, Michio and Shinmura,Y.; Kyushu Yakuqakkai Kaibo 23 31-6 (1969);C.A. 72 93307e (1970). Hald, J. G. ; Dan. Tidsskr. Farm. 43,156-9 (1969); C.A. 72 157196 (1970). Pawelczyk, E; Herman, T. and Sukowski, R.; Diss Pharm. Pharmacol 2 481-9(1969);C.A.72 3572911 (1970). Wu, Wen-Hung;Chin,Ting-Fong and Lach, J.Pharm. - - 1234-42 (1970);C.A. 73 101974h(1970). Sci. 59 Inoue,S.;Yakugaku Zasshi 91 81-7(1971);C.A.74 111385b(1971). Inoue,S. and Ono,Y. : ibid 91 88-94(1971); C.A . 7 4 1 1 1 3 8 6 ~ (1971). Shchukin, V. A. ; Sb.Aspir. Rab. ,Kaza v. Univ. , Estestr.Nauki.Gio1. ,Khim. ;171-80(1972): C.A. 81 6776b(1974). Kakemi, K.; Sezaki, H., Nudai, T.; Nishikiori, K. : Inoue, S . and Ono,Y. ; Yakugaku Zasshi - 95-100 (1971);C.A. 91 74 111387d (1971). Rao,K. V N. ; Kai asam, S. ; Menon, N.K. and . Radhakrishna, S ; Bull WHO 45,625-32 (1971): C.A. - 117460k (1972). 76 Rekker, R.F. and Nauta, W. Th;Pharm Weekblad 99,1157-65 (1964),C.A. 63 4 3 5 ~ (1965). Feigl, F. and Mannheimer, W.A. : Microchemie ver.Mikrochim Acta 40,355-8(1953);C.A.47 7376b (1953). 33,471-3 (19521 : Lucas,V. ;Rev.brasil. farm. C.A. 47 9216e(1953). Cooper, P. ; Pharm.J. 177, 495-6 (1956); C.A. 51 6945g (1957). Laubie,H. : Bull. soc.pharm.Bordeaux 90,106-8 (1952): C.A. 46 9019g (1952). Murti, P.S.; Rao, G. ;Bala, B. and Ra0,P.V. Krishna; Anal.Chim.Acta 71,202-4 (1974) ; C.A. 81 8 5 7 5 7 (1974). ~ Garattini,S. : Atti SOC. lombarda sci-rnpd. biol. g, 107-9 (1953);C.A. 48 1895b (1954).
ISONIAZID
235
72. 73. 74. 75. 76.
77. 78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83. 84. 85. 86. 87.
88. 89. 90.
Yavorsl k i i , N . P. : F a r m a l s e v i Zh. l 7 , 9 - 1 2 ( 1 9 6 2 ) : C . A . 58 13722d ( 1 9 6 3 ) . Sgnchez, J.A. : Rev.Asoc.bioquim.Arqentina 17, 321-3 (1952) :C.A. 47 6822a ( 1 9 5 3 ) . S c o t t , P.G.W.; J.Pharm. a n d Pharmacol. 4, 681-6 ( 1 9 5 2 ) ;C.A. 47 1 3 3 4 d ( 1 9 5 3 ) . Y a r v a r s l k i i , N . P. :F a r m a t s e v t . Zh. 20,29-33 ( 1 9 6 5 ) : C.A. 64 7971a ( 1 9 6 6 ) . C a t t a n e o , C.: F a n t o l i , V. and B e l a s i o , L.; Ann. 1st. " C a r l o F o r l a n i n i " 20,59-67 ( 1 9 6 0 ) : . C.A. 55 12520d ( 1 9 6 1 ) . Gomez, S.A. : Arch.bioquim.quim. y f a r m . , Tucumgn. 11, 69-95 (1957) :C.A. 55 908c ( 1 9 6 1 ) . P o g g i , A.R. : M a t t u , F. : P i r i s i , R . a n d M i l l e t t i , M. : Chimica 8 , 2 3 8 - 4 1 ( 1 9 5 3 ) :C.A.48 1880b ( 1 9 5 4 ) . Waksmundzki, A. a n d Romanowski, H. : Ann. Univ. M a r i a e Curie-Sklodowska,Lublin-Polonia,Sect.AA, -, 7 1 - 6 ( 1 9 5 3 ) ;C.A. 51 8 3 7 4 b ( 1 9 5 7 ) . 8 Ohkuma, S. and Yasumasa, K. : J. Pharm. Soc. J a p a n 76,894-6 ( 1 9 5 6 ) ; C.A. 51 953b ( 1 9 5 7 ) . N e u z e l , E. and L e D u c , Y. ; B u l l . S o c . Pharm. Bordeaux 1 0 1 5 9 - 7 9 ( 1 9 6 1 ) : C.A. 56 8 6 8 2 a ( 1 9 6 2 ) . 0 DIAmico,E. and RUSSO,R. : A g g i o r n T e d i a t . 17 227-32 ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; C.A. 9 9334e ( 1 9 6 8 ) . Dospeux, P. F. : Chim.Analyt. 53 251-3 ( 1 9 7 1 ) : A.A. 22 1129 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . Y a v o r s k i i , N . P. : Aptechn. D e l o &48-50 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; C.A. 63 5452h ( 1 9 6 5 ) . L e u s c h n e r , F. ; N a t u r w i s s e n s c h a f t e n 4 0 , 5 5 4 (1954) ; C.A. 48 8698b ( 1 9 5 4 ) . Calabrug, J.A.G. and F r e s n e d a , M. F. : G a l e n i c a A c t a 6 221-37 ( 1 9 5 3 ) C.A. 48 7499b ( 1 9 5 4 ) . C a s t e l , P . : O r z a l e s i , H. a n d D u b o i s , A . : T r a v . SOC. pharm. M o n t p e l l i e r l 2 , 7 3 - 4 ( 1 9 5 2 ) : C.A. - 10297e ( 1 9 5 4 ) . 48 Watanabe, T . ; E i s e i S h i k e n j o d k o k u 74 111-12 (1956):C.A. - 15339f ( 1 9 5 7 ) . 51 Neuzi1,E. : B u l l . soc.pharm.Bordeaux 91 122-30 ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; C.A. 48 329a ( 1 9 5 4 ) . Runge, F. ; E n g e l b r e c h t , H. J. a n d F r a n k e , H. : Pharmazie 12 8-13 (1957) ; C.A. 52 15830a ( 1 9 5 8 ) .
236
GLENN A. BREWER
91.
92. 93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100. 101. 102.
103. 104. 105. 106. 107.
.-
Mladenovie, M. ;Blagojevi6,Z. and Zivanov,C. : J. pharm.Belq. 1 559-63 (1958):C.A. 3 53 13504c (1959). Shilov,Yu. M and Chichiro,V.E. :Aptechn.Delo 12,65-8(1963);C.A. 61 10534b (1964). 11' yasov,Ya.Z . : Sudebno-Med.Ekspertiza,Min. Zdravookhr. SSSR 2,43-5 (1965):C.A. 6 29824r 7 (1967). Stebletsova,Zh.D. ;Farm.Zh. (Kiev)= 31-4 (1969): C.A. 70 99672a (1969). Gull k0,R.N. : Yavorskii,N. P. :Garasevich,S.N. 22,29-32 and Pershina,G. I. : Farmatsiya (Moscow) (1973): C.A. 80 19649~(1974). Feigl,F., Anger, V. and Goldstein, D.: Helv. Chim.Acta 43,2139-42(1960): C.A. - 131783. 55 (1961). Popkov,V.A. : Farmatsiya (Moscow) l6,77 (1967): C.A. 66 98547u (1967). Amelink,F. ;Pharm.Weekblad 87,821-36(1952) : C.A. 3 5773d (1955). Deltombe,J. : J. pharm. Belq. S 59-75 (1953): C.A. 47 9559f (1953). Slouf,A. : ??eskoslov.farm.2 168-71 (1953): C.A. 49 2032e (1955). Robles G. G. and Unzueta,L.: Actas y tabaios .conqr.peruano quim., 403-6(1953) :C.A.a 4653a (1957). Yalcindag 0 N. : Kim. Sanayi &47-55 (1966): . C.A. 66 111301f (1967). BrandF,J. ;Farm.Pol. - 430-4 (1967):C.A. 23 69 12934v (1968). Garcia,M.T. :Castello,J.M. and Colome,J. : 5,311-15 (1973);C.A. 82 160277s (1975). . Gemeinhardt, K and Rangnick, G. F : . 3,45-7 (1953):C.A. 5 Arzneimittel-Forsch. 5479d(1953). Battistessa,M. J. and Pross, H. :Rev. farm 95, 113-16(1953) ;C.A.49 92275. (1955). Kidani, I : NakashSa,T. ;Kochi,Y and Kasahara, . S. : Buil.Nat1. Hyg.Lab. - 95-7(1954) : 72, C.A. 49 6 0 3 5 (1955). ~ -
ISONlAZlD
237
Machek,G. ~Scientia Pharm. 24, 11-17 (1956): C.A. 9690h (1956). 109. Inandar, M.C. : Padlia, S. and Shah, V.N. ; Indian J. Pharm. 32,62-3 (1970):C.A.B 38599x (1970). 110. Spinkova, V. ; Pharm.Acta Helv 46,643-8 (1971);C.A. 76 37469e( 1972). 111. Deodliar, R , D . ; Shastri, M.R. and Ganatra, J. P. : Indian.J.Pharm. 32,99-101 (1970): C.A. 3 9 1 3 0 2 ~(1970). 112. Hirose, S. and Uno, T.; Yakuqaku Zasshi 8 l , 1623-5 (1961);C.A. 56 10286h(1962) 113. Deeb,E.N. :Drua Standards 22, 194-9 (1954); C.A. 49 2027d (1955). 114. Pratt, E.L. : A n a l . C h e m . g , 8 1 4 - 1 6 ( 1 9 5 3 ) :C.A.47 9391f(1953). 115. Nielsch,W and Giefer,L. ;Mikrochim,Acta, . 17-26 (1960);C.A.E 1097b 1973). 116. Akatsuka,M.:Yakuqaku Zasshi 83,227-33(1963): C . A . 59 7475f (1963). 117. Ahou-Ouf ,A.A. ; Taha, A.M. and Saidhom,M.B. : J. Pharrr.Sci. - 1700-2 (1973):C.A.E 7009v 62 (1974). 118. Elliston, S.C. and Hammond, M.D. : Analyst 9 0 , 298-300(1965); C.A. 63 5454~(1965). . 119. Pavlyuchenkova, L P.and Veksler, M.A. : Farmatsiya (Moscow) 23,29-33 (1974):C.A. 81 54487e (1974). 120. Ozawa, H. and Kiyomoto,A. :J. Pharm. SOC.Japan 72,1059-60(1952):C.A.46 11047a (1952). 121. Akiyama,T. :Yabuuchi,T. and Shiono,K. : Kyoto Yakka Daigaku Gakuho 1, 48-56(1959); C.A. - 6031e(1960). 54 122. Bose,B.C. and Vijayvargiya,R.:Indian J.Pharm. 28,328-30 (1966):C.A. - 108307~~ 66 (1967). 123. Colarusso,R.J. :Schmall,M. ; Wollish,E. G. and Shafer, E.G. E. :Anal. Chem. 30,62-5 (1958): C.A. 52 4931b(1958). 124. Nielsch,W. and Giefer, L.: Z. anal.Chem. 1 1 7, 401-lO(1960);C.A. - 8428f(1960). 54 125. Fried, R. ;Mitt.Deut. Pharm.Ges. 32,157-9 (1962): C.A. 58 2323b(1963). 108.
238
GLENN A. BREWER
126. 127. 128. 129 . 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143.
Mesnard, P. ;Devaux,G. and Fauquet, J. : Sci.Pharm.Proc 25th 2,77-86 (1965):C.A.e 1098701 (1968). Aliev,A. M. and Beisenbekov,A.S : Azerb.Med. . 48,85-8 (1971):C.A.n 39337e (1972). Aliev,A. M and Beisenbekov, A. S. : . Farmatsiya (Moscow) 22,35-8 (1973):C.A. 2 1291202 (1973). Mesnard, P. ; Arch. Pharm. 22,105-21 (1966); C.A. 66 11887711 (1967). Jacobs, M.B. : J.Am. Pharm.Assoc. 42 346-8 (1953);C.A. 47 956%~(1953). Blanc,P. ;Bertrand, P o and Liandier,L. : Lyon pharm,Spec.m-4 (1956):C.A.= 22185c (1959). Naito,T. : Shirai, H. and Oda N. :Bull. Naqoya City Univ. Pharm.Schoo1, 34-7 (1955): C.A. 50 17331f (1956). Ballard, C.W. and Scott, P.G.W. ;Chemistry and Industry, u ( l 9 5 2 ) : C.A. 47 823b(1953). Schoog, M.; Mhch. med.Wochschr.94,2135-7 (1952);C.A. 47 2645i (1953). S i l , J. ;Agrawal, K. C. and Dutta, B.N. Cult. 28 472-4 (1962);C.A. 61 6868b (1964). Alessandro, A. :G_iorn.med. militare 104,195-7 (1954):C.A. 48 13790d (1954). Ra0,P.V. : Ra0,G.B.B. and Murti, P.S. : Microchim Acta , 979-84 (1974):C.A. 82 64615e (1975). Avanza, H.L. : Jornada Med. 53, 673-4 (1955): C.A. 50 7003f (1956). Zommer, S. and Lipiec, T. : Acta Polon.Pharm. 20,229-32 (1963);C.A. 62 1517g (1965). Munson, J.W. and Connors, K.A. ;J.Pharm.Sci. - 211-13 (1972): C.A.76 103829a(1972). 61 Danek, A.: Dissertationes Pharm.u,237-42 (1959):C.A. 54 13555h(1960). Teodorescu,Gr. and Dinescu, A.:Bul.Inst. Politeh. Bucuresti 2349-52 (1964):C.A.G 14045e (1965). Roth, H.J. and Schrimpf; Arch. Pharm. 293, 54 22-8 (1960);C.A. - 16286d (1960).
a.
:=.
ISONIAZ ID
239
144. 145.
146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161.
Tsuji, A. and Hojo, M.:Bunseki Kaqaku 11, 1255-62 (1962);C.A. - 8852h (1963). 58 Vasileva-Aleksandrova, P. ; Aleksandrov, A. and Kovacheva, E.: Nauch.Tr. Vissh.Pedagoq. Inst. Plovdiv, Mat. ,Fiz. ,Khim.,Biol. 6, 111-16(1968) : C.A. 71 74096~(1969). Stewart, J. T. and Settle, D.A.; J.Pharm.Sci. 64,1403-5 (1975):C.A. 83 168545~ (1975). Akiyama, T. and Fujimoto, K. ; Kyoto Yakka Daiqaku Kakuho &32-6 (1966);C.A. 68 34582w (1968). Deltombe, J. and Stainier, R. : J. Pharm.Belq. 17,239-40 (1962): C.A. 61 5461a(1964). Chekryshkina, L.A.: Farmatsiya(Moscow) 23 44-6 (1974); C.A. 81 126821j (1974). Tan, H. S. I. : J. Pharm.Sci. 62 993-7 (1973): C.A. 79 45897v (1973). Kydymor, G. I. and Sidorova, E. F. : Nauch.Tr., Perm. Farm. Inst. 4 64-7(1971): C.A. 79 149340 Z( 1973). 4 Teodorescu N. and Bebesel, E. ;Farmacia 1 743-750 (1966); C.A. 67 1 02843~(1967). Neuss, J.D. : Seagers, W.J., and Mader W. J. : J.Am. Pharm.Assoc. 41, 670-73 (1952): C.A. 47 1545b (1953). Carol, J. : J.Assoc.Offic Agr.Chemists 3 , 3 722-5(1953): C.A. 48 10300i (1954). Goldman, D.S.; Science 120, 315-16(1954). Pinyazhko, I.R.M. : Farmatsevt.Zh. 20, 17-21 (1965): C.A. 64 7969h (1966). Kracmar, J.; Kracmarova, J. and Zyka, J.; Cesk. Farm. l7, 68-69(1968):C.A. 69 5266a (1968). Ghe A.M. and Peretti, A.; Ric.Sci. 38,937-41 (1968):C.A. - 395111 (1969). 71 Tieas, D. : Wiss. Beitr. ,Martin-Luther-Univ. Halle-Wittenberg 12, 152-4 (1968):C.A. 74 74412k (1971). Welsh, L.H. : J.Assoc. 0ffic.Agr. Chemists 40, 807-14 (1957): C.A. 51 170973. (1957). Welsh, L.H. : ibid 41, 496-8 (1958): C.A. 52 20894i (1958).
240
GLENN A. BREWER
162. 163. 164. 165. 166.
167. 168. 169.
170.
171.
172. 173.
174. 175. 176. 177.
178. 179. 180.
D u t t , M.C., and Chua, T . H . ; J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (1964);C.A. 6 1 15936a ( 1 9 6 4 ) . S a t t l e r , H. ; Pharm.Ztq. 111,1395-1405 ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; C.A. 66 4 0 7 6 1 t ( 1 9 6 7 ) . S a r k a r , B. N . ; I n d i a n J. Pharm. 34, 58-61 (1972) ; C . A . 77 1 3 0 6 5 8 ~( 1 9 7 2 ) . S t e i n k e , G. a n d S c h m i d t , F. ;Krankenhaus-Apoth. 2 4 , 2 0 - 2 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; C . A . 81 96483f ( 1 9 7 4 ) . Momose, T . ; Ueda, Y . ; Mukai,Y. a n d Watanabe, K . ; Yakuqaku Z a s s h i 8 0 , 225-8 (1960) ; C . A . 54 1 1 8 6 1 d ( 1 9 6 0 ) . Uno, T. a n d T a n i g u c h i , H . ; J a p a n A n a l y s t 20, 9 9 7 - 1 0 0 2 ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; A . A . 25 4 4 7 ( 1 9 7 3 ) . B a r t o s , J . ; A n n l s . pharm. f r . 29, 7 1 - 7 4 ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; A . A . - 3502 ( 1 9 7 1 ) . 21 Anon.: O f f i c i a l Methods o f A n a l y s i s of t h e A s s o c i a t i o n of O f f i c i a l A g r i c u l t u r a l Chemists 9 t h E d . p a g e 526 32.289 ( 1 9 6 0 ) . KGhni, E . ; J a c o b , M. a n d G r o s s g l a u s e r , H . ; Pharm. A c t a Helv. 29,233-50 ( 1 9 5 4 ) ;C.A. 49 3469b ( 1 9 5 5 ) B e r k a , A. and Z $ k a , J . ; P h a r m a z i e l 3 , 8 1 - 9 2 (1958) ; C.A. 53 1634f ( 1 9 5 9 ) . Duda, H. a n d c s t e , U. ; Deut.Apoth.Ztq. 110,593-8 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ;C.A. 73 91265m ( 1 9 7 0 ) . B l a k e , M . I . ; Bode, D. and Rhodes, H . J . ; J. Pharm. S c i . 63,1303-6 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ;C.A. 82 35088e ( 1 9 7 5 ) . A n o n . ; B r i t i s h Pharmacopoeia p a g e 256 ( 1 9 7 3 ) . Haugas, E.A. and M i t c h e l l , B.W. ;J.Pharm. and Pharmacol. 4 687-92 ( 1 9 5 2 ) :C.A. - lOlOa ( 1 9 5 3 ) . 47 Wojahn, H. i A r z n e i m i t t e 1 - F o r s c h . 2, 324-6 (1952) ; C . A . 46 10052a ( 1 9 5 2 ) . Coppini,D. ;Cameroni,R. and Monzani,A. ; R i c e r c a s c i . 2 2 , 1 7 8 3 - 4 ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; C . A . z 5310b (1953). R o s e n t h a l e r , L . ;Pharm.Acta. Helv. 30,69-72 ( 1 9 5 5 ) ; C.A. 49 10123a ( 1 9 5 5 ) . Kochi, Z . ; Pharm. SOC.J a p a n 75,748-50 ( 1 9 5 5 ) ; J. C.A. 49 135969 ( 1 9 5 5 ) . Horn, D. ; P h a r m a z i e -, 646-7 ( 1 9 5 3 ) ;C.A. 8 51 464933 ( 1 9 5 7 ) .
16,696-9
IS0 NI A 2 I D
24 1
Modrzejewski, B. and Zommer, S. :Chem.Anal. 7,659-66 (1962): C. A. 57 13889e (1957) 182. Miszczuk, B. and Taborska, H.:Przemyst Chem. 11,706-10 (1955):C.A. 52 208953.(1958). Zn$ik,F. : Einkova, 0 7 a n d m r b l , J. : 183. Collection Czechoslov. Chem.Commns. 24, 2695-8 (1959);C.A. 54 8429g (1960). 184. Laszlovszky, J. :Acta Pharm.Hung. 30,101-9 54 ~ (1960): C.A. - 1 9 2 6 8 (1960). 185. Vulterin, J. : Collection Czech. Chem.Commun.28, 1393-1400 (1963):C.A. 59 10767h (1963). 186. Vulterin, J.:Cesk.Farm. l2,391-3(1963): C.A. 62 15994c (1965). 187. Wihchurch,R. : J.Assoc. Off.Anal. Chem. 56, 1464-6(1973):C.A. 80 87544d(1974). 188. Canb'ick, T. : J. Pharm. Pharmacol.4 407(1952): C.A. - 83253.(1952). 46 , 189. Domleo, A.P. : J.Pharm.and Pharmacol. 2 117-18 (1953);C.A. 47 4251d(1953). 190. Struszygski, M. and Bellen, Z. Przemyst. Chem. 32,40-l(1953) ;C.A.G 85869. (1953). 191. Montequi, F. : Farm.nueva 18,lO-14(1953) : C.A. 47 6603d(1953). 192. Noronha da Costa, A. : Rev.brasi.1. farm.33, 343-50(1952); C.A. 47 7736d(1953). 193. Kattionis,A.: Chim.Chronika 2,78-80(1952): C.A. 47 11665i (1953). 194. Berka, A. and Zijka, J. ;Chem.Listy 50,314-16 (1956);C.A. 50 7651a (1956). 195. Spacu, P. and Teodorescu, G. :Bul. inst. politeh Bucuresti l8,47-50(1956):C.A.51 176071.1 (1957). 196. Tsupikov, M. T. : Aptechn. Delo. u,55-7 (1964) : C.A. 61 9361c (1964). 197. Laipanov, A. Kh. and Lobanov,V. I : Farm. Zh, . 2344-8 (1973);C.A. 2.B 140435f (1973). 198. Nambisan, P.N.K. and Nair, C.G.R. Indian J. Chem. 10,665-6 (1972):C.A. 7 8 37750f (1973). 2 199. Laipanov,A. Kh. and Lobanov,V. I. :Farmatsiya 2. 48-9(1972) ;C.A.m 23619d(1973). 200. Greenhow,E.J. :Chem.Ind. 14,697-8 (1973):C.A.79 121642a (1973). 181.
242
GLENN A. BREWER
Alicino, J. F. : J.Am. Pharm.Assoc.~,401-2 (1972):C.A. 46 97863. (1946). 202. Anastasi,A.; Mecarelli,E. and Novacic,L.; Mikrochemie Ver, Mikrochim Acta 40,53-9 (1952);C.A.g 8317h(1953). 203. Pilar de 10s Rios de Bascones; Rev.sanidad y asistencia social. &221-30(1956) ;C.A. 2 4652e (1957). 204. Kahane,E. and Sackur,O. ;Ann.pharm. frans.1 1 175-82(1953);C.A.g 7375d(1953). 205. Kashima ,T. :Bu 11,Na t 1.Hyq. Lab. 2 145-50 (1954):C.A.% 7186h(1955). 206. Sell&, E. and Flores, E.S.;Galenica Acta f3, 291-349 (1955);C.A.z 2234i (1957). 207. Mizukami,S. and Hirai,E.;Yakugaku Zasshi 79, 454-7(1959) ;C.A. 53 16471b(1959). 208. Keller, W. and Weiss, F.;Pharmazie 12,462-71 (1957):C.A.% 3260b(1958). 209. KO.I.S. : Kim,J.B. and Choi,B.K. Repts.Nat1. Chem.Lab. 2,50(1959) ;C.A.% 11385a (1960). 210. Tao,T. and Yu,H.Y.;Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao g, 206-16 (1960):C.A.56 7427f (1962). 211. Solomon-Ionescu,I.;Popescu,D. and Enache,St.; Rev.Chim.l4,532 (1963),C.A.g 3950c(1964). 212. Vajgand,V. and Pastor, T.;Glasnik,Hem.Drustva, Beoqrad 28,1-7(1963);C.A.= 15118g(1964). 213. Boichinov,K. and Karatodorov,K. Farmatsiya l4, 12-17 (1964);C.A.G 6868~ (1964). 214. Nicke1,P. Pharm.Ztq. 113,1609-12 (1968);C.A. 70 31693~ (1969). 215. Devani,M.B. and Shishoo,C. J. :J. Pharm.Sci. - 90-2 (1970). 59 216. Shishov,C.J. and Devani,M.B. :J. Pharm.Sci.59, 92-3 (1970)yC.A.72 47410k(1970). 217. Sel1,E. : Farm.Po1.~,761-6(1970) ;C.A.74 130450k(1971). 218. Va jgand,V.J. :Pastor,T.J. and Bjelica,L. J. : Glasn. hem. Drust. ,Beogr.=, 345-352 (1970): A.A. 21 4158(1971). 219. Budgx%sk$,B. :Pharmazie 10,567-9 (1955);C.A.50 5985f (1956) 220. Korbl,J. ;Collection Czech. Chem.Communs. 25 76-84(1960):C.A. - 13988d (1960). 54 201.
ISONIAZlD
243
221. 222. 223. 224. 225. 226. 227.

228.
229. 230. 231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240.
Adamova/,E. and Zqka,J. ;Ceskoslov.farm. 4, 9-lO(1955) :C.A. - 3858a (1960). 54 Grecu,I. and Curea, E. :Farmacia 3,503-6 ( 1960) : C.A.55 19136d(1961). Tatsuzawa,M.:Bunseki Kagaku 11,1055-9(1962); C.A. 57 16748f (1962). Ciogolea,G. :Mora it,G. :Teodorescu,N. and Petroniu,L. :Farmacia 2 401-8 (1964):C. A. 61 13131e (1964). van Pinxteren,J.A. C. and Verloop,M. E. :Pharm. Weekblad 99,1125-33 (1964);c.A. 63 1659f (1965). Blagojevic,Z. and RadosavljevicJ. ;ACta Pharm. JUqOSlav. l6,27-30(1963) ;C.A.65 571b(1966). Blagojevic,Z. and Radosavljevz,J.#lCta Pharm. Jugoslav. 17,131-6 (1969):C.A. 70 60882u (1969). Blagojevic,Z. and Radosavljevic, J.; Gyoqyszereszet U, 121-4 (1969):C.A. T L 33486h (1969). Pszonicka,M. and Skwara,W. ;Chem.Anal fi, 175-82 (1970) : C.A. 73 10502m (1970). Barrosa,M. T. ;Rev.Port. Farm. 19,206-9 (1969): C.A. 74 15757d(1971). 2 Kasse6A.A. and El-Marakby,M.M. :J.Drucr Res ~ 79-87(1969);C.A.a 6 7 7 5 3 (1971) Soliman,R. and Bela1,S.A. ;Pharmazie 29,204 (1974):C.A.g 111504j(1974). Armestar,A.M. ;conar.farm.bioauim.Peruano v convenci6n farm. Norte,Actas y traba jos
315-16(1953);C.A.4~7193h(1955).
Lea1,A.M. and Alves, M.A. :Rev. port. farm.2, 175-9(1952);C.A.= 5635f(1953). Merz,K. W. and Schirm,M. ;Naturwissenschaften 39,570-1 (1952);C.A. 48 1629d(1954) Ra0,R.S. ;Rao,G.B.B. and Rao, P.V.K. : Chem.Ana1. 19,927-30 (1974):C.A.= 51131~ (1975). Businelli,M. and Rocchi,B. :Farm. sci. 1 tec. 7,153-60(1952);C.A.* 9019i(1952). Deys,H. P. :Pharm.Tijdschi.Belqie 36,117-20 (99;..3 15)CA!J 7067g(1960). Spacu,P. and Teodorescu,Gr. ;Rev.chim.8, 42-3 (1957): C.A.2 1552af1958) Danek,A. ;Acta Polon. Pharm. 18,229-34 (1961): C.A. 56 8842d(1962).
244
G L E N N A. BREWER
241. 242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259.
Franchi,G. ;Farm.sci. e tec.Z,640-4 (1952): C.A.47 4044b (1953). Akiyama,T. :Fujiwara,M. and Ichida H. : Bull. Kyoto Coll. Pharm. fl, 18-20 (1956): C.A. 51 4650a (1957). Sbnchez, J. A. ; Rev.Asoc.bioquim.Argentina 17,324-6(1952) ;C.A.g 6822b(1953). Mitchel1,B.W. ; Haugas,E.A. and McRoe, C.S. ; J.Pharm.and Pharmaco1.?,42-5 (1957):C.A. 51 6 8 1 (1957). 073 Kum-Tatt,L. and Yan-Hon,H. :J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 14,123-4(1962) ;C.A.X 2337b(1962). J Y Spacu,P. ;Teodorescu,Gr. and Gavanescu,D. : Bul. inst. politch. Bucuresti 18,51-4 (1956): C.A.51 176073.(1957). Ibadov,A. Yu. and Drebentsova,N. F. ;Dokl. 21 61 Akad.Nauk Uz.SSR - 39-41(1964) :C.A. 10538a (1964). Nair,V. R. and Nair, C.G. R. ;Analytica chim. Acta 57,429-34(1971);A.A.23 799(1972). Pinzauti,S. ;Dal Piaz,v.and LaPorta, E. : J. Pharm. Sci. 63,1446-8(1974):C. A. 82 7701f (1975) Gowda,H. S. and Rao,G. G. ;Z.Ana 1. Chem. -1 6 5 9 36-8 (1959):C. A. 53 11765h (1959) Budggi'nsk$,B. :Collection Czechoslov. Chem. Communs.26,781-7 (1961):C.A.z 14174b(1961). Ra0,P.V.K. and Rao, G.B.B. ;Analyst 96, 712-15 (1971);C.A.E 6762r (1972). Rao,P. V. K. and Rao,G. B. B. ;Freseniug Z.Ana1. Chem. =,360-1(1971) :C.A.E 37475d(1974). Eremina,Z. I. and Antonchik, I.A. :Farm.Zh. (Kiev) 27,79-81(1972) :C.A.z 92916~(1972). Rao,P,V. K. :Rao,G.B.B. and Ra0,R.S. :Anal. Chim. Acta 65,227-30 (1973):C.A.E 57733b(1973). Tatsuzawa,M. :Bunseki Kagaku 10,129-33 (1961): C.A.55 23931e(1961). Panwar,K. S. :Rao,S. P. and Gaur,J.N. ;Anal.Chim. Acta 25,218-21 (1961):C.A. 55 26865d (1961). Ra0,G.G. and Rao,P.V.K. ;Tzanta ll,1489-96 (1964):C.A.62 1239h(1965) Gein,L.G. and Sumbaikina,Z.A. ;Farmatsiya l6, 41-3 (1967) C.A. 67 84919a (1967). :
ISONI AZlD
245
260. Pinzauti,S.;Dal Piaz V. and La Porta, E. q Farmaco Ed. F r a t . 29,136-42 (1974):C.A. 81 29576a (1974).' 261. Rao P .V. K. and Rao ,G. B .B :Res Ind.=,14 3-4 (1972):C.A. 80 19640g (1974). 262. Volodina,M.A. and Karandi,I.V. :Vestn.Mosk. Univ. , a i m l3,357-8(1972) :C.A.E 147343n(1972). 263. Vulterin,J. and Z?ka,J.:Chem.Listy - 839-42 48 (1954):C.A.% 13521a(1954). 264. Sakurai,H. ;Kimura,T. and Senoo,S. : Yakuzaigaku 1 39-41(1956);C.A.a 9089a(1957). 6 265. Akiyama,T. ;Fujiwara,M. and Ichida,H. : Kyoto Yakka Daiqaku Gakuh6 5,42-4(1957);C.A.= 3262i (1958). 266. Tachi,I. and Nagata,V. :Kaqaku no Ry6iki 6, 490-l(1952) ; C.A.46 11045f (1952). 267. Anastasi,A.;Mecarelli,E. and Novacic,L.: Mikrochemie ver Mikrochim.Acta 40,113-20 (1952):C.A.G 3185a(1953). 268. Maruyama,M. :J. Pharm. SOC. ,Japan 72,1213-4 (1952):C.A. 47 417g (1953). f f 269. Varela,G. :Anales. real SOC. espaz. fls.y.qulm - 713-15 (1952):C.A. 47 8 3 2 3 (1953). 48B ~ 270. Liberti,A. ;Cervone,E. and Cattaneo,C. : Giorn.biochim. 1,440-6 (1952):C.A.49 98883. (1955). 271. Tsa0,King-Hung:Loo,Yun-Chieng and Tang, Teng-Han. ;Yao Hsu'eh Hsueh Pao 4,121-6(1956) : C.A.52 6716a (1958). 272. Maruyama,M. : Ann. Rept. Takamine Lab.g,l22-7 (1956):C.A. 54 19310a (1960). 273. Sato,H. :Eisei Shikenjo Hskoku 77, 39-44 (1959):C.A. 55 14281i (1961). 274. Lund,H. :ActaChprn.S u U ,972-8 and 1077-86 (1963);C.A.S 13598g (1963). 275. Vajgand,V. and Pastor,T. :Glasnik Hem.Drustva, Beoqrad 27,263-70 (1962):C.A.s 13326c(1963). 276. Va jgand,V. and Pastor T. :J. Electroanal. Chem. S 40-8(1964)7C.A. 62 4619f (1965). 277. Lund,H. :Abhandl.Deut.Akad.Wiss. Berlin K1. Chem. ,Geol.Biol. 434-42 (1964);C.A.62 8674d (1965). 278. Brandys,J. ; D i s s . Pharm. Pharmacol. 18,319 (1966):C.A. 66 22276j (1967).
246
GLENN A. BREWER
279.
280. 281.
282. 283.
284.
285. 286.
287.
288.
S c h l i t t , L . :Rink,M. a n d V. S t a c k e l b e r g , M. : E l e c t r o a n a l . Chem. 13, 10-20 ( 1 9 6 7 ) , C.A. 66 5 7 9 8 p ( 1 9 6 7 ) . T u r c z a n , J. W. : J . A s s . O f f i c . Anal. Chem. 50, 652-4(1967):C.A.e 67658~(1967). Kitaev,Yu. P. and BudnikoV,G.X. ; 1zv.Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser.Khim. 554-61 ( 1 9 6 7 ) C . A . 6 7 90282d ( 1 9 6 7 ) S a t o , H. : E i s e i S h i k e n j o I d k o k u 7 8 , 2 1 - 4 (1960) :C.A. 55 24395a ( 1 9 6 1 ) . V a l l o n , J . J . ; B a d i n a n d , A . and Bichon,C.: Anal. Chim.Acta =,93-8 ( 1 9 7 5 ) :C . A . 8 3 1 5 2 4 3 5 ~ (1975). Okuda,Y. :Ohara,M. : H o r i n o , S . ;Masak,H.; Furukawa, Y. and Yamasaki, M. ; Rev. P o l a r o q . 9,112-15 ( 1 9 6 1 ) ; C . A . g 7307e ( 1 9 6 4 ) . Kalinowski,K. : A c t a Polon. P h a r m . l l , 113-16 (1954):C.A.= 14123b(1954). K l i n o w s k i , K. a n d Z w i e r z c h o w s k i , Z . ; A c t a a Polon.Pharm. 2 0 , 3 0 9 - 1 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) ; C . A . G 1517h (1965). S t o i c e s c u , V . ; I v a n , C. a n d Bera1,H. ;Rev. Chim. -, 4 8 4 ( 1 9 6 8 ): C . A . z 6 5 6 8 h ( 1 9 6 9 ) . 19
J.
Brandys,J.;Diss.Pharm.Pharmacol.z,87-92
( 1 9 6 9 ) ;C . A . 72 3 8 2 5 7 ~ ( 1 9 7 0 ) . C u r r a n , D. J T a n d C u r l e y , J . E . ; A n a l y t . Chem. -, 3 7 3 - 7 ( 1 9 7 0 ) :A.A. 20 2 4 9 7 ( 1 9 7 1 ) . 42 J e n n i n g s , V . J . ; Dodson, A. a n d H a r r i s o n , A . : A n a l y s t - 145-8 ( 1 9 7 4 ) ; C . A . G 57876s ( 1 9 7 4 ) . 99 Akiyama, T. : F u j i t a , M . ; Fujiwara,M. a n d Kawashima, K. ; B u n s e k i Kagaku 2, 701-3 ( 1 9 5 6 ) : C.A. 52 155f ( 1 9 5 8 ) . G r e c u , I . a n d C u r e a , E. r R e v . C h i m . 2 , 162-3 (1962):C.A.x 11856i(1962). Grecu, I. : C u r e a , E. and P i t i s , M.: Acad.Rep. P o p u l a r e Romine, F i l i a l a C l u j , S t u d i i C e r c e t a r i Chem. 1 213-23 ( 1 9 6 2 ) :C.A. 3 61 100279 ( 1 9 6 4 ) . van P i n x t e r e n J . A . C . and V e r l o o p , M.E. : Pharm. Weekblad 1 0 0 , 189-95 ( 1 9 6 5 ) :C . A . 6 3 5454a ( 1 9 6 5 ) . Zivanov, D . ; B l a g o j e v i c , 2 . and Mladenovic,M. : A r h i v . Farm. 14,273-8 ( 1 9 6 4 ) :
289. 290. 291.
292. 293.
294.
295.
ISONIAZID
24 7
296.
297. 298.
299. 300. 301. 302.
303. 304. 305. 306. 307.
308. 309. 310. 311.
312. 313.
C . A . 62 2 6 7 1 h ( 1 9 6 5 ) , T a b e n k i n , B . : D o l a n , B . a n d J o h n s o n , M.G. : P r o c . SOC.E x p t l . B i o l . Med. 8 0 , 6 1 3 - 1 5 ( 1 9 5 2 ) : C . A . 46 1 0 2 5 4 b ( 1 9 5 2 ) . C e r o t t i , G . : A t t i SOC l o m b a r d a s c i med biol. -, 7 6 ( 1 9 5 2 ) : C . A . Q 2 2 4 8 d ( 1 9 5 3 ) . 7 I f r i m , A . a n d C o n i v e r , L. : L u c r % r i l e p r e z e n t a t e conf. n a t l . farm. , B u c h a r e s t 674-8(1958) ~ c . A . 5 3 9354h(1959). Suzuki,Y. ; P h y s i o l . P l a n t a r u m l 9 , 2 5 7 - 6 3 ( 1 9 6 6 ) : C . A . 6 4 20211c(1966). Va j g a n d , V . J. a n d P a s t o r , T. J. : G l a s . H e m . D r u s . , B e o q r a d . 3 l , 9-17 ( 1 9 6 6 ) :C . A . 6 3 9 9 5 5 y ( 1 9 6 7 ) . 7 D u s i n s k y , G . a n d F a i t h , L . : P h a r m a z i e 22, 475-82 ( 1 9 6 7 ) :C.A. 68 53280b ( 1 9 6 8 ) McKennis J . H . a n d Y a r d , A . S . : U . S . Dept.Com., O f f i c e Tech. S e r v . PB R e p t . 1 4 3 , 9 1 4 ( 1 9 5 7 ) ; C . A . 55 1 7 3 7 5 i ( 1 9 6 1 ) . H a r t i n g , H. J . A m . Pharm.Assoc. -, 3 2 3 - 4 ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; 42 C.A. - 7163f ( 1 9 5 3 ) . 47 Kazuo,T. : Y a k u z a i g u k u -, 1 5 0 - 4 ( 1 9 7 2 ) :C.A. 79 32 149305s ( 1 9 7 3 ) . Artamonov, B. P. a n d K u p i n a , N . A . :Med. Prom. SSSR 1 9 , 6 1 - 3 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ;C.A.64 4 8 7 1 f ( 1 9 6 6 ) . N i k o l i c , K. a n d C u p i c , Z . :Ark. Farm. I B e l q r a d e ) -, 2 0 1 - 4 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; C . A . e 5 4 2 9 8 ~ ( 1 9 6 8 ) . 17 K i d a n i , Y . : I n a g a k i , K . :Saotome,T. a n d Koike,H. : B u n e s k i Kayaku - 8 9 6 - 9 ( 1 9 7 3 ) : C . A . 7- 1 3 9 6 7 2 ~ 22 9 (1973). B e l i l o v s k i i ,Ya E . ;F a r m a t s i y a -, 6 2 - 4 (1 7 2 ) : 21 9 C.A. 77 130636n ( 1 9 7 2 ) . M a t t u , F . ;Rend. s e m i n a r . f a c . s c i . u n i v . C a g l i a r i -, 9 2 - 1 0 6 ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; C . A . 4- 4 1 7 9 f ( 1 9 5 4 ) . 22 8 R o t h , L. J . a n d Manthei,R.W. ;Proc. SOC.Exp. Biol.Med. -, 5 6 6 ( 1 9 6 2 ) : C.A.48 9 4 3 8 f ( 1 9 5 4 ) . 81 C e r i o t t i , G . :Defranceschi,A. ;DeCarneri, I. and Zamboni,V. ; B r i t . J. P h a r m a c o l . 8 356 ( 1 9 5 3 ) : C . A . 48 8 8 5 g ( 1 9 5 4 ) . Defra&eschi,A. a n d Zamboni, V. : B i o c h i m . B i o p h y s . A c t a 1 3 304 ( 1 9 5 4 ) ; C . A . B 90822.1( 1 9 5 5 ) .
--
Iwainsky,H.:Arzneimitt,Forsch.7,745(1957): C.A.
52
5665c(1958).
248
GLENN A. BREWER
314. 315. 316. 317. 318. 319. 320. 321. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332.
..
Savoia,F. ; E o l l . soc. ital.bio1. sper. ,30,29-30 (1954);C.A.E 9438f (1954). Leuschner,F. :Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch.expt1. Pathol.Pharmakol. 221,323-7 (1954);C.A.48 88539 (1954). Itai,T.:Oba,T. and Kamiya,S. :Bull.Natl.Hyg. - Lab. 72,87-90(1954) ;C.A.e 6350h(1955). Unverricht,W. ;Schattmann,K. and Senft,G. ; Arztl.Wochschr.2 838(1954) ; C . A . 9 1280h(1955). Ishikawa,M. and Kikkawa,I. ;Ann.Repts. Shionoqi Research Lab. 4, 39-42 (1954):C.A. 50 156299 (1956). *a Fischer,P. and Burgen, A. ;Pharm.Acta. Helv. 31,518-42(1956) ;C.A.s 6945b(1957). Abe,M. ;Sci.Rept. Res. Inst.Tohoku.Univ. ,Ser.C. 8,1(1958):C.A.= 17529i(1958). Albert,A. and Rees,C.W. ; Biochem. J. 6 l , 128 (1955):C.A.e 16197c(1955). Boone, I.U. ;Magee,M. and Turney,D.F. :J.Biol. -Chem.221,781(1956) iC.A.50 15784h(1956). Boone,I . U . ;Strang,V.G. and Rogers,B. S. ; Am,Rev.Tuberc.76 568 (1957)iC.A.53 3361c (1959). Diller,W. ;KrUger-Thiemer,E. and Wempe,E. : Arzneimittel-Forsch.2 423-9(1959):C.A.= 21363b (1959). Barreto, R. C. R. :J. Chromatoq.Q,344 (1963): C.A. 57 6247a(1962). Greulach,V.A. and Haesloop, J.G. :Anal. Chem. - 1446-7 (1961);C.A.% 25577f (1961). 33 Reio,L; Chromatoq.47,60-85 (1970):C A. 73 J. . 21216~ (1970). LaRue,T.A. :J. Chromatogr.=,784-5 (1968): C.A. 68 74892t(1968) Barreto,R. C.R. ;J. Chromatoq.g,416-19 (1961): C.A. 56 12295f (1962). Gonnard,P. ;Camier,M. and Bcigne,N. : B o l l . Soc.Chem.Biol.46 407-ll(1964) ;C.A. 61 6867d (1963). Pallini,V. :Vasconetto,C. and Ricci, C. : E o l l . Soc.Ital.Biol.Sper. 41 673-5 (1965):C.A.64 2401f (1966). Schmid,E. :Hoppe,E. :Meythaler ,Chr. and Zicha,L. :Arzneimittel-Forsch.13,969-72 (1963)i
ISONI AZ ID
249
333. 334. 335. 336. 337. 338. 339. 340. 341. 342. 343. 344. 345. 346. 347, 348. 349. 350.
C.A.60 7351c (1962). Thomas, J. J. and Dryon, L. ;J.Pharm.Belq. -7 19 481-504 (1965):C.A.63 1660e (1965). Guven, K. C. ;Eczacilik Bul. 9, 186-9 (1967); C.A. 69 5256x(1968). Spinkova, V. :Cesk.Farm. 16,138-42 (1967); C.A. 67 47125t (1967). Kaistha,K.K. and Jaffe,J.H.:J.Pharm.Sci. 6 l , 679-89 (1972):C.A. 7 57236a (1972) 7 Garcia Carro,A.J. ; An-Real Acad-Farm. 2, 211-36(1973) ;C.A.m 74377b (1974). DeSagher, R.M. :De Leenheer, A. P. and Claeys, A. E. ; J. Chromatoqr. 1 6 357-62 (1975):C.A. 0 83 157v (1975). Nishimoto,Y. and Toyoshima, S.: Yakuqaku Zasshi 87,27-32 (1967):C.A. 66 98544r(1967). Wijnne,H. J.A. : Bletz,E. and Frijns,J.M. : Pharm. Weekbl. 102,959-70 (1967):C.A. 67 102844d (1967). Schmidt,F. ;Krankenhaus-Apoth. 23,lO-12 (1973): C.A.79 458661 (1973). Kawale,G.B. :Joglekar,V.D. :Barve,V.P. and Mahal, H.S. :Sci. Cult.38,373-376 (1972): A.A. - 3438(1973). 25 Tsuji,A. and Sekiguchi, K.;Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 81,847-52 (1960):C.A.S lOOlSd(1961). Heller,A. :Kasik, J.E. :Clark, L. and Roth,L. J. : Anal. Chem. 33,1755 (1961). Kakemi,K., Sezaki,H. and Inoue,S. ; Yakugaku Zasshi 85,674-9(1965);C.A.s 12974a(1965). Peters, J.H., Miller, K.S. and Brown, P.: Anal. Biochem 12,379 (1965):C.A. 63 8896a (1965). Peters, J.H., Miller, K . S . and Brown, P.: J. Pharm.Exp. Ther. 150 298 (1965):C.A. 63 8896a (1965). Fan, M.C. and Wald, W.G. :J.Assoc.Offic.Agr. Chemists 48,1148-50 (1965):C.A. 64 6407d (1966). Inoue, S.;Ogino,A. and Ono,Y.:Yakuraigaku 26,302-7(1966) ;C.A.e 99472g(1968), Gwandowski,A. and Sybirska,H. :Chem.Anal.u, 319-24(1968) :C.A.E 73784t (1968).
250
GLENN A. B R E W E R
351. 352. 353. 354. 355. 356. 357. 358. 359. 360. 361. 362. 363. 364. 365. 366. 367. 368. 369. 370.
Darawy,Z.I. and Mobarak ,Z.M. :Pharmazie 28, 37-39 (1973);A.A. 25 1155 (1973). . Barreto,R. C.R. and Sabino,S. 0 :J.Chromatoq. 13,435(1964) :C.A.S 13542e(1964). Smolarek,W. and Dlugosch,G. : Naturwissenschaften 4 l , 18 (1954):C.A. 48 10996i (1954). Barret0,R.C.R. ;J.Chromatog.?, 180(1962) ;C.A. - 6247a (1962). 57 Russell,D.W. :J. chromatoq. 19,199-201 (1965): C.A. 63 1065211(1965). CaloT. :Cardini,C. and Quercia,V. :Boll.Chim. -Farm. 107,296-9 (1968):C.A. 69 80244v (1968) CAlo,A. : Cardini,C. and Quercia,V. ;J.Chromatoqr. 3 7 , 194-6(1968):C.A. 70 6564d (1969). Gelbicova-Ruzickova,J. :Novak,J. and Chundela,B. :Proc. Conf .Appl. Phys. Chem. 295-300 (1971);C.A. 76 90104h (1972). Terze,B. and Dadiotou ,M.T. :Chim. Chronika l7, 45-8(1952) :C.A.u 9862f (1953). Ginoulhiac,E. :Rass.med. =,86-9 (1952):C.A. 48 13791b (1954). zuschwabedissen,0 M. ;Deut. med. Wochschr. 78, . 104-5 (1954);C,A.47 4406d(1953). Smolarek,W. and zah1,R. ;Deut.med.Wochschr. 78,273-4(1953) :C.A.G 5978f (1953). Schattmann,K. :Deut. med. Wochschr. 79,758-9 (1954):C.A.S 8851b(1954). zuSchwabedissen, . :Deut. med. Wochschr.2, 0 M. 759-60(1954) ;C.A.s 8851~(1954). Kelly,J.M. and Poet,R.B. :Am.Rev.Tuberc.65, 484-5 (1952):C.A. - 124785 (1953). 47 Wojahn,H. and Wempe,E. :Arzneimittel-Forsch. - 191-2(1953);C.A.47 5983d(1953). 3 Marenzi,A.D. and Gomez, C. J. ;Rev.asoc.mdd. arqentina 66,379-80(1952):C.A.C 7013b(1953). Wojahn,H. and Wempe,E. ;Arzneimittel-Forsch.&, 294-5(1954) :C.A.% 8856e(1954). Ma losetti,H. :Balea,E. and Addiego,A. :Ana les. 40,13-17 (1955):C.A.x fac.med.Montevideo 16924g (1956). Peukert,D. ;Arzneimittel Forsch.Z,304-6 (1957): C.A. 51 1304733 (1957).
ISON IAZlD
251
Waldron-Edward, D.M. :Irish J. Med. Sci.363, 130-6 (1956):C.A. 54 13228e (1960). 372. Litman,I.I. :Tr.Leninqrad. 1nst.Usoversh. Vrachoi 49 165 (1966):C.A. 2 34297s (1968) 373. Deeb,E.N. and Vitagliano,G.R. :J.Am. Pharm. Assoc. 44,182-5 (1955):C.A. 49 7633b (1955). 374. Yantchitch,M.:Ann.biol. clin. 12,328-9 (1954): C.A. 49 1126f (1955). 375. LeifhXt,H. C. and Smith,E.R.B. ;Am.J. Clin. Pathol. 31,142-7(1959):C.A.= 9349d(1959)'. 376. Tansini,G. :Perna,G. and Trotta,E. :Atti. soc. lombarda sci.med. biol. 13,258-62 (1958): C. A. 53 13251e (1959). 377. Pedenko,E.P. and Kozlovskii,I. Z. ;Lab.Delo 249 (1974):C.A. 81 114327g (1974) 378. Ruffo,G. :Arch.Vet.Ita1.&,245-55(1965) :C.A.e 11143b (1966). 379. Jessamine,A.G. :Hamilton,E.J. and Eidus,L. : Can.Med.Assoc. J. 89,1214-17 (1963):C.A. 60 853633 (1964). 380. Eidus,L. and Hamilton, E. J. :Clin. Chem. l0, 581-8 (1964):C.A.s 123079 (1964). 381. Eidus,L. and Harnanansingh,A.M.T. :Clin. Chem. 17,492-4 (1971);C.A.- 74372t (1971). 75 382. Rinaldi,M.R. and Cragnolin0,N.A. :Rev.asoc. bioquim. arqentina 18,162-3 (1953):C.A. - / 47 12479f (1953). 383. Aoki,S. :Terai,I. and Mori,K. :Iryo 6,33-5 (1952):C.A.3 4941h (1953). 384. Guillaume,J. :Tacquet,A. and Berthelot,J . Y . : Rev. franc. gtudes clin. et biol. 2,729-33 (1960): : . - 7531i (1961). C A 55 385. Fartushnyi,A. F. ;Sud. -Med. Ekspertiza ll,26-31 (1968):C.A. - 18570r (1969). 70 386. Prescott,B. ;Kauffmann,G. and James,W.D. ; Proc.Soc.Exptl.Bio1.Med. 84,704-6(1963): C.A. - 4620g (1954). 48 387. Lever,M. ;Biochem.Med.5,65-71(1972) :C. A. 76 123789r (1972). 388. Hashmi,M.H. :Adil,A.S. :Malik,F.R.and Ajma1,A. I . Mikrochim.Acta 772-7 (1969):C.A. 71 59223u (1969) 389. Bartels, H. and Spring,P. :Chemotherapy -9 21 1-lO(1974) ;C.A. - 92852~(1975), 82 371.
252
GLENN A. BREWER
390. 391. 392. 393. 394. 395.
396.
397. 398. 399. 400. 401. 402. 403. 404. 405. 406. 407.
408. 409.
G i n o u l h i a c , E. ;R u s s , med. 29,86-9 ( 1 9 5 2 ) : C . A . 4 6 9646f ( 1 9 5 2 ) . D e f r a n c e s c h i , A . a n d Zamboni,V. ; G i o r n . b i o c h i m . 1,405- 1 6 (1952) 7 C . A . e 9 0 8 2 h ( 1 9 5 5 ) . % l s c h e r , F . M . ;Minerva p e d i a t . 7,160-1 ( 1 9 5 5 ) C.A. 49 14867f ( 1 9 5 5 ) . W o l l Z b e r g , O . ; K l i n . W o c h s c h r . z , 906-7 ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; C.A. 47 2 0 8 7 i ( 1 9 5 3 ) . K e l l n e r , H . a n d SEdhof , H . ; K l i n . Wochschr.31, 287-8(1953);C.A.47 7 0 1 4 g ( 1 9 5 3 ) . R o b e r t s , R. W. a n d D e u s c h l e , K . W . : Am. Rev. R e s p i r a t . D i s e a s e s 80,904-8 ( 1 9 5 9 ) :C. A. 55 10551d ( 1 9 6 1 ) . Paunescu,E. ;Acad. Rep. P o l u l a r e R o m i n e , I n s t . B i o c h i m . ; S t u d i i C e r c e t a r i Biochim. 4 117-22 ( 1 9 6 1 ) ; C . A . s 16081a(1962). Paunescu,E. and Buzescu,M.;Rumanian Med.Rev. 2 , 3 8 - 4 0 ( 1 9 6 1 ) ;C.A. 57 10502g (1962) Smirnov,G.A. and K o z u l i t s y n a , T . I. :Lab. D e l o 48-52 (1964) ; C . A . S 11039f ( 1 9 6 4 ) . M a i e r , N. a n d Moisescu,V. ; B e i t r . K l i n . T u b e r k . -, 2 1 3 - 1 7 ( 1 9 6 4 ) ; C . A . g 8 7 7 3 a ( 1 9 6 4 ) . 128 Nielsch,W. :Chemiker-Ztq. - 494-9 ( 1 9 5 8 ) : 82 C.A. 53 6 9 1 3 d ( 1 9 5 9 ) . N i e l s c h , W. and G i e f e r , L. ; A r z n e i m i t t e l - F o r s c h . - 636-41,700-07 ( 1 9 5 9 ) ;C.A. - 5 8 0 3 ( 1 9 6 0 ) . 9 54 ~ Rapi ,G ;S p e r i m e n t a l e ,S e z chim. b i o 1.4,ll- 2 2 ( 1 9 5 3 ) ; C . A . 4 7 10604a ( 1 9 5 3 ) . Rubino,G. F. a n d B r a c c o , M . ;Minerva med. 1136-7(1952) ; C . A . B 12212g(1954). N a r d i n i , F . B . and P e r i t i , P. ; B o l l . SOC. i t a l . b i o l . s p e r . 29,356-7(1953) 7 C . A . G 12317h(1954). S h o r t , E . A . :Lancet266,656-7 ( 1 9 5 4 ) ;C.A.49 13598d ( 1 9 5 5 ) . B r e t t o n i , B . ;Arch. i t a l . s c i . f a r m a c o l . 2 , 2 2 7 - 8 (1955) ; C . A . E 1 9 7 1 b ( 1 9 5 6 ) . S h i r a i , Y . ; O h i s h i , K . ; S u c h i r o , K . ; M o t o i k e , H . and Adachi,R. ; S e i k a g a k u 29,557-62 ( 1 9 5 7 ) ; C . A . B 10551a ( 1 9 6 1 ) . S h o r t , E . I . : T u b e r c l e - 218-26(1961) :C.A. 42 62 llOOla (1965). Dymond, L. C. and R u s s e l 1 , D . W. ; C l i n . Chim.Acta 27,513-20 (1970) ;C.A. 72 1 1 9 6 6 5 ( 1 9 7 0 ) . ~
ISONI A 2 ID
253
410.
411. 412. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427.
Russel1,D.W. ;Clin.Chirn.Acta 2,367-73 (1971): C.A. 74 97428j (1971). t. Morvillo,V. and Garattini,S. ;Boll. SOC. i& biol. sper.28,388-90(1952) :C.A.% 217c(1954). Porcellati,G. and Preziosi,P. ;Boll.SOC. ital. biol.sper.29,269-71(1953) ;C.A.48 1577d(1954). Ioffe,R.A. ;Lab.Delo 47(1967) ;CZ.& 84348t (1967). Jacobs,M.B. : Science -,142-3(1953) ;C.A.47 11302d (1953). Scardi,V. and Bonavita,V. ;Arch. ital. sci. farmacol. 1,206-11 (1957);C.A.a 16647d(1957). Scardi,V. and Bonavita,V. Clin. Chem.3, 728-31(1957);C.A.= 4738~(1958). Holecek,V. and Herlik,J. ;Rozhledy Tuberk. 24,3-6(1964);C.A.60 16400h(1964). Caste1,P. ;Carli,G. ;Gras,G. and Cambou,P. : Trav. soc. pharm.Montpellier l5,27-36 (1955): C.A.49 14080e(1958). Bjornesj0,K.B. and Jarnulf ,B. : Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest.20 39-4C (1967);C.A. 67 107109~ (1967). Brettoni,B. :Boll. SOC. ital. biol. sper. 28 939-42(1952);C.A.= 8809b(1953). Oba,Y. :Igaku Kenkyu 31,124-42 (1961)C.A.z 27505i(1961). Ginoulhiac,E. and Tenconi,L. ;Giorn.mal. 4 infettive e parassitar - 63-7(1952);C.A.e 9400a (19.52). Cuthbertson,W.F. J. :Ireland,D.M. ;Wolff ,W. and Kuper,S.W.A. :Brit.Med. J. - 609-11 (1954); I C.A. - 13777d(1954). 48 Hunter,G. ;Brit.Med. J. - 585 (1955);C.A.s I 10407e (1955). Rubin,S.H. ;Drekter,L.;Scheiner, and J. DeRitter,E. ;Diseases of the Chest - 439-49 21 (1952):C.A.46 6686i(1952). Prescott,B.:Katz,S. and Kauffrnan,G.; J.Lab.Clin.Med. 44, 600-3 (1954):C.A.s 1131c(1955). Kinoshita,Y. and Moriyama,S.;Bull.Naqoya City Univ.Pharm.Schoo1 1,37-9(1953):C.A.50 9489h (1956).
254
GLENN A. BREWER
428.
Movrin, M. :Bull.Sci. Cons.Acad. Sci.Arts RSF Youqos1avie.Sect.A. 14,141-2 (1969):C.A.B 690292 (1969). . 429. Hodgkin,M.M. ;Hsu,A.H E. :Varughese,P. and Eidus,L. :Int.J. Clin. Pharmacol. ,Ther.Toxicol. 7,355-62(1973) yC.A.79 112860t(1973). 430. Varughese,P. : Hamilton,E.J. and Eidus, L. : Clin. Chem. 20 639-41 (1974):C. A. 81 99149n (1974). ee!kB ;Rozhledy 431. Wagner,J. :Kraus,P. and V$?e,. Tuberk 16,211-13 (1956):C.A.z 9498a(1956). 432. Maher,J.R. :Whitney, J. M. :Chambers,J. S. and Stanonis,D. J. :Am. Rev. Tuberc. Pulmonary Diseasg - 852-61(1957):C.A.= 76 3345a(1959). 433. Goedde,H.W. : Schloot,W. and Benkmann,H. G. : Chemotherapia 3 6 1 - 7 (1967):C.A.a 61487a (1967). 434. Bracco,M. and Savio,E. : Ann.Med. Sondalo - 201-5 (1961);A5 9 C! .& . 14560f (1962). 435. Wareska,W.:Polski Tvqodnik Lekarski 8,1736 (1953):C.A. 48 14082c(1955). 436. Hedrick,M. T. :Rippon,J.W. :Decker,L.E. and Bernsohn,J. : Anal.Biochem. 5 85-98 (1962): C.A. 58 743e(1963). 437. Scott,E.M. and Wright,R. C. ; J.Lab. Clin.Med. - 355-60 (1967):C.A.67 72217g (1967). 70 438. Reiss,O.K. :Morse,W. C. and Putsch,R.W. : Amer. Rev. Resp.Dis.96 111-14 (1967):C.A. 67 80847c (1967). 439. Wilson,D.M. :Lever,M. and Smal1,C.W. : Amer. J. Med. Technol.2 451-3 (1973):c.A.g 34m(1974). 440. Ellard,G.A. :Gammon,P.T. and Wallace,S.M. : Biochem. J. 126 449-58 (1972):C.A. - 13548711 76 (1972). 441. Boxenbaum, H.G. and Riegelman,S. :J. Pharm.Sci. - 1191-7 (1974);C.A.82 38374f (1975). 63 442. Miceli, J.N. : Olson, W.A. and Weber,W.W. : 2 Biochem.Med. 1 348-55 (1975):C.A.= 157655d (1975). 443. Peters, J.H. :Morse,C.W. and Schmidt,L.H. : Am. Rev. Respirat.Diseases 91,225-31 (1965): C.A. 63 2245b(1965).
ISONIAZlD
255
444. O'Barr, T. P. ;Keith, D. J. and Blair, E.B. ; Amer.Rev.Resp.Dis. 107 472-4(1973) iC.A.79 270202 (1973). 445. Lauermann,I. and Otto, L. ; Wiss. Z.MartinLuther Univ. ,Halle-Wittenberq, Math. Naturwiss. Reihe 17,561-7 (1968 :C.A. 71 ) 28801b (1969). 446. Kane,P. 0 ; Nature 183,1674 (1959);C.A. . 55 7528i (1961). 447. Strickland,R.D. and Hentel, W. ; Am. J.Clin. Pathol. 24,988-92 (1954) and Tech.Bul1 Reqistry Med. Technoloqists 24,168-72 (1954)i C.A. 48 12376e (1954). 448. Harting, H. and v, Gerzanits, P. ; Acta Med. et Biol. 2,643-48(1954) iC.A.50 9484a(1956). 449. Ito,F. :Nasu,Y. :Mizobata,H. :Yuasu, M. and Nishi, K. : Kekkaku 33 345-7 (1958);C.A.52 20351h (1958). 450. Ito, F. ; Nasu,Y. and Nishi, K. ; Med.J.Osaka - 2 567-71 (1958):C.A.% 13253h( 1959). Univ. 451. Verrotti,M. and Bardelli,N. ; Rass. studi sichiat.4l,472-5(1952)C.A. 47 4410h(1953). . 452. ichwenk,R. .Kell K -Tse K S . a d Sehon A.H. : hem.& 108b61(19?51 ;C.A.a3 125474r 453. BBnicke,R. :Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. exptl. Patho1.u. Pharmakol. 216,490-3 (1952);C.A.47 4937i(1953). 454. Cascio,G. and Purpura,R. ;Bull.SOC. ital.bio1. sper. 28,1947-8 (1952):C.A.% 6361c (1955). 455. Grosset, J. ; Grumbach,F. and Canetti,G. i Ann. inst. Pasteur 92,752-9 (1957);C.A. 51 156783.(1957). 456. Strupczewska-Januszowa, H.; Gruzlica 2, 481-4(1961) ;C.A.z 15768i(1962). 457. Pregowski,W.; Zukowska, H. and Szymska,E.; Przeglad Lekar. 16,310-13 (1960);C.A.Z 4974a (1962). 458. Ginsburg,T.S and Poddubny , A,F. :Lab Delo 9 , 37-40 (1963)rC.A.62 67959 (1965). 459. Finn,E. R. and Vil' derman, A.M. 63 Zdravookhranenie 39-43 (1964);C.A.- 1077f (1965).
w+-
256
GLENN A. BREWER
460.
461. 462.
463.
464.
465.
466,
467.
48 6.
469.
470. 471. 472. 473. 474. 475. 476. 477.
Tagawa,C.;Nippon Kagaku Rhohogakukai Zasshi 147769 (1966) Vil derman,A. M. : Finn, E. R. and Evgrafova, Z.A. ;Vopr.Borl by s Tuberkulezom,Minsk,Sb 119-22 (1964) C.A. 64 4104f (1966). Sen,P. K. ;Saha, R. and Chatterjee,R. ; J. Indian J. Med.Res. @,19-27(1972) ; C . A . c 42992v (1972). Kharizanova,T. and Simova,V.;s. Nauchnoizsled.Khim. -Farm.Inst. S 353-8 (1972);C.A.B 38384x(1973). Kharizanova,T. and Simova,V. ;Advan. Antimicrob.Antineoplastic Chemother.; Proc. Int. Conqr. Chemother., 7th; 1971 Part 2 697-9;C.A.z 73417g(1973). Bartmann,K. and Freise,G. ;Beitr.Klin. Tuberk 127 546-60(1963);C.A.& 5880g(1964). Nishi,K.;Kekkaku 33 272-3(1958);C.A.52 16463i(1958). Poole,N.F. and Meyer, A. E. :Proc.SOC.Exptl. 98 Biol.Med. - 375-7 (1958);C.A.= 20340i(1958). Makino,K. :Kinoshita,T. and Itoh,T. :Nature 173, 36(1954);C.A.% 5367f(1954). Leuschner,F.:Arzneimittel-Forsch.4,686 (1954):C.A.B 2555g(1955). Sezaki,H. ;Yakuqaku Zasshi 78,1211-15 (1958);C.A.= 8259e(1959). Belles,Q. C and Littleman,M. L. : Am. Rev. . Respirat. Diseases 8 l , 364-72 (1960):C.A.55 11 5 1 9 ~ (1961). Abiko,Y. :Onoue,K. ;Yamamura,Y. : Nakazono,I . and Yoshida,T. : J. Biochem. (Tokyo)48, 838-45(1960);C.A.x 14691d(1961). Okudaira,M. ;Kuchii,M. and Hasaki,K. ;Irto 23, 1283-90(1969); C.A.73 23657r(1970). Siege1,D. ;Z. e s . inn.Med.u. ihre Grenzqebiete g - 66-68(1958);C.A. 54 23032e (1960). 13 Barreto,R.C. R. :J.Chromatoq.1 82-5 (1962); C.A. 57 6246i(1962). . Barreto,R. C. R. and Sabino,S.0 ;J.Chromatoq. 180-6(1962) ;C.A.x 9395f (1963). 9 Fartushnyi,A.F. and Sukhin,A. P. ;Sud.-Med. 16,39-43 (1973);C.A.E 78879q(1974). Ekspert. -
13,156-64(1965):C.A. 64
ISON IAZ I D
257
478. 479. 480. 481. 482. 483.
484.
485. 486.
487.
48 8.
489. 490.
491. 492. 493.
Cattaneo,C. ;Fantoli,U. and Ferrari, S. : Ann. 1st. Carlo Forlanini 27, 78-93 (1967);C.A.B 11373d(1968). Hughes,H. B. ;J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 109, 444 (1453); C.A. 48 2241i (1954). Ozawa,H. and Kujomoto,A.;Iqaku To Seibutsauqaku 27,110 (1953);C.A.S 1580f (1954). Cuthbertson,W. F. J. ;Ireland,D.M. and Wolff ,W. : Bi0chem.J. 55,669(1953);C.A.48 1462i(1954). Zamboni,V. and Defranceschi; Biochim. Biophys.Acta. 14,430(1954);C.A. 3 12218d (1954). Mandel,W. ;Heaton,A. D ;Russele,W. F. and . Middlebrook, G. ; J. Clin. Invest. 38,1356-1365 (1959);C.A. 54 2590e (1960). Evans,D.A. P. ;Manley,K.A. and McKusick,V.A. ; Br. med. J. 485-491 (1960);C.A. 55 11636g (1961). Sunahara,S.;Urano,M. and Ogawa,M.;Science - 1530 (1961). 134, Goodman,L.S. and Gilman, A.; The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 5th Ed page 1205 MacMillan Publishing Co.Inc. New York. Goldstein,A. ;Aronow, L.and Kalman, S.M. ; Principles of Druq Action: The Basis of Pharmacoloqy 2nd Ed. page 452, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Venkataraman,P. : Eidus, L. ; Ramachandian, K. and Tripathy, S. P. ; Tubercle (G.-B. ) 4 6 , 262 (1965). Hirtz,J.L.;Analytical Metabolic Chemistry of Druss pages 191-198 (1971),Marcel Dekker Inc. ,New York. Grebennik,L.I. ;Sov.Med. 3l,47-51(1968); C.A.69 3436117. (1968). Russel1,D.W. ; Clin. Chem.Acta. 4 l , 163-8 (1972);C.A.z 52461f(1973). 27 Ritter,W. ; Prax. Pneumol.- 139-45(1973); C.A. 79 61303d (1973). El1arxG.A. and Gammon,P. T. ;Advan.Antimicrob. Antineoplastic Chemother. ,Proc. Int. Conqr. Chemother. 7th 45-6 (1971);C.A.E 100376b (1973).
258
GLENN A. BREWER
Mitchell,J. R. and Jollow,D.J. ;Druq Interact. 65-79(1974) :C.A.U 92730g(1975). T. 495. Iwamoto, :J. Pharm. SOC.Japan 74 36-9 (1954)i C.A. & 5362b(1954). 496. Nakazono,I. and Hirata,H. ;Kekkaku 3 4 101-6(1959) ;C.A.S 25288e(1960). 497. Toth,B. and Shimizu,H. ;Eur.J. Cancer 9, 285-9(1973) :C.A.B 101439m(1973). 498. Kakemi,K. ;Arita,T. ;Sezaki,H. and Takasugi, N. :Chem. Pharm.Bul1. JJ 551-7 (1965);C.A.Q 7511c(1965). 499. Juchau,M.R. and Horita,A.;Drug Metabolism Reviews, DiCarlo F.J. Editor, Vol. 1 pages 71-86, Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, 1973. Meyer,H. and Mally,J. ;Monatsh.Chem 2 3 . 9 500. 393(1912) ;C.A.6_ 2073(1912). 501. Chorine,V. : Compt. rend,acad. sci. 220,150 (1945). 502. Huant,E.:Gazette des Hopitaux Aug.15(1945). 503. Long,E.S.:The Chemistry and Chemotheraw of Tuberculosis.3rd ed.,The Williams & Wilkins C Co. ,Baltimore,1958. 504. Kirschbaum,A. ;Pharm.Acta Helv. 27 229-33 (1952):C.A. 47 2429b (1953).
494.
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
Paul J. Clues, Maurice Dubost and Hubert Vanderhaeghe
260
PAUL J. CLAESetel.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 . Description
1.1.
Name, Formula, Molecular Weight
1.2. Appearance, Color, Odour 1.3. Definition of International Unit 2 . Physical Properties 2 . 1 . Spectra 2.11.
Infrared Spectra
2.12. Ultraviolet Spectra 2.13. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra 2.14. Mass Spectra 2.2. Optical Rotation 2.3. Electrometric Titration Curve-pK Values 2 . 4 . Crystal Properties 2 . 5 . Melting Range 2 . 6 . Thermal Analysis 2 . 7 . Solubility
3 . Synthesis
3.1. 3.2.
Fermentation-Biosynthesis
Chemical Synthesis
4 . Stability-Degradation
5 . Inactivation by Enzymes 6 . Mode of Action

7 . Pharmacokinetics
8. Methods of Analysis
8.1.
Identification 8 . 2 . Determination of Sulfate

8 . 3 . Loss on Drying 8.4. Microbiological Assay 8 . 5 . Assay of Kanamycin B
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
26 1
8.6. Chromatographic Analysis
8.61. Paper
8.62. Thin Layer 8.63. Ion Exchange 8.64. Gas Liquid 8.7. Electrophoretic Analysis
9. Determination in Body Fluids and Tissues

10. References Cited
262
PAUL J. CLAES et a / .
1 . Description
1.1.
Name, Formula, Molecular Weight Kanamycin or kanamycin A (I) is the major component
of the antibiotic complex produced by certain strains of

Streptomyces kanamyceticus'
. Its structure was established as
0-(6-amino-6-deoxy-CK-D-glucopyranosyl)-(
deoxy-CY -D-glucopyranosyl-( 1
1 --4)-0-[3-amino-3-
6] -1,3-diamino-l,2,3-trideo)
xy-scyllo-inositol. Since 1972 the compound has been listed in Chemical Abstracts under the heading D-streptamine,
O-3-amino-3-deoxy-CY-D-glucopyranosyl- ( 1 6 --[ 6-amino-6)0 deoxy-CY-D-glucopyranosyl-( 1 4 1 -2-deoxy-. The numbering is 1
1'
I
given in the formula below. The carbon atoms of the 2-deoxy-
6'
,2
OH
Kariadlycin A free base : C,8H36N4011
\I
0
M.W. 484.50 M.W. 600.59
Kanatnycin A monosulfate monohydrate : C18H36N401 1 0H2S04'H20
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
263
streptamine ring are numbered as 1,2,3, mine respectively as 1 ' ,2',3',
..., those of the
amino sugar moieties linked at C-4 and C-6 of 2-deoxystrepta-
... and
1",2",3",.
..
Kanamycin A is supplied in two forms, a crystalline monosulfate monohydrate and a salt with a higher sulfate content. The latter is more readily soluble in water and is 2 designated in the Brit. Ph. Add. 1975 as kanamycin acid sulfate. The sulfate (SO ) content calculated for the monosul4 fate monohydrate is 15.99 2 . In most commercial samples the sulfate content varies from 1 to 16.4 %3'4. The monosulfate 6 5 monohydrate is reported in the U.S. Ph. XIX and in the Brit. 6 Ph. 1973 under the heading kanamycin sulfate. To avoid confusion the designation kanamycin monosulfate should be preferred. The limits of the pH ( 1 2 aqueous solution) given in 8 the Code of Federal Regulations7 and in the Eur. Ph. are from 6.5 to 8.5. Kanamycin acid sulfate, the name used in Brit. Ph. Add. 1975, which is sometimes referred to as kanamycin bisulfate, is obtained by adding sulfuric acid to a solution of the monosulfate and drying by a suitable procedure. Its sulfate content (dry basis) may vary from 24 to 26 %. Percentages sulfate calculated for C H N 0 1 6 H2S04 and C18H36N4011. . 1 36 4 1 1 ' 8 1 8 H SO are respectively 23.95 and 26.14 X . It is obvious . 2 4 from these figures, that the name kanamycin bisulfate is not a correct designation. The limits of pH given by the Eur. Ph.8 are from 5.5 to 7.5. Kanamycin B (11) and kanamycin C (111) are two minor components of the antibiotic complex. They differ from kanamycin A in the nature of the amino sugar linked to the 4-position of the 2-deoxystreptamine moiety (2,6-diamino2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose for I1 and 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose
264
for 111). Kanamycin B, also referred to as bekanamycin, is R available as its sulfate salt under the name Kanendomycin (Meiji)
6
I
"
CH20H
I
' 1"
HO
I1
kanamycin B : R 1 = R
1
I11 kanamycin C : R
IV
NH2, R3 = H, R4 = OH
NH2, R2 = OH, R3 = H, R4 = OH
2
amikacin : R
= H, R
R4 = OH
tobramycin : R 1 = R
N , R3 = L(-)-CO-CH-(CH,),-NH,, H, ..1 OH
NH2, R3
H , R4 = H
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
265
The two antibiotics amikacin (or BB-8) (IV) and tobramycin (V) are structurally related to the kanamycins. The former is obtained by selective !-acylation of kanamycin A at acid
9
the I-amino group with L(-)y-amino-CY-hydroxybutyric tenebrarius

1.2.
10
The latter is a 3-deoxykanamycin B produced by Streptomyces
Appearance, Color, Odour The monosulfate monohydrate is a white or almost
white, odourless or almost odourless crystalline powder. The acid sulfate is amorphous.
1.3. Definition of International Unit
11
The International Reference Preparation is a sample of kanamycin monosulfate ( 1 7 . 2 % SO4) established in 1959. The International Unit was defined in 1962 as the activity contained in 0.001231 mg of the International Reference Preparation, corresponding to a potency of 812 U/mg
2 . Physical Properties
2.1.
Spectra
2 . 1 1 . Infrared Spectra
Infrared spectra of kanamycin monosulfate monohydrate and of the free base have been published by Maeda
12
These spectra are typical for polyhydroxy polyamino compounds. However, no characteristic bands, which would permit differentiation from related aminoglycosidic antibiotics, are present.
266
PAUL J. CLAESetal.
2.12. Ultraviolet Spectrum Kanamycin free base and its sulfate salts show end 12 absorption only
2.13. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra The PMR spectrum of kanamycin free base, determined on a Varian XL-100 instrument at ambient temperature, is presented in the figure I . The spectrum was obtained by dissolving 60 mg crystalline free base in 0.5 ml D20, containing sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl)propane-l-sulfonate as internal standard. In the spectrum, which is in agreement with that publishedI3, signals appear in three separate regions. The lowest field contains two one-protor; doublets, due to anomeric protons. The highest field shows two one-proton signals, due to the methylene group of the deoxystreptamine moiety. Signals from the remaining protons, attached to carbon atoms Table I. PMR Spectral Assignments of Kanamycin A free base Assignment Chemical Shift* Coupling Constant J
= 13 Hz, Jaa= 12 Hz gem J~ = 13 Hz, J = 4 HZ gem ea
2-Ha
2-He 3"-H
1.22 (m)
1.96
(m)
2"-H
2'-H 3'-H
I "-H
1 '-H
2.90 (m) 3.48 ( ) m

3.55 3.77 5.03 5.79
J = 3.8 Hz, J = 10 Hz J = 3.3 Hz, J

J = 3.8 Hz
= 9.5
(m)
(m)
Hz
(d) (d)
J = 3.3 Hz
d = doublet; m = multiplet; gem = geminal; a = axial; e = equatorial. The 6-values, given in this table, refer to sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl)propane-l-sulfonate as internal standard. They can be converted into b-values, referring to TMS, by adding 0.48 ppm.
3'"
4
h)
Fig. 1. PUR spectrum (lo0 Mc) of kanamycin A free base, taken in D20 with sodium 3-(trimethylsilyl)propane-l-sulfonate as internal standard.
268
PAUL J. C U E S et a / .
bearing " 2 H,
-OH or -0-,are found in the central region.
The spectral assignments, given in the figure and summarized in Table I, have been discussed in detail by Naganawa et 13 al. -
Spectral data, observed for a solution of the monosulfate of kanamycin A in D20 solution and for its tetrahydrochloride, are given in Table 11. It can be seen that protonation of the amino groups causes a downfield shift of some of the protons. This effect is less pronounced for the monosulfate. The PMR spectrum of kanamycin B has been reported by Koch et a1.I5. Assignment of the signals in carbon-I3 NMR spectra of kanamycin AI6 and BI7 have been reported recently. Table 11. Chemical Shift Values observed for Kanamycin A
L _
Protons 2-Ha 2-He CHO, Cfi20 -
Salts Kanamycin mono sulfate
14
Kanamycin 4 DC1
***
1.48 (m)
2.16 (m) 2.95
1.98 (m)
2.6 (m) (m) 2.95
CHN, CE2N anomeric protons
- 4.2
- 4.2
(m)
5.09 (d) and 5.52 (d)
5.18 (d) and 5.58 (d)
* ** ***
6-Values relative to sodium 3-(trimethylsily1)propaneI-sulfonate as internal standard. Saturated solution in D20 35 mg kanamycin A free base in 0.35 ml IN DC1. -
2.14. Mass Spectra The high- and low resolution mass spectra of volatile -N-acetylderivatives of kanamycin A (N-acetyl-N,O-methyl- and 0-trimethylsilylkanamycin) have been determined and interpreted by De Jongh et a1.I8. The electron impact spectra of both
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
269
derivatives show a very small molecular ion peak, which may be obscured by background or noise. More intense are the (M+1) peak in the spectrum of the N-acetyl-N,O-methyl deriva--
tive and the (M-15) peak in that of the IJ-acetyl-0-trimethylsilyl derivative. Other diagnostic peaks, observed in the spectra of both derivatives, result from a cleavage of glycosidic bonds or C-0 bonds connecting a hexose to the deoxystreptamine unit. The m/e values of these peaks reveal the sequential arrangement and the gross structure of the saccharide- or the aminocyclitol units, of which kanamycin is composed. Mass spectra of deuterated analogs and the chemical inonization mass spectrum of IJ-acetyl-E,g-methylkanamycin A 1 8 are also described in the paper of De Jongh et al.
Mass spectra of the underivatized free bases of kanamycin A and B and of other aminoglycoside antibiotics (up to the pseudotrisaccharide level) have been reported by Daniels
-- 19y20.The electron impact spectrum of underivatized et al.

kanamycin A shows a MH
peak at the highest mass ion. Other
diagnostic fragment ions arise from glycosidic cleavage and from a cleavage of one of the sugar units. Some of the diagnostic peaks observed in the spectra of derivatized and underivatized kanamycin A are given in the following scheme :
moiety
geox;yk;r;taminefi
m/e 3 0 6 ( a ) , A 530 (b) ,720(c)
f-aminog moiety lucose k m / e 162(a), 260(b) ,420(c)
(a) Kanamycin A underivatized : m/e 485 ( M + l ) (b) N-Acetyl-N,O-methylkanamycin A : m/e 807 (M+l) , m/e 806 (M)+ + (c) N-Acetyl-0-trimethylsilylkanamycin A : m/e 1156 (M) , m/e 1141 T - 5 ' M1)
+
270
PAUL J. CLAESetal.
2 . 2 . Optical Rotation
The following specific rotations have been reported; for the free base _-_-----------
[a];'+
[]+ a:
1400 (c I , H ~ o ) ,% + 67.830 146' (c 1 , 0.1N H 2 S 0 4 ) , 150.5'
Maeda
12
(c 1 , 0.2E
% + 70.737 H 2 S 0 4 ) , % + 72.917
Cron et al. 21 Claes et al.

12
--
--
22
for the monosulfate Maeda
---------------
mmoles
HCI a d d e d
Fig. 2. Electrometric titration curve of kanamycin A free base.
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
27 1
For each of these[(XID were calculated. The
%,
values the mole@tilar rotations (%)
calculated froin the specific rota-
tiori of the free base measured in the authors' laboratory in 0.2l H2S04, is almost identical to that of the monosulfated The
calculated from the value of Cron et a1.*' is somewhat
lower. 2.3. Electrometric Titration Curve-pK Values Apparent pK values of 6.40, 7.55, 8.40, and 9.40 a were derived from the electrometric titration curve of kanamycin A given in figure 2 . The curve was determined23 with an automatic Radiometer titration assembly (TTT 1 and SBR 2) for an aqueous solution (5 ml) of 0.1 nnnol kanamycin A free base
and 0.5 mmol KOH. Titration was carried out with HC1 0.5N.
2.4. Crystal Properties The X-ray powder diffraction pattern obtained24 for a commerc a1 sample of kanamycin monosulfate monohydrate containing 2 to 3 % of the B component is presented in Table I11 Experimental conditions Philips PW 1050/25 vertical goniometer, supplied with flat rotation specimen holder PW 1064/20 Generator : PW 1130/00 60 kV-3kW
2 kW normal focus Cu tube : 40 kV-40 mA
Divergence slit : 1 " Receiving slit : 0.1"

No beta filter
Focusing monochromator : PW 1966/40 Proportional counter PHS employed; F.S.D. 4 x 103 cps; time constant 1 s Scanning speed : 0.5" 20 per minute
272
Chart speed : 10 mm/min. Table 111. X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data

: 1 d* (A)
I/Io
10 6 8
11
**
d* (A)
1/17 8 4 5 7 6 4 5 2
1 1
L_
12.450 7.242 7. I26 6.317 6.215 5.965 5.090 5.039 4.882 4.783 4.658 4.599 4.506 4.142 4.101 4.004 3.842 3.793 3.725 3.640 3.455 3.484 3.466
10
21 12 24 28 24 22 16
100
41 9 7
10
47 58 6 6 2 7 41 16 26 20
3.345 3.264 3.232 3. I98 3.164 3.110 3.038 2.983 2.943 2.898 2.87 1 2.834 2.805 2.759 2.694 2.644 2.599 2.556 2.522 2.488 2.436 2.414 2.374
12 31 4 3 7 2 2 7 2
11
2 2 5 8 6 3 6 5 7
2.362 2.329 2.304 2.290 2.273 2.232 2. I83 2.141 2.116 2.100 2.077 2.052 2.029 1.993 1.973 1.899 1.848 1.805 1.756 1.734 1.678
2 3 2 5 3 4 3 2 2 2 2
* **
d =
I/Io = relative intensity (based on highest intensity of 1.00). The crystal structure of kanamycin monosulfate monohy-
n h -= interplanar distance 2 sine
drate and of the isomorphous kanamycin monoselenate monohy25 drate has been determined by X-ray analysis
2.5. Melting Range The following melting (decomposition) temperatures have been reported :
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
273
for the free base of kanamycin A ______--______----__------__-250' 255" (decomp.) for the monosulfate __----------------268-276" (decomp.) 2.6. Thermal Analysis The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curve shows26 two endotherms (respectively at 1 0 and 10) 2' 7' for kanamycin monosulfate. This is in agreement with the results of loss on drying given in section 8.3. However, no transition was noted27 below 2 0 in the differential thermal ana5' lysis (DTA) curve of the monosulfate. This is in apparent contradiction with DSC measurements and with the results of loss on drying. 2.7. Solubility The free base, the monosulfate and the sulfate of kanamycin A are soluble in water and almost insoluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, acetone, ether ethyl acetate and benzene. The free base is slightly soluble in formamide12. The following solubilities have been reported. Kanamyc in monosulfate acid sulfate Solvent water
5 0 Z aq.MeOH water
Maeda
12
Claes et al. Maeda 12
--
22
Solubility 350 m g / m l 1 part in 8 parts 5 mg/ml 1 part in 1 part
References 12 6,8,23
12
6,8
The solubility of kanamycin sulfate in water at various pH values is given in a paper by Granatek - et a1.28. Solubilities in various solvents are also given in this paper.
274
3 . Synthesis
3.1. Fermentation - Biosynthesis Kanamycin is produced commercially by fermentation. The isolation of crystalline kanamycin A monosulfate has been described by Maeda12. In this procedure the antibiotic is extracted from the culture filtrate by adsorption on a cation exchange resin (Amberlite IRC-50) in the sodium form and eluted from the resin with 2N NH OH. The eluate is concentrated, adjusted to pH 9 with H2S04, decolored over active with NH OH. Addition of 4 methanol affords a precipitate of the crude crystalline monocarbon and adjusted to pH 8.0-8.2 sulfate monohydrate of kanamycin A, which is recrystallized from water-methanol or water-methylcellosolve. The biosynthesis of kanamycins has been studied by Kojima et al. 29,30. A review of the biosynthesis of aminocyclitol antibiotics is given by Rinehart et al.31
-0
3.2. Chemical Synthesis Total synthesis of the kanamycins A, B and C was achieved in 1968 by
s.
Umezawa and coworkers3 2 - 3 4 . An alter-
native independent synthesis of kanamycin A has been reported 35 in a paper by Nakajima et al.
4 . Stability
Degradation
The stability of kanamycin A free base and sulfate has been investigated by Granatek et al. 28. Unfortunately the authors did not mention whether the monosulfate or the sulfate with another composition was used in their experiments. The following results, taken from their paper, illustrate that both forms are extreqely stable as powders. After storage for 4 months at 5 ' on qverage no loss of activity 6
--
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
275
was observed for the free base. That of the sulfate, stored in identical conditions was 4.3 %. In a pH range of 2.6 to 7.9, aqueous solutions of kanamycin showed an average loss of only 3.5 % after storage for 4 months at 56". These authors observed that solutions are subject to darkening, due to air oxidation. The color change has no effect on the potency. The crystalline monosulfate can be heated as a powder 4 for 6 hr at 150" without loss of activity . During determination of the structure of kanamycin A acid degradation has been investigatedI2. It was found that the antibiotic is almost unaffected by refluxing with IN HC1 in methanol. In 6N aqueous HC1 at l o o " , 97 Z of the biological activity was destroyed after 45 min and kanamycin was almost completely hydrolysed into its three components : 2-deoxystreptamine, 6-amino-6-deoxy-D-glucose and 3-amino3-deoxy-D-glucose. Kanamycin, like the related antibiotics neomycin, paraneomycin and gentamicin, is very stable in alkaline medium.
No loss in activity was found when these antibiotics were
refluxed for 48 hr in 1.9N aqueous NaOH36 5. Inactivation by Enzymes
Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes can be found in a wide
variety of resistant bacteria and are known to be coded by plasmids. In most cases the enzymatic modification of the antibiotic results in complete inactivation. The three known modifications induced by these enzymes are : N-acetylation,
0-phosphorylation, and 0-adenylylation.
These mechanisms of inactivation have been reviewed by Benveniste and Davies37
A recent article by Haas and D ~ w i n g ~ ~ describes the isolation
and assay of these enzymes. The kanamycin A-modifying enzymes,
Table IV. Kanamycin A Modifying Enzymes Enzyme Cof actor Modification induced in kanamycin A Acetylation of the 6'-amino group Other Substrates
Kanamycin acetyltransferase (KAT)
Acetyl coenzyme A
Neomycins, kanamycin B, gentamicin Cia, gentamicin C2, tobramycin, butirosins, ribostamycin, sisomicin, BB-K8 (amikacin) Kanamycins B & C, gentamicins, sisomicin, ribostamycin, tobramycin, lividomycins Kanamycins B & C, gentamicins, t obramycin Kanamycins B & C, neomycins, lividomycins, ribostamycin, gentamicins A & B Kanamycins B & C, neomycins, butirosins, ribostamycins, gentamicins A & B
Gentamicin acetyltransferase I11 (GATIII) Gentamicin adenyltransferase (GAdT) Neomycin phosphotransferase I WTI) Neomycin phosphotransferase I1 (NPTII)
Acetyl coenzyme A
Acetylation of the +amino group (of deoxystreptamine) Adenylylation of the 3'-hydroxyl group Phosphorylation of the 3 '-hydroxyl group Phosphorylation of the 3 '-hydroxyl group
ATP
ATP
ATP
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
277
their substrates, co-factors and the modifications induced in the kanamycin molecule are summarized in Table IV. The data presented in this table are taken from references 37 and 38. The application of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes in the assay of kanamycin and related antibiotics will be discussed in section 9.
6. Mode of Action
The mode of action of kanamycins is similar to that of other aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics and has been reviewed by Weisblum and Davies3 and by Gale et al.40. These
L L
drugs inhibit protein synthesis through an interaction with the 30s ribosomal subunit. They also induce a misreading of the codon. The significance of the latter effect for the lethal action of the antibiotic is not clear.
A structure-activity relationship among the aminoglyco-
side antibiotics is reported by Benveniste and Davies
41
7. Pharmacokinetics
Earlier work on absorption, distribution and excretion of kanamycin in humans was reviewed by K ~ n i n ~ 1966. A comin ~ parative pharmacokinetic study of kanamycin and amikacin ( a semisynthetic aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from kanamycin A) in dogs and human has been reported recently by Cabana and Taggart43. The kinetic profiles of both antibiotics are almost identical. The results presented in this paper are similar to those obtained in a previous study44. In humans, serum concentrations of about 20 pg/ml were observed at 1 hr after a 500 mg intramuscular dose. The plasma half-life of kanamycin is approximately 2.3 hr. Clearance in man was primarily by glomular filtration, and urinary excretion of the
278
PAUL J. CLAESeral.
unchanged antibiotic accounted for 83 % of the dose. No
45-47 protein binding of kanamycin by human serum was observed Kanamycin sulfate is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and large amounts of kanamycin are recovered in the 42 stools of patients given the drug by mouth
The distribution of kanamycin in tissues, after parenteral administration, has been studied by several 48-50 authors
8 . Methods of Analysis
8.1. Identification
Kanamycin generates a violet color when heated with ninhydrin. This color reaction, which is not specific since
it is due to the presence of primary amino function, is given
as identification test in the Eur. Ph.8, Brit. Pharm. Codex
1968 and in the Code of Federal Regulations7. The characteristic melting point (about 235 with decomp.) of the crystalline picrate salt of kanamycin is also useful as identification test. The procedure is described in the Brit. Pharm. Codex5 and in the Eur. Ph.
8
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel H with a solvent system consisting of 3.85 % aqueous amonium acetate 6 has been described as identification in the Brit. Ph. 1973 (cf. section 8.62, solvent system V . A ninhydrin reagent ) (solution in butanol) is used for detection. The TLC system described by Dubost - et al.52 for the semiquantitative determination of the B-component in commercial samples of kanamycin (section 8.62, solvent system VI) is also a specific method for the identification of kanamycin A23. The chromatography is carried out on Merck pre-
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
279
coated silica gel plates with a 15 2 aqueous solution of

K PO H
as a solvent system. Spots are visualized by the color 2 4 reaction with ninhydrin or by a spray consisting of a 0.2 2
alcoholic solution of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene and sulfuric
acid 9N in a ratio of 1:1,
followed by heating f o r 5 to 10
min at 150". Differentiation of kanamycin from related aminoglycoside antibiotics is based on Rf values and the color observed after visualization with the 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene reagent. Kanamycin gives a brown colored spot, whilst blue spots are obtained for paramomycin and neomycin. Merck precoated silica gel plates may be replaced by plates coated with silica gel H containing 1 2 carbomer. In the latter case a 7 2 aqueous solution of KH PO is used as a solvent 2 4 system8'23 (section 8.62, system VII). 8.2. Determination of Sulfate The limits for the sulfate content (SO ) are for 4 6 kanamycin monosulfate, from 15.7 to 17.3 2 (Brit. Ph. 1973 ) 8 and from 15.0 to 17.0 2 (Eur. Ph. ) , for the acid sulfate from 23.0 to 26.0 2 (both Pharmacopoeias). A gravimetric assay method has been described in the Brit. Ph. 19736. A facile method for the determination of the sulfate in kanamycin and in related aminoglycoside antibiotics has been reported by Roets and Vanderhaeghe53. In this method the sulfate ion is titrated with BaCl 0.1M, using thorin as indica2 tor, after fixation of the kanamycin free base by ion exchange on a column filled with a suitable strongly acidic resin in the H form (e.g. Dowex 50W-X8, 200-400 mesh).
8 The most convenient method is described in the Eur. Ph.
and consists in the precipitation of the sulfate with a known amount of BaCl in the presence of ammonia, followed by a 2
280
PAUL J. CLAES er a/
titration of the excess of barium ions with sodium edetate. This procedure, which is given below, has been adapted3Y4 from a complexometric titration described by Anderegg
et
al.54.
Kanamycin sulfate (0.250 g) is dissolved in 1 0 ml 0
water and sufficient concentrated ammonia is added to adjust the pH to 1 1 . After addition of barium chloride 0.1M (10 ml) and of phthaleinpurple (0.5 mg), the solution is titrated with 0.1M sodium edetate, adding 50 ml of ethyl alcohol when the color of the solution begins to change. Titration is continued until the violet-blue color completely disappears. 8.3. Loss on Drying The water present in kanamycin monosulfate monohydrate can only be removed after heating at high temperature. A loss on drying of 2 to 3.5 2 was noticed after heating samples for 6 hr at 1 5 0 ' ~ ~ ~ calculated amount of water (the is 3.0 2 ) . X-Ray powder diffraction patterns of samples heated for 6 hr at 1 0 revealed a transformation into ano5' ther crystalline form24. Heating for 4 hr at 1 0 or 6 hr at 5' 1 0 is not sufficient for the removal of water present. 2' According to the Brit. Ph.6 and the Eur. Ph.8 the loss on drying for kanamycin monosulfate is determined after heating for 3 hr at 60" in vacuo (5 mn Hg or less) over phosphorus pentoxide. This treatment does not alter the X-ray powder (Brit. Ph. ) and 1 5 Z (Eur. Ph. ) . The values actually ob. served under these conditions vary from 0.2 to 0.7 2. For kanamycin acid sulfate the same procedure (3 hr at
60'
The limits for this loss on drying is 3 %

8
in vacuo over P 0 ) is recommended in the Brit. Ph. (Add. 2 5 2 1975) and in the Eur. Ph.7. The limit given in both Pharmacopoeias is 5 2 .
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
281
The water content of kanamycin sulfate has also been determined by the K. Fischer mthod. Results obtained in different laboratories are not always in agreement with each other. This may be due to the fact that the kanamycin sulfates are almost insoluble in methanol. Methanol may be replaced as a solvent by pyridine or formamide. In these cases the solvents must be strictly anhydrous.
8.4. Microbiological Assay
6 The minimum potency required by the Brit. Ph. 1973
is 735 I . U . per mg for kanamycin (mono) sulfate and 670 I . U . per mg for the acid sulfate. The requirements of the Eur. Ph.8 will be respectively 750 and 670 I.U. per mg. The minimum potency requirements of the FDA7 for kanamycin (mono) sulfate is 750 mcg per mg. Prescriptions for the microbiological assay using the diffusion procedure can be found in different compendia. The Brit. Ph.6 recommends as test organisms Bacillus pumilus NCTC 8241, -- whereas the Eur. Ph.8 suggests the use of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 or NCIB 8054, or Staphylococcus aureus 7 ATCC 6538P or NCTC 6571. The FDA prescribes Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P. Details of the FDA procedure can also be found in refs. 55 and 56. No detailed description of the turbidimetric assay of kanamycin has been published although it is used in some laboratories. For general infomation about this method see ref. 57. 8.5. Assay of Kanamycin B The Code of Federal Regulations7 described the determination of the B-component in commercial kanamycin samples. The method, which is similar t o the procedure origi-
-L _
282
PAUL J. CLAESet a/.
nally reported by Wakazawa - et al.58, is based on the fact that kanamycin B is more resistant to acidic hydrolysis than kanamycin A. Thus the commercial sample is heated for 1 hr at
100" in HC1 6N and the residual antibacterial activity is -
assayed using Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. The limit for the
7
B-component given in the Code of Federal Regulations is 5 2 . A method using column chromatography on Dowex 1-X2 ionexchange resin in the OH- form (section 8.63), using the reaction with ninhydrin as detection method, is described in the Brit. Ph. 19736. The limit for kanamycin B in commercial samples given in this Pharmacopoeia is 3
9,.
A limit test for kanamycin B by thin layer chromatogra-
phy on Merck precoated silica gel plates has been reported by Dubost -et al.52 (section 8.62). The precoated plates can be replaced23 by silica gel H layers containing 1 2 carbomer (Carbopol 934). In this case the percentage of K PO must be H 2 4 lowered from 15 to 7 %. Ninhydrin is used for detection in both systems. The procedure using the carbomer-containing layers is recommended in the Eur. Ph.8 as a limit test for the B-component. The intensity of the secondary spot must be lower than that observed for a reference solution consisting
of the kanamycins A and B in a ratio 25:l.
Commercial samples show in these systems a third spot with a higher Rf value than that of either kanamycin A or B. The minor components responsible for this spot were identified22 by degradation and mass spectral studies as paromamine and as 6-0-(3-amino-3-deoxy-CY-D-glucopyranosyl)deoxystreptamine.
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
283
8.6. Chromatographic Analysis 8.61. Paper Chromatography The solvent system of Peterson and Reinecke5', which consists of water-saturated butanol containing 2 Z p-toluene 1,21 ,60-63 sulfonic acid, has been used by a number of authors for differentiation of kanamycin A from the B- and C-components. The Rf values 0.12-0.18 for kanamycin A, 0.26-0.28 for kanamycin B and 0.20-0.24 for kanamycin C have been reported by Rothrock _ et a1.61 (descending chromatography of 40 to
48 hr on Whatman no. I paper with the Peterson and Reinecke

solvent system). Kanamycins were visualized by bioautographyl y60, ninhydrin reaction62'63 and "chromato red" staining6*. Another system used for differentiation of the three kanamycins was reported by Kojima et al.30. It consists of n-butanol-pyridine-acetic acid-water (6:4:1:3) (v/v) (descending chromatography for 5 days at 2 - 5 ) 02'. Differentiation of kanamycin from related antibiotics by paper chromatography using a combination of several solvent 64-67. A systems has been described in a number of papers review article on paper chromatography of antibiotics has 68 been published recently
8.62. Thin Layer Various TLC systems for separation of kanamycin A from its congeners (kanamycin A and B) and from other watersoluble basic antibiotics have been reported. Details are given in Table V. Separation of kanamycin A from tuberculostatic antibiotics such as rifamycin SV, capreomycin, viomycin, cycloserine, and streptomycin (or dihydrostreptomycin) 69 has been reported by Voigt and Maa Bared
V8Z
System
Plate
Revelation
P o
u U
W W
w u m W e -
u W
~ W
N u u W W N N
m N
w U
u N
~u
lu
u Reference
W V I V t W L n
Kanamycin A
U
R W L l
0
W P
Ll
Kanamycin B
W N
c"
W
C W
Kanamycin C
W P
L
w N
O , -
Ln
Neamine
h 0..
Ll W
: I m
(0
Neoaycin,,
W N
L W lL w l
Paromamine
* P o .
Paromomycin,,
VI N
I>
0 m
W W R
Centarnicin C ,
P v1
Spectinornycin
> u C . W N V I W L - L n Q I
VI
u o o
c .
R
Streptomycin
h
N
Ln
f - W
W L n W W
0
N W
Dihydrostrept.
w
W
uc:
w
Ln
v1
Viomycin
w m
o
0
Capreomycin
ocl
Polyniyxin B Eacitracin
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
285
visualinarios-ol-tpe,astibiotics_.sed_is~-~~~~e~~~~~
L------------iven in Table V 0 P = spray of 1 % potassium permanganate followed by a spray 70 of a 0.2 2 bromophenol blue solution N = ninhydrin reagent C1 = spray of a NaOCl solution containing 0.5 2 active chlorine followed, after evaporation of the chlorine, by a spray of a 0.5 2 KI solution containing 1 % starch NR = spray of a 0.2 2 naphthoresorcinol (1,3-dihydroxynaphtalene) solution in ethanol, followed by a spray of H2S04 9N and heating for 5 to 10 min at 150' PG = as NR, but with phloroglucinol instead of naphthoresorcinol OR = as NR, but with orcinol instead of naphthoresorcinol DN = p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-ninhydrin reagent69 NP = sodiumnitroprusside-permanganate reagent69 ON = oxidized nitroprusside reagent79 80 CT = chlorine-tolidine reagent 1 MS = Mathis-Schmitt reagent8
Solvent systems for the TLC ---------- --------------_ --------- ------------------procedures given in Table V I I1 I11 IV
V
: Upper layer of CHCl -MeOH-17 % ammonium hydroxide
( 2 : 1 : 1)
70
: n-Propanol-pyridine-HOAc-water ( I5 : 1 :3 : 1 ) 0 0
70 72
: CHCl -MeOH-28 2 ammonium hydroxide-water (1:4:2:1)
3 tank saturated overnight
: 1 % 0
aqueous solution of NaH PO 2H20-MeOH-EtOAc ' 2 4 52 (8:7 :3)
: NH40Ac (3.85 g) in water (100 ml) (tank saturated
overnight)78
VI
Aqueous solution of KH PO 15 2 (tank saturated over2 4 52 night)
286
PAUL J. CLAES et a/
Results given for this system can only be obtained on Merck precoated plates. It was found that the separating power is mainly due to the presence of a polycarboxylic resin which is used as a hinder in these Merck plates. Similar results can be obtained with system VII in which a small amount of a polycarboxylate resin (carbomer) is added to the silica gel8,23 VII
: Aqueous solution of KH PO
night)
8,23
2 4
7 % (tank saturated over-
VIII : n-Propanol-EtOAc-water-25 % ammonium hydroxidepyridine-3.85 % in water (100:20:60:20:10:200) 73
IX
X
XI
EtOH-EtOAc-water-25 % ammonium hydroxide-pyridine73 3.85 % NH40Ac in water (100:20:60:10:200) 3.85 % NH40Ac in water (100:20:60:20:10:200) 73
: MeOH-EtOAc-water-25 % ammonium hydroxide-pyridine-
25 % Ammonium hydroxide-water-Me2C0 (16:144:40)73 74 XI1 : Water-sodium citrate-citric acid (100:20:5) 75 XI11 : n-Propanol-pyridine-HOAc-water (15:10:3:12)
:
XIV
: MeCOEt-MeOH-isopropanol-7.9N - ammonium hydroxide
(10:8:5:3:7) (tank and plate saturated deve1opment) 76

XV
double
1.5M NaOAc (adjusted to pH 8.5) containing 1.OM NaCl 77 and 10 % s - b u t a n o l
Plates_for_the-T4c_Erocedures_given_iq_T~~~e-~
SG-I : Silica gel G thickness of layer and mode of activation not specified SG-2 : Silica gel G (0.25 mm) activated for 1 hr at 110' SG-3 : Silica gel G (0.75 mm) not activated SG-4 : Silica gel (0.5 mm) activated for 1 hr at 110' SH
MP
: :
Silica gel H (0.25 mm) activated for 1 hr at 110' Merck precoated silica gel F-254 plates activated for 1 hr at 110'
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
287
SH-C : Silica gel H containing 1 % carbomer (adjusted to pH 7) activated for 1 hr at l l O o SK KG C-I C-2
:
Silica gel G
1
kieselguhr G (1:2) activated for 1 hr at
lo0
: :
Kieselguhr G (0.25 mm) activated for 1 hr at 1 0 2' Machery Nagel cellulose powder 300 (0.25 mm) dried for 20 min at 100' Idem, dried or 2-3 hr at 100-105 Dowex 50 x 8 type resin-coated TLC plates in the sodium cycle (Machery Nagel Ionex 25 SA)
: :
IE
8.63. Ion Exchange Column chromatography of kanamycins and related antibiotics on both acidic and basic ion exchange resins has been reported. Separation on acidic resins is by classical ion exchange chromatography. The separating capacity of strongly basic resins is based on non-ionic adsorption of the antibiotic by the quarternary ammonium groups of the resin. This chromatographic system, which is now referred to an ion exclusion chromatography, was introduced by Rothrock et al. 61 for the separation of the kanamycins A , B and C (the order of elution is B, C, A ) . The procedure permitted isolation of crystalline kanamycin C. Improvements of the original procedure have been reported82. Other applications in the field of aminoglycoside antibiotics have been reviewed recently by Umezawa and Kondo83 . Experimental details of ion exclusion chromatography can be found in several papers6 1 y72y82-84.Most of the separations were carried out on Dowex 1-X2 (100-200 mesh) resin (Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan) or on Biorad AG 1-X2 (100-200 mesh) resin (Bio-Rad Laboratories, California) both
288
PAUL J. CLAESet a / .
in the OH- form. The resins contain trimethylammonium groups on a polystyrene backbone with a low degree of cross-linking. After application of the antibiotic, the column is developed -free water. Detection systems based on a continuous 2 measurement of electric conductivity, optical rotation and with
CO
colorimetry after reaction with ninhydrin have been used. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of kanamycin A and B based on ion exclusion has been reported recently on Aminex A-2J85 and Biorex 9 resins86 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, California). Weakly acidic carboxylate resins, such as Amberlite IRC-50 (Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia), are widely used in industry for the isolation of kanamycin and other aminoglycoside antibiotics from culture filtrates12. The antibiotic is adsorbed on the carboxylic resin in the Na or NH4 and eluted with IN aqueous ammonium hydroxide. Separation of the three kanamycins and of other minor components present in commercial samples was achieved on the chromatographic grade resin by elution with 0.2N NH OH22. Gradient elution has been - 4 83 used for separation of other aminoglycoside antibiotics
References for applications of carboxylic-, sulfonic- and phosphonic acid resins, and of cellulose- and sephadex-ion exchangers in extraction and purification of aminoglycoside antibiotics can be found in a review article by Umezawa and K ~ n d o ~ ~ . performance liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) High determination of kanamycins A and B on a pellicular cation exchanger such as Zipax SCX (Dupont) has been reported recently
87
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
289
8.64. Gas Liquid

Tsuji and RobertsonS8 reported gas chromatographic separation of the - 0,N-trimethylsilyl derivatives of kanamy-
tins A , B and C on a 3 x 1830 nun glass column packed with

3 Z OV-1 on Gas Chrom Q at a temperature of 300' using a
flame ionization detector. The volatile derivatives were prepared by silylation (45 min at 7' 5)
of a freeze-dried
sample of kanamycin sulfate with 1-trimethylsilylimidazole in pyridine (Tri-Sil 2, Pierce, Rockford, Illinois) and
N-trimethylsilyldiethylamine. Addition of trilaurin as an

internal standard permits quantitative analysis. Similar conditions were described for TMS derivatives of neomycin and paromomycin and other aminoglycoside antibio88 ticsg9. The order of elution given in the original paper is kanamycin B, kanamycin A and kanamycin C. Japanese atos' uhr' found that kanamycin C was eluted before kanamycins
A and B y under GLC conditions similar to those employed by
Tsuji and Robertson. Numerous factors may easily interfere with the GLC determination of neomycin and of other aminoglycoside antibiotics. These have been discussed by Margosis and Tsujigl.The solution to some of the common problems encountered during GLC analysis of neomycin is given by these authors, and also by Tsuji and Robertson8' cle on GLC of antibiotics. GLC of N-trifluoroacetyl-0-trimethylsilyl derivatives of a number of aminoglycoside antibiotics (including the three kanamycins) has been reported by Omoto et al. 90 in a review arti-
8.7. Electrophoresis High-voltage paper electrophoresis of kanamycins and other water-soluble basic and amphoteric antibiotics has
290
been described by Maeda et a1 .92. The spots of the kanamycins

L-
were visualized with ninhydrin. Mobilities relative to alanine (Rm values) are 1.82 for kanamycin A , 1.92 for kanamycin B and 1.85 for kanamycin C. In a review articleg3 on electrophoresis of antibiotics by two of the authors of the original paper somewhat different Rm values are given ( 1 . 7 4 ,
1.89 and 1.70, respectively for the kanamycins A , B and C. )

Electrophoretic separation of aminoglycoside antibiotics including kanamycin A has been reported by Ochabg4. Resolution of antibiotic mixtures in serum samples by high-voltage 95 electrophoresis on agarose is described by Reeves and Holt
9. Determination in Body Fluids

Since kanamycin acid, like other aminoglycoside antibiotics, may cause ototoxicity and renal impairment, it is advisable to monitor the antibiotic level in the serum of patients receiving these drugs. Special and rapid assay procedures have been worked out for this purpose. Sabath %
L
al.96'97 described a microbiological assay method. Interfea treatment of the serum with a "broad-spectrum" /j-lacta-
rence by penicillins and cephalosporins can be eliminated by mase96'98. A method based on the inhibition by aminoglycoside antibiotics of the urease activity of Proteus s p . has been reported by Noon et al. " A semiquantitative determination . of kanamycin in serum and urine, based on a visual comparison of fluorescent intensity with that of reference samples on TLC plates after reaction with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2oxa-l,3-di'azole, has been developed by Benjamin et al.
L
100
Enzymatic assays employing aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (section 5) have been introduced recently1 0 1 y 1 0 2 . In these procedures the antibiotic is enzymatically modified in the
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
29 1
presence of a radiolabeled cofactor. Kanamycin acetyltransferase (KAT) l o ' and gentamicin acetyltransferaselo2 have been used in the assay of kanamycin.
10. Reference Cited
1.
H. Umezawa, M. Ueda, K. Maeda, K. Yagishita, S. Kondo, Y. Okami, R. Utahara, Y. Osato, K. Nitta and T. Takeuchi, -. Antibiotics, Ser.A, 2, 181 (1957). J
British Pharmacopoeia, Addendum (1975). J. Hoebus and H. Vanderhaeghe, unpublished results.
2. 3. 4. 5.
M. Dubost, unpublished results.

United States --Pharmacopoeia, XIX, British Pharmacopoeia (1973). Code --of Federal Regulations, 3, European Pharmacopoeia IV,
to
6.
7.
148h (1972).
8.
9.
10.
11.
be published.
- Antibiotics, 25, 695 (1972). J.
H. Kawaguchi, T. Naito, S. Nakagawa and K. Fujisawa,

K.F. Koch and J.A. Rhoades, Antimicrob.
1970, 309 (1971).
12. 13.
&. Chemother.-
--
J.W. Lightbown, P. de Rossi and P. Isaacson, K . World Hlth. Organ. , 47, 343 (1972).
e
K. Maeda, "Streptomyces Products Inhibiting Mycobacteria", J. Wiley, New York, 1965, p. 61.
H. Naganawa, S. Kondo, K. Maeda and H. Umezawa, J. Antibiotics, 24, 823 (1971).

P.J. Claes, S . Toppet and H. Vanderhaeghe, unpublished results. K.F. Koch, F.A. Davis and J.A. Rhoades, - Antibiotics, J.
26, 745 (1973).
14.
15. 16. 17.
--7
N. Yamaoka, T. Usui, H. Sugiyama and S. Seto, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 22, 2196 (1974).
F.K. Koch, J.A. Rhoades, E. Hagaman and E. Wenkert, Chem. %. , 96, 3300 (1974).
2.
Am.
292
PAUL J. CLAESet a / .
18. 19.
D.C. De Jongh, E.B. Hills, J.D. Hribar, S. Hanessian and T. Chang, Tetrahedron, 29, 2707 (1973).
L
P.J. Daniels, M. Kugelman, A.K. Mallams, R.W. Tkach, H.F. Vernay, J. Weinstein and A. Yehaskel, Chem. Commun.,
1629 (1971).
20. 21.
P.J.L. Daniels, A.K. Mallams, J. Weinstein, J.J. Wright and G.W.A. Milne, - - - SOC., Perkin I, 1078 (1976). J. Chem.
-22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.
M.J. Cron, D.L. Johnson, F.M. Palermiti, Y. Perron, H.D. Taylor, D.H. Whitehead and I.R. Hooper, - J. Am. Chem. S O ~ , 80, 752 (1958). .
P.J. Claes, H. Vanderhaeghe and F. Compernolle, 4, Antimicrob. %. Chemother., - 560 (1973).

H. Vanderhaeghe and P. Claes, unpublished results. C. De Ranter, unpublished results. G. Koyama, Y. Itaka, K Maeda and H. Umezawa, Tetrahe. dron Letters, 1875 (1968). Bristol Laboratories, report. A.P. Granatek, S. Duda and F.H. Buckwalter, Antibiot. Chemother., 10, 148 (1960). M. Kojima, Y. Yamada and H. Umezawa,
c
M. Draguet and R. Bouch6, unpublished results.
32, 467 (1968).
32,
M.
&. - Biol. Chem., Kojima, Y. Yamada and H. Umezawa, s.Biol. - Chem.,

1181 (1969).
K.L. Rinehart and R.M. Stroshane, - Antibiotics, 29, J. 319 (1976).
S. Umezawa, K. Tatsuta and S . Koto, - Chem. SOC. Bull. - Japan, 42, 533 (1969). S. Umezawa, S. Koto, K. Tatsuta, H. Hineno, Y. Nishimura and T. Tsumura, Bull. Chem. Japan, 42, 537 (1969).
. --z
529 (1969).
Chem. SOC. - - Japan, 42,

( 1968).
S.
Umezawa, S. Koto, K. Tatsuta and T. Tsumura,
K.
M. Nakajima, A. Hasegawa, N. Kurihara, H. Shibata, T. Ueno and D. Nishimura, Tetrahedron Letters, 623 G.H. Wagman and M.J. Weinstein, - - - Chem., J. Med.
( 1964).
36.
I, 800
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
293
37.
38.
R. Benveniste and J. Davies, Annu. Rev. Biochem.,

471 (1973).
42,
M.J. Haas and J.E. Dowding, Methods

611 (1975).
Enzymoloa, 43,
39. 40.
B. Weisblum and J. Davies, Bacteriol.
e., 493
&.
(1968).
E.F. Gale, E. Cundliffe, P.E. Reynolds, M.H. Richmond and M.J. Waring, "The Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Action", J. Wiley, London, 1972, p . 304.
41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49.
-, 4
R. Benveniste and J. Davies, Antimicrob.

402 (1973).
Chemother.,
C.M. Kunin, Ann. - - Acad. Sci N.Y.
132, - -.' -
811 (1966).
B.E. Cabana and J.G. Taggart, Antimicrob. - 478 (1973). 3,
10,
B.M. Orme and R.E. Cutler,

543 (1969).
=.
9. Chemother.,
Pharmacol. Therap.,
&. Chemother., -, 2
( 1 963)
R.C. Gordon, C. Regamey and W.M.M. Kirby, Antimicrob.

214 (1972).
W. Scholtan and J. Schmid, Arzneimittelforsch., 13, 288
H. Welch, W.W. Wright, H.I. Weinstein and
Ann. - - Acad. Sci., N.Y.
H. Okubo, Asian Med. J.,
K. Fukaya and 0. Kitamoto, Progr. Antimicrob. Anticancer Chemother., 1 , 503 (1970), Proc. 6th Intern. Congr. Chemother. (T969)
--
--
76, 66
A.W. Staffa,
(1958). 309 (1968).
M,
- -c
50.
K. Matsumota, S. Arai and K. Yokoyama, Progr. Antimicrob. - Anticancer Chemother., 1 , 500 (1970), Proc. 6th Intern. Congr Chemother. ( 19z9).
- -.
51. 52. 53. 54. 55.
British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1968. M. Dubost, C. Pascal, B. Terlain and J.P. Thomas, - Chromatogr., 86, 274 (1973). J.
E . Roets and H. Vanderhaeghe, 2. Pharm. Pharmacol.,
24,
795 (1972).
G. Anderegg, H. Flaschka, R. Sallmann and G. Schwarzenbach, Helv. Chim. Acta. , 37, 113 (1953).
60,
B. Arret, D.P. Johnson and A. Kirshbaum,
1689 (1971).
J. Pharm. --
s.,
294
PAUL J. C L A E S e t a l .
56. F. Kavanagh, "Analytical Microbiology", Vol. 11, p . 123, Academic Press, New York (1972). 57. F. Kavanagh, "Analytical Microbiology", Vol . 11, p Academic Press, New York (1972). 58. T. Wakazawa, M. Abe, Y. Sugano and S. Kawaji, Antibiotics, Ser.A, 187 (1961).
. 44,
14,
2.
59. D. Peterson and L. Reinecke, J. 3598 (1950).
&. +.
+., 72,
60. K. Maeda, M. Ueda, K. Yagishita, S. Kawaji, S. Kondo, M. Murase, T. Takeuchi, Y. Okami and H. Umezawa, 3 . Antibiotics, Ser.A, 10,228 (1957). 61. J.W. Rothrock, R.T. Goegelman and F.J. Wolf, Antibiotics Annu., 796 (1958-1959). 62. T. Wakazawa, Y. Sugano, M. Abe, S. Fukatsu and S. Kawaji, J. Antibiotics, Ser.A, 14,180 (1961).
63. D.A. Johnson and G.H. Hardcastle Jr., U.S. Patent, 2,967,177, January 3, 1961. - - Chem. Abstr., 55, P6792e (1961).
J 64. T. Miyaki, H. Tsukiura, M. Wakae and H. Kawaguchi, -.
Antibiotics, Ser.A,
2, 15
(1962).
(1964). 66. M . J . Weinstein, G.M. Luedemann, E.M. Oden and G.H. Wagman, Antimicrob. &. Chernother.-1963., 1 (1964).
Betina, J. Chromatogr., 65. V. - 67. S. Kondo, M. Sezaki and M. Shimura, J . Antibiotics, Ser.A, 4681 (1964). - - 17, 1 (1964). Chem. Abstr.,
15,379
68. V. Betina, Methods
in Enzymology, 43,
c,
100 (1975).
69. R. Voigt and A.G. Maa Bared, J. Chromatogr., 36, 120 ( 1 968). J. 70. T. Ikekawa, F. Iwami, E. Akita and H. Umezawa, Antibiotics, Ser.A, 16,56 (1963).
71. E. Roets and H. Vanderhaeghe, Pharm. Tijdschr. Belgi;, 44, 57 (1967).
J. 72. H. Maehr and C.?. Schaffner, - Chromatogr., (1967). 73. B. Borowiecka, Diss. Pharm. Pharmacol., 74. J.P. Schmitt and G. Mathis, 205 (1970).
2, 572
28,
&.
22,
346 (1970).
Pharm. Franq.,
KANAMYCIN SULFATE
29 5
75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84.
J. 17, - Antibiotics, Ser.A, - 218 (1964). J.K. Paunz, - Antibiotics, 2, 677 (1972). J. N.R. Chatterjee, Indian J. C. Vickers,
1159 (1953).
Y. Ito, M. Namba, N. Nagahama, T. Yamaguchi and T. Okuda,
s., (1975). 2, 1282

2, Suppl.,
17s (1966).
2.
Pharm. Pharmacol.,
H. Fishback and J. Levine, Antibiot. Chemother., -, 3

E. Stahl, "Dunnschichtchromatography", Springer Verlag, Berlin, p. 822 (1967). J.P. Schmitt and G. Mathis, Ann. Pharm. Frang.,
727 (1968).
S.
--
26,
(1964).
Inouye and H. Ogawa, - Chromatogr., J.
H. Umezawa and S. Kondo, Methods in Enzymology, 43,

263 (1975).
13,536
Chim. - Belges , 77, Work, - -
H. Vanderhaeghe, J. Tott6 and P. Claes,

597 (1968).
E e. .
85.
86.
T. Ottaka and M. Yaguchi, Liquid Chromatography at 5 , Varian Associates, Palo Alto, California (1973). K.S. Andrews and M.W. Coleman, Communication presented at the Annual General Meeting of Electrophoresis and Chromatography Group of the Chemical Society of London, November 1975.
87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94.
D.L. Mays, R.J. Van Apeldoorn and R.G. Laubach, J. Chromatogr., 120, 93 ( 1 976). K. Tsuji and J.H. Robertson, Anal. Chem., 42, 1661
(1970).
K. Tsuji and J.H. Robertson, Methods in Enzymology, 43,

213 (1975).
S. Omoto, S. Inouye and T. Nida, - Antibiotics, 2, J.

430 (1971).
M. Margosis and K. Tsuji, - J. Pharm. Sci. , 62, 2946

( 1 973).
K. Maeda, A. Yagi, H. Naganawa, S. Kondo and H. Umezawa, - Antibiotics, 22, 635 (1969). J. H. Umezawa and S. Kondo, Methods in Enzymology, - 279 43,
( 1 975)
S.
Ochab, - - J. Pharmacol. Pharm Pol.
-.,
25, -
105 (1973).
296
95. D.S. Reeves and H.A. Holt, 2. Clin. Pathol., 28, 435 (1975). 96. L.D. Sabath, J.I. Casey, P.A. Ruch, L.L. Stumpf and M. Finland, Antimicrob. &. Chemother.-1970, 83 (1971). 97. L.D. Sabath, "Analytical Microbiology", Vol. I1 , p. 235, Academic Press, New York (1972). Microbiol., - 1002 21, 98. S.A. Stroy and D.A. Preston, (1971). 99. P. Noone, J.R. Patton and D. Samson, Lancet, 2, 16 (1971). 100. D.M. Benjamin, J.J. McCormack and D.W. Gump, Anal. Chem., 45, 1531 (1973). 101. M.J. Haas and J. Davies, Antimicrob. &. Chemother., -, 4 497 (1973). 102. J.M. Broughall and D.S. Reeves, Antimicrob. &. Chemother., - 222 (1973). 8,
a.
- -
KETAMINE
William C. Sass and Salvatore A . Fusan
298
WILLIAM C. SASS AND SALVATORE A. FUSARI
Contents
1. Description

2.
Physical Properties
2.1
Spectral
2.11 2.12 2.13
Infrared Spectrum Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
Mass Spectrum Differential Thermal Analysis and Melting Point Solubility Optical Rotation Ionization Constant Crystal Properties
2.71 2.72
Derivative Crystallinity X-Ray Diffraction
3.
Synthesis Decomposition
4.
4.1 Metabolic Decomposition

4.2 5.
Chemical Decomposition
Methods of Analysis
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7
Elemental Analysis of the Hydrochloride Ion-Pairing Colorimetric and Fluorescence Ultraviolet Differential Thermal Analysis Non Aqueous Titration Tritium Labeling Chromatography
5.71 5.72 5.73
Paper Chromatography Thin Layer Chromatography Gas Chromatography
KETAMINE
299
5.74
Liquid Chromatography
6.
Determination in Body Fluids References
7.
300
WILLIAM C. SASS AND SALVATORE A. FUSARl
1. Description
1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight'

Ketamine is 2-(2-~hlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexanone. The hydrochloride bears the clinical investigation number CI-581.
0
CH 2
Molecular formula: C13H16ClNO Molecular weight: 237.74 Molecular formula of the hydrochloride: C13H16C1NO.HC1 1.2 Appearance, Color, Odor Ketamine and the hydrochlor'de are both odorless, white crystalline powders.
2. Physical Properties
2.1
Spectral
2.11
Infrared Spectrum
Infrared spectra of the base in chloroform (Figure 1) and of the hydrochloride as a 0.5% disper ion in potassium bromide (Figure 2) were obtained with a Perkin-Elmer Model 621 grating infrared spectrophotometer. The high energy absorption between 2600 and 3000 cm.-l of the hydrochloride has been ascribed to the amine hydrochloride while that at 1730 and 780 cm.-1 result from carbon-oxygen stretching and phenylhydrogen bending respectively. (1200 cm-1 is CHC13) 2.12 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum Figure 3 shows the proton magnetic
2.5
WAVELENGTH 5 6
MICRONS 8 9 10
12 14
18 22
3550
t---
-4-
- -
4000
3500
300C
2500
2WC
17CO -i40C l!i)O FREQIJENCY ' M ' ) C
800
500
200
Figure 1. infrared Spectrum of Ketamine Base in Chloroform. (1601.0 cm- is polystyrene reference peak)
k
0
a c
302
SOLVENT TEMPERATURE FILTER BANDWIDTH R F FIELD SWEEP TIME SWEEP WIDTH SWEEP OFFSET SPECTRUM AMP. INTEGRAL AMP.
D20 25
OC
. .
4
0.2 250 500
0
cps
mG
sec
cps cps
16 2.5
w 0 w
,/--
1
8.0 7.0
6.0
5.0
PPM(6)
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
*
0
Figure 3.
60 MC NMR Spectrum of Ketamine Hydrochloride in D20.
304
W a v o Ionurh (nm)
1%
a 1 cm
20 4
2 76
269
23.2
lox
J
W a v o I o n g t h (nm)
Figure 4 . Ultraviolet Spectrum of Ketamine Hydrochloride in 0.1 N Hydrochloric Acid.
KETAMINE
305
resonance spectrum of ketamine hydrochloride in D20 at 60 y g . Hz. The following assignments have been made: Structural Assignments LPF! 2.0
# of Protons and Description

5 - protons of cyclohexanone ring. Shape of absorption peak is typical of cyclohexyl ring protons 5
2.6
Sharp peak is N-CH3, rounded peak at 2.7 ppm represents 2 protons of cyclohexanone ring One of protons on cyclohexanone ring. This proton is most probably on the carbon ci to the carbon bearing -N-CH3 Hydrogen bonding of m s proton to N would lower its chemical shift
3.5
4.8
2 - Two protons. Total integration is 19 spaces; subtract 5 spaces for D20 blank to give 14 spaces or two protons. These are exchangeable protons so that they are -NH and H-C1 protons -
7.7
Aromatic ring protons
2.13 Ultraviolet Absorption Spectrum Figure 4 is the ultraviolet spectrum5 of ketamine hydrochloride in 0.1N hydrochloric acid obtained on a Cary 15. The two maxima at 276 and 269 nm. represent a(l%, 1 cm.) values o f 20.4 and 23.2 respectively.
In 0.1N sulfuric acid, maxima at 264 nm. (a 1%, 1 cm. = 16.6), 269 nm. (a 1%,
306
Wove length
(nm)
1% a l cm
5.0 7.0
301
2 74 268
261
98
10.5
25X
0
\
4
(nm)
O
N 0
ti
W o v e length
Figure 5 . Ultraviolet Spectrum of Ketamine Base in 95X methanol - 0.01N sodium hydroxide.
K ETAM IN E
307
1 cm. = 23.2), and 2 6 nm. (a 1%, 1 cm. have been reported.2 : i
20.3)
Figure 5 represents the alkaline spectrum (0.01N sodium hydroxide in 95% methanol) with the following a(l%, 1 cm.) values: 301 nm. (5.03); 276 nm. (7.07); 268 nm. (9.80) ; and 261 nm. (10.58). 2.2 Mass Spectrum Although the mass spectrum of the hydrochloride cannot be easily obtained because of its low volatility, the normalized fragmentation pattern of the base6~30is shown in Figure 6. Tabulated values are f0.5 mass unit. The pattern is consistent with a progressive l o s s of C2H4 (209), CO (181), and CH2NH (152). Fragments at 211, 183, and 154 would result from the chlorine isotope. 2.3 Differential Thermal Analysis and Melting Point A Ketamine reportedly melts at 92-930'. differential thermal analysis thermogram6 of the base run on a Mettler DTA (Figure 7) displays only a single melting endotherm at 92.25OC. The heat of fusion was found to be -25.81 m cal/mg. The observed specific heat at 90 is 1.9 m cal/mg. OC. Decomposition of the hydrochloride precludes a precise determination of thermodynamic properties. 2.4 Solubility5 One gram of the hydrochloride will dissolve in:
6 14 60 60
ml. ml. ml. ml.
of of of of
methanol 95% ethanol (USP) chloroform absolute ethanol
One gram of the hydrochloride is incompletely dissolved in 60 ml. of acetone, ether, benzene, DMF, or dioxane.
RRW DRTR
DR. SRSS. P A R K E D F I V I S : B R S E FORM 16-JUN-76 FI 52 T I C = 8118 3.96 M I H RGNGE so THRIJ 250 THRESHOLU = 0 . 0 0
fl/E
53.258
5 9 . 177
I? I
0.?G
fl/E
7i.117 32 l ? 69
89
M/E
183.201 110.484 12?2 1:0 214.900 116.19?
117.302
R I
0.52 0.50 0.28
8.R6 0.64
M/E
130.949 171.5rlc 132.378 137.833 i?-2 :.e 138.982 148.183 141.351 143.93Z 14OJl 4.It 14F.355
R I
B.36 8.38 8.52 R.74 1.74
8.70
MYE
R I
fl/E
P I
184.HRZ 19R. 154
s e ) . ~ 5 m 0.16
7 6 . 3 ~ 0.31
0.35:
0.18
0.16
0.21: 0.25 0.22
62.89R 64.E18 67.314

78.302 72.537
i>.995
0. 1 6 0. 1 9 0.19 0.14 17.18

3.50
n.csr
n.52
.375 91.548 9H.173 101.466 li32.232
123.972
125.630
i.8 31
0.34 0.42
127.4'34
128.392
0.16 1.06 0.36

R.28 0.20
1.82
0.24 0.92 1. 1 2
1.28
123.44%
1.66
146.875 0 . 2 6 148.333 0. 1 8 1~0.~39 8.82 151.681 3.62 352.718 0.80 1.94 154.31 2 356.858 6.24 164.637 8 . 2 4 1.30 165.8 1 4 1.72 i 66.8 2 0 168.130 I .sa
169.ias 0.80 171.283 8.16 174.244 1.94 0.36 175.468 178.322 @.IS 179.666 m . 7 0 188.F14 2". 10 ltt1.413 ?.8C 188 1 0 1 9.40 1 8 4 . ~ 8 9 1: .-
Figure 6.
Mass Spectrum of Ketamine Base
KETAM IN
309
Figure 7.
Differential Thermal Analysis Melting Curve.
310
2.5 Optical Rotation Isolation of the d + ( ) isomer of the hydrochloride from a-racemzc mixture using dcamphorsulfonic acid' resulted in a com o k d with a s ecific rotation o ( a ) g 0 = +gog (0.98% in mtao! ehnl. Other physical6 and physiological properties were similar to unresolved commercially available material. 2.6 Ionization Constant The pKa of ketamine and the N-dealkylated metabolite are3I 7.5 and 8.65. The pH of 10, 50, and 100 mg./ml. solutions of the hydrochloride are 4.63, 4.16, and 3.92 respectively. 2.7 Crystal Properties 2.71 Derivative Crystallinity24
In latinic iodide solution, rhomboidal plates are gormed (sensitivity to 1 in 1000 solution). With potassium bismuth iodide solution, small plates are formed (also sensitivity to 1 in 1000).
2.72 X-Ray Diffraction X-Ray Diffraction values on the hydrochloride obtained on a Norelco Diffractometer6929 using Copper K2 radiation ( A = 1.5418) and a crystal monochrometer are listed in Table I. Variations in the X-Ray pattern of the base suggest that polymorphism may occur. TABLE I X-Ray Diffraction of Ketamine Hydrochloride
9.70 7.43 6.92
6.44
6.14 5.90
30 .
15.6 11.6 1.8
5.8 100.0
5.30 4.87 4.63 4.55 4.32 4.14
42.1 5.9 12.1 1.5 7.9
1.4
KETAM INE
31 1
100 WI1)
4.13 3.72 3.57 3.45 3.35 3.25 3.22 3.17 3.15 3.05 2.92 2.90 3. Synthesis
20.4 81.7 2.4 5.9 3.1 7.6 3.7 5.7 3.6 1.6 7.0 13.2
2.70 2.63 2.44 2.11 2.02 1.83 1.79 1.75 1.64 1.44
35.2 2.7 3.4 1.8

1.8 2.6 2.6 2.6 1.5
4.0
3.1 Ketamine hydrochloride may be pre aredl' from o-chlorobenzaldehyde by the procedure3 shown in Figure 8.
4. Decomposition
4.1 Metabolic Decomposition An initial rapidlfrop in h 11 min. 17 rnin.l2, levels (half-life 10 min. and 25 min.13) due to distribution of drug to the tissues is followed by a first order decrease in plasma lev ith a half-life of about 2.5 hours.f P 2 X
2
Describing the absorption pharmacokinetic behavior of ketamine following intravenous injection by a two-compartment mode the half-life of the 6-phase has been reportedh5 as 2.52 hr., 3.99 f1.23 hr., and 6.84 f2.97 hr. for ketamine, N-dealkylated amine, and the dehydro-N-dealkylated metabolites respectively. In addition to small amounts of the intact drug excreted, the decomposition scheme shown in Figure 9 has been suggested.llp15,25 No indication of otein binding was observed.11 Another report33 suggests that if present, protein binding does not exceed 12%.
312
1. aq. C H 3 0 H , NaOH
2 . HC1
Ar*-CH=NOH
i1
1.
1. A1220
P
BrMgcl
0
11
Ar-CN
2 . NaOH
2.
CUCl H20, HC1
Ar/'>C7 H
I11
IV
*=2
F1
A,/'=
Br
0ch3
CH30Na CH30H, A
f
1
VI
cc14
VIII
VII
Ar
/m c
NCH 3 HO /'
*HC1
pc.
/
X
k e t a m i n e hydrochloride
IX
c1
Synthetic Procedure
F i g u r e 8.
H H H
a
U
+ J
aJ
rd M
' ) r
8
H H H
W
CP 0
PI
a
rd
bo
4l ! -
* *
0 0
m
U
I
3
a,
6U
4 U
313
314
W I L L I A M C. SASS A N D S A L V A T O R E A. F U S A R I
4.2 Chemical Decomposition Ketamine in aqueous solution has been shown14 to react under accelerated conditions of high temperature and pH by a process which involves initial formation of 1-[ (2-chlorophenyl) (methylimino)methyl]cyclopentanol (I)(Figure 1 0 ) . This intermediate, depending on temperature and pH, may then isomerize back to Ketamine or hydrolyze to (2-chlorophenyl)(l-hydroxycyclopentyl) methanone (111), the primary product of this reaction. 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxycyclohexanone (IV) which may be a major, although not primary, product results from isomerization of the cyclopentyl hydroxyketone (111). When the accelerating conditions are avoided, aqueous solutio and the powder exhibit extraordinary stability.
YE
5. Methods of Analysis 5.1 Elemental Analysis of the Hydrochloride E1ement %C % H % N % C1 (total) % C1 (ionic) Found3 57.05-57.29 6.49-6.61 4.95 25.88-26.02 13.06 Theory 56.94 6.25 5.11 25.86 12.93
5.2 Ion-Pairing Colorimetric and Fluorescence Ion pair extraction into an organic phase using methyl orangel5 is reported to be a less sensitive method than extraction with xylene red B into 1,2- ichloroethane followed by fluorescence analysis.f 6 Excitation and e ssion wavelengths of 562 and 578 nm. were used. With a modification of the xylene red B procedurel7, atropine, diazepam, pentobarbital, fluothane, oxytocin, and ergometrin have been shown not to interfere with the assay, although two of the ketamine metabolites do.
Ti
KETAM INE
315
Ar*
Ar
Ketamine Hydrochloride
Ketamine Base
c1
90:
IV
Ar
I11
Figure 10.
Chemical Decomposition
316
5.3 Ultraviolet In the absence of interfering substances, ketamine may e analyzed directly by ultraviolet spectroscopy.
5.4 Differential Thermal Analysis Pure base may be analyzed by thermal analysis.6 Figure 7 is a thermogram of a recrystallized sample which contains less than 1 x 10-3 mole % impurity. 5.5 Non Aaueous Titration A sample dissolved in glacial acetic acid containing mercury (11) acetate may be titrated with 0.1N perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid to the blue-green end point of crystal violet.5 5.6 Tritium Labeling Heating of ketamine hydrochloride to 100C. with trifluoroacetic acid and tritiated water in the presence of pre-reduced platinum catalyst for 18 hours formed the labeled product with at least 7% tritium incorporation alpha to the carbonyl.16 Labile tritium hould be removed by treatment with strong alkalil8 to avoid tritium incorporation in body water. Labeled ketamine hydrochloride has been used to study metabolic decomposition.11 15
9
5.7 Chromatography 5.71 Paper Chr~matography~~ A 2.5 pl. spot of a 1% solution in 2N acetic acid is applied to Whatman No. 1 paper previously dipped in a 5% sodium dihydrogen citrate solution, blotted, and dried. Development in an unequilibrated chamber with a solution of 4.8 grams of citric acid in 130 ml. of water plus 870 ml. of n-butanol resulted in a zone at Rf 0.55 which was visible under ultraviolet light after spraying with iodoplatinate or bromocresol green solution.
KETAM IN E
317
5.72 Thin Layer Chromatography

Two of the four tritium labeled metabolites and intact ketamine hydrochloride have been separated on Silica Gel GF using chloroform: ethyl acetate:methanol:ammonium hydroxide (60:35: 5:l). The intact molecule at Rf = .65 and metabolites were detected by their radioactivity.11 Separation of the unresolved metabolites19 was accomplished on Aluminum Oxide HF using chloroform: cyc1ohexane:diethylamine (60:40:2). Chloroform: cyc1ohexane:ethyl acetate:ammonia (25:50:25:5) has been used25~27to separate ketamine (Rf = 0.58) and the N-dealkylated metabolite (Rf = 0 . 4 1 ) on a LQ6D plate. The other major metabolite is separated but exists as a diffuse zone. All were visualized by exposure to iodine.
A system5 used to separate ketamine hydrochloride and (2-chlorophenyl)(l-hydroxycyclopenty1)methanone is Kieselgel DF-5 using benzene: methano1:ammonium hydroxide (9O:lO:l). Rf values of 0.7 and 0.6 respectively are observed for the compounds under 254 and 366 nm. ultraviolet light. Concentrated ammonium h droxide in methanol (1.5:lOO) has also been used2Z to develop samples on activated silica gel G. The main zone at Rf 0.72 was made visible with acidified iodoplatinate spray. 5.73 Gas Chromatography Since gas chromatography allows rapid, quantitative analysis of ketamine and its degradation roducts, numerous systems have been utilized.20,51 The use of all glass systems22 and the avoidance of evaporation to dryness13 have been suggested to avoid degradation. Chromatographic conditions employed are summarized in Table 11. 5.74 Liquid Chromatography Reverse phase chromatography on C18 Microbondapak columns using water:acetonitrile (1 : 1) has been employed28 to separate the p-nitro-
TABLE I1 Conditions Used In Gas Chromatographic Separations of Ketamine Ref. Column 11 12 Column Temp. 155O 195O Detector FID, EC E.C. o f heptafluorobutyryl derivative FID Internal Standard o-trifluoromethyl and o-Bromo analogs* o-Bromo analog"
1% ECNSS-M
(100/120 Gas Chrom Q)
1% OV-101 and 3% succinamine polymer on (100/120 Gas Chrom Q) 1% ECNSS-M (80/100 Gas Chrom P)
3% OV-17 3%
13
158O
CL-392
15
20
170 200
o-trifluoromethyl analog* FID FID Pentob arbita1
2.5% SE-30 (80/100 Chromasorb G)
21
1% DDTS Gas Chrom Q
180'
TABLE I1 (Continued) Ref. 22 Column 0.5% polyethyleneglycol (20,000 M) (80/100 Chromasorb G) silinized 2YL SE-30 (80/100 Chromasorb G) 0.5% PEG 20000 M (80/100 Chromasorb G- DMCS )
10% UCW-982 (80/100 CWAW-DMCS)
9
Column Temp.
@ 3O/min.
Detector FID
Internal Standard methyldiphenylamine
98-180O
23
zooo
90-2oooc.
FID FID
Pentobarbita1 Carbothesin
26
w, W
28 25 27
27OoC. 21oOc.
FID FID
- (all separated as
p-nitrobenzamides)
1% Carbowax 20-M ( 6 0 / 8 0 Gas Chrom G AW - DMCS )
*analogs of ketamine
320
benzamide derivatives of ketamine and its metabolites. Derivatization is required to enhance the otherwise low absorbance at 254 nm.
6.
Determination in Bodv Fluids

J
Ion-pairing l5 thin layer chr chromatography
tritium labeling18 5 J 1 1 J 1 9 , 2 5 , 2 7 gas J 22 25-28,31 and liquid techniques have been applied to the determination of ketamine and its metabolites from body fluids.
s
?f'ES~fT~!!B,
KETAMINE
321
7.
References (Current to June, 1 9 7 6 )
1. The Merck Index, Eighth Edition, 599 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . 2 . RX Bull, 3 , 5-10 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . 3 . Wheeler, L.M., Parke, Davis & Co., Personal
4 . Fusari, S.A., Parke, Davis & Co., Personal 5 . Chang, J.H., Parke, Davis & Co., Personal 6 . Sass, W.C., Parke, Davis & C o . , Personal 7 . Nordin, I.C., Parke, Davis & Co., Personal 8 . OConnor, R.E., Parke, Davis & Co., Personal 9 . McCarthy, D.A., Parke, Davis & Co., Personal 1 0 . Chem. Abs. 6 5 , 5414h ( 1 9 6 6 ) .
Communication.
Communication.
Communication.
Communication.
Communication.
Communication.
Communication,
11. Chang, T., uazko, A.J., Int. Anesthesiol. Clin. 1 2 , 157-77 ( 1 9 7 4 ) . 1 2 . Chang,T.,Glazko, A.J., Anesthesiology -, 36
401-4 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . 1 3 . Hodshon, B.J., Ferrer-Allado, T . , Brechner, V.L., et. al., Anesthesiology -, 506-8 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . 36 1 4 . Philip, J., Parke, Davis & C o . , Personal
1 5 . Chang, T., Dill, W.A., Glazko, A.J., Fed. Proc. -, 268 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . 24 1 6 Dill, W.A.,Chucot, L . , Chang, T . , Glazko, 34 A.J., Anesthesiology -, 73-6 ( 1 9 7 1 ) . 1 7 . Nishijima, M., Fujii, A . , Kojima, T., et. al., Jap. J. Anesthesiol. 2 1 , 8 8 1 - 5 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . 18 Blackburn, C.E., O e , . . brRE, J. Labelled Compounds 2, 38 ( 1 9 6 7 ) . 1 9 . Glazko, A.J., Parke, Davis & C o . , Personal 2 0 . Finkle, B.S., Cherry, E.J., Taylor, D.M., J. Chromatogr. Sci. 9 , 393-419 ( 1 9 7 1 ) . 2 1 Jenden, D.J., Roch, R . , Booth, R., J. Chromatogr. Sci. 10, 1 5 1 - 3 ( 1 9 7 2 ) . 22 Wieber, J., HengstmaE, J., In: Ketamin, Neue
9
Communication.
Communication.
Ergebnisse In Forschung Und Klinik, Report of the 2nd Ketamine Symposium, Mainz, Apr. 7 2 , Edited by M. Gemperle et. al., Berlin, Springer-Verlag; Anaesthesiol. Resuscitation -, 1 4 6 - 5 0 ( 1 9 7 3 ) . 69
322
113, 2 3 . Moffat, A.C., J. Chromatogr. - 69-95 ( 1 9 7 5 ) . 24. Clarke, E.G.C., Isolation and Identification of Drugs, 1 9 6 9 , The Pharmaceutical Press, 1 7
2 5 . Kochhar, M.M., et. al., Res. Commun. Chem. 14 Pathol. Pharmacol. -, 3 6 7 - 7 6 , June 7 6 . 26. Wieber, J . , et. al., Anaesthesist 2 4 , 260-3, June 75. 9 2 7 . Kochhar, M.M., et. al., Clin. Toxicol. -( 1 ) , 2 0 - 1 . 1976. 114, 2 8 . Needham, L.L.,et. al., J. Chromatogr. 220-2, 1 2 NOV. 75. 2 9 . Krc, J., Parke, Davis & Co., Personal
Bloomsbury Square WC1, London, England.
Personal Communication. 31. Cohen, M.L., Trevor, A.J., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., - 3 5 1 - 8 , May 1 9 7 4 . 189,
3 0 . Leavett, R . , Michigan State University,
Communication.
MINOCYCLINE
V M i m i r Zbinovsky and George P. Chrekian
324
VLADlMlR ZEINOVSKY AND GEORGE P. CHREKIAN
CONTENTS
1.
Description

2.
Physical Properties
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10
Infrared Analysis Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum Ultraviolet Spectra Mass Spectra Optical Rotation Thermogravimetric Analysis Differential Thermal Analysis Solubility Solvent Partitioning Data Crystal Properties
3. 4. 5. 6.
Synthesis Stability, Isomerization, Degradation Pharmacodynamic Studies Methods of Analysis

6.1 6.2
Elemental Analysis Chromatographic Analysis
6.21 Thin Layer 6.22 Column

6.3
Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis
MINOCYCLINE
325
MINOCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE
1.
Description
1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight

Minocycline hydrochloride is known chemically as 4,7-bis (dimethylamino)l,4-4a,5,5a, 6,11,12a-octahydro-3,10, 12,-12a-tetrahydroxy-l,ll-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrochloride and by the trivial name 7-dimethylamino-6demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline hydrochloride.
OH .HCL CONHz OH
0
OH
C23H2,NJO,.HCL
MOL. Wt.:
493.94
1.2
Appearance, Color, Odor
Minocycline hydrochloride occurs as a yellow crystalline powder, It is essentially odorless and has a somewhat bitter taste.
2.
Physical Properties 2.1 Infrared Analysis1
The infrared spectrum of Minocycline HC1 (Lederle House Standard No, 7516B-172) is presented in Figure 1, In a multi-functional molecule like Minocycline HC1, most maxima represent a composite envelope of overlapping absorption peaks. In these cases it is not possible to uniquely
FIGURE 1
I n f r a r e d Spectrum of Minocycline HC1.2H20 i n K r P e l l e t : Instrument: Ferkin-Elmer B
21
FREQUENCY (CM-)
MINOCYCLINE
327
a s s i g n maxima. Thus, t h e maximum a t a b o u t 2.9 IJ r e p r e s e n t s t h e NH2 s t r e t c h i n g of t h e 2-carboxamido, t o g e t h e r w i t h 1 2 hydroxy. The remainder of t h e broad a b s o r p t i o n up t o 5.0 ! I i s composed of t h e hydrogen bonded p h e n o l i c and e n o l i c hydroxy groups p l u s t h e hydrogen atom on t h e p r o t o n a t e d dimethylamino group. The maxima a t 6.07 1.1 i s t h e c a r b o n y l of t h e 2-carboxamido group, b u t t h e broad maxima c e n t e r e d a t about 6.25 1.1 i s a composite of conjugated hydrogen bonded k e t o n e s , p l u s t h e conjugated double bond systems p r e s e n t i n t h i s molecule. The maxima a t about 7 . 7 is a composite of t h e s t r o n g l y hydrogen bonded p h e n o l i c and e n o l i c hydroxyl groups p l u s a c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e 2-carboxamido group and t h e maxima a t a b o u t 8.2 1.1 i s composed of r e l a t i v e l y unbonded p h e n o l i c hydroxy groups.
2.2
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrun
The M.IR spectrum, F i g u r e 2 , i n hexadeuterodimethyls u l f o x i d e c o n t a i n i n g t e t r a m e t h y l s i l a n e as i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d i s a s i n g l e s c a n on a HA-100D Varian Spectrometer. The s p e c t r a l assignments of Minocycline h y d r o c h l o r i d e are shown i n T a b l e I.
TABLE I
NMR S p e c t r a l Assignments of Minocycline Hydrochloride

Chemical S h i f t s ( A ) 2.60 2.94 4.34
S
S S
7.41
6.83
d; J8,q = 8 d; J8,9 = 8 9.53 (2 broad s i n g l e t s )
cIt
0 C1o
NH2
9.05
OH
11.30
s = s i n g l e t ; d = d o u b l e t ; J = coupling c o n s t a n t i n Hz
MINOCYCLINE
329
2.3 Ultraviolet Spectrum Martell et a12 in 1967 determined the ultra-violet properties of Minocycline. They reported in 0.1N HCL in 0 . 1 N NaOH 2.4
X max X max
352 nm (log 263 nm (log 380 ~1 (log 243 nm (log
E
E
4.16) 4.23) 4-30] 4.38)
Mass Spectrum1
The mass spectrum of Minocycline hydrochloride was run on an AEI MS-9 mass spectrometer and is shown in Figure 3 . At temperatures close to the melting point the salt decomposes to the free base and HC1, and the mass spectrum is a composite of both compounds. The molecular ion of Minocycline is fairly strong and is observed at m/e 457, consistent with the elemental composition C23H27N307. Loss of NH3,NH3 and (CH3)2NH, and C4H3N03 from the molecular ion affords ions at m/e 440, 395 and 344 respectively. A complete listing of the elemental composition of the major ions in the mass spectrum of Minocycline is available from Dr. R. T. Hargreaves, Lederle Laboratories. 2.5 Optical Rotation The following rotation was determinedl for Minocycline HC1.2H20 in 0.1N HC1:
Cal
25
16, 6'
conc. = 0.524
2.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis7 indicates that Minocyclineohydrochloride loses its water of hydrgtion between 7' 5 and 150 and begins to decompose at about 175
2.7 Differential Thermal Analysis7 curves for Minocycline hydrochloride exhibit one melting and/or decomposition endotherm at 217
2.8
Solubility
Barringer et a13 in a monograph on Minocycline accumulated data related to unusual in vitro and in vivo properties of Minocycline and compared them to other tetracyclines antibiotics. The solubility of tetracyclines is a complex
m C
0
hl
Ti
2
"
0 7 "0 m o a
V
E
X
a
W
v)
N Ln
(u
..
m
0 . .
U
L)
..
nlln
h W
a
rn
a
o
w
( I
0 J I
- 0 I na
D
I >
rl
I
J
u
0
0I 0 . .
"
z CI
E
J
l l 0
"
m
m h
330
MlNOCYCLlNE
33 1
phenomenon. There are 16 p o s s i b l e i o n i c m i c r o s t r u c t u r e s f o r Minocycline. Thus, t h e observed s o l u b i l i t y is g e n e r a l l y n o t t h a t of a s i n g l e e n t i t y b u t r e p r e s e n t s t h e sum of t h e t o t a l of two o r mcre s p e c i e s i n a s o l u t i o n a t a given pH v a l u e . Minocycline, u n l i k e o t h e r a n t i b i o t i c s , c o n t a i n s two amino groups which a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r hundred-fold s o l u b i l i t y of Minocycline n e u t r a l i n water over t h a t of t e t r a c y c l i n e . The s o l u b i l i t y of Minocycline monohydrochloride d i h y d r a t e i n v a r i o u s s o l v e n t s and of Minocycline n e u t r a l i n water are given i n T a b l e I1 and Table I11 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
TABLE I1
Aqueous S o l u b i l i t y of Minocycline a t 25OC.
mdml
Neutral Hydrochloride Dihydrochloride p 6.7 H pH 3.9 pH 0.8
TABLE I11
52 15
>500
S o l u b i l i t y of Minocycline Hydrochloride .2H7O i n Various S o l v e n t s a t 25'Cj

%
Solvent Hexane Benzene Chloroform Ethyl Acetate Methyl E t h y l Ketone 1-Oc t a n o l Ace t o n e Dioxane
1 -But ano 1
mdml
0.004 0.02
w/v
0.0004
0.002
0.13
0.3
0.4
0.013
0.03
0.04
0.5
0.05 0.06
0.6
0.7
4.4
0.07
0.44
2-Pr opano 1
Methanol Water Abs. Ethanol
7
14
0.7
1.4
16
42
1.6
4.2
332
VLADlMlR ZBINOVSKY AND GEORGE P. CHREKIAN
2.9
P a r t i t i o n i n g Data
L i t e r a t u r e v a l u e s a c c o r d i n g t o C o l a i z z i and Klink4 f o r t h e a p p a r e n t p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s of Minocycline i n a w a t e r : n-octanol system a t v a r i o u s pH v a l u e s are r e p o r t e d i n T a b l e I V . The optimum p v a l u e f o r t r a n s f e r i n t o t h e o r g a n i c H phase is about 6.6 a t which pH t h e n e u t r a l z w i t t e r i o n i c form is predominant and a l s o c o i n c i d e s w i t h t h e i s o e l e c t r i c p o i n t of Minocycline.
TABLE I V
Apparent P a r t i t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s (Octanol/Aqueous B u f f e r ) of Minocycline Hydrochloride
2.1
0
3.9
0.051
5.6
11 . 1
6.6
8.5
0.36
1.48
2.10 C r y s t a l P r o p e r t i e s
The X-Ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n of Minocycline h y d r o c h l o r i d e is shown i n Table V.
M INOCYCLI N E
333
TABLE V
Powder X-Ray Diffraction Pattern of Minocycline HC15
d (Ao)* I/IO** 0.15 1.00
12.0 7.05 6.60 5.70 5.20 4.95 4.73 4.45 4.28 4.00 3.82 3.68 3.56 3.43 3.26 3.03 2.86 2.73 2.67 2.60 2.44 2.31 2.25 2.13 2.06 1.96 1.91 1.85 1.72 1.52 1.20
0.04 0.08 0.07 0.09 0.09

0.01
0.06 0.04 0.15 0.50 0.45 0.02 0.40 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.03 0.02
0.01
0.02
n X 2 sin 0, X = 1.539A0
*
**
d = (interplanar distance)
Based on highest intensity of 1.00 Radiation: Kal, and Ka2 Copper
334
3.
Synthesis
P r e v i o u s s y n t h e s i s of Minocycline was achieved by a sequence of r e a c t i o n s based on n i t r a t i o n of 6-demethyl-6-deox y t e t r a c y c l i n e 2 . I n t h i s s y n t h e s i s two isomers (7 and 9 n i t r o ) were formed. Removal of u n d e s i r a b l e 9 - n i t r o isomer involved t e d i o u s procedures. L a t e l y , L. B e r n a r d i and a s s o c i a t e s 6 were a b l e t o b l o c k p o s i t i o n 9 w i t h a t e r i a r y b u t y l group and t h u s s i m p l i f y t h e r e a c t i o n and improve t h e y i e l d s . The r e a c t i o n scheme of t h i s new s y n t h e s i s is g i v e n i n F i g u r e
4.
6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline (I) was a l k y l a t e d t o g i v e (11) w i t h excess of t e r t i a r y b u t y l a l c o h o l and methane s u l f o n i c a c i d . By adding f o u r e q u i v a l e n t s of m 2 compound 0 , (111) w a s o b t a i n e d i n 76% y i e l d based on ( I ) . I n t e r m e d i a t e compound (111) was c a t a l y t i c a l l y reduced over Pt02 t o g i v e 7-amino- 9- t e r t i a r y butyl-6-demethyl-6-deoxyt e t r a c y c l i n e (IV) which was t h e n r e d u c t i v e l y methylated t o (V). The l a s t s t e p involved t h e removal of t h e t e r t i a r y b u t y l group from p o s i t i o n 9. T h i s was accomplished by u s i n g t r i f l u o r o m e t h a n e s u l f o n i c a c i d w i t h 63% y i e l d . 4.
S t a b i l i t y , I s o m e r i z a t i o n , Degradation
I n t h e dry-powder s t a t e t h e Minocycline, l i k e o t h e r t e t r a c y c l i n e s , i s s t a b l e a t l e a s t 3-4 y e a r s when s t o r e d a t 0 room t e m p e r a t u r e ( 2 5 C). Minocycline, l a c k i n g hydroxyl groups a t both C5 and c6 does n o t form t h e anhydro, iso, o r e p i compounds, which a r e t h e common d e g r a d a t i o n compounds formed from o t h e r t e t r a c y c l i n e a n t i b i o t i c s . However, i t r e a d i l y undergoes b o t h 4-epimerization and o x i d a t i v e d e g r a d a t i o n . S i n c e t h e D r i n g of Minocycline i s a s u b s t i t u t e d p-aminophenol, i t i s more s u s c e p t i b l e t o o x i d a t i o n t h a n o t h e r t e t r a cyclines. S t a b i l i t y d a t a f o r s o l u t i o n s of Minocycline a t v a r i o u s p v a l u e s a r e summarized i n T a b l e V I . Minocycline s o l u t i o n s H a t pH 4 . 2 and 5.2 r e t a i n e d 90% of t h e i r i n i t i a l potency f o r 1 week a t room temperature. These s o l u t i o n s were more s t a b l e t h a n any o t h e r t e t r a c y c l i n e a n t i b i o t i c s o l u t i o n s t u d i e d . However, none of t h e t e t r a c y c l i n e a n t i b i o t i c s are s t a b l e enough t o p e r m i t t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of a p r e c o n s t i t u t e d aqueous s o l u t i o n a s a p r a c t i c a l dosage form. The a d d i t i o n a l amino group i n Minocycline, b e s i d e s cont r i b u t i n g t o i n c r e a s e d s o l u b i l i t y of Minocycline n e u t r a l i n w a t e r , i s a l s o r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d i f f e r e n c e s i n physico-chemical
d
w
335
336
and p h y s i o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s . The i s o e l e c t r i c p o i n t of Minocycline is a f u l l p u n i t h i g h e r (pH 6 . 4 ) t h a n t h a t of H most o t h e r t e t r a c y c l i n e a n t i b i o t i c s (pH ca. 5 . 5 ) and consequently has a p o t e n t i a l therapeutic significance. This property accounts f o r i t s g r e a t e r p a r t i t i o n i n g c h a r a c t e r i n t o l i p o i d material a t e s s e n t i a l l y n e u t r a l pH, i n c l u d i n g t h y r o i d , b r a i n and f a t t i s s u e .
TABLE V I
Minocycline S o l u t i o n S t a b i l i t y Data % I n i t i a l A c t i v i t y Retained

PH
0.5
Days S t o r e d a t 2SoC
1
94 95 99 98 98
1.5
1 1
14
1.85 2.5 4.2 5.2 6.2
96 97
91 93
22 81 96 98 95 98 98 93 95 96 89 90 92 76 91 89 72 90 85 64 87 81 53 84 72 37
5.
Pharmacodynamic S t u d i e s
R. C. K e l l y and A s s o c i a t e s 8 found t h a t t h e maximum serum c o n c e n t r a t i o n of Minocycline was a t t a i n e d by t h e f i r s t sampli n g a t 1 hour and t h a t serum h a l f l i f e a f t e r o r a l a d m l n l s t r a t i o n of Minocycline w a s 1 6 hours.
Minocycline showed e x c e l l e n t t i s s u e p e n e t r a t i o n due t o i t s h i g h e r z w i t t e r i o n i c form which is predominant a t pH 6 . 6 , a p p r o x i m a t e l y one pH u n i t h i g h e r t h a n f o r o t h e r t e t r a c y c l i n e s . An advantage f o r t h i s h i g h l y l i p o p h y l i c t e t r a c y c l i n e h a s been p o s t u l a t e d i n terms of t h e r a p u e t i c e f f i c a c y , i . e . a r a p i d and h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n of a n t i b i o t i c where r e c o r d e d . Okubo and a s s o c i a t e s 9 e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t i n r a t s a f t e r a s i n g l e o r a l dose, c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n a l l t i s s u e d s t u d i e s were h i g h e r t h a n i n blood. When t h e Minocycline was a d m i n i s t e r e d t o p a t i e n t s b e f o r e s u r g e r y , a similar h i g h t i s s u e - b l o o d r a t i o was found a f t e r
MINOCYCLINE
337
t h e organ was removed. The h i g h e s t accumulation of Minocyc l i n e w a s found i n g a l l b l a d d e r , t h y r o i d , duodenum and l i v e r . Minocycline i s metabolized t o i n a c t i v e s u b s t a n c e s t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t t h a n o t h e r known t e t r a c y c l i n e s . 6. Methods of A n a l y s i s 6.1 Elemental A n a l y s i s f o r C23H27N307HC1.2H20
% Theory
Element
Reported Ref.
52.12 6.09 7.93 6.69 Chromatographic A n a l y s i s 6.21 Thin Layer Chromatographic A n a l y s i s
52.12 6.19 7.79 6.72
H
N
c1
6.2
S e p a r a t i o n and q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of Minocycline i n t h e p r e s e n c e of r e l a t e d minor components w a s achieved on diatomaceous e a r t h , used as s u p p o r t i n g phase. P l a t e s were p r e p a r e d by s p r e a d i n g i n t o a t h i n l a y e r a m i x t u r e of diatomaceous e a r t h , p 6 EDTA b u f f e r , p o l y e t h y l e n e g l y c o l H 400 and g l y c e r i n . P l a t e s were developed w i t h a s o l v e n t cons i s t i n g of a m i x t u r e of p 6 EDTA b u f f e r and e t h y l a c e t a t e H cyclohexane ( 9 : 2 ) . T h i s system was p r e v i o u s l y used by P . P. AscionelO i n a s e p a r a t i o n of o t h e r t e t r a c y c l i n e s by t h i n l a y e r chromatography. The Rf of Minocycline i n t h i s system was approximately 0.2. By rechromatography i n t h e same system t h e Minocycline s p o t can be moved h a l f way on t h e p l a t e , t h u s g i v i n g complete s e p a r a t i o n from t h e r e l a t e d compounds. 6.22 Column Chromatographic A n a l y s i s Minocycline and r e l a t e d i m p u r i t i e s were s e p a r a t e d on an a c i d - s o l v e n t washed diatomaceous e a r t h column.11,12 Supporting phase was p r e p a r e d by mixing t h e d i a tomaceous e a r t h w i t h 5% v / v p o l y e t h y l e n e g l y c o l 400 (PEG-400)g l y c e r i n e m i x t u r e i n 0.lM EDTA pH 6 b u f f e r . Minocycline and r e l a t e d compounds were e l u t e d w i t h s t e p w i s e i n c r e a s i n g p o l a r i t y of t h e chloroform-cyclohexane m i x t u r e and determined s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a l l y a t 358 tun. 98-102% r e c o v e r y of t h e t o t a l s p e c t r a l v a l u e of t h e charge was o b t a i n e d .
338
6.3
U. V. Absorption maximum of Minocycline a t 358 n m has been e x t e n s i v e l y used f o r a s s a y p u r p o s e s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r r e a d i n g of column e l u a t e s . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 1 6 micrograms p e r m l w a s used i n a c i d i f i e d methanol-chloroform s o l u t i o n .
Minocycline HC1 h a s a d i s t i n c t i n f r a r e d spectrum which can be used i n q u a l i t a t i v e and q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s .

A l i n e a r concentration a b s o r p t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p was achieved by Ace and J a f f e , 1 3 u s i n g pH 6.5 b u f f e r i n an e x t r a c t i o n of Minocycline. The f l u o r e s c e n c e of t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t was r e a d a t a n e x c i t a t i o n wavelength of 380 run and a n emission wavelength of 480 nm u s i n g a f i l t e r c o l o r i m e t e r .
MI NOCYCLI N E
339
REFERENCES
1. W. Fulmor, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communication.
2.
3.
M. J. M a r t e l l , J . H. Boothe, J . Med. C h e m . , x ,
44 (1967).
W. C. B a r r i n g e r , W. S h u l t z , C. M. S i e g e r and R. A. Nash, Am. J . of Pharmacy, 179 (1974).
146,
4.
J . L. C o l a i z z i , P . R. Klink, J . Pharm. S c i . ,
58,
1184
(1969).
5.
6.
7.
8.
P . Monnikendam, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communication.
L. B e r n a r d i , R. D e C a s t i g l i o n e , V. Colonna, P. Masi, I1 Farmaco, Ed. Sc., 30 736 (1975).
L. M.
Brancone, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communication.
R. G. K e l l y , L. A. Kanegis, T o x i c o l , Appl. Pharmacol.,
- 1 7 1 (1967). 11,
9.
H. Okubo, Y. Fujimoto, Y . Okamoto, J . Tsukada, J a p . J. A n t i b i o t . , 22, 430 (1969).
10.
P. P. Ascione, J . B. Zagar, and G. P. Chreklan, J. Pharm. S c i . , 56, 1393 (1967).
11. P. P. Ascione, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communlcat ion. 12.

13.
P. P. Ascione, J. B . Zagar and G . P . Chrekian, J . Pharm. S c i . , 56, 1396 (1967). L. N. Ace and J . N. J a f f e , Bioch. Medicine, (1975)
12, 401
NYSTATIN
Gerd W.Michel
342
GERD W. MlCHEL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
DESCRIPTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
Name, Formula, Molecular Weight, Elemental Composition Appearance, Color, Odor Standards and Regulatory Status
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
2.1
Crystal Properties 2.1.1

2.1.2
Optical Crystallographic Properties X-Ray Powder Diffraction
2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16
Infrared Spectrum Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum Ultraviolet Spectrum Fluorescence Spectrum Mass Spectrum Optical Rotation Optical Rotatory Dispersion Melting Range Differential Thermal Analysis Thermogravimetric Analysis Solubility Countercurrent Distribution Ionization Constants Aggregation Polarography
3.
4.
BIOSYNTHESIS METHODS OF MANUFACTURE

4.1
4.2 4.3
Historical Microbiological Processes Isolation and Purification Processes
NYSTATIN
343
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) 5. STABILITY - DEGRADATION

5.1
Dry Thermal Degradation
5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4

5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Stability Stability Stability Stability
of of of of
Amorphous Product Crystalline Product Solid Dosage Forms Ointment Formulations
Stability in Solution Stability under Radiation Microbial Degradation Stabilization
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Elemental Analysis Neutralization Equivalents Identification Tests color Reactions Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 Fermentation Liquids and Products Pharmaceutical Preparations Other Applications
6.6 6.7
Colorimetric Analysis Chromatographic Analysis 6.7.1 6.7.2 6.7.3 6.7.4 Paper Chromatography Thin-Layer Chromatography Gas-Liquid Chromatography High Performance Liquid Chromatography
6.8
Electrophoretic Analysis Polarographic Analysis 6.9 6.10 Titrimetric Analysis 6.11 Microbiological Methods
7. REFERENCES
8.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
344
GERD W. MICHEL
1. DESCRIPTION
1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight, Elemental Composition

Nystatin is a prominent member of a relatively large and varied group of structurally related, highly unsaturated antifungal antibiotics produced by various strains of streptomycete species of microorganism^^-^. Based on their chemical structure - and to distinguish them from numerous other antibiotics which also have antifungal properties8 , - this group of important therapeutic agents is commonly referred to as the polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotics. All members within this class of antibiotic agents have in common (a) a macrocyclic ring of carbon atoms closed by lactonization, and (b) the presence of a series of conjugated carbon double bonds. The latter grouping represents the chemically most characteristic feature of polyene macrolides and serves to further classify this group of natural products into tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and heptaenes, according to the type of conjugated chromophore present in the molecule2 110-15. Attempts at complete tabulation of all presently known polyene antibiotics within this class have been published in several comprehensive review articles4rl2r 13 I i6-27. Following the above nomenclature, nystatin may be chemically classified as a tetraene macrolide antibiotic. of the Division of Isolated in 1950 by Hazen and B r ~ w n ~ * - ~ l Laboratories and Research, New York State Department of Health, Albany, N.Y., it was the first of the polyene macrolides to be discovered and is since produced biosynthetically on large scale by fermentation with strains of Streptomyces n ~ u r s e i ~ ~ 33, S. albulus34-36 and S. aureus3r6,32r34. Initially called fung~cidin28r29132, was later given the name nystatin it (N.Y. State-in)4~ 32, but is also listed under several other proprietary synonyms3 37-40: Moronal, Mycomycin, Mycostatin, Nilstat, Nitacin, Nystan and Stamicin. The designation most commonly used in the chemical, pharmaceutical and medical reference l i t e r a t ~ r e ~ , including Chemical Abstracts , is ~,~~-~~ nystatin. As is true for many polyene macrolide antibiotics, a complete and satisfactory chemical characterization of nystatin with respect to its precise molecular structure, stereochemistry and absolute configuration is still outstanding,
NYSTATIN
345
despite extensive efforts in a number of l a b o r a t o r i e ~43-60. ~~ Early degradation studies by several investigator^^^-^' established the antibiotic to be a macrocyclic C41-polyene lactone linked glycosidically to the pyranose form of the amino sugar mycosamine (3-amino-3 6-dideoxy-g-mannose) , 43-48. While the structure of the aglycone portion of the molecule (nystatinolide)46, containing a diene and tetraene chromophore, has been deduced from the isolation of degradation products, Chong and R i ~ k a r d s ~ ~ only recently provided experimental evihave dence, subsequently confirmed by Borowski et a1.59, for a glycosidic linkage of the sugar moiety to the C-19 position of the aglycone. Present knowledge therefore suggests the nystatin molecule to be identical with structure 158-61, without regard to its stereochemistry.
I
I
Molecular Weight: 926.13
Very recent work58i60 has indicated that nystatin, in its crystalline state and in neutral hydroxylic solutions at ambient temperatures, may exist in the hemiketal form rather than the hydroxy-ketone structure (I) depicted above. In analogy to amphotericin B6* 63, a structurally related polyene macrolide whose crystalline N-iodo-acetyl derivative was found to exist as a cyclic hemiketal, a pyranoid hemiketal linkage (111) in nystatin could arise from the formation of an oxygen bridge between carbon atoms 13 and 17 of the hydroxy-ketone moiety (II), according to the following scheme:
346
GERD W. MlCHEL
OH
7
1 7
COOH
C OOH
OH
While the available chemical evidence supports the structural characteristics of nystatin as outlined above, it should also be noted, however, that commercial nystatin products are not necessarily homogeneous compounds, but may reresent mixtures of chemically closely related components56, 8159. Shenin et al.561 for instance, examined several lots of pharmaceutical grade nystatin (including the International Standard) by countercurrent distribution in a suitable solvent system and found all products to contain two Chemically distinct components, A1 and A2, in varying proportions. In a more recent study, Porowska et a1.64165 adopted the same technique under modified conditions to demonstrate that some commercial nystatin products may, in fact, be separated into three distinctly different constituents (designated nystatin A l r A 2 and A3), two of which (A1 and A2) are apparently identical with those characterized by Shenin et a1.56, while the third constituent (A3) represents another tetraene component, also shown to be part of the polifungin-A complex produced by Streptomyces noursei var polifungini66-69.
--
The lack of uniformity between individual nystatin products generated under a wide variety of possible fermentation conditions16127 ,70:71 , combined with the exceptional difficulties normally encountered in the isolation of strictly pure materials, poses unique problems in a satisfactory analytical characterization of this widely produced chemotherapeutic agent, at present. As a result, depending on the source, purity and uniformity of the examined sample, reported physico-chemical property data on nystatin can be expected to vary over a wide range and are not necessarily characteristic for the uniform, highly purified compound. Thus, for the purpose of this profile and in an attempt to overcome some of the obvious discrepancies between various literature data, a typi-
NYSTATI N
347
cal production lot (Squibb Research Standard #MYNM-lSO-RP) has been selected for characterization by the more common analytical methods, and reference is made to it whenever possible.
1.2 Appearance, Color, Odor
Nystatin is a light yellow to yellow crystalline powder with a faint, characteristically musty odor; slightly hygroscopic and light-sensitive. 1.3 Standards and Regulatory Status
The biological activity of commercial preparations of nystatin is expressed in units per mg, based on a potency of 1000 units per mg originally assigned to a batch of nystatin set aside by the FDA for reference purposes as the first primary standard. Since then, improved isolation techniques have led to the production of materials with substantially increased potencies. However, the first primary reference is still in use as a reference point in the assignment of potency values to later working standards40a. A. FDA and USP Standards
The most recently adopted FDA standard material, after collaborative assay by the National Center for Antibiotic Analysis (NCAA) and other laboratories, has been defined to contain 6088 units per mg72; this material is identical with the current USP Reference Preparation of Nystatin.
B.
International Standard
An international collaborative study of nine laboratories in six countries resulted in the adoption of a first International Standard (WHO Standard) for Nystatin by the World Health Organization Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in 196373. The reference material selected f o r this study was assayed against the USP Reference Preparation of Nystatin available at that time and was established to contain 3000 International Units (IU) per mg. Accordingly, the International Unit of Nystatin is defined as the activity in 0.000333 mg of the International 73. The methodology associated with standardization and revised outlines of the recommended standard microbiological assay procedures have been reported recently74 and are recorded in the Code of Federal Regulations75.
348
GERD W. MlCHEL
The minimum allowable potency for commercial nystatin products was reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration during 1973 and raised from 2000 units to 4400 units per mg, effective 197576. Official monographs for nystatin are listed in the United States Pharmacopeia XIX41 and British Pharmacopeia 197342. 2. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Crystal Properties 2.1.1 Optical Crystallographic Properties
The following optical crystallographic constants of nystatin (without reference to crystal system and habit) have been reported7, 78: Optic Sign: + Elongation: Extinction: para1le1 Refractive Indices: na = 1.512 nB = 1.583 n = 1.682
2.1.2
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
To date, three distinctly different crystal forms of nystatin, referred to as Types A , B and C, have been observed79. A l l three forms are readily identified by their characteristic X-ray powder diffraction patterns80 (Section 2.1.2) , solid-state infrared spectrael (Section 2.2) and thermal behaviouraO (Section 2.10) The more commonly occurring forms, Types A and B, are known to be interconvertible82 on changes in environmental moisture content and apparently represent crystal modifications with different degrees of hydration.
The X-ray powder diffraction data80 for crystal forms A, B and C are given in Tables I and 11, respectively, and their corresponding diffraction patterns are presented in Figure 1 (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP, Type A), Figure 2 (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP/HI Type B), and Figure 3 (Squibb Res. Std. #WSC-08982-FPI Type C), respectively.
NYSTATI N
349
TABLE I
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Nystatin Type A Type B
Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP/H (Figure 1) (Figure 2) d
(8)*
I/I,**
v
29.0 10.5 10.1 8.70 7.80 7.10 6.34 6.0 5.31 4.76 4.45 4.32 4.08 3.79 3.23
0.34 0.32 0.15 0.22 0.11 0.22 0.85 0.29 0.37 0.17 0.85 1.00 0.78 0.39 0.16
0
25.0 12.6 10.8 8.60 8.00 6.90 6.43 5.90
4.98
4.52 4.20 4.00 3.77 3.13
0.27 0.40 0.15 0.26 0.17 0.46 0.36 0.47 0.48 0.92 0.70 0.69 1.00
0.17
2 sin 0 **I/Io = Relative intensity (based on highest intensity of 1.00) Radiation:

Koll
*d = Interplanar distance (A),
nh
and Ka2 Copper
350
GERD W. MICHEL
TABLE I1
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Pattern of Nystatin Type C Squibb Res. Std. #WSC-08982-FP (Figure 3) d
(g)*
-0-
1/1
**
25.0 20.0 9.30 7.15 6.28 5.90 5.60 5.26 5.15 4.67 4.51 4.27 4.19 4.10 4.00 3.68 3.60
0
0.19
0.80
0.26 0.20 0.93 0.20 0.64 0.59

0.30
0.60 0.55 0.59 0.46 1.00 0.27 0.21 0.47

nX sin
*d = Interplanar distance ( A ) ,
**I/Io = Relative intensity (based on highest intensity of 1.00) Radiation: K

Crl
and K
a2
Copper
Figure 1.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Pattern of Nystatin, Type A
(Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP) Instrument: Philips Norelco Diffractometer
4:Il
N UI
Figure 2.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Pattern of Nystatin, Type
(Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP/H) Instrument: Philips Norelco Diffractometer
. o
w m w
Figure 3.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction Pattern of Nystatin, Type c (Squibb Res. Std. #WSC-08982-W) Instrument: Philips Norelco Diffractometer
354
GERD W. MICHEL
2.2
Infrared Spectrum (IR)
The infrared absorption spectrum of nystatin (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RPI Type A ) as a mineral oil mull is presented in Figure 4 . A spectrum of the same standard taken as a potassium bromide pellet (1.5 mg/300 mg KBr) was essentially identical to the one presented. Tentative assignments for some characteristic infrared absorption bands18153183-85are listed in Table 111. Table I11 Infrared Spectral Assignments for Nystatin (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RPI Type A) Frequency (cm-)
998
Vibrational ModeE6 87 CH Deformation (out-of-plane) in -CH=CH- (trans) C-OH Stretching CH3 Deformation (sym. CH3 Deformation (aSym.1 CH2 Deformation Carboxylate Ion18 1 83 Lactone (unstrained) l8rE3 NH, OH Stretching83
1065 1375 1448 1572 1705 3300-3500
The IR spectrum shown in Figure 4 is in substantial agreement with spectra previously published by J.D. Dutcher - - ~ A.O.3 Hayden et al.5t88 (Spectrum #85 in Haydens et ~ , compendium of spectra measured on a Perkin-Elmer Model 21 spectrophotometer with sodium chloride prism) and H. Umezawa8. Examination of the solid-state IR spectra (mineral oil mull) of crystal forms Type B and Type C, presented in Figures 5 and 6, resp., reveals distinct absorbance differences both between these two modifications and in their relation to the Type A form (Figure 4): In the Qpe B modification, for instance, the absorption band assigned to the carboxylate ion is shifted to 1560 cm-l, while the comparatively sharp band associated with the lactone carbonyl stretching vibration is observed near 1745 cm-l. In addition to several other absorption changes, relative to the Type A form, in the 900-1000 cm-l and 1350-1420 cm-1 regions, this form also displays a band of medium intensity near 1640 cm-1.
355
Infrared Spectrum of Nystatin, Type A (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-W) Mineral Oil Mull Instrument: Perkin-Elmer Model 621
a,
rl
cv
3500
2500
ZOO0
1800
1600
FREQUENCY
(CM)
la00
1200
1OO0
800
600
200
Figure 5.
Infrared Spectrum of Nystatin, Type B (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP/H) Mineral Oil Mull Instrument: Perkin-Elmer Model 621
357
I n f r a r e d Spectrum of N y s t a t i n , Type C (Squibb R e s . S t d . #WSC-08982-FP) Mineral O i l M u l l Instrument: Perkin-Elmer Model 621
a, &
358
GERD W. MICHEL
The Type C form, in contrast, is characterized by two neighboring, sharply resolved absorption bands near 990 and 1005 cm-1, not present in either Type A or Type B crystal form. An additional band appears in the C-0-C stretching region near 1040 cm-l, while the relatively strong, broad absorption at 1540 cm-1, assigned to the ionized carboxyl group, is complemented by two weak, but definite bands at 2630 and 2700 cm-l and the presence of a broad absorption near 2090 cm-1, both typical for the zwitterionic structure of amino acids86. Another strong, symmetrical band in the functional group region at 1695 cm-1 can be attributed to the lactone carbonyl stretching frequency. Of special diagnostic value in the identification of the Type C crystal form, however, is a sharp absorption band at 3600 cm-l, absent in both Type A and Type B modifications and tentatively assigned to the "free" OH stretching mode of a cyclic hemiketal linkage (between C-13 and C-17)90. 2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum (NMR)
The 100 MHz NMR spectrumg1 of nystatin is shown in Figure 7. Proton assignments for the observed chemical shifts are tabulated below. Table IV NMR Spectral Assignments for Nystatin (Squibb Lot #88645) Chemical Shift (ppm) 0.87 (6.0 Hz) 0.97 (6.0 Hz) 1.10 1.16 1.44 1.83 2.26 2.78 3.18 5.06 5.58 5.98 6.21 Mu 1tiplicity Doublet Doublet Mu1tip1et Assignment Secondary Methyl Group
I, ,I
I,
11 I, II
,I
I, ,I
Methylene Proton
I, I1
0,
II 11
I,
Methine Proton (-CEO-)

I1
"
(-CFOC=O)
Olefinic Proton Mu1tiplet

I,
,I
I,
II
In addition, broad resonance occurs at 6 3.92 (NH2, OH, H20) which is exchanged with D2O91.
2 )1
'
'
" "
" 4
' ' I
" 1 ;
1 ' '
1,'
'
' ','"';"
1 ' ;
'
" ' ;
I
1
' ' , I
' I '
"
'
'11'
I " , '
"
I/,'
'
' I : "
' 1 ; ' '
I1,""
Figure 7.
NMR Spectrum of Nystatin (Squibb Lot #88645) Solvent : DMS0-d 6 Instrument: Varian Model XL-100-15
360
GERD W. MICHEL
2.4
Ultraviolet Spectrum ( W )
In agreement with the classification of nystatin as a polyene macrolide containing a conjugated tetraene and a diene chromophore, its ultraviolet spectrum exhibits three intense, very sharp absorption bands, separated by narrow valleys, in the region between 280 and 340 nm, typical for the tetraene chromophore and characteristic for several other polyene macrolide antibiotics in the same chemical categoryllil2113, 15,18a,92,93. The ultraviolet absorption spectrumg4 of nystatin reproduced in Figure 8 was obtained from a methanol solution of Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP at a concentration of 1.076 mg per 100 ml of methanol. Since methanolic solutions of nystatin are known to have a limited stability, the spectrum was recorded within 10 min. after sample preparation. Under these conditions, the following three principal absorption bands were obtained:
nm 280 (sh) 291 304 318
Xmax
(l%, 1 cm) 298 567 866 789
These three distinct, regularly spaced peaks characteristic for unhindered, coplanar systems of conjugation - form the main absorption bands for nystatin and are assigned to the tetraene chromophore (possibly an all-trans configuration)12,18a,83,95.
A minor inflection5r 32 8 3 f is noted at 280 nm ( l = 298), and an additional band at 231 nm of lower absorpE' tit??y ( i m E : = 290) has been attributed to the diene linkage (trans,trans-1,4-disubstituted)lea,83.
The spectrum is in good agreement with the absorbances originally recorded for nystatin by Brown and H z n ' ae3, by Dutcher -et a1.32,83,95 and those documented by other investigators, as listed in Table V.
Two similar spectra of nystatin, measured as methanol solutions in the presence of 0.1% of glacial acetic acid and 0.1% of 0.1N sodium hydroxide, respectively, are listed in the collection of USP and NF reference standards compiled by
TABLE V
U l t r a v i o l e t A b s o r p t i o n of N y s t a t i n
Reference 52 30 96 95 32 83 97 18a 12 56 89 13
Source Bolshakova e t a l . Brown a n d Hazen Doskochilova and G e s s Dutcher Dutcher e t a l . Dutcher e t a l . Hami1 on-Miller t O r o s h n i k a n d Mebane Oroshnik e t a l . Shenin e t a l .
Xhmax (nm)
291,304,318 291,305,319 230,292,304.5,318 230,290,305,320 292,304.5,318 231,292,305,320 292,306,321 230,291,304,318.5 292,304.5,318 230,291,304,319 235,291,304,319 292,304.5,318
Umezawa
Vining e t a l .
c
2
362
Ultraviolet Spectrum of Nystatin (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-=) Solvent: Methanol (1.076 mg/100 ml) Instrument: Cary 11 Spectrophotometer
-4J
a,
NYSTATI N
363
Hayden et al 5, 88. The corresponding absorbance maxima (#85 of Haydens compendium) are quoted as follows: 280,290,304 and 318 nm (in acidic medium), and 230,280,290 and 317 nm (in alkaline medium). The special nature of the ultraviolet absorption spectra of polyene macrolide antibiotics and their significance in the interpretation of structural differences between closely related Streptomyces antifungal polyenes are thoroughly discussed in a review article by Oroshnik and Mebanelaa.
2.5
Fluorescence Spectrum
Schroeder et al. utilizing a computer-centered combination spectrophotometer-spectrofluorometer system, examined the fluorescence properties of freshly prepared aqueous nystatin solutions (8.39 pM in 0.05M citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 4, containing 0.3% dimethylsulfoxide) and observed corrected maxima for excitation and fluorescence, respectively, at 323 and 402 nm. Similar activation and emission data are reported by Kading9 for dilute solutions of nystatin in a 1:l (by vol.) methanol/water system containing approximately 5 micrograms of substrate per nl of solvent. under these conditions, using a Perkin-Elmer Model 204 fluorescence spectrometer, excitation maxima were observed at 310 and 321 nm, with corresponding maximum fluorescence emission at 429 and 409 nm, respectively. The excitation and emission s ectra of nystatin (Squibb Lot #88645), recorded by NooneYo0 and obtained from a methanol solution at a concentration of 10 ppm, are presented in Figure 9. Excitation at 325 nm produced emission with a maximum at 422 MI. 2.6 Mass Spectrum
The use of mass spectrometry with respect to nystatin has been limited to the determination of molecular weights and the identification of cleavage products in early structure elucidation studies5*157-591 but has not been extended to investigations of the intact, underivatized molecule, most likely because of inherent problems associated with its high molecular weight and the complex, polyfunctional nature of the molecule. Recently , however , Haegele and DesideriolOl examined the pertrimethylsilylated (per-TMS) derivative of nystatin and
100
90-
200
Figure 9.
280
440 520 Wavelength - nanometers
360
600
Fluorescence Spectra of Nystatin (Squibb Lot #88645) Solvent: Methanol Instrument: Aminco-Bowman SPF
NYSTAT I N
365
reported its complete low resolution mass spectrum, including a detailed rationalization for the genesis of the observed ion species and a proposal for the respective fragmentation pathways. The mass spectral fragmentation pattern of per-TMS nystatin is characterized by consecutive losses of MTS, TMSOH and the mycosamine moiety, with the most abundant ions in the low mass range of the spectrum arising from the amino sugar portion of the molecule. The authors101 conclude that the apparent driving force behind most of the fragmentation processes is to be sought in the energetically favored extension of the conjugated polyene system to a highly conjugated ion species (m/e 870) and the production of neutral molecules, facilitated by the stability of the leaving groups - TMSOH and the amino sugar moiety. Other important features of the mass spectrum of perTMS nystatin include:
Loss of a TMS group produces an ion cluster at m/e 1716; elimination of three molecules of TMSOH from m/e 1716 leads to the formation of ions at m/e 1626, 1536 and 1446.
Elimination of the amino sugar portion - with retention of the glycosidic oxygen by the aglycone - produces the [M-362]+ ion at m/e 1427; it loses in succession eight molecules of TMSOH to form the respective ion species. Expulsion of the neutral sugar moiety forms the iM-3791' ion at m/e 1410; the required hydrogen atom for this process is postulated to arise from C-18 to produce an ion in which the conjugation is extended. Up to six molecules of TMSOH are then eliminated from this ion to form a series of ions (m/e 1320, 1230, 1140, 1050, 960) and to produce finally the highly conjugated ion at m/e 870.
Loss of one and two molecules of TMSOH from [MI+ generates ions at m/e 1699 and 1609.
The proposed fragmentation mechanisms have been corroborated by stable deuterium isotope (dg) derivatives and were confirmed by accurate mass measurements. For the formation of the TMS derivative, standard published procedures were followed by the authorslol without
366
GERD W . MICHEL
modification. Low resolution mass spectra were obtained with an Atlas/Varian CH-7 mass spectrometer and high resolution spectra on a DuPont/CEC 21-llOB instrument. Detailed instrumental conditions are g v n o . iel' 2.7 Optical Rotation
Early investigators determined the specific rotation of nystatin in several solvents; their data, and those characteristic for Squibb Lot #a8645 are as follows: T [a] D
-100
T,OC 25 25
Solvent AcOH (C, not specified) AcOH (C, not specified) AcOH (C, not specified) Pyridine (C, not specified) DMF (C, not specified) 0.1N HC1 in MeOH (C, not specified) Squibb Lot #a8645
Reference 18a, 32
83
-ao
-8O
25 25 25
95 18a, 32, 83 18a, 32 18a, 32
+21 +120 -70
8.05
22.5 22.5
DMF
(C = 1)
94
94
+21.04O 2.8
Pyridine (C = 1)
Optical Rotatory Disperson ( O m )
The optical rotatory dispersion curve of nystatin (methanol solution) in the 250-450 nm region has been presented by Chong and RickardsbO; from a comparison of the ORD characteristics of the parent antibiotic with those of its dihydro- and perhydro-derivatives, the authors conclude that nystatin - in neutral hydroxylic solution at ambient temperatures - is likely to exist as a cyclic hemiketal (in analogy to amphotericin B)62. 2.9 Melting Range
Nystatin does not exhibit a sharp melting point. Dutcher et al. report gradual decomposition above 160C32 and
NYSTATIN
367
1650Ce3, respectively, without melting by 25OoC. Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RPI when heated on a Mettler Model FP52 microscope hot stage at a rate of 10C/min and viewed in polarized light, shows a distinct phase transition at 165.5-168.5OC with concurrent loss of birefringence. 2.10 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) The thermal properties of nystatin vary markedly with the nature of the crystal modification (Types A , 3 and C; see Sections 2.1.2 and 2.2), and their specific characteristics represent a useful supplementary tool in the identification of each of the three observed forms. A differential thermal analysis (DTA) study of the recognized modifications was performed by Jacobson and Valentil02 between room temperature and 25OoC using a DuPont Model 900 Differential Thermal Analyzer under the following operating conditions: Sample : Reference: Heating Rate : Temperature Scale: AT : Microtube (1.6-1.8mm) / Air Atmosphere Glass Beads 15O~/min 50C/in. 1C/in.
10, show the following prominent features:
The respective thermogramsg4 , reproduced in Figure
Type A (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-W) Single , well-defined endotherm at 169OC (corr.) , corresponding to the sharp phase transition discernible under polarized light on heating of the sample on a microscope hot stage (Section 2.9). Above this temperature, rapid decomposition takes place. Type B (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP/H) Two sharp endotherms at 115OC and 171OC (both corr. ) . Type C (Squibb Res. Std. #WSC-08982-FP) Single sharp endotherm at 153OC (corr.), followed by a broad endothermal band in the 160-185OC range.
2.11 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of samples of the
368
GERD W. MICHEL
0
X W
1
l -
TYPE A
%TV
TYPE B
1
0
0
z
W
7
153 'C
I
TYPE C
1
50
F i g u r e 10.
1 0 150 200 0 Temperature, "C
250
DTA and TGA Thermograms of N y s t a t i n
(Types A , B and C) Instruments ; DuPont Model 900 D i f f e r e n t i a l Thermal Analyzer DuPont Model 950 Thennogravimetric Analyzer
NYSTATIN
369
three identified crystal modifications of nystatin (Types A, B and C; see Sections 2.1.2 and 2.2) under a nitrogen atmosphere has been conductedlo2 using a DuPont Model 950 Thermogravimetric Analyzer under the following operating conditions: Sample Atmosphere: Nitrogen Sweep (30-40 ml/min) Heating Rate: 15O~/min Temperature Scale: 50C/in. Sensitivity: 2 mg/in. The corresponding TGA curvesg4 , superimposed on Figure 10, indicate the following continuous weight losses for the three crystal forms: Weight Loss
%
Temperature up to 13OoC up to 2oooc up to 13OoC up to 185OC up to 13OoC up to 20oOc
2.5 -15 12.5 -20

4.0 -12
2.12 Solubility Nystatin is practically insoluble at room temperature in water and common non-polar solvents, sparingly soluble in lower aliphatic alcohols, and readily soluble in formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, pyridine, ethylene glycol and propylene 32, 37 8 3 . Its solubility in polar solvents is reported to be substantially increased in the presence of 10 to 20% water32. Solutions and suspension of nystatin in water 37 lower alcohols, highly alkaline and acid media (e.g., glacial acetic acid, 0.05N methanolic HC1 or NaOH)32r83,95 are rapidlv inactivated soon after preparation. As part of a comprehensive study of 18 different antibiotics completed in 1957, Weiss - - 5t103 reported the et al. solubility of pooled commercial nystatin samples in 24 solvents at room temperature (28 4OC). These data, together with the results of solubility determinations for Squibb Lot #88645 in several selected solvents at 24 + loCio4, are summarized in Table VI. The discrepancies between the results of
370
GERD W. MlCHEL
both determinations are noted and evidently result from differences in the purity and/or homogeneity of the examined samples. Table VI Solubility of Nystatin Solubility, mg/ml Weiss et a d o 3 Squibb Lot #8864514 [ 28+4OC] [ 24~1% I
4.0 11.2 1.2 1.2 2.4 0.505 0.28 0.285 0.16 0.03 1.23 0.75 0.55 0.39 0.75 0.30 0.45 2.1 0.48 0.40 >20 >20 8.75 2.65
Solvent Water Methano1 Ethanol 2-Propanol Isoamyl Alcohol Cyclohexane Benzene Toluene Petroleum Ether 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Carbon Tetrachloride Ethyl Acetate Isoamyl Acetate Acetone Methyl Ethyl Ketone Diethyl Ether lI2-Dichloroethane 1,4-Dioxane Chloroform Carbon Disulfide Pyridine Formamide Ethylene Glycol Benzyl Alcohol
0.36 10.23 0.83 0.23

<0.1 <0.1
<0.1
0.10
<0.1
16.63
As part of a general study of the physical properties of nystatin intermediates isolated by mycelium extraction with lower alcohols and vacuum concentration of the resulting aqueous alcoholic extracts, Trakhtenberg et al.105 examined the effect of changes in the water content of several solvents (acetone, methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol) on the solubility of the isolated products. While methanol-water mixtures provided maximum solubility for the antibiotic intermediates at water levels below 10 vol. %, the authorslo5 found substantial increases in the solubility of the test products in the binary systems ethanol/water, isopropanol/water and acetone/water
NYSTAT I N
37 1
with increasing water concentrations (ranging up to 50 vol.% in isopropanol). In contrast, the solubility of the examined materials in 70% aqueous methanol was determined to be only one-half of their solubility in neat methanol (8.26 mg/ml). In a similar, later study conducted with a slightly purer, crystalline product (activity 4500 units/mg), Kleiner and Ionoval06 examined the solubility of nystatin in binary mixtures of methanol, ethanol and isopropanol containing up to 50 vol.% of water and, in substance,confirmed the general observations made by Trakhtenberg et a1.15 with less pure preparations. While the solubility of nystatin in methanol was again found to have its maximum (9.2 mg/ml, 24 + l0C) in the absence of water, solubilities were shown to begreatly enhanced in ethanol and isopropanol with increases in water content in both solvents. Maximum solubilities for nystatin were reported to reach 4.0 mg/ml in 75 vol.% aqueous ethanol (0.55 mg/ml in anhydrous ethanol) and 2.2 mg/ml in 70 vol.% aqueous isopropanol (0.68 mg/ml in anhydrous isopropanol) at 24 2 l0C, as compared to 9.2 mg/ml in anhydrous methanol at the same temperature. Solubility profiles of nystatin for the solvent systems methanol/water and ethanol/water ( 2 3 2 l0C) have been determined82 with Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RPI following (a) the gravimetric procedure outlined by Weiss et al.103, and (b) a spectrophotometric method referred to in Section 6.5. Individual solubility data are summarized in Table VII, and the corresponding solubility curves are presented in Figures 11 and 1 2 .
2.13
Countercurrent Distribution
In 1968, Shenin et al.56 described a method for the separation of commercial nystatin preparations into two closely related components, designated A1 and A by countercurrent 2 ' distribution in an n-amyl alcohol/isoamyl alcohol/pH 5 citrate phosphate buffer system. In particular, the selected method involved 200-transfer distributions and the isolation of the pure constituents by subsequent extraction of the upper phase with a three-fold volume of petroleum ether, followed by washing of the organic phase with water and acetone, removal of the solvent and drying of the resulting residue. Subsequent redistribution of the individually isolated components A1 and A2 in the same solvent system showed the complete absence of the companion fraction originally present in the starting material, thus evidently excluding the possi-
372
GERD W. MlCHEL
bility that either component may be the product of partial degradation during experimentation.
Table VII Solubility of Nystatin in MeOH/H20 and EtOH/H30 Systems at 23
l0C
(Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP)
% Solvent (vol /vol . I
MeOH/H20 GraviSpectrometric photom. Method Method mg/ml u/ml* )

9.0440 9.6530 9.8440 52 ,1 9 3 54,627 55,428
EtOH/H20 GraviSpectrometric photom. Method Method u/ml * 1 mg/ml

1.1240 1.0880 1.5160 2.0520
3800 4175 5910 9045
100 98 96 94 93 92 90 80 75 70 65 60 50 40 30 25 20 10 *)
9.4520
53,493
8.8080
47,957
2.4333
1 ,019 1
2.3680 2.3920 1.8560
11,713 10,972 7284
0.6520
0.3240
1961
1.7240 1.5960 1.5560 1.1480 0.7920 0.5720
6403 6463 5956 4322 2528 1191
0.3960 0.2480
450 356
Based on a potency for Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-W of 6190 u/mg (spectrophotometric assay, Section 6 . 5 ) .
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . . . . . .
373
S o l u b i l i t y P r o f i l e of N y s t a t i n ( S q u i b b Res. S t d . #MYNM-150-RP) S o l v e n t S y s t e m s : Methanol/Mater, 2 3 + l0C Ethanol/Water , 2 3 +-lC

m
40
u o u
+I
rl
+I
AW .
Figure 12.
Solubility Profile of Nystatin (Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP) Solvent Systems: Methanol/Water, 23 + l0C Ethanol/Water I 2 3 L-lC
NYSTATI N
375
The authors56 examined several pharmaceutical grade products and found all of them to contain both components, although in varying ratios, depending on their origin and/or their degree of purity, but generally established the A1-component (distrib. coefficient 4.6) to be present in much larger quantities than the A2-component (distrib. coefficient 16.8). Although both fractions apparently represent distinct chemical species, they nevertheless exhibit a number of closely related features, including essentially identical IR spectra, similar W spectra characteristic of a tetraene chromophore and, when subjected to acid hydrolysis, both constituents yield mycosamine as one of the reaction products. Moreover, as freshly generated products, both components are said to exhibit effectively equal bioactivities. However, a marked difference between both components was found in their relative stabilities as determined by an "express" method not further described in detail. While, under these conditions, the A2component was found to remain stable, component A1 lost approx 50% of its initial bioactivity. Other investigators1071108 have reexamined the findings reported by Shenin et al. with various samples of pharmaceutical grade nystatin and - despite the lack of adequate experimental details in the original publication56 - were able to confirm the presence of two or more constitutents in all examined nystatin products. Recently, Porowska et al. 6 4 r 6 5 adopted a countercurrent distribution technique to establish the close chemical relationship between nystatin and polifungin (produced by Streptomyces noursei var. polifungini, ATCC 21581), while also being able to demonstrate that both tetraene antibiotics are not homogeneous entities but, in fact, represent complexes of up to four biologically active main components. During the course of this investigation, samples from several lots of pharmaceutical grade nystatin were shown to be separable by consecutive countercurrent distribution from two different solvent systems (methanol/chloroform/pH 8.2 borate buffer and methanol/chloroform/l% aq. NaCl soh.; 400 transfers) into three closely but chemically distinct constituents designated as nystatin A1 (main component), A2 and Aj. On comparison to similar fractions isolated concurrently from the polifungin complex, all three pure components separated from nystatin were also found to be common to polifungin. Moreover, the evidence presented suggests that two of the constituents derived from the nystatin complex, namely A 1 and A2, are evidently identical with those characterized by Shenin et a1.56,
376
GERD W. MlCHEL
while the third component ( A 3 ) represents a newly isolated bioactive constitutent. Based on the evidence at hand, as supported by TLC and bioautographic comparisons, the a u t h o r ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ that conclude all three nystatin constituents are identical with those contained in the polifungin-A complex, while the fourth tetraene component separated from the polifungin complex, designated polifungin B, is apparently the o n l y main constituent differentiating both nystatin and polifungin complexes from each other. 2.14 Ionization Constants Nystatin is an amphoteric compound with two ionizing groups, namely a carboxyl and an amino function. Ray-Johnson log determined the ionization constants of nystatin in a mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide/water (50:50) by direct titration and - following the general procedure of Albert and SerjeantllO - calculated the following pKa values from the titration curves: pK1 (proton gained) = 5.12 = 8.89 pK2 (proton lost) Recently, Valentilg5 determined the ionization constants and the isoelectric point of nystatin in a ternary s o l vent system composed of methanol, 2-methoxyethanol and water by potentiometric titration and established the following apparent pK, values from the respective equilibrium constants:
The isoelectric point for nystatin in this system, calculated from the average of pK1 and pK2, was found to be at pH 7.18. There is, as yet, no experimental evidence to establish whether nystatin exists at the isoelectric point as a zwitterion or as an un-ionized molecule. Resolution of this question requires the examination of singly charged derivatives of the antibiotic, such as an ester and/or suitable salt. The zwitterionic nature of a closely related polyene macrolide antibiotic, amphotericin 3, was lately confirmed by such techniqueslg6-
NYSTATI N
377
2.15 Aggregation Molecular weight determinations with the aid of a Beckman Model E Analytical Ultracentrifuge have been performed by Kirschbaumlll on the clear supernatant of saturated nystatin-Type A and -Type C solutions in 90% methanol/lO% water at 4O, 20 and 37OC without equilibration between removal of the undissolved nystatin (by low-speed centrifugation) and the start of the MW analysis. Under these conditions, nystatinType A was found to exist in solution predominantly as a dimer, while nystatin-Type C is mainly a tetramer. This relationship, as established in one experiment, was maintained for solutions in equilibrium with undissolved nystatin for up to 98 hours prior to the low-speed removal of the undissolved product and subsequent MW determination on the supernatant. From a comparison of the UV-absorption spectra of nystatin solutions in methanol/0.05% acetic acid and various aqueous buffer systems (pH 4.5, 6.8 and 9.01, Lampen et al.ll* concluded that the low extinction values typical for the aqueous media are likely to reflect that nystatin is present as micelles and is not in true solution. This inference was supported by the observation that nystatin is not dialyzable under these conditions (pH 4.5 and 6.8, 10-30 ug of nystatin per ml of 0.1% aq. dimethylsulfoxide solution), and the product could be recovered unaltered at the end of the dialysis experiment. 2.16 Polarography A solution of nystatin in 25% aqueous ethanol, containing tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (0.15)! as basic electrolyte, has been reported by Kramarczyk and Berg113 to be irreversibly reduced with a half-wave potential of -1.65 volts, as measured against a normal calomel electrode.
3.
BIOSYNTHESIS
The structure of nystatin (see Section 1.1) is generally consistent with the biosynthetic pathway postulated for the entire class of biogenetically related macrolide antibiotics114 , including the polyene and erythromycin sub-groups (polyketide pathway) . Isotopic tracer studies by Birch -et a1.49,50,115 with fermentation cultures of Streptomyces noursei and degradation of the resulting labelled nystatin provided evidence in support of the polyketide pathway, and also allowed for the
378
GERD W. MICHEL
tentative assignment of partial structures for the nystatin molecule.

4. METHODS OF MANUFACTURE 4.1
Historical
Nystatin was first isolated by Hazen and B r ~ w n ~ ~ , ~ in 1950 from the surface growth of a liquid glucose-tryptone culture of a natural soil actinomycete (strain No. 48240) later designated Streptomyces noursei33r40ar116 - originatin from a farm soil specimen recovered in Fauquier County, Va. 28
4.2
Microbiological Processes
While Hazen and Brown, in their original experiments leading to the discovery of nystatin, employed conventional surface culture techniques for the growth of the Stre tomyces organism under static condition^^^, Dutcher et a 1 * later succeeded in cultivating the organism by the method of deep fermentation (i.e., submerged culture, under aerobic conditions), thus providing the basis for an economical large-scale industrial production of the antibiotic. In efforts to further improve the productivity of commercial fermentations, a large variety of yield-influencing factors - including the selection of high-productivity strains and mutants341 36,117-127 , modifications in media and cultural conditi~nsl~~-~~~ most suitable for the growth of the antibiotic-producing organism, etc. - have since been explored and recorded, predominantly in the patent literature2. The original 5. noursei strain (No. 48240)29t33i116, several subsequently isolated mutants (generated by exposure to X-ray and UV-irradiation or after treatment with nitrogen m ~ s t a r d ) ~ ~ *as ~ ~ ~ ,as s ecific strains of Streptomyces , well albulus (e.g. , ATTC-12757) 34,p6 and other nystatin-producing Actinomyces o r g a n i s r n ~ l 70,126r140 ~,~~~ are known to co-produce secondary metabolites - e . g . , cyc1oheximi.de (actidione)29r 34-361125~ antitumor antibiotic E7335 - in substantial quantities under particular culture conditions. 4.3 Isolation and Purification Processes
The isolation of nystatin from culture broth141-147 on industrial scale is most commonly based on extractive recovery procedures, involving (a) the admixture of an appropriate, water-miscible organic solvent to the whole fermenta-
NYSTATIN
379
tion broth (with or without pH adjustment), followed by (b) the removal of insoluble broth constituents via filtration, and (c) the separation of the antibiotic by either fractional precipitation or extract concentration, or suitable combinations thereof. A substantial number of reported p r o c e ~ s e s ~ ~ ~ 148-154 avoid the use of large solvent quantities usually required in whole broth extraction methods by first providing for the separation of a nystatin-rich mycelium cake intermediate (moist or dried) from which the antibiotic may then be extracted by any one of several suitable solvents or solvent combinations, following procedures similar to those adopted for whole broth extraction methods. The solvents and solvent combinations most widely used in the large-scale isolation of nystatin from fermentation broths or mycelial cakes include methano133,116r131,149, 151-153, ethano1116,153, n-but~no~33136,114,116,145~147, n-propanolll6 , i ~ o p r o p a n o l l l 6 , I~153, methanol/ethanol ~~-~~~ (1:1)116 , acetone33 I 1491151 , 80% acetic acid/xylene150 and pyr idine154. Other, more unique recovery methods take advantage of the known ability of nystatin to form a variety of soluble complexes with inorganic salts in organic solvents - e.g., with CaC12 in m e t h a n 0 1 ~ ~ , 1 4 2 , 1or~ with NaI, NaSCN, KSCN and ~ , NH4SCN in acetone146 - which readily dissociate into the free antibiotic and the corresponding salt component on addition of water to the respective solution. Alternate isolation methods for nystatin are based on a property peculiar to its chemical nature, namely the pronounced tendency to form relatively stable aqueous emulsions with a number of water-immiscible organic solvents (alcohols, esters and ketones)144,145, thus permitting a direct separation of the antibiotic from nystatin-containing broths by flotation. A majority of the present recovery methods, however, produces relatively impure, low-potency intermediates requiring further purification, generally by procedures adapted from established broth or mycelial cake extraction techniques32r
117,141-146,149-152,155-160~
5. STABILITY - DEGRADATION
Nystatin shares with many other complex polyene macrolide antibiotics a high degree of sensitivity to heat, light, oxygen, and extremes of pH, both as pharmaceutical grade bulk material in the solid state and in solution or suspension. However, very few reliable quantitative data are at
380
GERD W. MlCHEL
hand on the chemistry of various possible degradation processes and on the nature of the degradation product, resulting from exposure of the antibiotic to a variety of environmental conditions. Results of the few published experimental studies, listed below, often appear contradictory and are not readily interrelated, as they commonly reflect significant differences in experimental conditions (including assay methods), as well as wide variations in the origin, purity and homogeneity of the examined products (e.g., crystalline E. amorphous product, and/or mixtures thereof). In general terms, both the highly unsaturated nature of the molecule and the presence of a pH-sensitive lactone ring linkage undoubtedly contribute to the inherent susceptibility of nystatin to deactivation.
5.1
Dry Thermal Degradation
Among several general statements in the literature3' 4,7,39,83,95, it is r e p ~ r t e d that,nystatin - in the dry ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ solid state-has been stored under refrigeration for up to 4# years without appreciable loss of activity, but approx. 25% of its activity was lost in 6 months at 4OoC under non-specified storage conditions.
5.1.1
Stability of Amorphous Product
Bashkovich and coworkers161 report that inactivation of amorphous nystatin, when exposed to atmospheric oxygen, is greatly enhanced by the presence of & 9% moisture, and suggest that loss of activity is the result of oxidative polymerization. Inactivation was also found to be increased by the presence of polyvalent metal ions (Ca2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Mn2+, A 1 3 + , Co2+ and Ni2+) , but this effect is said to be minimized by the addition of a suitable complexing agent, such as Na-hexametaphosphate. Results of accelerated stability studies carried out by shaking nystatin powders at room temperature for 17 days in a sealed tube containing an oxygen atmosphere and exposed to W light are reported to correlate well with the extent of deactivation after normal storage for one year at 4OC.
5.1.2
Stability of Crystalline Product
Accelerated heat stability tests conducted by Trakhtenberg et al .lo5 with dry nystatin materials (isolated by extraction of mycelium cake with primary alcohols) showed that samples which were practically stable on storage under refrigeration nevertheless rapidly degraded at elevated
NYSTATI N
381
temperatures as evidenced by an activity loss of approximately 75% on storage for 3 hours at 100C; the presence of moisture was found to enhance thermal decomposition, as was also noted by other investigatorsl6211641165. Kleiner and 1 0 n o v a l ~examined the stability of cry~ stalline commercial nystatin samples on heating in sealed tubes at 80 and 100C and established first-order kinetics for the degradation under these conditions, with half-life periods of 1.33 x lo3 min at 80C, and 0.88 x lo2 min at 100C. The addition of antioxidants (e.g.I thiourea and Nametabisulfite) was found not to protect the antibiotic from thermal decomposition.
As part of an investigation to explore potential methods other than a heat-resistance test for the determination of nystatin stability, Kuzovkov et al.164 studied the effect of storage under controlled humidity conditions and developed an expedient, qualitative ("express") method for stability studies. Nystatin samples were stored in open vessels over 10% H2SO4 in a hermetically sealed chamber at 2OoC and 98% rel. humidity for a 30-day period. The authors164 found that preparations oliherwise shown to be unstable under normal ambient conditions lost 30-70% of their initial activity after 30 days in the high-humidity environment, while samples which were considered stable at room temperature also appeared to be stable for longer periods in the humid atmosphere. No quantitative relationship was established between the activity loss in the high-humidity environment and storage under ambient conditions. The method described appears, therefore, only useful as a qualitative test for the estimation of nystatin stability.
Lokshin - - 165 provided evidence that the enhanced et al. stability of well-dried nystatin is best preserved by storage over P2O5, in the absence of atmospheric oxygen. Benzoylperoxide, polyvalent transition metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+ and Cu2+) and high ambient humidity are reported to greatly reduce the stability and biological activity of dried products on storage at room temperature. Unidentified polymerization products, insoluble in organic solvents and in inorganic acids and bases, were shown to accumulate on prolonged storage under unprotected conditions as a consequence of aerial oxidation; mycosamine has been identified as one of the reaction products from the acid hydrolysis of the isolated polymeric constituents. Crystalline nystatin, as opposed to the amorphous
382
GERD W. MICHEL
product, and nystatin purified by treatment with Na-hexametaphosphate in aqueous isopropanol solution165 1 166 were reported to have superior stability, while being less susceptible to the deteriorating effect of humidity. The authors165 suggest that aerial oxidation is the prominent cause of nystatin deactivation and also postulate that conditions of high relative humidity promote the decomposition of peroxide compounds formed during air oxidation. Among several antioxidants examined, butoxytoluene and butoxyanisole proved to be the most effective stabilizing agents. 5.1.3 Stability of Solid Dosage Forms
Thermostability tests conducted by Tebyakina et al. 167 on pharmaceutical grade samples of nystatin - as dry bulk powders and in solid dosage forms (tablets, pills) - revealed marked differences between various products after storage for up to two years at 5OC and at room temperature; while the forz mulated products effectively retained their original activity at both temperatures, bulk powders were subject to substantial degradation on storage, with activity losses for some samples ranging in the order of 20-30% over a 2-year storage period at 5OC. Addition of tetracycline to the dry dosage forms was reported to improve their thermal stability.
S. Boteanu and coworkers162 investigated a variety of dragee formulations under long-term storage conditions to establish a semi-quantitative relationship between excipient composition and the effects of heat exposure, relative humidity, UV- and IR-irradiation and pH on the rate of product degradation over periods of up to 720 days.
More recently, Elkouly - - 6 et a . ' compared the stabil1l ity of nystatin in five different suppository bases against dry nystatin powder when stored at ' and 25OC. At either 5 temperature, the dry powder was found to decompose on storage but, as expected, with a markedly lower rate at 5OC than at 25OC, in general agreement with the findings of other investig a t o r 1~ ~ 1~ ~ 167. At both temperatures, however , it was established that Siopotencies of the dry powder decreased at an appreciably faster rate during the first three months of storage (approx. 30% and 50% activity l o s s at 5O and 25OC, respectively) than during the following period, consistent with early observations by Dutcher et al.83 on lyophilized nystatin powders. The storage stability characteristics of the antibiotic in the selected suppository bases followed a similar pattern over the first 3-month period, with slightly higher initial decomposition rates at both temperatures, but near-
NYSTAT IN
383
equal residual biopotencies after 6-month storage at either temperature (approx. 65% activity l o s s ) .
A s part of this study, Elkouly and coworkers168 employed, in parallel, two of the most commonly adopted quantitative procedures for the determination of potency changes during long-term storage of nystatin and its formulated products - namely a microbiological (cup-plate agar diffusion assay169) and a direct spectrophotometric method (see Section 6.5) - and found very poor agreement between both procedures. In fact, the microbiological assay data provided evidence for substantial, progressive biopotency losses over the entire 6month test period; concurrent monitoring of the UV-absorbance of nystatin at one of its three prominent absorption bands (319 nm) during the same test interval indicated effectively no absorbance changes for the storage samples at both test temperatures, thus evidently precluding the use of the direct spectrophotometric method as a reliable tool in stability studies. A similar conclusion was reached by Dutcher at a1.83 during early studies of the chemical and biological properties of nystatin, and has found further support in the recent findings generated by Hamilton-Millerg7 during the examination of pH and temperature effects on the stability of nystatin solutions; in addition, several other i n v e s t i g a t o r s 2 7 ~ 9 6 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 171 have commented on the lack of a meaningful correlation between biological and spectrophotometric assays of polyene antibiotics.
5.1.4
Stability of Ointment Formulations
The stability of nystatin in twelve different ointment bases held at 37OC for various time periods (up to 75 days) was examined by Trivedi and Shah172 by the agar cupplate method using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the test organism. The degradation reaction was found to follow first-order kinetics, and half-life times are listed. Among the examined ointment bases, a composition of polyethylene glycol 400 and 4000, Span 60 and water showed maximum stability, optimum diffusion through agar and release through parchment paper. 5.2 Stability in Solution
Studies by Trakhtenberg et a1.15 have shown that solutions of nystatin in methanol, both under conditions of acid (0.05N HC1) and alkaline pH (0.05N NaOH), are highly unstable and lead to a near-complete loss of bioactivity within a matter of hours, without appreciable changes in the extinction attributed to the polyene chromophore.
384
GERD W. MICHEL
Lokshin et al. examined the kinetics of degradation for highly purified nystatin samples in anhydrous dimethylformamide solutions at several temperatures ranging from 32O to 56OC, both in the presence and absence of atmospheric oxygen. While, under these conditions, essentially no loss in biological activity was observed in the absence of aerial oxygen even after storage of the solutions at 56OC for 120 hours, rapid inactivation took place in the presence of air. Although the formation of peroxide derivatives was found to be related to the degree of deactivation, l o s s of bioactivity (e.g., 90% at 56OC/120 hours) showed no correlation with a concurrent decrease in W-absorbance (e.q., only 50-60%). The rate of autoxidation of nystatin in dimethylformamide solutions was further studied by Zhdanovich et al. 174 and shown to be accelerated in the presence of heavy metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+ and, esp., Cu2+), but retarded by the antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) at concentrations of 1-1.5% of the antibiotic weight. Hamilton-Millerg7 recently investigated the effects of temperature and pH on the stability of nystatin (and amphotericin B) solutions in phosphate-citrate buffers of different pH values (range pH 3 to 8 ) and concluded that nystatin solutions, when held at 37OC, are optimally stable between pH 5 and 7 , while rapid breakdown was observed at pH 3 and 4 (approx. 90% destruction in about 3 and 6 hours, resp.). Periodic examination by both microbiological and spectrophotometric assay methods of test solutions incubated at pH 5, 6.5 and 7 showed that the loss of biological activity proceeded at a faster rate (4 to 8 times as rapid) than did the loss of extinction characteristic of the tetraene chromophore (321, 306 and 292 nm). The authorg7 suggests that the mechanism of deactivation under the selected test conditions is not determined by an epoxidation of the type established for the aerial autoxidation of other polyene macrolide antibioticsg2. In general, loss of bioactivity followed first-order kinetics at temperatures between 37O and 100C, except under acid conditions. Thermodynamic parameters have been calculated from the Arrhenius plots of the respective thermal stability data, and values for the apparent activation energy, entropy, enthalpy and free energy of activation characteristic for the loss of bioactivity are given. Boudru and B ~ u i l l e t l ~ ~ examined the stability characteristics of nystatin powders dissolved in a pH 1.6 artificial gastric medium and observed bioactivity losses at 25OC in the order of 35% after 15 min and 84% after 90 mint while an
NYSTAT I N
385
increase of the temperature to 37OC resulted in a total loss of biological activity within 60 min. Inoculation of the same medium (pH 1.6) at 37OC with Candida albicans, however, showed a near-complete growth inhibition for the microorganism under these conditions. Identical experiments with nystatin in the form of sugar-coated tablets and powders in suspension produced similar results, leading to a complete destruction of the microorganism after 30 min and 60 min, resp., of incubation in the gastric medium. 5.3 Stability under Radiation
The use of Y-radiation to sterilize nystatin (and other polyene antibiotics and their salts) was examined by Tsyganov and V a ~ i l e v a l ~ ~ . Exposure of the antibiotic to radiation doses in the order of l o 6 rads produced satisfactory sterilization effects, but decreased the biological potency of the product by approx. 10% without, however, leading to detectable differences in the toxicity between irradiated and nonirradiated samples, neither as freshly treated specimens, nor after 1-year storage at room temperature. 5.4 Microbial Degradation The microbial degradation of nystatin by various strains of lower pathogenic fungi has been examined177, and no significant differences were found in the rate or degree of its degradation by various species of dermatophytes. However, marked differences were found in the rate of enzymatic degradation by microorganisms which were adapted and not adapted to nystatin. After a 4-hour exposure of nystatin to non-adapted strains in a suitable culture medium, approx. 70% of the antibiotic was still intact after inoculation, whereas the antibiotic was completely degraded by adapted strains during the same time period. 5.5 Stabilization
In addition to the examined stabilization methods161, 163,165-1671174 for nystatin quoted above (Sections 5.1.1, 5.1.3 and 5 . 2 ) , suppository formulations of the antibiotic are reported178 to be stabilized by the incorporation of mixtures , of antioxidants - i.e., butylated hydroxytoluene (0.01%) butylated hydroxyanisole (0.005%) and citric acid (0.005%)into a base consisting of lanolin/paraffin/hydrous fat (8:l:lL Similar stabilizing effects have been attributed by Hermansky and V o n d r a ~ e k to several other antioxidants, in~~
386
GERD W . MICHEL
cluding hydroquinone, 8-naphthol, propylgallate and 2,6-ditert-butyl-o-cresol.

6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
6.1
Elemental Analysis
Based on the results of various structure elucidation studies of the past, several conflicting proposals for the molecular com osition of nystatin have been made in the literaturel8a I 31I 33 I 46 49 50I 54 83 95 105 i 115. Among these , latest experimental e v i d e n ~ elo~supports an elemental composi~ , ~ ~ ~ tion corresponding to the empirical formula C47H75N017 (MW 926.13) for the unresolved antibiotic complex; the same formula is also postulated for nystatin A159, the pure main component of the nystatin complex, isolated by countercurrent distribution.
I I I I I
In light of the finding that nystatin is not an individual compound but rather a variable mixture of several chemically related, active constituent^^^^^^^^^ , present assignments for the antibiotic complex should be viewed with reserve, as illustrated by the general lack of agreement between experimental microanalytical data and the theoretical elemental composition for the proposed empirical formula (see Table VIII for a listing of elemental analyses quoted in the literature). TABLE VIII Elemental Analysis of Nystatin
C
%
Element H 8.17
N 1.51
Theory 60.95 (Calculated for C47H75N017) Found 58.86 58.50 58.42 58.58 58.42 58.22 58.21 58.86
Ref. -
8.97 8.57 8.18 8.28 8.18 8.21 8.26 8.21
1.7 1.6
32 32 1.66 83 1.62 83 1.6 95 1.51 105 1.75 105 1.64 180*)
*)
Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-RP
NYSTATI N
387
6.2
Neutralization Equivalents
Nystatin has been titrated, both as a base (with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid32,83,95) and as an acid (with sodium methoxide in ~ y r i d i n e ~ ~ methanolg5). The and following neutralization equivalents were determined: Neutralization Equivalents (NE) As Base 956 955,956 955 As acid 922 Ref. 32 83 95 181*)
950 950
*)
Squibb Res. Std. #MYNM-150-W
6.3
Identification Tests
Nystatin may best be identified by its characteristic IR and W absorption spectra, as well as its X-ray diffraction pattern (see Sections 2.1, 2.2 and 2.4). The Federal Register75c describes an identity test for nystatin involving the recording of the W spectrum of nystatin in the 220-320 nm range and the determination of the absorbances at five selected absorption maximala2 leg. A series of qualitative, non-specific chemical identification tests quoted in the literature2 are listed below. Test Benedict Carbazole Mo 1isch Schiff Response Positive Positive Positive (Faint) Positive (Atypical) Ref. 2 2 ,32,126 2,31,32,83,126 2,32,83,126
In addition2, nystatin decolorizes solutions of bromine-waterle3 , bromine-carbon tetra~hloride~~ ,126,184, iodine-potassium iodide183 , and potassium per~nanganate~~ ,126 le4. However, it does not give positive tests with biuretle3, Fehling32,83,126f ferric chloride32r126t183, Millon32183t126, ninhydrinle3 ,T 0 1 l e n s ~83 126 , and 2 ,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine r ~ 83 reagents.
I
388
GERD W . MICHEL
6.4 Color Reactions
Seve a1 color reactions typical for nystatin have been reported (see tabulation below). Reagent Color Ref. 183 183 32,126,183,184 32,184 184
Hydrochloric Acid Yellow Pink Phosphoric Acid Sulfuric Acid, Conc. Violet to Blue to Black Strong Blue FeC13-K3Fe (CN) SbC13 in Chloroform Pink (Carr-Price)
Other tests suitable for the identification of nystatin involve color reactions which are common to a large number of polyene macrolides. Into this category belong the characteristic formation of a chloroform-extractable, dark yellow color constituent on heating of nystatin in sodium hydroxide solution, the transient appearance of a red-violet color with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the formation of a blue coloration on addition of concentrated hydrochloric acid or trichloroacetic acid to an alcoholic solution of n y ~ t a t i n l ~ ~ . Laubielg7 noted that a pink color is formed by heating an alcoholic solution of nystatin in the presence of resorcinol and concentrated hydrochloric acid (Selivanof reaction) to reflux temperature; on dilution of the mixture, the color component may be extracted into isoamyl alcohol. A l though this reaction was shown to be very sensitive and may be suitable for the detection of nystatin at levels of approx. 50 pg, the method is non-specific as several other antibiotics produce similar color reactions. A related procedure, described by the same author197 and claimed to be more specific for nystatin, involves the reaction of an alcoholic nystatin solution with a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and dilute aqueous ferric chloride; the intensity of the green color component formed in this reaction is reported to allow the detection of nystatin at levels identical to those quoted above. This procedure has been evaluated by Szucslg8 as an identity test for the determination of nystatin in the presence of a series of excipient materials commonly found in tablet formulations. Color reactions adapted for use in the quantitative analysis of nystatin by colorimetric assay methods are covered
NYSTAT IN
389
in Section 6.6.
6.5
The ultraviolet absorption properties of nystatin are discussed in Section 2.4. Because of the distinct spectral fine structure of polyene macrolide antibiotics11,12,13,15i18a,g2,g3,ultraviolet absorbance measurements are widely accepted as the most expedient tools in analytical methodology. Quantitative spectrophotometric methods for the determination of nystatin, utilizing the characteristic absorption of the conjugated tetraene chromophore with intense absorption bands near 291, 304 and 318 nm, have been employed in a variety of investigations, including the rapid differentiation of nystatin from other olyene macrolides derived from Stre tom ces species11,15 ,18a, ", in stability studies97 I 10511 47and in chemical transformations52 i 190-192. Although these methods were found by some authorsg6' 185 to correlate acceptably with the biological activit of the antibiotic , the majority of ~ t u d i e s l l , ~ ~ 83,96,97,185,168, 170,1711 however, have established either unsatisfactory or only marginal relationships between spectrophotometric and biological assays, most likely as the result of substantial variations in the state of purity and homogeneity of the examined products, specifically with respect to differences in the ratio of active components. The lack of an adequate agreement between both analytical methods has greatly reduced the usefulness of ultraviolet spectrophotometric procedures as tools for the assessment of product purity. Nevertheless, spectrophotometric methods are being utilized, for convenience reasons, in many process control applications5'96r185-187, particularly in the measurement of nystatin concentration in fermentation broths, unpurified products and various recovery samples.
6.5.1
Fermentation Liquids and Products
The absorbance of nystatin at 304 nm has been used to 5 determine the concentration of nystatin in fermentation broth. The assay does not reflect the stability of nystatin to acid and heat, but is suitable for process control uses. Another direct spectrophotometric assay for the determination of nystatin in fermentation broth, based on the
390
GERD W. MICHEL
measurement of t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n e x t i n c t i o n s a t 304.5 and 312 nm, i s reported by Doskochilova and Gessg6. The method dess c r i b e d i s claimed t o give r e s u l t s comparable t o t h o s e obt a i n e d by t h e b i o l o g i c a l a s s a y , using an a c t i d i o n e - r e s i s t a n t s t r a i n of Candida a l b i c a n s (BUCAV 4 4 ) as t e s t organism i n a p l a t e method of c u l t i v a t i o n . S a t i s f a c t o r y agreement between both spectrophotometric and b i o l o g i c a l methods w a s r e p o r t e d t o be maintained during t h e e n t i r e course of a fermentation. However, on prolonged fermentation beyond t h e a t t a i n m e n t of maximum a n t i b i o t i c a c t i v i t y , both methods begin t o d e v i a t e from each o t h e r , with t h e b i o l o g i c a l assay i n d i c a t i n g a sharper d e c l i n e i n a c t i v i t y of t h e c u l t u r e f l u i d than r e f l e c t ed by t h e spectrophotometric method. The authors96 e x p l a i n t h i s discrepancy with t h e l i k e l y decomposition of t h e a n t i b i o t i c on extended fermentation, concurrent l o s s of bioa c t i v i t y , but r e t e n t i o n during decomposition of t h e polyene chromophore responsible f o r t h e u l t r a v i o l e t absorption of nystatin. A l t e r n a t e spectrophotometric assay procedures f o r t h e determination of n y s t a t i n , developed by Sherman e t al.186,187 , attempt t o account f o r t h e presence of u l t r a v i o l e t - a b s o r b i n g b a l l a s t substances i n fermentation l i q u i d s and u n p u r i f i e d i n termediates which otherwise tend t o a f f e c t t h e d e s i r e d accuracy of q u a n t i t a t i v e assay methods based on e x t i n c t i o n measurements. The proposed d i f f e r e n t i a l methods, a p p l i c a b l e t o both broth and i s o l a t e d product samples, involve t h e e x t i n c t i o n measurement of n y s t a t i n s o l u t i o n s ( i n methanol/dimethyls u l f o x i d e mixtures) a t t h e absorption m a x i m u m i n t h e 302-306 nm range, p l u s t h e determination of t h e e x t i n c t i o n f o r t h e m i n i m a on e i t h e r s i d e of t h e peak a b s o r p t i o n , i . e . , near 295 and 312 nm, r e s p e c t i v e l y . D e t a i l s of t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e procedures developed f o r t h e determination of n y s t a t i n b r o t h and t h e p u r i t y of bulk product i n r e l a t i o n t o a s t a n d a r d sample a r e o u t l i n e d below: (a) Nystatin i n Broth Procedure186 Measure 20 m l of well-mixed whole b r o t h and t r a n s f e r i n t o a 6" x 1" screw-cap t e s t tube. To d e a e r a t e t h e b r o t h sample, s p i n f o r 5 min a t 2000 rpm i n a s u i t a b l e c e n t r i f u g e , and again mix t h e t e s t tube c o n t e n t s on a Vortex Mixer f o r 15-30 s e c . P i p e t t e 2 m l of t h e well-mixed sample i n t o a 100-ml volumetric f l a s k , add 75 m l of dimethyl-
NYSTATI N
391
sulfoxide and agitate on a rotary shaker at moderate speed for 15 min. Bring up to volume with dimethylsulfoxide, shake up by hand to mix and filter the mixture by gravity through Whatman #4 filter paper. Pipette 2 ml of the clear filtrate into a 100-ml volumetric flask, bring up to volume with absolute methanol and mix well. Read the sample against a reagent blank ( 2 ml of dimethylsulfoxide, brought up to 100 ml with absolute methanol) on a suitable spectrophotometer in 1 cm silica cells. Determine the maximum absorbance for nystatin in the 302-306 nm region, and determine the absorbance at the minima on either side of this peak (in the range of 296 and 312
nm).
Calculation:
K A B C D E
= =
Nystatin units/ml
Absorbance at about 304 nm Absorbance at about 296 nm = Absorbance at about 312 nm = Dilution factor (2500) = Potency of nystatin reference standard (unit s/mg ) K = Standardization factor determined with nystatin reference standard by the procedure outlined below. Standardization Weigh accurately about 5 mg of standard nystatin powder and transfer into a 500-ml volumetric flask. Add 5 ml of dimethylsulfoxide and dissolve the powder. Bring up to volume with absolute methanol and mix well. Read the standard solution against a reagent blank in 1 cm silica cells on a suitable spectrophotometer. Keep the slit width constant and maintain the same setting for sample assay. Determine the maximum absorbance of nystatin in the 302-306 tun range and the minima on each side of this peak.
392
G E R D W . MICHEL
Calculation: Standardization factor K = (A
B + C - 7) x D
Weight of standard in mg
A = B =
Absorbance at about 304 nm Absorbance at about 296 nm C = Absorbance at about 312 nm D = Dilution factor (500)
(b) Nystatin Products Procedure187 Weigh accurately 85-105 mg of nystatin into a 100-ml volumetric flask. Add 10 ml of dimethylsulfoxide and shake to dissolve the powder. Bring up to volume with absolute methanol and mix well. Pipette 1 ml of the clear solution into a 100-ml volumetric flask, bring up to volume with absolute methanol and mix well. Read the sample against absolute methanol as a reagent blank on a suitable spectrophotometer in 1 cm silica cells. Determine the maximum absorbance for nystatin in the 302-306 nm region, and determine the absorbance at the minima on either side of this peak (in the range of 296 and 3 1 2 nm). Calculation :
B xC ( A - - )+ D x E
K x Weight of sample in mg
Nystatin units/mg
A = Absorbance at about 304 nm B = Absorbance at about 296 run C = Absorbance at about 312 nm D = Dilution factor (l0,oOo) E = Potency of nystatin reference standard (units/mg) K = Standardization factor determined with nystatin reference standard by the same procedure as outlined above under (a) for nystatin in broth.
NYSTATIN
393
6.5.2
Pharmaceutical Preparations
Aiteanu and Medianu188 examined the stability of nystatin in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/ethanol mixtures and found such solutions to be stable for 24 hours, as concluded from the measurement of extinction coefficients for the absorption maxima at 291,304, and 318 nm. 6.5.3 Other Applications
Special applications of ultraviolet spectrophotometric techniques to the examination of chemical transformations of nystatin have been reported by Bolshakova et a1.52, lgo, Korchagin - et a1.lg1 and, more recently, by Udvardy et al. lg2. The latter authors examined the addition of iodine monochloride and bromine to nystatin by a combination of spectrophotometric, titrimetric and thin-layer chromatographic methods in an attempt to correlate biological activity with the tetraene content of a large number of nystatin production batches. Further details are discussed in Section 6.10. Wayland and Weisslg3 developed a system of chemical identity tests for the specific, positive characterization of antibiotics in sensitivity disks to supplement the quantitative information obtained by microbiological assay techniques. The system is suitable for the microquantities involved in antibiotic disks, positively identifies the chemical nature of the antibiotic in an unknown disk sample and was screened for interference from other disk antibiotics. Within this scheme of chemical test procedures - involving a sequence of colorimetric, TLC and paper chromatographic tests, in combination with microbiological response and potency data - nystatin is identified by its characteristic absorption peaks at 291, 304, and 318 nm.
A general survey of spectrophotometric methods for antibiotic determination in the ultraviolet and infrared regions was published by Untermanlg4 in 1965.
6.6 Colorimetric Analysis
Several colorimetric methods have been published for the determination of nystatin as bulk material and in pharmaceutical formulations. The earliest methods described by Laubielg7 and Szucs lg8 are semi-quantitative procedures based on the formation of distinct color components (see also Section 6.4).
394
GERD W. MlCHEL
Characteristic colorations are also formed upon treatment of dimethylformamide solutions of nystatin with either dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide or concentrated hydrochloric ad' c1. i' The latter reaction, described by O Z S O Z , ~ ~ ~ producing a light-blue color on addition of 0.25 ml of concentrated HC1 to a solution of 25-100 units of nystatin in 0.1 ml of DMF, has only found use as a qualitative test in the identification of nystatin, specifically in ointment formulations. The color reaction resulting from the admixture of dilute sodium hydroxide to a DMF solution of nystatin reported by Unterman200 , however, has been developed as a quantitative procedure suitable for the analysis of the antibiotic in tablet formulations. Unterman201 also found that nystatin produces a reddish-yellow color when reacted in DMF solution with AlC13, and proposed that the reaction be used as a quantitative method for the determination of the antibiotic. Ochab202 later worked out optimum reaction conditions, established a linear relationship between the concentration of nystatin and the absorbance of the color component at 435 nm and - based on good agreement between colorimetric and biological assay data - adapted this method for the quantitative assay of the antibiotic in pharmaceutical dosage forms. A different color reaction, also reported by Unterman 203, involves the formation of a yellow-brown colored complex on treatment of nystatin with 6% anhydrous methanolic titanium tetrachloride solution. The absorption spectrum characteristic for this complex is different from the parent antibiotic, but retains the unique absorption maximum at 318 nmg6; the reaction has not been adapted for quantitative use. However, an apparently related color reaction described by Mazor and Papay 204, based on the generation of a reddish-brown color complex on addition of a TiC14 solution in DMF to a nystatin solution in the same solvent, has been proposed as a method for the colorimetric determination of nystatin. The resulting complex with a molar ratio of nystatin : titanium of 1:3 exhibits strong absorbance at 450 nm and its formation obeys LambertBeer's law. As the colored complex no longer shows significant absorption in the ultraviolet range, the authors presume that nystatin decomposes under the conditions of the reaction and the resulting complex is, in fact, formed with one of the decomposition products. Chang et a1 205 have proposed a colorimetric method for the assay of nystatin, both as bulk material and in phar-
NYSTAT I N
395
maceutical formulations, which utilizes the formation of a yellow color produced on heating DMF solutions of nystatin with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Although good agreement between colorimetric and microbiological assay results is reported, the presence of sugars is known to interfere with this method5. The procedure was applied to the measurement of nystatin activity in creams, ointments and capsules, and was also employed in stability studies. A more recent colorimetric method for the determination of nystatin reported by Amer and Habib2O6l2O7 is based on the reaction of the alkaline hydrolysis products of nystatin with p-aminoacetophenone in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid. A general colorimetric procedure proposed by D r y ~ n l ~ ~ for the determination of several natural antifungal compounds (incl. nystatin, amphotericin B, and pimaricin) involves the dissolution of the polyene antibiotic in MeOH/CHC13 (2:l) mixtures, addition of 37% hydrochloric acid containing 20 vol.% of ethanol under cooling, formation of a blue color within -8 min at room temperature, and photometric measurement of the extinction at 620 nm against a blank. Korchagin et a1.lg1 have suggested a colorimetric determination of nystatin based on the absorbance measurement of DMF-EtOH solutions following treatment with concentrated phosphoric acid for 6 min at 100C. Photometric measurements of the stable color formed under these conditions are claimed to correlate well with direct spectrophotometric determinations and microbiological assays generated by the agar-diffusion method. The procedure has also been applied to the determination of degradation products formed on storage of methanolic nystatin solutions in the presence of acid (pH 4 ) and alkali (pH 9).
6.7 Chromatographic Analysis

Chromatographic methods have been widely employed in the detection and identification of nystatin, mainly as qualitative tools to differentiate the antibiotic from other known and unknown polyene antifungal agents generated by a wide variety of antibiotic-producing microorganisms, predominantly those isolated from Streptomyces species16 170 ,208r 221. As many of the polyene antibiotics which have been isolated are known to be actually mixtures of two or more active constituents, chromatographic comparisons with previously
396
GERD W. MlCHEL
identified products are the most expedient means of establishing uniqueness of a newly isolated antibiotic and providing criteria for its classification. Frequently, available chromatographic separation methods are combined with the detection of the active component on the developed chromatogram by bioautography. The application of this special detection method in paper and thin-layer chromatographic studies of antimicrobial substances as well as its general scope in the antibiotic field have been critically reviewed by Betina214 in a recent comprehensive publication. 6.7.1 Paper Chromatography
A variety of paper chromatographic systems have been developed for nystatin, and a number of these are summarized in Tables IX and X.
The general utility of paper chromatographic methods in the differentiation of nystatin from chemically closely related polyene macrolide antibiotics produced by a large number of organisms and in their separation into individual, biologically active components from complex mixtures of similar olyenes is illustrated in several reviews16 70,208-210 1 212 12y3 and individual studiesla31211 215-227. I
A simple paper chromatographic procedure for the qualitative determination of nystatin in pharmaceutical dosage forms and in admixtures with other antibiotics has been developed by Ritschel and Lercher2I7.
A n-butanol/ethanol/water (5:1:4) system together with Whatman No. 1 paper has been utilized by Struyk et a1.211 in a descending method (17-hour development) to separate nystatin from pimaricin and amphotericin A , all closely related tetraene macrolides with similar physical and biochemical characteristics.
In a related application, paper chromato raphy was the method of choice selected by Rao and Cullen2 to establish the identity of one among five different active metabolic products (including antitumor antibiotic E-73) isolated from a culture broth of Streptomyces albulus.
A special paper chromatographic technique developed by Betina and Nemec2241225 termed pH-chromatography has , , been applied to nystatin. This method, specifically designed
TABLE IX Paper Chromatography Systems for Nystatin Solvent System (See Table X) Paper Development Time (hrs) 15-16 Method of Detection (See Table X )
30.25,O.32 Not reported 0.22 0.76,O. 9 0.58 0.56 0.73,O.63 0.44 Not reported Not reported Not reported 0.40 0.82 ,O. 78 Not reported Not reported
Reference 126 ,215

65
U (D
H
I J
K
L
Whatman No. 1 Not reported Whatman No. 1 Whatman No. 1 Arches No. 302 Whatman No. 1 Whatman No. 1 Arches No. 302 Schleicher & S c h h l 2043b, "hydrophobed" Schleicher & S c h h l 2043b, " hydrophobed" Whatman No. 1 Whatman No. 2 Whatman No. 1 Not reported Whatman No. 4
1 2
3
18 15-16 16
1 4
5 1
15-16 18 15 21 17 18-24 6-7
4
6,7,8 617,8 2 2 1
221,222 126 ,215 218 177 126,215 218 217 217 211 220,221 126,215 219 65,67
TABLE X Paper Chromatography Systems or Nystatin Solvent Systems A B

C
D E F
G
H I
J K
L
n-Butanol, Water Saturated n-Butanol/Acetic Acid/Water (2:l:l) n-Butanol/Acetic Acidmater (4:1:5) n-Butanol/Acetic Acid/Water (4:l:l) n-Butanol/Pyridine/Water (1:0.6:1) n-Butanol/Pyridine/Water (2:1:2) n-Butanol/Pyridine/Acetic Acid/Water (15:10:3:12) n-Butanol (Water Satd.)/Ethyl Ether (Water Satd.)/Acetic Acid (5:l:l) n-Butanol/Ethanol/Water (5:1:4) n-Butanol/Ethanol/Water (5:1:5) Acetone/Water (1:1) 70% Aqueous Isopropanol Methanol/Chloroform/l2.5% Ammonia (1:2:1) , Lower Phase Bioautography vs. Penicillium oxalicum 99 Bioautography vs. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9367 Bioautography vs. Saccharomyces carlsbergensis K-20 0.02N Potassium Permanganate Spray Reagent Ultraviolet Light 9% Ferric Chloride Spray Reagent 0.25% or 0.5% p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Spray Reagent Ninhydrin-Stannous Chloride Spray Reagent
Methods of Detection
1 2 3 4
5
6 7 8
NY STAT I N
399
for the analysis of substances of biological origin, involves the chromatography of a selected antibiotic on a series of chromatographic paper strips buffered to pH values ranging from 2 to 10. Suitable organic solvents (e.g., n-butanol) saturated with water are used in the development of the strips by the ascending method, and the developed spots are visualized by microbiological detection. The authors2241 225 propose this technique as a convenient means for the simultaneous determination of the ionic character of a given antibiotic and of the optimal pH values for its extraction into a suitable organic solvent (pH equal to the highest Rf value on the pHchromatogram) and, conversely, its re-extraction from the solvent into water (pH corresponding to lowest Rf value). When applied to nystatin, the resulting pH chromatogram - generated on Whatman No. 1 paper with water-saturated n-butanbl as development solvent, and covering the range of pH 2-10 - manifests the expected variations of Rf values with pH changes as anticipated for an amphoteric antibiotic, with two Rf maxima near pH 4 and pH 8, and an Rf minimum in the range pH 5-6. In addition to the methods listed in Table X for the visualization of nystatin after development by paper chromatography either through bioautography or the use of appropriate chemical detection reagents, L i t ~ i n e n k o ~ ~ ~ recorded a series of color reactions adaptable to the localization of several common antibiotics on paper chromatograms, including nystatin, and reportedly suitable for the monitoring of antibiotic concentration and purity during production. 6.7.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography
Several thin-layer chromatographic systems have been developed for the separation and identification of nystatin, primarily for use in qualitative procedures to differentiate the antibiotic from other related polyene antifungals. Some of the systems reported in the literature are summarized in Tables XI and XII. Although the thin-layer chromatographic systems listed in Tables XI and XI1 have thus far only found use as qualitative methods for the separation and identification of nystatin, their generally improved resolution - in comparison to paper chromatographic techniques - has greatly enhanced the possibility to rapidly separate individual components within a complex of closely related polyene antibiotics, as recently demonstrated by Porowska and c o - ~ o r k e r Is ~ ~with the isola65 tion of three different constituents from the nystatin complex, utilizing both thin-layer and paper chromatographic techniques
TABLE XI Thin-Layer Chromatography Systems f o r Nystatin Solvent System (See Table XII) A A A
3
Adsorbent
Method of Detection (See Table XII)
30.5 0.5 0.45 06 .6 0.54
Reference
228 228 228 184 184 229-231 232 228 233 235 232 229-231 221,236 221,236 232 232 232 237 234 238 239
D
E F G H I
I
J
K L M N
0
Q
R
Silica Gel 6060 (Eastman) Silica Gel 6060 (Eastman) pH 2 Silica Gel 6060 (Eastman), pH 11 Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel G (Merck), pH 8 Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel 6060 (Eastman) Silica Gel GF (Analtech) Silica Gel G (Merck), pH 3 Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel G (Merck) Silica Gel 60 F-254 (Merck) Silica Gel G F (Analtech) Kieselgur G, impregn-with 0.15 EDTA Sephadex G-15, pH 6
0.18
0.28 0.22 0.45,O.51 0.55 0.53 01 .8 0.45 0.45 0.65 0.76 0.63 0.38,0.40,0.43 0.25,0.27,0.32 0.0 0.2 (+el)*
*Migration of nystatin relative to penicillin-G (1.0)
TABLE X I 1 Thin-Layer Chromatography Systems for Nystatin Solvent Systems

A
B C
D E F
G
H I
Methanol Methanol/Acetone/Acetic Acid (8:l:l) Methanol/Isopropanol/Acetic Acid ( 9 : l : O . l ) Ethanol/Ammonia/Water (8:l:l) Ethanol/Ammonia/Water/Dioxane (8:l:l:l) n-Butanol/Methanol (1:l) n-Butanol/Methanol/Water (5:3:2) n-Butanol/Acetic Acid/Water (2:l:l) n-Butanol/Acetic Acid/Water (3:l:l) n-Butanol/Acetic Acid/Water (4:1:2) n-Butanol/Pyridine/Water (2:1:2) n-Butanol/Pyridine/Water (3:2:1) n-Butanol/Pyridine/Acetic Acid/Water ( 5: 10:3 : 2 ) n-Butanol/Dioxane/Acetic Acid/Water (6:1:2:2) n-Amy1 Alcohol/Acetic Acid/Water (2:l:l) Ethyl Acetate/Isopropanol/Water (5:5:3) Methyl Ethyl Ketone/McIlvaine Buffer, pH 4.7/Ethanol (100:6.4:22) 0.025M Phosphate Buffer (KH2P04-NaOH, pH 6.0), 0.5M NaCl
TABLE XI1 (Cont'd.) Thin-Layer Chromatography Systems for Nystatin Methods of Detection
1
2 3
P
h) 0
Ultraviolet Light228,235i236 Bioautography vs. Candida albicans228 0.2% p-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde Spray Reagent (in H2SO4, contg. trace FeC13)218,235 0.5% Potassium Permanganate/O. 2% Bromophenol Blue Spray Reagent231 5% Potassium Permanganate Spray Rea ent (or H3P04)242 Charring with mineral acid (H2SO4)233 1% p-Dimethylaminobenzaldeh de/20% SbC13 Spray Reagent (in EtOH, contg. HC1)235 Ultraviolet Light (Fluorescence @ 350 nm)235 0.02N Potassium Permanganate Spray Reagent221r236 Iodine/2,7-Dichlorofluorescein Spray Reagent237 Bioautography vs. Candida tropicalis SC 1674237, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC 160c123~3 9 p 240 2 Chlorine/o-Toluidine Spray Reagent243 Bioautography vs. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763237 239 1 240
8 9 10
11
12 13
NYSTAT IN
403
as complementary tools. Similar separations of the nystatin complex into its components have been achieved by Targos and M e t ~ g e r ~ ~ ~ and Kocy and Cole237. N ~ s s b a u m e r *proposed a TLC procedure to establish ~~ the degree of nystatin degradation in the formulated drug by monitoring the appearance of a primary oxidation product with an Rf value of 0.73-0.75, compared to an Rf value of 0 . 4 5 for the intact antibiotic.
A unique application of thin-layer chromatography has been reported by Zuidweg et a1.239 with the use of Sephadex G-15 as adsorbent medium. Instead of organic solvent mixtures, this medium utilizes an aqueous buffer solution as the developing agent, thus avoiding the possible formation of false inhibition zones during bioautographic development due to incomplete removal of solvent. By combining Sephadex TLC with bioautography (against 2. cerevisiae ATCC 9763 for nystatin), the authors239 accomplished the often problematic separation and qualitative analysis of antibiotics mixtures, including nystatin, amphotericin B, and various penicillins and tetracyclines.
--
Combinations of paper and thin-layer chromatographic methods have been applied by Zhdanovich et a1.226 to the separation and identification of decomposition products of nystatin arising from the partial and total oxidation of the antibiotic with KMnO4 in acidic media. Some of the identified products - including succinic, formic, malic and lactic acid are also claimed to be formed as secondary decomposition products during the natural degradation of nystatin on storage.
In an effort to overcome the mechanical problems associated with the need to provide a proper surface contact between the inoculated agar layer and the rigid, glass-backed TLC plate in bioautographic detection methods214 for antimicrobial substances, Meyers and Smith240 introduced the use of spread-layer chromatograms and developed a now commonly adopted transfer technique which consists of inserting a sheet of filter paper between the TLC plate and agar surface. The resulting sandwich is incubated overnight at 37OC with the chromatographic plate and filter paper contacting the agar layer. This method produces sharp, well defined antibiotic zones of inhibition, with sensitivities comparable to those realized with paper chromatograms. Basic alumina, neutral alumina, and silica gel H were found to be suitable adsorbent media for this technique. In the bioautography of nystatin,
404
GERD W. MICHEL
-. cerevisiae served as a useful indicator organism. Several S

later modifications of this detection method are reported2*I. For the determination of the antioxidant 2 , 6 - d i - Z butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) in admixture with commercial nystatin in pharmaceutical bulk materials, a TLC procedure has been proposed by Korchagin et al.241.
6.7.3
Gas-Liquid Chromatography
As part of a comprehensive study to establish a general analytical screening scheme for a wide range of materials encountered in forensic toxicology (common poisons, drugs, and human metabolites) , Finkle - et al.244 developed a simple GLC system, utilizing four different columns and three liquid phases, to detect any one of almost 600 different substances, including nystatin, to a sensitivity limit of 2 pg/ml in blood, urine and tissue specimens.
During the examination of several polyene antifungal antibiotics by pyrolysis-gas chromatography, Burrows and Calam 245 have shown that nystatin and amphotericin B can be distinguished from each other and from three other polyene macrolides (candicidin, levorin and trichomycin) by the gas chromatograms of their pyrolysis products.
6.7.4
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Lately, high performance liquid chromatography has been employed in several instances to separate and characterize the individual components of macrolide antibiotic complexes with similar chemical structure246-248. In efforts specifically aimed at the development of a rapid separation method applicable to all chromophore classes of the polyene macrolide antifungal antibiotics, Mechlinski and Schaffner2471248 recently applied a high-speed liquid chromatography (HSLC) technique to the analysis of several prominent polyene antibiotics, including nystatin. In brief, the reported procedure involves the use of a non-commercial liquid chromatograph composed of a Milton Roy high-pressure reciprocating pump with pulse dampener connected to a septum injector, followed by a chromatographic column, a 350 nm W monitor and waste reservoir. The separation of the nystatin complex was achieved in a reverse-phase mode with a mixture of water/methanol/THF (420:90:60 or 420:90:50) as the mobile phase, resulting in the
NYSTATI N
405
isolation of three distinct polyene components, two of which including the main component - were identified as tetraenes, while the third constituent proved to be a heptaene macrolide by spectrophotometric examination. The entire analysis was completed within approx. 15 min, with a retention time for the main component of approx. 4-5 min with both mobile phase solvent mixtures. Possible adaptation of the procedure for use in the quantitative analysis of the individual components is indicated and may require an adjustment in detector response, possibly by increasing the sensitivity of the instrumentation through the use of a continuously variable wavelength UV detector which would allow each chromophore to be monitored at its respective absorption maximum.
6.8 Electrophoretic Analysis
Paris and Theallet2l8 separated a number of antibiotics, including nystatin, by high-voltage paper electrophoresis on Arches 302 paper at a potential gradient of 15.3 volts/ cm over a 2-hour period. With 5% aqueous formic acid solution (pH 2) as electrolyte, nystatin showed a displacement toward the cathode of 13 mm in 2 hours and, over the same timeperiod, a migration of 17 mm toward the anode in an alkaline Verona1 buffer solution (pH 8.6). In the separation of complex antibiotics mixtures, the use of paper electrophoresis at different pH ranges is suggested as a supplemental technique to ordinary chromatographic methods. Electrophoretic mobilities of nystatin, amphotericin A, amphotericin B and several other antibiotics in various different electrolyte systems (salt solutions and solvents) are also reported249.
6.9
Polarographic Analysis
The use of polarography in the determination of antibiotics has been discussed in a recent review by Unterman and WeissbuchZ50. As outlined in Section 2.16, the polarographic behaviour of nystatin has been examined113. Icha and S t r o ~ o v a ~ ~ ~ have reported the determination of nystatin content in the fermentation medium, mycelium and bulk product by oscillopolarographic evaluation of its degradation products resulting from alkali treatment.
406
GERD W. MlCHEL
6.10 Titrimetric Analysis
From a series of potentiometric titrations of nystatin with either glacial acetic acid or mixtures of glacial acetic acid and benzene, dioxane or chloroform as solvent media, and perchloric acid in acetic acid or dioxane as titrants, Mazor and Papay252 evolved an optimum set of conditions for the titration of nystatin in non-aqueous media. The best results for the determination of the antibiotic by both potentiometric and visual endpoint titrations have been obtained with a solution of 5-50 mg of nystatin in 15 ml of a 1:14 (v/v) mixture of glacial acetic acid/dioxane and titration with standard 0.01N perchloric acid in dioxane, using either a glass-calomel electrode combination in a potentiometric procedure, or a visual endpoint determination with methyl violet as indicator. Each ml of 0.01N HC104 is equivalent to 9.52 mg of nystatin. In applying this procedure to the molecular weight determination of nystatin, the authors252 obtained an equivalent weight of 952 for a purified sample of nystatin (see Section 6.2). It is also stressed that the results of potentiometric titrations of nystatin will not provide any measure for the biological activity of a given sample. Attempts at utilizing the addition of bromine or iodine monochloride as the basis for a direct titrimetric determination of nystatin in glacial acetic acid have been reported by Udvardy et al.lg2; however, in either case it was found that halogen addition to the olefinic linkages of nystatin fell short of the theoretically calculated values for six double bonds over a wide range of experimental conditions. Nevertheless, at 105OC and a reaction period of 2 min., iodine monochloride uptake was shown to be equivalent to the saturation of four double bonds. A quantitative version of the latter reaction - involving the dissolution of nystatin in a glacial acetic acid/sulfuric acid mixture, reaction with an excess quantity of a 0.1N iodine monochloride solution, addition of excess potassium iodide solution after the reaction and, finally, back-titration with 0.1N sodium thiosulfate solution - was adopted by the investigators as a means to estimate the tetraene content of a large number of nystatin batches in an effort to correlate the results of chemical assays with biological activity determinations. 6.11 Microbiological Methods Agar diffusion microbiological assays are in general
NYSTATIN
407
use by regulatory agencies42 253 254 for the determination of nystatin in pharmaceutical products. Turbidimetric, tube dilution and respiration inhibition procedures, as well as automated methods , are discussed in respective reviews511691 7 0 1 1 255,256. In addition to these conventional antibiotic assay procedures, nystatin activity assays based on its mode of action (membrane disruption, followed by cytoplasmic leakage) have been proposed. They include the measurement of specific conductance changes resulting from the efflux of ionic intracellular constitwnts259, the analysis of released potassium ions260 and of yeast cell constitutents, specifically ninhydrin-positive m i n e products261; the latter method is an automated procedure.
1 I
Nystatin in animal feeds is measured by an a ar diffusion method following extraction with m e t h a n ~ l ~ ~ ~ , ~ ' De~. termination of nystatin in blood, other body fluids, animal tissues and pharmaceutical dosage forms has been described and reviewed169, 256. Sensitivity of the agar diffusion method is approx. 3 units per ml of blood serum, and that of the microscale turbidimetric method is approx. 1 unit per ml.
408
GERD W. MICHEL
7.
REFERENCES
1. T.H. Sternberg and V.D. Newcomer, eds., Therapy of Fungus Diseases, An International Symposium, Little, Brown and Co., Boston/London 1955. 2. S.A. Waksman and H.A. Lechevalier, The Actinomycetes, Volume 3, Antibiotics of Actinomycetes, The Williams and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, 1962. 3 D. Perlman, in D.J.D. Hockenhull, ed., Progress in . Industrial Microbiology, Volume 6, Heywood Books, London, 1967, p.3. 4. J.D. Dutcher, in Kirk-Other, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2. Edition, Volume 16, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1968, p.133. 5. G.A. Brewer, Jr. and T.B. Platt, in F.D. Snell and C.L. Hilton, eds., Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis, Volume 5, Interscience Publishers, New York/ London/Sydney, 1967, p.564. 6. D. Perlman, in A. Burger, ed., Medicinal Chemistry, 3. Edition, Part I, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1970, p.323. . 7. A.I. White, in C.O. Wilson, 0 Gisvold, and R.F. Doerge, eds., Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 6. Edition, J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia/Toronto, 1971, p.377. 8 Z. Rehacek, in J.C. Sylvester, ed. , Antimicrobial . Agents and Chemotherapy - 1963, American Society for Microbiology, p.530. 9. V. Sevcik, I. Malek, V. Musilek, and Z. RehAcek, Antibiotica aus Actinomyceten, Fischer-Verlag, Jena, 1963. 10. Y. Okami, R. Utahara, S. Nakamura, and H. Umezawa, J. Antibiot. (Japan) 2, (1954). 98 11. R. Utahara, Y. Okami, S. Nakamura, and H. Umezawa, J. Antibiot. (Japan) E , 120 (1954). 12. W. Oroshnik, L.C. Vining, A.D. Mebane, and W.A. Taber, Science 1 1 147 (1955). 2, 13. L. Vining, W.A. Taber, and F.J. Gregory, in H. Welch and F. Marti-Ibanez, eds., Antibiotics Annual 1954Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, 1955,
u,
p.980.
14. R.A. Pledger and H. Lechevalier, in H. Welch and F. Marti-Ibanez, eds., Antibiotics Annual 1955-1956, Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, 1956, p.249. 15. S. Ball, C.J. Besell, and A. Mortimer, J. Gen. Microbiol. 96 (1957). 16. L.C. Vining, Hindustan Antibiotics Bull. 3, 37 (1960). 17. A. Neelameghan, Hindustan Antibiotics Bull. 2, 131 (1960).
=,
NYSTAT IN
409
18. a.
19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.
W. Oroshnik and A.D. Mebane, in L. Zechmeister, ed., Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Volume 21, Springer-Verlag, Vienna, 1963, p.17. b. W. Keller-Schierlein, in L. Zechmeister, ed., Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products, Volume 30, Springer-Verlag, Vienna, 1973, p.360. c. G. Hildick-Smith, in B.M. Kagin, ed., Antimicrobial Therapy, W.B. Saunders Comp., Philadelphia/ London/Toronto, 1970, p.119. S.A. Waksman, Advan. Appl. Microbiol. 2, 235 (1963). E. Drouhet, Antibiot. Chemother. (Basel) 1 ,21 (1963). 1 H. Umezawa, Recent Advances in Chemistry and Biochemistry of Antibiotics, Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Tokyo, 1964, p.44. S.A. Waksman, H.A. Lechevalier, and C.P. Schaffner, Bull. World Health Org. 33, 219 (1965). J.O. Lampen, Symp. SOC. Gen. Microbiol. 1 ,111 (1966). 6 S.C. Kinsky, in D. Gottlieb and P.D. Shaw, eds., Antibiotics, Volume I, Mechanism of Action, SpringerVerlag, New York, 1967, p.122. E. Drouhet, in G.E.W. Wolstenholme and R. Porter, eds., CIBA Found. Symp. Systemic Mycoses, Churchill, London, 1968, p.206. J.O. Lampen, her. J. Clin. Pathol. 52, 138 (1969). J.M.T. Hamilton-Miller, Bacteriol. Rev. 37, 166 (1973). E.L. Hazen and R. Brown, Science 112, 423 (1950). E.L. Hazen and R. Brown, Proc. SOC. Exptl. Biol. s! Med. - 93 (1951). 76, R. Brown and E.L. Hazen, in T.H. Steinberg and V.D. Newcomer, eds., Therapy of Fungus Diseases, An International Symposium, Little, Brown and Co., Boston, 1955, p.164. R. Brown and E.L. Hazen, Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., Ser. 111, 19, No. 5, 447 (1957). J.D. Dutcher, G. Boyack, and S. FOX, in H. Welch and F. Marti-Ibanm, eds., Antibiotics Annual 1953-1954, Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, 1953, p.191. E.L. Hazen and R.F. Brown, U . S . Patent 2,797,183 (1957); C.A. 2: 14211b. British Patent 866,600 (Charles Pfizer and Co.), 1961; C.A. 56: 781f. K.V. G o and W.P. Cullen, Abstr. 134th Meeting Amer. Chem. SOC. 22-0-23-0 , 1958. K.V. Rao, W.S. Marsh, and A.L. Garretson, German Patent 1,052,065 (1959); C.A. 55: 18009b.
410
GERD W . MICHEL
37. 38. 39.

40.
41.
42. 43.
44. 45. 46.
47. 48. 49. 50.
The Merck Index, 8th Edition, Merck L Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., 1968, p.753. M.E. Florey, The Clinical Application of Antibiotics, Volume IV, Erythromycin and Other Antibiotics, Oxford University Press, London, 1960, p.164. Martindale - The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 26th Edition (N.W. Blacow, ed.), The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1972, p.778. a. The United States Dispensatory and Physicians' Pharmacology, 26th Edition (A. Osol, R. Pratt, and M.D. Altschule, eds.,), J. Lippincott Comp., Philadelphia/Toronto, 1967, p.775. b. Pharmacological and Chemical Synonyms, 5th Edition (E.E.J. Marler, ed.), Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam, 1973, p.319. c. USAN 10 and the USP Dictionary of Drug Names (M.C. Griffiths, ed.), United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc., Eockville, Md., 1972. d. G. Binder, P. Munchow, and M. Thonke, Zbl. Pharm. 110, 833 (1971); C.A. 76: 6648h. The United States Pharmacopeia, Nineteenth Revision , Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1975, p.348. British Pharmacopoeia 1973, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1973, p.328; ibid., Appendix XIVA, p.Al03. J.D. Dutcher, M.B. Young, J.H. Sherman, W.E. Hibbits, and D.R. Walters, in H. Welch and F . Marti-Ibanez, eds., Antibiotics Annual 1956-1957, Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, 1956, p.066. D.R. Walters, J.D. Dutcher, and 0. Wintersteiner, J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 2, 5076 (1957). M.H. von Saltza, J. Reid, J.D. Dutcher, and 0 Wintersteiner, J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 83, 2785 (1961). . C. Djerassi, P.C. Seidel, J. Westley, A.J. Birch, C.W. Holzapfel, R.W. Rickards, J.D. Dutcher, and R. Thomas, Abstr. Papers, 142nd Meeting, Amer. Chem. SOC., Sept. 1962, p.5P. J.D. Dutcher, D.R. Walters, and 0 Wintersteiner, J. . Org. Chem. 28, 995 (1963). M.H. von Saltza, J.D. Dutcher, J. Reid, and 0 Wintersteiner, J. Org. Chem. 28, 999 (1963). . A.J. Birch, C.W. Holzapfel, R.W. Rickards, C. Djerassi, M. Suzuki, J.W. Westley, J.D. Dutcher, R. Thomas, Tetrahedron Letters, 1485 (1964). A.J. Birch, C.W. Holzapfel, R.W. Rickards, C. Djerassi, P.C. Seidel, M. Suzuki, J.W. Westley, and J.D. Dutcher, Tetrahedron Letters, 1491 (1964).
NY STAT I N
41 1
51, w.D. Celmer, in G.L. Hobby, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy - 1965, American Society for Microbiology, p.144. 52. L.O. Bolshakova, B.G. Belenky, and S.N. Soloview, Antibiotiki 1 ,892 (1966). 1 53. L.O. Bolshakova, B.G. Belenky, and E . I . Pokrovsky, Antibiotiki 12, 884 (1967). 54. M. Ikeda, M. Suzuki, and C. Djerassi, Tetrahedron Letters, 3745 (1967). 55. E. Borowski, W. Mechlinski, L. Falkowski, T. Ziminski, and J.D. Dutcher, Rozniki Chem. 41, 61 (1967). 56. Y.D. Shenin, T.V. Kotienko, and O.N. Exzemplarov, Antibiotiki 13, 387 (1968). 57. D.G. Manwaring, R.W. Rickards, and B.T. Golding, Tetrahedron Letters, 5319 (1969). 58. C.N. Chong and R.W. Rickards, Tetrahedron Letters, 5145 (1970). 59. E. Borowski, J. Zielinski, L. Falkowski, T. Ziminski, J. Golik, P. Kolodziejczyk, E. Jereczek, M. Gdulewicz, Y. Shenin, and T. Kotienko, Tetrahedron Letters, 685 (1971). 60. C.N. Chong and R.W. Rickards, Tetrahedron Letters, 5053 (1972). 61. F . E . Pansy, Wm. L. Parker, and N.S. Semenuk, in C.K. Cain, ed., Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry - Academic Press, New York/London, 1970, p.129. 1970, 62. W. Mechlinski, C.P. Schaffner, P. Ganis, and G. Avitabile, Tetrahedron Letters, 3873 (1970). 63. E. Borowski, T. Zielinski, T. Ziminski, L. Falkowski, P. Kolodziejczyk, J. Golik, and E . Jereczek, Tetrahedron Letters, 3909 (1970). 64. N. Porowska, I . Halski, 2. Plociennik, D. Kotiuszko, , H. Morawska, 2. Kowszyk-Gindifer, and H. BojarskaDahlig, Rec. Trav. Chim. 2, 780 (1972). 65. N. Porowska, L. Halski, Z. Plociennik, D. Kotiuszko, H. Morawska, Z. Kowszyk-Gindifer, and H. BojarskaDahlig, Adv. Antimicrob. Antineoplastic Chemother. L, 1031 (1972). 66. D. Kotiuszko, K. Wituch, H. Morawska, and S. Siejko, Acta Microbiol. Pol. A3, 135 (1971). 67. J. Roszkowski, D. Kotiuszko, A. Rafalski, H. Morawska, and K. Raczynska-Bojanowska, Acta Microbiol. Pol. Bi, 9 (1972). 68. W. Chojnowski, A. Zaremba, M. Jedrzejewska, and H. Cendrowska, Acta Polon. Pharm. 30, 81 (1973). 69. W. Chojnowski, A. Zaremba, and B. Skwarko, Acta Polon. Pharm. 30, 223 (1973).
412
GERD W. MICHEL
70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.
76. 77. 78.
79.
80.
81. 82. 83.
84,
85.
86.
Vanek, L. Dolezilova, and 2. Rehacek, J. Gen. 8 Microbiol. 1 ,649 (1958). I.M. Tereshin, "Polyene Antibiotics - Present and Future", E.R. Squibb Lectures on Chemistry of Microbial Products, 1974. National Center for Antibiotic Analysis, FDA, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C., 1973. J.W. Lightbown, M. Kogut, and K. Uemura, Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 29, 87 (1963). B. Arret, D.P. Johnson, and A. Kirschbaum, J. Pharm. Sci. - 1689 (1971). 60, a. "Code of Federal Regulations", Title 21, 141.101141.111, January 1, 1971, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. b. "Code of Federal Regulations", Title 21, Parts 130-146c, and Parts 147 to End, January 1, 1971, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. c. Federal Register, Volume 36, p.7233-7238 (Title 21, Part 148k), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1971. Federal Register, Volume - p.43833 (Part 449), U.S. 39, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1974. I. Sunshine, ed., Handbook of Analytical Toxicology, The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, 1969, p.314. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, llth Edition (W. Horwitz, ed.), Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C., 1970, p.954/960. N. Coy, U.F. Nager, and O.T. Ratych, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. H. Jacobson and Q. Ochs, 'e Squibb Institute for : h Medical Research, Personal Communication. B. Toeplitz, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. E. Fralick and G.W. Michel, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Unpublished Data. J.D. Dutcher, D.R. Walters, and O.P. Wintersteiner, in T.H. Sternberg and V.D. Newcomer, eds., Therapy of Fungus Diseases, An International Symposium, Little, Brown and Co., Boston/London, 1955, p.168. R.M. Evans, The Chemistry of Antibiotics Used in Medicine, Pergamon Press, London, 1965, p.170. F.S. Parker, Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy in Biochemistry, Biology, and Medicine, Plenum Press, New York, 1971, p.400. L.J. Bellamy, The Infra-red Spectra of Complex Molecules, 2. Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N . Y . , 1958.
2.
NYSTATIN
413
87.
88.
89.
90.
91. 92. 93.

94.
95.
96. 97. 98.
99.
100.
101. 102. 103.
104. 105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
R.M. Silverstein and G.C. Bassler, Spectrometric Identification of Orqanic Compounds, 2. Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1967. A.L. Hayden, O.R. Sammul, G.B. Selzer, and J. Carol, J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists 45, 797 (1962). H. Umezawa, Index of Antibiotics from Actinomycetes, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1969, p.474. J.Z. Gougoutas, University of Minnesota, Personal Communication. A.I. Cohen and M.S. Puar, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. R.W. Rickards, R.M. Smith, and B.T. Golding, J. Antibiot. 23, 603 (1970). F. Raubitschek, R.F. Acker, and S.A. Waksman, Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 2, 179 (1952). E. Fralick, The squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. J.D. Dutcher, Monographs on Therapy, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, New Brunswick, N.J., 2, 87 (1957). D. Doskochilova and I. Gess, Antibiotiki 4, 48 (1959). J.M.T. Hamilton-Miller, J. Pharm. Pharmac. 25, 401 (1973). F. Schroeder, J.F. Holland, and L.L. Bieber, Biochem. 11, - 3105 (1972). H. Kadin, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. M.M. Noone, Sadtler Research Laboratories, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa., Personal Communication. K.D. Haegele and D.M. Desiderio, Biomedical Mass Spectrometry I,20 (1974). H. Jacobson and V. Valenti, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. P.J. Weiss, M.L. Andrew, and W.W. Wriqht, Antibiot. Chemotherapy 1, 374 (1957). A.J. Keseleski and G.W. Michel, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Unpublished Data. D.M. Trakhtenberg, E.I. Rodionovskaya, Z.V. Gordina, L.I. Rostovtseva, G.I. Kleiner, and A.M. Nagle, Antibiotiki 2 , 9 (1960). G.I. Kleiner and N.V. Ionova, Antibiotiki 1,926 (1962). F. DGrsch, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Unpublished Data. J. Pluscec, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Unpublished data. M.L. Ray-Johnson, Squibb International Dev. Lab., Personal Communication.
414
GERD W. MICHEL
110.
111. 112. 113.
114.
115.
116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130.
A. Albert and E.P. Serjeant, The Determination of Ionization Constants, 2. Edition, Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London, 1971, p.76. J . J . Kirschbaum, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. J . O . Lampen, E.R. Morgan, A. Slocum, and P. Arnow, J. Bacteriol. 78,282 (1959). K. Kramarczyk and H. Berg, Abhandl. Deut. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (K1. Chem., Geol., Biol.) 1964, 23. H. Grisebach and W. Hofheinz, J. Roy. Inst. Chem. 1964, 332. A.J. Birch, in D. Gottlieb and P.D. Shaw, eds., Antibiotics, Volume 2, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1967, p.228. British Patent 714,189 (Research Corporation), 1954; C.A. 49: 4242i. A. Szentirmai, I. Horvath, and B. DOCZY, Hung. Patent 150,018 (1963); C.A. - 9282f. 59: J. Spizek, I. Malek, L. Dolezikova, M. Vondracek, and Z. Vanek, Folia Microbiol. (Prague) 10, 259 (1965). J. Spizek, I. Malek, J. Suchy, M. Vondracek, and Z. Vanek,Folia Microbiol. (Prague) 10,263 (1965). Y.D. Shenin, V.M. Efimova, T.V. Kotenko, V.A. Tsyganov, and A.N. Egorenkova, Mikrobiologiya 38, 1027 (1969). G . I . Lavrentieva, R.A. Zhukova, L.N. Demchenko, and T.V. Kotenko, Antibiotiki 1 ,692 (1973). 8 N.M. Lyagina and G.C. Pestereva, Microbiologiya 32, 536 (1963). J-S. Tsai, C-C. Pao, S-Y. Wu, L-C. Shen, and P-Y. Kung, Sci. Sinica (Peking) 10,436 (1961); C.A. 56: 9208b. J-S. Tsai, C-C. Pao, S-Y. Wu, L-C. Shen, and P-Y. Kung, Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao St 47 (1960); C.A. 56: 8842a. Z. Vanek and M. Vondracek, Antimicrobial Agents Chemother. 1 6 ,982. 95 Y-S. Tsai, S-Y. Yu, L-C. Sheng, S-F. Lan,C-C. P'o,and P-Y. Kan, Antibiotiki 4, 131 (1959); C.A. 53: 22234i. E.G. Toropova, N.S. Egorov, and N.A. Pobedinsky, Antibiotiki 17, 398 (1972). F.D. Deindoerfer and J.M. West, J . Biochem. Microbiol. Technol. Eng. 2, 165 (1960). G. Liepius, Prod. Mikrobnogo Sin. , Akad. Nauk Latv. SSR, Onst. Mikrobiol. 1 6 ,203; C.A. - 20571~. 96 67: S. Cizek, J. France, and F. Ulrych, Czech. Patent 121,923 (1967); C.A. - 11716t. 68:
NYSTATIN
41 5
131. 132.
133. 134. 135. 136. 137.
138. 139. 140.
141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152.
L. F e u e r , I . I n c z e f y , a n d S. I s t v a n , G e r . O f f e n . 152685~. 2 , 0 6 3 , 0 3 0 ( 1 9 7 1 ) ; C.A. A. Benda, M. Bucko, J . Dasek, J. P a l k o s k a , R. Roubicek, and J. Z a j i c e k , Czech. P a t e n t 124,390 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; C.A. 69: 1798c. T.S. Bobkova and I . N . Koysharova, A n t i b i o t i k i 2, 40 (1957). L.A. Popova, A n t i b i o t i k i 2, 1 4 ( 1 9 6 0 ) . L.A. Popova, G.F. Z a v i l e i s k a y a , N.T. Dygern, and G . D . P e s t e r e v a , A n t i b i o t i k i 6, 34 ( 1 9 6 1 ) . L.A. Popova and N.E. S t e p a n o v a , A n t i b i o t i k i 868 (1962). E.P. Yakovleva, E.S. L a n t a s , a n d E . I . I o f i n a , 4 t h S c i . Conf. L e n i n g r a d . R e s . I n s t . A n t i b i o t . , L e n i n g r a d , 194 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; B.A. 48: 92431 (1967). M. Musilkova, F o l i a M i c r o b i o l . ( P r a g u e ) 6, 175 ( 1 9 6 1 ) . B.S. Nugumanov, E.G. Toropova, and N . S . Egorov, A n t i 489 ( 1 9 7 3 ) . biotiki I . Aburatami, K. K a s h i i , K. Minoura, K. T e r a i , Y. I m a n s h i , and T. S u g a i , J . Osaka C i t y Med. C e n t r e 91 (1959). J. V a n d e p u t t e and W. Gold, U.S. P a t e n t 2 , 7 8 6 , 7 8 1 ( 1 9 5 7 ) ; C . A . 51: 8388e. J. V a n d e p u t t e , U.S. P a t e n t 2 , 8 3 2 , 7 1 9 ( 1 9 5 8 ) ; C.A. 52: 14095i. J . D . D u t c h e r and J. V a n d e p u t t e , U.S. P a t e n t 2 , 8 6 5 , 8 0 7 ( 1 9 5 8 ) ; C.A. 53: 655033. J . G . R e n e l l a , U.S. P a t e n t 3 , 5 1 7 , 1 0 0 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C . A . 73: 86548b. R.C. E s s e , U.S. P a t e n t 3 , 5 1 7 , 1 0 1 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C . A . 73: 69838d. H. Mendelsohn, U.S. P a t e n t 3 , 5 0 9 , 2 5 5 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C.A. 28897d. Y . Okami, R. U t a h a r a , S. Nakamura, and H. Umezawa, J. A n t i b i o t i c s ( J a p a n ) , S e r . A , 98 (1954). M. Urks, C . D . C e r k e s , and 2 . S e v e r a , Med. Prom. S.S.S.R. 1 4 , 2 1 ( 1 9 6 0 ) ; C . A . 55: 87549. J. Gyimesi, K. Magyar, B. Kasszan, and V. S e n k a r i u k , Hung. P a t e n t 149,132 ( 1 9 6 2 ) ; C . A . 58: 5458g. E . Nevole, Czech. P a t e n t 110,992 ( 1 9 6 4 ) ; C.A. 6 1 : 15940~. French P a t e n t 1 , 4 8 8 , 5 3 5 ( E . R . S q u i b b & S o n s ) , 1967; C . A . 68: 9 8 6 4 3 ~ . J . V a n d e p u t t e and U.F. Nager, U.S. P a t e n t 3 , 3 3 2 , 8 4 4 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; C.A. 67: 811299.
2:
1,
=,
8,
2:
z,
41 6
GERD W. MICHEL
153.
154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159.

160.
161.
162. 163. 164. 165.
166.
167. 168. 169.
170. 171.
D.M. T r a k h t e n b e r g , E . I . Rodionovskaya, Z.V. G o r d i n a , L . I . R o s t o v t s e v a , G . I . Kleiner, A.M. Nagle, a n d V. L a z d i n a , Med. Prom. S.S.S.R. 18 ( 1 9 6 0 ) ; C.A. 55: 2019d. G . I . K l e i n e r , V.Y. L a s d i n y a , a n d D.M. T r a k h t e n b e r g , U.S.S.R. P a t e n t 123,287 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . M. Matsuoka and K. Kitamura, Jap. P a t e n t 1 3 , 7 4 8 ( 1 9 6 1 ) ; C.A. 56: 7445e. G . I . K l e i n e r , N.V. I o n o v a , D.M. T r a k h t e n b e r g , a n d L . I . Rostovtseva, A n t i b i o t i k i 200 ( 1 9 6 1 ) . V. Panes and V. Pecak, Czech. P a t e n t 1 0 6 , 4 2 8 ( 1 9 6 3 ) ; C.A. 60: 1 0 7 9 f . V.S. z p e j e v , Czech. P a t e n t 1 1 6 , 9 5 8 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; C.A. 167972. S. I s t v a n , Hung. P a t e n t 152,192 ( 1 9 6 5 ) ; C.A. 17094e. I . K . K a r p i t s k i i , M.P. E l i z a r o v s k i i , G . I . K l e i n e r , E . I . Dangovet, D.M. T r a k h t e n b e r g , and P.A. K a l i n i n , U.S.S.R. P a t e n t 167,609 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C.A. 73: 7231s. A.P. Bashkovich, Y.D. S h e n i n , T.V. KoGnko, V.Y. R a i g o r o d s k a y a , M.P. Karpenko, N.A. f i a s n o b a e v a , N.G. V a s i l ' e v a , N.P. Bogdanova, and O.N. Ekzemplyarov, 31 ( 1 9 6 7 ) . a i m . - F a r m . Zh. S. Boteanu, S. Balliu-Mutu, E. A i t e a n u , and 0. Ludu, 681 (1969). Farmacia ( B u c h a r e s t ) G . I . K l e i n e r a n d N.V. I o n o v a , A n t i b i o t i k i 5, 712 (1963). A.D. Kuzvkov, G.B. L o k s h i n , Y.V. Zhdanovich, and K.M. Khryascheva, A n t i b i o t i k i 422 ( 1 9 6 6 ) . G.B. L o k s h i n , Y.V. Zhdanovich, A.D. Kuzovkov, T . I . Volkova, V.Y. Shtamer, a n d G . I . Kleiner, A n t i b i o t i k i 1 2 , 196 ( 1 9 6 7 ) . G.B. L o k s h i n , Y.V. Zhdanovich, A.D. Kuzovkov, G . I . K l e i n e r , S.M. Chaikovskaya, V.Y. Shtamer, and T . I . Volkova, U.S.S.R. P a t e n t 1 7 9 , 4 2 9 ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; C.A. 2076a. A.E. Tebyakina, S.M. Chaikovskaya, and T.G. Venkina, 547 ( 1 9 6 1 ) . Antibiotiki A.E. E l k o u l y , N.A. E l s a y e d , and A.M. M o t a w i , Mfg. Chem. Aerosol N e w s , August 1 9 7 3 , p.37. D.C. Grove and W.A. R a n d a l l , Assay Methods o f A n t i b i o t i c s - A L a b o r a t o r y Manual ( A n t i b i o t i c s Monographs N o . 2 ) , Medical E n c y c l o p e d i a , I n c . , N e w York, 1 9 5 5 , p.116. J . R . Gerke a n d M.E. Madigan, A n t i b i o t i c s Chemother. 11, 227 (1961), I. Horvath a n d I. Koczka, N a t u r e 1305 ( 1 9 6 4 ) .
14,
5,
65:
63:
L,
1, 7
11,
65:
6,
203,
NYSTATI N
417
172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180.

181.
182. 183.
184. 185.
186.
187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193.
B.M. Trivedi and N.B. Shah, Indian J. Pharm. 32, 156 (1970). G.B. Lokshin, Y.D. Zhdanovich, and A.D. Kuzovkov, Antibiotiki 11,590 (1966). Y.D. Zhdanovich, G.B. Lokshin, and A.D. Kuzovkov, Antibiotiki -, 122 (1967). 12 I. Boudru and C. Bouillet, J. Pharm. Belg. 27, 305 (1972). V.A. Tsyganov and N.G. Vasilieva, Antibiotiki 1 ,47 6 (1971). A.Capek and A. Simek, Folia Microbiol. (Prague) 16, 364 (1971). T.Y. Skvirskaya, G.N. Naumchik, A.I. Pavlova, and M.F. Ugleva, Farmatsiya (Moscow) 1 ,13 (1969). 8 M. Hermansky and M. Vondracek, Czech. Patent 139,880 (1971); C.A. 76: 90049~. J.S. Hydro, T G Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. J.F. Alicino, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. Federal Register, Volume 37, p.865-6 (Title 21, Part 148k) U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.r 1972. J. TrAfouel, J. Cheymol, R. Paul, H. Phnau, G . Hagemann, J. Comar, R. Romain, M. Philippe, 4 J. Vignalon, and A. Quevauviller, Therapie 1 ,573 (i959). L. Dryon, J. Pharm. Belg. 21, 433 (1966). V.B. Korchagin and L.N. Savushkina, Antibiotiki 8,634 (1963). C. Sherman, T. Platt, M. Massey, and E. Ivashkiv, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. C. Sherman, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. E. Aiteanu and M. Medianu, Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 20, 28 (1969). Federal Register, Volume 2, p.18922-19193 (Title 21, Part 449), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1974. L.O. Bolshakova and B.G. Belenky, Antibiotiki 10,707 (1965) V.B. Korchagin and A.A. Korobitskaya, Antibiotiki 8, 1049 (1963). A. Udvardy, A. David, G. Horvath, and A. Toth, Proc. Conf. Appl. Phys. Chem. 2nd 1971, Part 1, p.255. L.G. Wayland and P.J. Weiss, J. Pharm. Sci. 57, 806 (1968).
418
GERD W . MICHEL
194. K.V. Unterman, Antibiotiki 10,867 (1965). 195. V. Valenti, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Personal Communication. 196. E.D. Etingov, G.V. Kholodova, V.O. Kul'bakh, and A.I. Karnatushkina, Antibiotiki 17,301 (1972). 197. H. Laubie, Bull. SOC. Pharm. Bordeaux 99, 3 (1960); C.A. - 17793d. 54: 198. 0. Szucs, Gy&gyszer&szet 2, 469 (1961); C.A. 57: 4764i. 199. B. Ozsoz, Turk Ijiyen Tecrubi Biyol. Dergisi 22, 59 (1962); C.A. 57: 9957d. 200. W.H. Unterman, Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 12, 415 (1961). 201. W.H. Unterman, Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 12, 504 (1961). 202. S. Ochab, Diss. Pharm. 17,323 (1965). 203. W.H. Unterman, Rev. Chim. (Bucharest) 13, 618 (1962). 204. L. Mazoi and K. Papay, Acta Pharm. Hung. 32, 59 (1962). 205. J.C. Chang, A.B. Honig, A.T. Warren, and S. Levine, J. Pharm. Sci. 52, 536 (1963). 206. M.M. Amer and A.A. Habib, Talanta 22, 605 (1975); see 8 also GyAgyszer6szet 1 ,472 (1974). 207. B.Z. Chowdhry, Talanta 23, 79 (1976). 208. V. Betina, in M. Lederer, ed., Chromatographic Reviews, Volume 7, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam/London/New York, 1965, p.119-178. 209. K. Macek, I.M. Hais, J. Kopeck$, and J. Gasparic, Bibliography of Paper and Thin-Layer Chromatography 1961-1965, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam/ London/New York, 1968, p.578. 210. Z. RehAcek, Folia Microbiol. (Prague) 8, 228 (1963). 211. A.P. Struyk, I. Hoette, G. Drost, J.M. Waisvisz, T. van Elk, and J.C. Hoogerheide, in H. Welch.and F. Marti-Ibanez, eds. , Antibiotics Annual 1957-1958, Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, 1958, p.878. 212. R. Fiigner and G. Bradler, Z Allgem. Mikrobiol. 3, . 173 (1963). 213. V. Sevcik, M. Podojil, and A. Vrtiskovh, Cesk. Mikrobiol. 2, 175 (1957). 214. V. Betina, J. Chromatogr. 78, 41 (1973). 215. A. Ammann and D. Gottlieb, Appl. Microbiol. 3, 181 (1955). 216. D.H. Peterson and L.M. Reineke, J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 72, 3598 (1950). 217. W.A. Ritschel and H. Lercher, Pharm. Ztg., Ver. Apotheker-Ztg. 1 6 120 (1961); C.A. - 397i. 0, 62: 218. R. Paris and J.-P. Theallet, Ann. Pharm. Franc. 20, 436 (1962). 219. K.V. Rao and W.P. Cullen, J. h e r . Chem. SOC. 82, 1127 (1960)
NYSTAT I N
419
220.
C . P . S c h a f f n e r , I . D . Steinman, R . S . S a f f e r m a n , and H. L e c h e v a l i e r , i n H. Welch and F. M a r t i - I b a n e z , e d s .
221.
222.
223.
224. 225.
226. 227. 228. 229.
230.
231. 232. 233. 234. 235. 236. 237. 238. 239. 240.
241.
242.
A n t i b i o t i c s Annual 1957-1958, Medical E n c y c l o p e d i a , I n c . , New York, 1958, p.869. G . H . Wagman and M . J . W e i n s t e i n , Chromatography of A n t i b i o t i c s , J o u r n a l of chromatography L i b r a r y Volume 1, E l s e v i e r S c i e n t i f i c P u b l i s h i n g Company, Amsterdam/London/New York, 1973, p.55/130. J . Burns and D . F . Holtman, A n t i b i o t i c s and Chemot h e r a p y 9, 398 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . Y.M. Khokhlova, A.V. Puchnina, E.F. Oparysheva, L.M. Golovkina, and N.O. B l i n o v , Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, S e r . B i o l . 2, 433 ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; C.A. 65: 3668c. V . B e t i n a and P. Nemec, Nature 1 1 (1960). 11 V . B e t i n a and P . Nemec, Chem. Z v e s t i 853 ( 1 9 6 1 ) ; C . A . 58: 5453d. Y . V . Zhdanovich, G . B . Lokshin, and A.D. Kuzovkov, 42 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; C.A. 68: 33147k. Khim.-Farm. Zh. S.N. L i t v i n e n k o , Lab. Delo 8,39 ( 1 9 6 2 ) ; C.A. 58: 2322d. A . A s z a l o s , S. Davis, and D. F r o s t , J. Chromatoqr. 37, 487 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . T. Ikekawa, F. I w a n i , E . A k i t a , and H. Umezawa, J . A n t i b i o t . (Tokyo), S e r . A , 56 ( 1 9 6 3 ) . G. Zweig and J. Sherma, e d s . , Handbook o f Chromatog r a p h y , Volume 1, CRC Pre ss, The Chemical Rubber Co., C l e v e l a n d , 1972, pp.458, 459, 751. E. A k i t a and T. Ikekawa, J . Chromatogr. 250 ( 1 9 6 3 ) . S . Ochab, D i s s . Pharm. Pharmacol. 22, 351 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; C.A. 74: 797322. F. Tarqos and J. Metzqer, The Squibb I n s t i t u t e f o r Medical R e s e a r c h , P e r s o n a l Communication. F. T a r q o s , The Squibb I n s t i t u t e f o r Medical R e s e a r c h , P e r s o n a l Communication. C. M a t h i s , B u l l . SOC. Chim. F r . (l), 93. P.-A. Nussbaumer, Pharm. A c t a Helv. 43, 462 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . 0. Kocy and N . C o l e , The Squibb I n s t i t u t e f o r Medical R e s e a r c h , P e r s o n a l Communication. J . K e i n e r , R. Hiittenrauch, and W. P o e t h k e , Pharm. 0, Z e n t r a l h a l l e 1 8 525 ( 1 9 6 9 ) . M.H.J. Zuidweg, J . G . Oostendorp, and C . J . K . BOS, J. Chromatogr. 42, 552 ( 1 9 6 9 ) . E . Meyers and D.A. Smith, J. Chromatogr. 129 (1964). V . B . Korchagin, G.B. Lokshin, and V . I . N i r e n b e r c h i k , Antibiotiki 1047 ( 1 9 6 6 ) ; C.A. 66: 40745r. N.O. B l i n o v and A.S. Khokhlov, A n t i b i o t i k i S , 751 (1963).
187,
15,
I,
1, 6
12,
17 93
14,
11,
420
GERD W. MICHEL
243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257.
258. 259. 260. 261.
E. Stahl, ed., Thin-Layer Chromatography, SpringerVerlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York, 1965, p.488. B.S. Finkle, E.J. Cherry, and D.M. Taylor, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 9, 393 (1971). H.J. Burrows and D.H. C a l m , J. Chromatogr. 53, 566 (1970). S. Omura, Y. Suzuki, A. Nakagawa, and T. Hata, J. Antibiot. 26, 794 (1973). W. Mechlinski and C.P. Schaffner, Abstr. 13th Interscience Conf. on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Washington, D.C., 1973, Paper 143. W. Mechlinski and C.P. Schaffner, J. Chromatogr. 2, 619 (1974). S. Ochab, Diss. Pharm. Pharmacol. 24, 205 (1972); C.A. 77: 44438t. H.W. Unterman and S. Weissbuch, Pharmazie 29, 752 (1974). F. Icha and J. Strosova, Czech. Patent 114,468 (1965); C.A. 64: 6418f. L. M & & and K.M. PApay, Z. Anal. Chem. 1 4 272 8, (1961). "Code of Federal Regulations", 21 CFR 436.105, 1975, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Minimum Requirements of Antibiotic Products, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Jap. Government, Tokyo, 1961. J.R. Gerke, J.D. Levin, and J.F. Pagano, in F. Kavanagh, ed., Analytical Microbiology, Volume I, Academic Press, Inc., New York/London, 1963, p.387. T.B. Platt, J.D. Levin, J. Gentile, and M.A. Leitz, in F. Kavanagh, ed., Analytical Microbiology, Volume 11, Academic Press, Inc., New York/London, 1972, p.147. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 12th Edition (W. Horwite, ed.), Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, D.C., 1975, p.811. T.B. Platt and A.G. Itkin, J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem. 57, 536 (1974). D.M. Isaacson and T.B. Platt, Bacteriol. Proc. 1 6 , 98 1 . S. Clements-Jewery, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 9, 585 (1976). W.G. Evans and J.E. Bodnar, Adv. Autom. Anal. Technicon Int. Congr. 1972 (Pub. 1973) ?, 45.
NYSTATIN
421
The above references attempt to cover the literature through 1972 (Chemical Abstracts, Volume 76). In addition to several more recent publications also included, the following additional papers related to analytical aspects of nystatin have come to the author's attention during the preparation of this profile: 262. M.M. Amer et al. Application of orthogonal functions to determination of nystatin in the presence of its degradation products J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 27, 377 (1975). 263. M.V. Bibikova et al. On the possibility of early identification of organisms producing polyenic antibiotics Antibiotiki 20, 675 (1975). 264. E.D. Etingov et al. Ionization of acid-base groups of polyenic antibiotics in aqueous solutions Antibiotiki 20, 678 (1975). 265. V.A. Weinstein et al. Studies on association of nystatin and amphotericin B in non-aqueous solvent systems Antibiotiki 20, 688 (1975) 266. E. Jereczek et al. Use of tris (dipivaloylmethane) europium in NMR studies of some structural elements of antibiotics of the polyene macrolide group Inst. Nucl. Phys., Cracow, Rep. 1973,No. 819/(PL) (Pt. 2), 232.
8.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author expresses his appreciation to Dr. T.B. Platt for his contribution of the section on microbiological assay methods; to Dr. N.S. Semenuk and his associates of the Science Information Department of the Squibb Institute for Medical Research for their assistance in the literature search; to Ms. E. Fralick for a thorough review of the manuscript; and to Ms. F. Kaiser for her expert secretarial support and for her patience in the preparation and correction of this monograph.
PROPARACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Daisy B. Whigan
424
DAISY B. WHIGAN
1 .
2.
3. 4. 5.
6.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Description 1.1 Name,Formula, Molecular Weight 1.2 Appearance, Color, Odor Physical Properties 2 . 1 Spectra 2 . 1 1 Infrared Spectra 2.12 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra 2.13 Ultraviolet Spectra 2.14 Mass Spectra 2.15 Fluorescence Spectra 2.2 Crystal Properties 2 . 2 1 Crystallinity 2.22 Polymorphism 2.23 Differential Thermal Analysis 2.24 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis 2.25 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 2.26 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 2.27 Melting Range 2.3 Solution Data 2 . 3 1 Solubility 2.32 pKa 2.33 Phase Solubility Analysis Synthesis Stability-Degradation Analysis of Intermediate Compound and Hydrolysis Products Methods of Analysis 6.1 Identification Tests 6.2 Elemental Analysis 6.3 Spectrophotometric Analysis 6 . 3 1 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Ana lysis 6.32 Fluorescence Spectrophotometric Analysis 6.4 Titrimetric Procedures 6 . 4 1 Nonaqueous Titration 6.42 Titration with Sodium Nitrite 6.43 Spectrophotometric Titration with Nitrous Acid 6.5 Colorimetric Methods 6 . 5 1 With Bratton-Marshall Reagent
425
7.
8. 9. 10.
With Sodium 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4sul f onate 6.6 Chromatographic Procedures 6.61 Paper Chromatography 6.62 Thin-layer chromatography Analysis of Hydrolysis Products in Body Fluids and Tissues Serum Protein Binding Drug Metabolism References
6.52
426
DAISY B. WHIGAN
Description 1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight Proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e i s 2 - ( d i e t h y l a m i n o ) e t h y l 3-amino-4-propoxybenzoate monohydrochloride. Chemical A b s t r a c t s l i s t i n g s a r e under t h e heading benzoic acid,3-amino-4-propoxy-2( d i e t h y 1 a m i n o ) e t h y l e s t e r , monohydrochloride. The Chemical A b s t r a c t s R e g i s t r y Number i s 5875-06-9. I t i s a l s o known a s proxymetacaine hydrochloride. Common t r a d e names a r e Ophthaine, Alcaine, and Ophthetic,
1.
CH3CH2CH27
-0-CH2 CH2N (C2H5) 2
.H C 1
Appearance, Color, Odor Proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e i s a white o r f a i n t buff c r y s t a l l i n e , o d o r l e s s powder.

1.2
Physical P r o p e r t i e s 2 . 1 Spectra 2 . 1 1 Infrared Spectra The i n f r a r e d spectrum o f proparac a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e compressed i n a potassium bromide p e l l e t i s shown i n Figure 1. The spectrum was o b t a i n e d on a Perkin-Elmer Model 6 2 1 g r a t i n g i n f r a r e d spectrophotometer. The following assignments have been made f o r s t r u c t u r a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t bands' : Waveleng t h ycm'l Assiqnment 3420,3280 NH2 s t r e t c h 2700,2640 HC1 1700 Ester G O 1610,1585,1510 Aromatic C=C =C-0 ( e s t e r and 1295,1200 aromatic e t h e r )
2.
PROPARACAIN E HYDROCHLORIDE
427
obtained the infrared spectrum of proparacaine hydrochloride from a mineral oil dispersion on a Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer Model 157. The following spectral assignments were made: Wavelength,cm-l 3470 3300 2620 2500 171 5 1630 1600 870 Assignment -NH2 group - N H ~group HN ' of trisubstituted amine HN ' of trisubstituted amine C=O Ester Phenyl ring Phenyl ring CH aromatic
The discrepancies in the spectral wavelengthsof the two interpretations could be attributed to calibration differences of the di fferent instruments used2.
WAVELENGTH (MICRONSI
FREQUENCY (CM)
F i g u r e 1.
I n f r a r e d Spectrum of P r o p a r a c a i n e Hydrochloride i n a K3 P e l l e t . lr
429
N u c l e a r Maqnetic Resonance S p e c t r a F i g u r e 2 shows t h e n u c l e a r m a g n e t i c resonance spectrum of proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e i n d e u t e r a t e d d i m e t h y l s u l f o x i d e . The s p e c t r u m was o b t a i n e d on a Perkin-Elmer R12B NMR s p e c t r o m e t e r u s i n g t e t r a m e t h y l s i l a n e a s an i n t e r n a l r e f e r e n c e . S p e c t r a l a s s i g n m e n t s 3 a r e r e c o r d e d i n Table 1.
Table 1
2.12
CH2 H 3C - CH2 HC 1
'CH2- CH3
Proton Position
( N o . of
* Peaks)
Coupling c o n s t a n t J (HZ)
1 2 3 4 5
6
a
9 10 11
1.27 ( t ) 3.17 ( 9 ) 3.44 ( t ) 4.61 ( t ) 7.32 ( 9 ) 7.40 (d) 6.90 (d)

5.00 ( b )
7.0 7.0
6.0 6.0 9.0 9.0 1.0 6.0 6.5
-----
4.00 ( t )
N+H
1.75 ( m ) 1.00(t) 11.35 ( b )
---
*d
= doublet, t = t r i p l e t , q = q u a r t e t , m = m u l t i p l e t , b = broad
w%3
8-25-76
DM%
0 w
5 -5
7--7---*---
--7.
. .
I 4 5
6
7
9-72 GMJ
1 .
I
*t#l
Figure 2.
NMR Spectrum of P r o p a r a c a i n e H y d r o c h l o r i d e i n D e u t e r a t e d
D i m e t h y l s u l f oxide.
PROPARACAINE HYDROCHLOR IDE
431
U l t r a v i o l e t Spectra The u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m o f p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e i n m e t h a n o l , ca. 1 2 pg/ml, i s shown i n F i u r e 3 ( 1 n s t r u m e n t : C a r y 1 5 ) . H e f f e r e n and co-workers' a t t r i b u t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g chemical s t r u c t u r e s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n of s u b s t i t u t e d benzoic a c i d esters: Chemical S t r u c t u r e Approximate Wavelength, n m Carbonyl d i r e c t l y 225 attached t o aromatic ring Amino c o n j u g a t e d w it h ca rbonyl Ethers conjugated with carbonyl
300
2.13
270
The u l t r a v i o l e t maxima o b s e r v e d f o r proparacaine hydrochloride agree very w e l l with t h e above assignments. A l l t h r e e peaks a r e a l s o o b s e r v e d when e t h y l a l c o h o l 6 , w a t e r 5 , 7, a n d a q u e o u s base4 a r e used a s s o l v e n t i n s t e a d of methanol. F i g u r e 4 shows t h a t t h e u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n o f p r o p a r a c a i n e i s d e p e n d e n t on pH. The e f f e c t of t h e pH o f t h e s o l u t i o n on t h e u l t r a v i o l e t absorption of proparacaine hyd ro ch lo rid e w a s A t a c i d i c pH, e x t e n s i v e l y s t u d i e d by H e f f e r e n 8 . t h e a r o m a t i c amine forms a p o s i t i v e l y c h a r g e d ammonium i o n t h u s n u l l i f y i n g t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e amino g r o u p i n r e s o n a n c e w i t h t h e a r o m a t i c r i n g . The pH p r o f i l e o f t h e s p e c t r a p r e s e n t e d b y H k f f e r e n showed an i s o b e s t i c p o i n t a t 243 nm.
432
Ultraviolet Spectrum of Proparacaine Hydrochloride So1vent:Methanol - 1nstrument:Cary 15

'D
E 0
a,
.rl
A k
k 0 4
WI
m
JJ
Ii
d
433
Mass S p e c t r a The l o w r e s o l u t i o n mass s p e c t r u m o f p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e , T h i s w a s o b t a i n e d on a n S q u i b b S t a n d a r d L o t 41519-003, i s shown i n F i g u r e 5. A s s o c i a t e d E l e c t r i c a l I n d u s t r i e s Model MS-902 M a s s S p e c t r o m e t e r e q u i p p e d w i t h a frequency-modulated a n a l o g t a p e r e c o r d e r .

The major The p a r e n t i o n , M+, o f t h e compound a t m / e 294 i s weak. i o n a t m / e 8 6 i s d u e t o t h e c l e a v a g e o f t h e bond b e t a t o t h e t e r t i a r y a m i n e nitrogen. T h i s c l e a v a g e i s a n t i c i p a t e d i n t h e f r a g m e n t a t i o n of amines. Mass s p e c t r a l a s s i g n m e n t s of p r o m i n e n t i o n s a r e g i v e n b y t h e f r a g m e n t a t i o n p a t t e r n below48.
2.14
w P
H3C-
CH2-CH2-
m/e
178
m/e m/e
178
_ I
m/e
-1 f.i
I -
m/e 99-H
m/e
CH2
~ ' 2 ~ 5
\C2H5
195 +H
136
m/e
222
CH3CH = CH2
295 (M+
H)
5
.d
a,
k
d
."0 u
5
sr m
Q)
.d
rd rd
rd a
PI
W
0 k
0 E 7
4J
$00
v)
a,
2
c
-d
111 111
4J
7 0
ffl
p:
I
Q)
hlISN31NI 3 A I l t 1 1 3 t l
d
I n
Q)
-4 L4
7 tn
435
436
DAISY 6. WHIGAN
Fluorescence S p e c t r a Proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e e x h i b i t s I t s e x c i t a t i o n and f l u o r e s n a t i v e fluorescence4. cence s p e c t r a i n methanol a s recorded on a PerkinElmer Fluorescence Spectrophotometer Model 204 a r e reproduced i n Figure 6. The f l u o r e s c e n c e of prop a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e v a r i e s w i t h pH. I t i s most i n t e n s e i n 0 . 1 N sodium hydroxide where a concentrat i o n of 0 . 0 5 pg per m l had an i n t e n s i t y t h a t was f i v e times t h a t of t h e blank. I n 0.1N s u l f u r i c a c i d , t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i s quenched. Fluorescence c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e i n a l i m i t e d l i s t of s o l v e n t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Table 2 .
2.15
Table 2 Fluorescence C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Proparacaine Hydrochloride Solvent Water Sodium Hydroxide, 0.1N Phosphate B u f f e r , p 7.0 H M thano 1 e Excitation Maximum ,nm 3 16
300
Fluorescence Maximum, nm 460 3 96 454 44 0
316 3 18
I n 0.1g sodium hydroxide, t h e r e i s a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e f l u o r e s c e n c e i n t e n s i t y and t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p r o p a r a c a i n e hydrochloride up t o 5 pg p e r m l .
437
Figure 6. Excitation and Fluorescence Spectra of Proparacaine Hydrochloride 1nstrument:Perkin-Elmer Fluorescence Spectrophotometer Model 204 Solvent: Methanol
I
. . ..
, I
I I
'
p
0
i
I
I
I
d d
I
!
iI
I
..
~
. . .
j
!
I
I
II
I
I
I .
!
1
/ i
I
i
I
i I
I
i
; I I
. -.
1
I
I
/
m m
0
..
I I
0 N
438
DAISY B.WHIGAN
crystal Properties 2.21 Crystallinity P r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e forms small r o s e t t e s o r bunches of n e e d l e s w i t h p l a t i n i c It a l s o forms r o s e t t e s of l o n g t h i c k bromide'. needles with 5 - n i t r o b a r b i t u r i c acid44. Photomicrog r a p - , s of c r y s t a l s formed w i t h c h l o r o p l a t i n i c a c i d , p i c r o l o n i c a c i d , and p o t a s s i u m permanganate w e r e t a k e n b y Rich a n d C h a t t e n l o .
2.2
2.22
Polymorphism
N o polymorphism h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d
f o r proparacaine hydrochloride. However, K o e h l e r and Feldmann'l s u g g e s t e d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f polymorphism i n t h e s o l i d t e t r a p h e n y l b o r a t e derivative
D i f f e r e n t i a l Thermal Analysis(DTA) Jacobson12 c o n d u c t e d t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l t h e r m a l a n a l y s i s of p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e on a DuPOnt 900 Thermo-analyzer w i t h a The thermot e m p e r a t u r e r i s e of 15O p e r m i n u t e . gram o f p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e (Squibb House S t a n d a r d L o t 41519-003) showed a s h a r p endotherm a t 1 8 1 O C which c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e m e l t of t h e d r u g (See S e c t i o n 2.27 f o r M e l t i n g R a n g e ) . Thermal G r a v i m e t r i c A n a l y s i s (TGA) Thermal g r a v i m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e was c o n d u c t e d on a DuPont T h e r m o g r a v i m e t r i c A n a l y z e r Model 900.Working w i t h p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e , Squibb S t a n d a r d L o t 41519-003, Jacobson12 found no w e i g h t l o s s b e f o r e 150OC. The compound w a s h e a t e d a t a r a t e o f 15O p e r m i n u t e u n d e r a n i t r o g e n sweep. D i f f e r e n t i a l Scanning C a l o r i m e t r y (DSC) Va1entil3 determined t h e p u r i t y of p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e by DSC. A s c a n n i n g r a t e o f 0.625 deg/min and a s e n s i t i v i t y o f 2 m i l l i c a l / s e c were used. Using a Perkin-Elmer DSC Model lB, t h e p u r i t y of p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e l o t 46016-064 2.25 2.24
2.23
439
was c a l c u l a t e d t o b e 99.94 mol p e r c e n t . 2.26 X-Ray Powder D i f f r a c t i o n The x - r a y powder d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n of p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e was o b t a i n e d by Ochsl4 on a P h i l l i p s X-Ray Powder D i f f r a c t o m e t e r , Type 120-101-11, a t a v o l t a g e of 35 kv a n d a c u r r e n t of 1 0 mA. Theosample w a s i r r a d i a t e d b y a copper s o u r c e a t 1 . 5 4 A . Data d e r i v e d from the spectrum ( F i g u r e 7 ) of p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e , Squibb S t a n d a r d Lot 41519-003, a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e 3. Table 3 X - R a y Powder D i f f r a c t i o n P a t t e r n of Proparacaine Hydrochloride 1 n s t r u m e n t : P h i l l i p s X-Ray Powder D i f f r a c t o m e t e r
1(2q
d (A) '
**
I/IO***
0.663 12.56 7.04 0.460 10.02 8.83 0.176 7.84 11.29 0.197 6.95 12.74 1.000 6.52 13.59 15.63 5.67 0.212 5.46 16.22 0.140 0.178 5.12 17.33 4.97 17.84 0.357 4.52 19.62 0.518 4.17 21.32 0.483 3.81 0.179 23.36 0.299 3.64 24.47 0.122 25.15 3.54 0.360 3.37 26.42 0.300 27.02 3.30 0.497 3.26 27.36 0.261 3.05 29.31 2.69 0.153 33.31 2.65 0.226 33.82 2.51 0.115 35.77 *Twice t h e a n - l e of i n c i d e n c e o r r e f l e c t i o n q ** d ( i n t e r p l a n a r d i s t a n c e ) = 2 sin 8
*** R e l a t i v e
1.539 A
o f 1.000.
i n t e n s i t y b a s e d on h i g h e s t i n t e n s i t y
OPP
PROPARACAl NE HY DROCH LOR I DE
44 1
Melting Range The m e l t i n g r a n g e f o r U.S.P. prop a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e i s s p e c i f i e d a s 178O t o 185OC. C l i n t o n , - et. a l . reported a melting range of 182-183.3OC. Squibb S t a n d a r d p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e Lot 41519-003 gave a m e l t i n g range o f e~ 1820 t o 184OC. Monguzzi and c o - w ~ r k e r sr~ p o r t e d a m e l t i n g range of 180' t o 182OC. 2.3 S o l u t i o n Data 2.31 S o l u b i l i t y Approximate S o l u b i l i t y of P r o p a r a c a i n e Hydrochloride a t Room Temperature 1 7 Solvent S o l u b i l i t y (mq/ml)
2.27
Water Dimethylsulfoxide Chloroform Ethanol Benzene Hexane Ethyl Acetate Ether 2.32
> 50
50 30 7 < 0.1 (0.1 (0.1 (0.1
pKa
Hef f e r e n 8 determined t h e a p p a r e n t d i s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t a n t of t h e a r o m a t i c amino group:

R
N 3 H
NH2
H+
Using a s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c method d e s c r i b e d by F l e x s e r , Hammett, and Din the a p p a r e n t pK' a i s 3.22 (Kh = 6.03 x lo-') Phase S o l u b i l i t y A n a l y s i s The p u r i t y of p r o p a r a c a i n e hydroc h l o r i d e h a s been determined by phase s o l u b i l i t y a n a l y s i s 6 . The a n a l y s i s i s c a r r i e d o u t by e q u i l i b r a t i o n i n a b s o l u t e e t h a n o l a t 23OC f o r 24 hours, Proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e Lot N o . B R - 1 assayed 99.8% pure by phase s o l u b i l i t y a n a l y s i s . 2.33
442
DAISY 6 . WHIGAN
xnthesis Proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e h a s been s y n t h e s i z e d 1 9 by t h e s e q u e n c e o f r e a c t i o n s shown i n F i g u r e 8. The f o u r s t e p s y n t h e s i s s t a r t s w i t h p-hydroxybenzoic a c i d . This is e t h e r i f i e d with n-propylbromide i n t h e p r e s e n c e of p o t a s s i u m hydroxide. The r e s u l t i n g compound i s n i t r a t e d t o g i v e 3-nitro-4-propoxy-benzoic a c i d (11). The a c i d c h l o r i d e i s formed w i t h t h i o n y l c h l o r i d e and r e a c t e d w i t h B-diethylaminoethanol t o y i e l d 2( d i e t h y 1 a m i n o ) e t h y l 3-nitro-4-propoxybenzoate (111). T h i s i n t e r m e d i a t e i s reduced w i t h hydrogen c a t a l y t i c a l l y , t o produce p r o p a r a c a i n e hydrochloride (IV)
3.
C l i n t o n and co-workers15 s y n t h e s i z e d 3 - n i t r o - 4 propoxybenzoic a c i d (11) b y a l k y l a t i o n o f 4hydroxy-3-nitrobenzoic acid w i t h p r o p y l p-toluenes u l f o n a t e i n x y l e n e s o l u t i o n . The f r e e a c i d i s produced by s u b s e q u e n t a l k a l i n e s a p o n i f i c a t i o n o f t h e ester. Following t h e Williamson r e a c t i o n , Monguzzi and c o - ~ o r k e r s o b~ a i n e d I1 d i r e c t l y from 4 - c h l o r o ~ t 3 - n i t r o b e n z o i c a c i d b y r e a c t i n g i t w i t h sodium n-propoxide i n d i m e t h y l s u l f o x i d e s o l u t i o n . The n i t r o g r o u p i n t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e I11 h a s a l s o been s u c c e s s f u l l y c o n v e r t e d t o t h e correspondi n g amino g r o u p b y 15,20 a ) iron-hydrochloric acid reduction b) c a t a l y t i c hydrogenation with palladium/ charcoa 1 c a t a l y s t22,23 c ) c a t a l y t i c r e d u c t i o n w i t h Raney n i c k e l 24 15 d ) c a t a l y t i c r e d u c t i o n w i t h pla tinum o x i d e Proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e h a s been r e c r y s t a l l i z e d from a b s o l u t e ethanol2', from methanol19, a n d from a b s o l u t e a l c o h o l - e t h y l a c e t a t e 1 5 .
F i g u r e 8.
STEP I '
S y n t h e t i c R e a c t i o n S c h e m e for P r o p a r a c a i n e H y d r o c h l o r i d e
O D COOH
CH3CH2CH2Br ,
CH3CH2CH20
S T E P 11:
CH3CH2CH20
CH3CH2CH20
a
I1
H?
0
CH O :
COOH
02N
S T E P 111: CH3 CH2 CH2 D

e w
SOCl2 O H
CH3
CH3CH2Cz::@-OCH2CH2N 02N
(C2H5 ) 2 * H C 1
I
S T E P IV: CH3 CH2
C H 3 CH2 H2N
IV
Stability-Deqradation P r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e i s c h e m i c a l l y s t a b l e a s a s o l i d a t room temperat u r e f o r a t l e a s t two y e a r s 2 5 . The w h i t e c r y s t a l l i n e powder d i s c o l o r s o n h e a t i n g Liquid formulations of proparacaine hydrochloride a r e and exposure to a i r g . However, s o l u t i o n s s t a b l e up t o a t l e a s t two y e a r s 1 6 i n t h e a b s e n c e of a i r . w i l l d i s c o l o r i n t h e p r e s e n c e of air2. P r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e undergoes h y d r o l y s i s when b o i l e d i n c h l o r i c a c i d f o r 60 m i n u t e s 2 6 ( F i g u r e 9 ) .
4.
2N hydro-
HC 1
P
P P
Heat OCH2 CH2 CH3 Proparacaine
COOH
+
QNH2 OCH2 CH2 CH3
(CH3CH2) 2NCH2 CH20H B-diethylaminoethano 1
3-amino-4-propoxybenzoic a c i d H y d r o l y s i s of P r o p a r a c a i n e
F i g u r e 9.
PROPARACAINE HYDROCHLOR ID
445
Analysis of I n t e r m e d i a t e Compound and Hydrolys i s Produ c t s Traces of t h e n i t r o i n t e r m e d i a t e (I11 i n Figure 8 ) i n proparacaine hydrochloride have been determined p o l a r o g r a p h i c a l l y by Kocy45. A Leeds and Northrup Electrochemograph type E equipped w i t h a s a t u r a t e d calomel e l e c t r o d e and a dropping mercury e l e c t r o d e was used. The e l e c t r o l y t e b u f f e r used i s p 4.0 a c e t a t e b u f f e r c o n t a i n i n g 0.001; H dodecyltrimethylammonium c h l o r i d e (DTAC) a s a maxima suppressor. The " s t a n d a r d a d d i t i o n technique" allows a q u a n t i t a t i v e method f o r determining a s l i t t l e a s 0.1% of I11 i n proparac a i n e hydrochloride. The n i t r o i n t e r m e d i a t e h a s an average r e d u c t i o n p o t e n t i a l of -0.37 v o l t s (vs. S.C.E.)
5.
3-Amino-4-propoxy-benzoic a c i d , a h y d r o l y s i s product of proparacaine, has been s e p a r a t e d from proparacaine by l i q u i d - l i q u i d e x t r a c t i o n . The f r e e a c i d remains i n p 6.8 b u f f e r while H proparacaine i s e x t r a c t e d i n t o chloroform 27 The aqueous l a y e r i s assayed s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a l l y f o r 3-amino-4-propoxy-benzoic a c i d . When t h e p of t h e H aqueous l a y e r i s lowered t o 4 , t h e f r e e a c i d i s e x t r a c t e d i n t o chloroform26. S o l u t i o n s of t h e f r e e a c i d were s p o t t e d on s i l i c a g e l t h i n - l a y e r p l a t e s and developed i n two s e p a r a t e s o l v e n t systems: Sys tem I , acetone: benzene :chloroform ( 20 :40 :40) :and System 11, benzene: chloroform: a c e t i c a c i d (20:80: 1 0 ) . The p o s i t i o n of t h e f r e e a c i d , r e l a t i v e t o c a f f e i n e , was 0.7 i n System I and 1.6 i n System 11.
Diethylaminoethanol, a l s o a h y d r o l y s i s product of proparacaine, has been determined i n plasma by a c o l o r i m e t r i c method with methyl orange 28
446
DAISY 6.WHIGAN
Methods o f A n a l y s i s 6.1 Identification Tests U.S.P. m e t h o d s 1 i n c l u d e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m of p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e ( S e c t i o n 2.13) f o r i t s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Infrared s p e c t r o s c o p y ( S e c t i o n 2 . 1 1 ) may be u s e d t o i d e n t i f y t h e drug. The p r i m a r y a r o m a t i c amino g r o u p i s i d e n t i f i e d b y r e a c t i n g w i t h a q u e o u s sodium n i t r i t e , c o o l i n g t h e m i x t u r e , and t h e n a d d i n g a s o l u t i o n o f (3-naphthol i n sodium h y d r o x i d e . The s c a r l e t - r e d p r e c i p i t a t e formed d o e s n o t d i s s o l v e upon a d d i t i o n o f a c e t o n e1 T h i n - l a y e r chromatography ( S e c t i o n 6 . 6 2 ) and p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ( S e c t i o n 6 . 6 1 ) h a v e been u t i l i z e d f o r i d e n t i t y purposes. Photomicrog r a p h s of p r o p a r a c a i n e c r y s t a l l i n e d e r i v a t i v e s ( S e c t i o n 2 . 2 1 ) have been used as an a d j u n c t t o o t h e r p h y s i c a l methods f o r c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n . Formation of s o l i d d e r i v a t i v e s ( T a b l e 4) and t h e determination of t h e melting ranges and t h e i n f r a r e d s p e c t r a of t h e s e d e r i v a t i v e s p ro v id e f u r t h e r parameters for i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .
6.
Table 4 Propa r a c a i n e D e r i v a t i v e s Derivative M e l t i n q Ranqe ( O C ) Chloroplatinate 195.5-198.5 Flavianate 162.0-163.0 ( d e c ) Methiodide 145.0-147.5 122-124 Picrate 138.0-140.0 Reineckate 151-158 St y p h n a t e Tetraphenyl143-147 boratea
Reference
10
15 10
11 10
10
11 10
131.5-132.0
a
Polymorphism h a s been s u g g e s t e d
1 1
447
6.2
E l e m e n t a l A n a l y s i s (as C16H26N203-HC1) Element
% Theory
% Reported Ref.6 Ref. 15

58.04 8.11 8.54 10.85
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Chlorine
58.08 8.23 8.47 10.71
8. 56 10.88
C h l o r i d e s may be d e t e r m i n e d 6 b y r e a c t i n g t h e sample w i t h e x c e s s s i l v e r n i t r a t e i n t h e p r e s e n c e of n i t r o b e n z e n e and n i t r i c a c i d . The excess s i l v e r n i t r a t e i s t i t r a t e d w i t h potassium o r ammonium t h i o c y a n a t e u s i n g f e r r i c ammonium sulfate a s the indicator. Spectrophotometric Analysis 6.31 u l t r a v i o l e t Spectrophotometric Analysis Since proparacaine displays a high d e g r e e o f a b s 3 r p t i o n i n t h e 220 t o 320 n r a n g e , m u l t r a v i o l e t spectroscopy ( Sectio n 2.13) provides In local a c o n v e n i e n t means or i t s a s s a y . a n e s t h e t i c f o r m u l a t i o n s , t h e p r e s e n c e o f some vasoconstrictor agents, preservatives,and s a l t s w i l l not interfere i f these materials e i t h e r a)do n o t d i s p l a y absorption i n t h i s a r e a or b) a r e d i l u t e d t o t h e p o i n t where t h e i r a b s o r p t i o n i s negligible. I n more c o m p l i c a t e d f o r m u l a t i o n s p n p a r a c a i n e h a s been e f f e c t i v e l y s e p a r a t e d p r i o r t o u l t r a v i o l e t a n a l y s i s b y e x t r a c t i o n from a n 11 a l k a l i n e medium i n t o e i t h e r e t h e r ' o r c h l o r o f o r m 6.3
I n t h e presence of s t r o n g a c i d s , t h e a r o m a t i c amine forms a p o s i t i v e l y c h a r g e d ammonium i o n and t h e peak due t o t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e amino g r o u p i n r e s o n a n c e i s n u l l i f i e d This o b s e r v a t i o n h a s been u t i l i z e d i n (Figure 4). determining propoxycaine i n t h e presence of p r o c a i n e 3 0 . The same phenomenon c o u l d b e a p p l i e d t o t h e determination of proparacaine i n t h e presence of procaine.
448
DAISY B. WHIGAN
Fluorescence Spectrophotometric Analysis Although f l u o r o m e t r i c procedures f o r t h e a s s a y of pr opar acaine h y d ro ch lo rid e have n o t b e e n reported, t h e y s h o u l d be f e a s i b l e b e c a u s e t h e n a t i v e f l u o r e s c e n c e o f p r o p a r a c a i n e hydroc h l o r i d e i n 0.1g sodium h y d r o x i d e i s s u f f i c i e n t l y s t r o n g (Section 2.15).
T i t r i m e t r i c Procedures 6 . 4 1 Nonaqueous T i t r a t i o n P r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e c a n be t i t r a t e d w i t h good p r e c i s i o n u s i n g a c e t o u s p e r c h l o r i c a c i d29
6.32
6.4
6.42
T i t r a t i o n w i t h Sodium N i t r i t e
T h i s a s s a y has b e e n d e s c r i b e d f o r
prop~xycaine~~ which is a n isomer o f p r o p a r a c a i n e . I n t h i s a s s a y , t h e p r i m a r y a r o m a t i c amine u n d e r g o e s d i a z o t i z a t i o n and t h e e n d - p o i n t i s d e t e r m i n e d b y starch-iodide paper e x t e r n a l i n d i c a t o r . F e r r o c y p h e n s o l u t i o n , which h a s b e e n u s e d a s a n i n t e r n a l i n d i c a t o r f o r sodium n i t r i t e t i t r a t i o n s 46 , may be u s e d i n s t e a d of t h e cumbersome e x t e r n a l i n d i c a t o r . Although t h i s t i t r a t i o n h a s n o t been reported f o r proparacaine, the presence of a p r i m a r y a r o m a t i c amino g r o u p i n p r o p a r a c a i n e suggests a p p l i c a b i l i t y of this t i t r a t i o n . 6.43 Spectrophotometric T i t r a t i o n with N i t r o u s A c i d31
I n t h i s t i t r a t i o n , absorbance measurements a r e made d u r i n g t h e t i t r a t i o n o f t h e p r i m a r y a r o m a t i c amine w i t h n i t r o u s a c i d . The a b s o r b a n c e r e a d i n g s a r e d e p e n d e n t on t h e s p e c t r a of n i t r o u s a c i d and t h e d i a z o d e r i v a t i v e formed. In p l o t t i n g t h e a b s o r b a n c e s a g a i n s t t h e volume o f t i t r a n t added, t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f s t r a i g h t l i n e s o f d i f f e r e n t slopes ( p r i o r t o a n d a f t e r r e a c t i o n T h i s t i t r a t i o n has completion) i s t h e end-point. been a p p l i e d t o the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of propoxycaine. S i n c e i t depends on t h e d i a z o t i z a t i o n o f the p r i m a r y a r o m a t i c amine, t h i s t i t r a t i o n s h o u l d be
449
applicable t o the determination of proparacaine.
C o l o r i m e t r i c Methods 6 . 5 1 With B r a t t o n - M a r s h a l l R e a g e n t The u t i l i t y o f t h e B r a t t o n M a r s h a l l r e a g e n t i n t h e a n a l y s i s of p r i m a r y A p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s a r o m a t i c amines i s w e l l known. r e a g e n t t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f p r o p a r a c a i n e hydroc h l o r i d e h a s been d e s c r i b e d b y P o e t 3 3 .

6.5 Add 5 m l o f 0.15 h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d and 35 m l o f d i s t i l l e d w a t e r t o a 100 m l v o l u m e t r i c f l a s k c o n t a i n i n g a b o u t 4 m o f p r o p a r a c a i n e hydrog c h l o r i d e . Add 2 m l o f 1%sodium n i t r i t e , w a i t 2 m i n u t e s t h e n add 10 m l o f 0.5% ammonium s u l f a m a t e . A f t e r 3 m i n u t e s add 1 0 m l o f 0.1% B r a t t o n - M a r s h a l l r e a g e n t (N-l-naphthylethylenediamine h y d r o c h l o r i d e ) i n 70% p r o p y l e n e g l y c o l . D i l u t e t o t h e mark w i t h d i s t i l l e d w a t e r and measure t h e a b s o r b a n c e a t 550 n a g a i n s t a Reagent Blank. m With Sodium 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4sulfonat e I n t h i s assay procedure, t h e y e l l o w sodium 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate, i n t h e presence of a l k a l i , r e a c t s with t h e primary amine t o y i e l d a h i g h l y c o l o r e d o r a n g e - r e d p r o d u c t . The e x c e s s y e l l o w r e a g e n t i s t h e n b l e a c h e d w i t h sodium t h i o s u l f a t e a f t e r making t h e s o l u t i o n s l i g h t l y a c i d i c with a c e t a t e buffer. This p r o c e d u r e h a s been a p p l i e d t o t h e a s s a y o f l o c a l a n e s t h e t i c s i n c l u d i n g p r o p ~ x y c a i n e nd c o u l d b e a~ ~ extended t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of proparacaine. Chromatographic Procedures 6 . 6 1 P a p e r Chromatography K o e h l e r and Feldmann'l d e s c r i b e d t w o paper chromatographic systems used i n s e p a r a t i n g and i d e n t i f y i n g l o c a l a n e s t h e t i c s including proparacaine. The d r u g s a r e e x t r a c t e d from t h e i r d o s a g e forms and t h e n s u b j e c t e d t o p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s u s i n g Whatman N o . 1 p a p e r . I n t h e s o l v e n t system b u t y l a l c o h o 1 : h y d r o c h l o r i c 6.6 6.52
4 50
DAISY
B. WHIGAN
a c i d : w a t e r (30:5:35.5) t h e Rf f o r p r o p a r a c a i n e i s 0.45 and i n t h e s y s t e m b u t y l a l c o h o 1 : a c e t i c a c i d : water (40:10:50) t h e Rf i s 0.79. To l o c a t e t h e s p o t s , t h e d r i e d s t r i p s a r e e i t h e r viewed u n d e r a n u l t r a v i o l e t lamp i n a d a r k room o r s p r a y e d w i t h a modified Dragendorff r e a g e n t ( a c i d i f i e d mixture o f p o t a s s i u m i o d i d e , b i s m u t h s u b n i t r a t e , and i o d i n e i n w a t e r ) . An a l t e r n a t i v e s p r a y s o l u t i o n i s an a c i d i c s o l u t i o n o f potassium permanganate i n water. I n t h e g e n e r a l s c r e e n i n g of n i t r o g e n e o u s bases, C l a r k e 9 u s e s a s o l u t i o n o f c i t r i c a c i d i n a m i x t u r e o f 130 m l o f w a t e r and 870 m l of n-butanol a s t h e s o l v e n t system. The Whatman p a p e r N o . 1 i s p r e - t r e a t e d b y d i p p i n g i n a 5% s o l u t i o n o f sodium d i h y d r o g e n c i t r a t e a n d d r y i n g I n t h i s system,proparacaine a t 2 5 O C f o r one h o u r . h a s a n Rf o f 0.52. Thin-Layer Chroma t o q r a p h y T h i n - l a y e r chromatography u s i n g s i l i c a g e l p l a t e s h a s been r e p o r t e d f o r proparac a i n e . Using a s o l v e n t s y s t e m o f s t r o n g ammonium h y d r o x i d e solution:methanol(3:200), t h e Rf o f p r o p a r a c a i n e i s 0.5g9 a n d i t s p o s i t i o n r e l a t i v e t o c o d e i n e i s 1 . 8 2 6 . The s p o t s may b e l o c a t e d b y a c i d i f i e d i o d o p l a t i n a t e s p r a y o r b y p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde s p r a y . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , t h e spots may be l o c a t e d b y v i e w i n g u n d e r u l t r a v i o l e t l i g h t . L o c a l a n e s t h e t i c s h a v e been a n a l y z e d u s i n g t h i n - l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y b y Fuwa S. and c o - ~ o r k e r s ~ ~ e p a r a t i o n o f t h e drugs w a s e f f e c t e d on s i l i c a g e l p l a t e s u s i n g t h e s o l v e n t s y s t e m , benzene:acetone:ammonium h y d r o x i d e ( 8 0 : 2 0 : 1 ) . The spots w e r e i d e n t i f i e d b y t h e E h r l i c h 6.62
(p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) r e a g e n t .
7. A n a l y s i s of H y d r o l y s i s P r o d u c t s i n Body F l u i d s and T i s s u e s Reed a n d Cravey26 r e p o r t e d t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of 3-amino-4-propoxybenzoic a c i d ( A ) i n body f l u i d s
451
and t i s s u e s . They p r e p a r e d t u n g s t i c a c i d p r o t e i n f r e e f i l t r a t e s from b l o o d , l i v e r , k i d n e y , a n d b r a i n . U r i n e and g a s t r i c specimens d i d n o t undergo f i l t r a t e p r e p a r a t i o n . With e a c h specimen, t h e p H was a d j u s t e d t o 4 and e x t r a c t e d f i v e times w i t h chloroform. The o r g a n i c phase was t h e n e x t r a c t e d w i t h 0.064N sodium h y d r o x i d e and t h e aqueous l a y e r , c o n t a i n i n g A , was measured s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a l l y . T a b l e 5 shows t i s s u e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s found i n a s i n g l e case. Table 5 Tissue Concentrations of Hydrolysis Product a s E q u i v a l e n t Proparacaine Specimen Blood Brain Lung Liver Kidney Urine Stomach mq/100 m l o r 100 g
1.5 0.4 1.2 1.7 1.6
None d e t e c t e d None d e t e c t e d
For f u r t h e r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , t h e aqueous l a y e r i s a c i d i f i e d and back e x t r a c t e d i n t o c h l o r o f o r m . The chloroform e x t r a c t i s e v a p o r a t e d and t h e r e s i d u e i s s u b j e c t e d t o t h i n - l a y e r chromatography (See Section 5 ) .
I t is s p e c u l a t e d t h a t t h e s t r o n g n a t i v e fluorescence of proparacaine hydrochloride ( S e c t i o n 2.15) could provide a s e n s i t i v e t e c h n i q u e o r i t s a s s a y i n body f l u i d s and t i s s u e s .
Serum P r o t e i n B i n d i n Dastugue a n d c o - ~ o r k z r s s~ u d i e d t h e b i n d i n g t~ of some d r u g s i n c l u d i n g p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e w i t h b o v i n e se ru m p r o t e i n s . P r o p a r a c a i n e hydroc h l o r i d e w a s d i s s o l v e d i n 5 m l of serum and d i a l y z e d a t 4OC a g a i n s t a p h o s p h a t e - c h l o r i d e b u f f e r of p H 7.4 f o r 48 h o u r s . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p r o p a r a c a i n e i n t h e d i a l y z a t e was d e t e r m i n e d by
8.
452
DAISY 6 . WHIGAN
measurin t h e u l t r a v i o l e t absorbance a t 268 nm. 3% t a b u l a t e s t h e amount of protein-bound Table 6 drug depending on t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of drug i n t h e serum. Table 6 Serum P r o t e i n Binding o f Proparacaine Hydrochloride
D r u g Concentration ug/ml s e r u m
25 50 100 2 00 300 400
9.
D r u q Metabolism
% Bound D r u g
46.4 33.6 26.4 21.9 19.4 19.6
The pharmacology of p r o p a r a c a i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d by d i f f e r e n t workers37. 3 8 9 39, There i s no evidence of blood l e v e l s t u d i e s 47. f o r proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e . Proparacaine h y d r o c h l o r i d e hydrolyzed by guinea p i g l i v e r 3 7 O C i n t h e presence of 0.067M (pH 7 . 2 ) , 456 bmole o f drug i s gram of f r e s h t i s s u e per hour.
is rapidly At homogena tes4'. phosphate b u f f e r hydrolyzed p e r
I n a s i n g l e c a s e where a person p u r p o r t e d l y g i n h a l e d about 500 m of a white c r y s t a l l i n e m a t e r i a l purchased a s "super-cocaine" , Reed and Cravey26 i d e n t i f i e d t h e m a t e r i a l t o be proparacaine hydrochloride. Working w i t h t h i s case, t h e y r e p o r t e d t h e h y d r o l y s i s of p r o p a r a c a i n e i n body f l u i d s . T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n , s i m i l a r t o t h e h y d r o l y s i s of proparacaine when h e a t e d i n 2 g hydrochloric a c i d (Figure 9), i s t y p i c a l of t h e metabolic pathway found with o t h e r amino a l c o h o l e s t e r t y p e a n e s t h e t i c s 4 l 9 42. Hydrolysis i s a c c e l e r a t e d by enzymes i n t h e l i v e r , o t h e r t i s s u e s ,
PROPARACAINE HYDROCH LOR ID
453
and plasma43 9 49.

About 2 hours a f t e r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e d r u g , Reed and Cravey found no p r o p a r a c a i n e i n s a m p l e s o f t h e b l o o d , b r a i n , l u n g , and u r i n e . Some amounts o f t h e h y d r o l y s i s p r o d u c t , 3-amino-4p r o p o x y - b e n z o i c a c i d , were found i n t h e b l o o d , b r a i n , l u n g , l i v e r , and k i d n e y .
I n s t u d y i n g t h e f a t e o f p r o c a i n e i n man, B r o d i e , L i e f , and P o e t 2 8 found t h a t some diethylaminoethanol is excreted i n t h e u r i n e while some o f i t i s f u r t h e r m e t a b o l i z e d i n t h e body. I t i s s p e c u l a t e d t h a t t h e d i e t h y l a m i n o e t h a n o l formed from t h e h y d r o l y s i s o f p r o p a r a c a i n e f o l l o w s t h e same f a t e i n man.
454
DAISY E. WHIGAN
10.
References U n i t e d S t a t e s Pharmacopeia XIX, p 419. T o e p l i t z , B., Squibb I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. Puar, M., Squibb I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication Whigan, D . , S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , u n p u b l i s h e d observation. S i e k , T., J. F o r e n s i c S c i . , u , 1 9 3 ( 1 9 7 4 ) Brewer, G., Squibb I n s t i t u t e , personal commu n i ca ti o n . S u n s h i n e , I . , "Handbook o f A n a l y t i c a l T o x i c o l o g y " , T h e Chemical R u b b e r C o . , C l e v e l a n d , Ohio, 1 9 6 9 , pp. 212-281. H e f f e r e n , J . , K l e s s i g , R . , and D i e t z , C . , J. D e n t a l R e s . , u , 7 9 3 ( 1 9 6 3 ) . Clarke, E . G . , " I s o l a t i o n a n d I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f D r u g s " , T h e P h a r m a c e u t i c a l P r e s s , London, 1969. R i c h , N . a n d C h a t t e n , L. , J. Pharm. S c i . , 54 995 (1965). Koehler, H. a n d Feldmann, E . , Anal.Chem., 3 2 , 28 (1960). Jacobson, H., Squibb I n s t i t u t e , personal communication. V a l e n t i , V., S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. Ochs, Q . , S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. C l i n t o n , R., S a l v a d o r , U . , Laskowski, S . , a n d W i l s o n , M. , J . A m e r . Chem. SOC. , 7 4 , 5 9 2 ( 1 9 5 2 ) . L e r n e r , H., S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. D i c k c i u s , D., S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. F l e x s e r , L., H a m m e t t , L., a n d D i n g w a l l , A., J. A m e r . Chem. S O C . , 5 7 , 2 1 0 3 ( 1 9 3 5 ) McCredie, R . , S a u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. P r i b y l , E., Squibb I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. W i l s o n , C . , G i s v o l d , O . , a n d Doerge, R . , " T e x t b o o k o f O r g a n i c , M e d i c i n a l a n d Pharmaceu-
1. 2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
0.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
455
22.
23. 24.
25. 26. 27.

28.
29. 30. 31. 32.
33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38.
39.
t i c a l C h e m i s t r y " , J. B. L i p p i n c o t t Co., P h i l a d e l p h i a , T o r o n t o , S i x t h Ed. ( 1 9 7 1 )p. 667. P i f f e r i e , G . , G e r . O f f e n , 2,046, 620;C&.,=, 45962a ( 1 9 7 2 ) . Monguzzi, R . , P i n z a , M., P i f f e r i e , G., E u r . J. Med. Chem-Chim. Ther. , 53,214 ( 1 9 7 4 ) . Buchi, J . , S t r i n z i , E . , F l u r y , M., H i r t , R., L a b h a r t , P . , and Ragaz, L . , Helv.Chim.Acta,34, 1002 ( 1 9 5 1 ) . Z a t z , L. , S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. Reed, D. and Cravey, R . , J. F o r e n s i c S c i . 275 ( 1 9 7 6 ) . B i c k f o r d , C. , S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. B r o d i e , B . , L i e f , P . , and P o e t , R . , J L Pharmacol. Exp.Ther., 359 ( 1 9 4 8 ) . U n i t e d S t a t e s Pharmacopeia X I X , F i r s t Supplement, p.42. Feldmann, E . , Mahler, W . , a n d K o e h l e r , H . , J . A m e r . P h a r m . A s s . S c i . Ed. ,47,676 (1958). P r a t t , E. , J . A m e r . Pharm.Ass. ,S c i . Ed. , 4 6 , 724 ( 1 9 5 7 ) . K e l l y , C. i n " E n c y c l o p e d i a I n d . Chem.Ana1. " S n e l l , F. a n d H i l t o n C . , Ed., I n t e r s c i e n c e P u b l i s h e r s , N e w York, London, Sydney, 1967, V o l . 5,p.410. Poet, R . , S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l commu n ic a ti on. Feldmann, E . , J . A m e r . P h a r m . A s s . S c i . Ed. ,@, 1 9 7 (1959) Fuwa, T . , Kido, T . , a n d Tanaka, H . , Yakuzaiqaku, 24, 123 (1964)C.A. 15934g ( 1 9 6 4 ) . Dastugue, G . , B a t i d e , P . , and M e u n i e r , M., T h e r a p i e , 1 ,8 0 4 ( 1 9 6 1 ) . 6 M c I n t y r e , A . and S i e v e r s , R. , J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 6 3 , 3 6 9 ( 1938). A d r i a n i , J . , Z e p e r n i c k , R . , A r e n s , J . , and Authement, E . , C l i n . Pharmacol. T h e r . ,?, 49 (1964). McIntyre,A. , L e e , L . , Rasmussen, J . , Kuppinger, J. , S i e v e r s , R . , Nebraska S t a t e Med. J. , 35,100 ( 1 9 5 0 ) .
,=,
a,
,s,
456
DAISY 6.WHIGAN
40. 41.
-, 3 8 5 (1968). 17
6,89 (1954).
K a l o w , W., (1952).
L i v e t t , B.
and Lee, R.,
Biochem.
Pharmacol.,
G r a y , C. a n d G e d d e s , I . , J . P h a r m . P h a r m a c o l . ,
J. P h a r m a c o l . Exp. T h e r . ,104,122
42.
43. 44.
45.
46.
47. 48.
49.
A d r i a n i , J . , C 1 i n . P h a r m a c o l . T h e r . ,1,645 (1966). C h a t t e n , L . , C h a t t e n , V., J e f f e r y , D. a n d U f f e l m a n n , S . , J.Pharm.Belq.,29,242(1974). Kocy, O . , S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l commun ica t i o n . S c h i l t , A. a n d S u t h e r l a n d , J . , A n a l . C h e m . , 3 6 , 1805, (1964). A d r i a n i , J . , M a r q u e t t e Med. Rev. , 2 , 4 6(1964). Funke, P., S q u i b b I n s t i t u t e , p e r s o n a l communication. Kisch,B., Koster, H., and S t r a u s s , E., Exp.Med.and S u r q . , L,51(1943).
Acknow l e d q m e n t The a u t h o r g r a t e f u l l y a c k n o w l e d g e s t h e u n s e l f i s h g u i d a n c e o f D r . J. M. Dunham i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s p r o f i l e .
PROPYLTHIOURACIL
Hassari Y. A hod-Etiein
458
HASSAN Y . ABOUL-ENEIN
CONTENTS Analytical Profile - Propylthiouracil

1.
2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
Description 1.1 Nomenclature 1.11 Chemical Names 1.12 Generic Name 1.13 Trade Name 1.2 Formulae 1.21 Emprical 1.22 Structural 1.23 Wiswesser Line Notation 1.3 Molecular Weight 1.4 Elemental Composition 1.5 Appearance, Color, Odor Physical Properties 2.1 Crystal Properties 2.11 Crystallinity 2.12 X-ray diffraction 2.13 Melting Range 2.2 Solubility 2.3 Identification 2.4 Spectral Properties 2.41 Ultraviolet Spectrum 2.42 Infrared Spectrum 2.43 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum 2.44 Mass Spectrum and Fragmentometry Synthesis Stability, Decomposition Production and Metal Comp1exes Metabolism Method of Analysis 6.1 Titrimetric Methods 6.11 Aqueous 6.12 Non-Aqueous 6.2 Colorimetric 6.3 Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric 6.4 Chromatographic Analysis 6.41 Paper Chromatography 6.42 Column Chromatography 6.43 Thin Layer Chromatography 6.44 Gas Chromatographic Analysis References Acknowledgement
PROPY LTHlOURAClL
459
1.
Description 1.1 Nomenclature 1.11 Chemical Names 2-Thio-4-oxo-6-propyl-lI3-pyrimidine 2-Thio-6-propyl-lI3-pyrimidine1,2-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4-Hydroxy-2-mercapto-6-propylpyri4-0xo-6-propyl-2-thio-lI2,3,4-tetra-
4-one pyrimidin-4-one midine hydropyr imid ine pyr imidinone 1.12
2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4 (1H)-.
6-Propyl-2-thiouracil. Generic Name: Propylithouracil.
1.13 Trade Name: Propacil, Propycil, Prothyran, Procasil, Propyl-thyracil, Thyroestat 11. 1.2 Formulae 1.21 1.22 Emprical: C7 H10 N2 0s
Structural:
Keto tautcawr 1.23 1.3 1.4
en01 tautmer
Wiswesser Line Notation: T6MYMVJ BUS F3 170.23
Molecular Weight:
Elemental Composition C, 49.39%; H I 5.92; N, 16.46%; 0, 9.40%; S, 18.84%.
460
1.5
Appearance, Color, Odor:
White to pale cream-colored crystals or microcrystalline powder of starch-like appearance to the eye and to the touch: odorless: taste, bitter. 2. Physical Properties 2.1 Crystal Properties 2.11
Crystallinity Propylthiouracil is a microcrystalline solid. Ashley (1) described a procedure for the preparation of distinctive crystals of propylthiouracil for the purpose of identification. follows: The crystals are prepared as
Dissolve a few crystals of the sample in a drop of 0.1N NaOH on a slide, acidify by allowing a drop of 10% H SO to coalesce gradually with the solutio;. 4Gently rock the slide to mix and examine microscopically. A typical photomicrograph of these crystals is shown in Fig.1.A. Furthermore, crystals are obtained by quickly smearing a drop of saturated solution of the sample in 75% alcohol at 70 over the whole surface of the slide with a small glass rod, and allowing the solvent to evaporate at room temperature. Photomicrograph of these crystals is shown in Fig.1.B. Kassau (2) described the crystallinity of some pyrimidine derivatives including propylthiouracil by microsublimation. X-ray Diffraction Although the X-ray diffraction of propylthiouracil is not described in the literature. et a1 Nisi - - (3) described the elemental crystal structure or the reaction product between propylthiouracil and formaldehyde under acidic condition, 8propyl 6H-pyrimido [2,1-d] [1,3,5] oxathiazin-6-one. 2.13 Melting Range 2.12
USP XIV(4)specifie.s a melting range or propylthiouracil between 219 - 221O as a criteria of acceptability.
Fig. 1-A by acid precipitation Fig. 1 : Photomicrograph of
Fig.1-B from alcohol propylthiouracil crystals.
462
Table I shows the melting range of propylthiouracil reported in the literature Table I m.p. ,C
0
Reference
218-221 219-221 220 219 215-216 Solubility Propylth&ouracil is sparingly soluble in water (1:900 at 20 ) ; soluble in 100 parts boiling water, in 60 parts of ethanol; in 60 parts of acetone. Practically insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene. Freely soluble in aqueous solutions of ammonia and alkali hydroxides. A saturated aqueous solution is neutral or slightly acidic to litmus. Identification The following identification tests are published in B.P. 1973(7) as a part of the identification of propylthiouracil. These tests are identical to the identification tests of methylthiouracil with the exception of the melting point. To a boiling saturated solution, add an (a) equal volume of a freshly prepared solution containing 0 . 4 % w/v of sodium nitroprusside, 0 . 4 % w/v of hydroxylammonium chloride, and 0.8% w/v of sodium carbonate; a greenish blue color is produced. (b) To 25 mg of propylthiouracil, add bromine solution drop by drop with completely dissolved, cool, and add 10 ml of barium hydroxide solution; a white precipitate is produced. Bucher (10) introduced a modification to the above mentioned test in which excess bromine water was added then the excess bromine was removed by treating the solution until the solution was colorless and then the test was done as described before. Metto and deFigueiredo (11) described a color test for thiouracil and its homologes as follows : 2.3 2.2
PROPY LTH IOU RACl L
463
To a sample of the material add 0.5 ml 0.1 N NaOH and 10 ml of water; then introduce 10% CuS04 dropwise until an excess is present. Propylthiouracil gives a dark gray precipitate becoming bluish and then purplish gray. Another color reagent was described by Nilsson (12) which can detect 1.3 mcg/ml of propylthiouracil in solution. Solutions required for the test were : 0.2 g 0-toulidine in 5% acetic acid, 1% CuC12 in water and 5% sodium acetate in water. A drop of each was mixed on a spot plate and a drop of propylthiouracil solution was added. An intensive blue color developed. Propylthiouracil gives an orange-red color with 2,6-dichloroquinone chloroimide reagent which is sensitive enough to render the color test an excellent colorimetric analytical method of the drug in tablets which will be discussed later in the chapter (13). The complex of propylthiouracil-chloroimide could be seperated from chloroform solution as an orange-red needles (m.p. 172O with decomposition). Bucher (10) reported a procedure for identification of thiouracil and its homologs through the preparation of their benzylthio ether derivatives (propyJthiouraci1 benzylthio ether derivative m.p. 131-932 ) . p-Nitrobenzyl khio ether derivative (m.p. 193 ) has been reported for propylthiouracil as a mean of identification of the drug (5).
2.4
Spectral Properties 2.41
Ultraviolet Spectrum Propvlthiouracil in neutral methanol absorbs ultraviolet*Gadiation at 275nm (a 15800) and at 214 nm (am 15600) as shown in Fig YA. In alkaline medium it shows 3 maxima at 315.5 nm (am10900), 260 nm (am 10700) and at 207.5 (am 15400) as shown in Fig. 2B.
- a1 Galimberti et - (14) published a detailed study on the ultraviolet spectrophotometry of several derivatives. He reported that the replacement of an oxygen atom at C 2 by sulfer caused
c
c,
(d
-rl .rl
(d
7
.rl
c c,
h a 0
a
u-l
5
c,
k
a,
[) I
a
4J
a,
-rl
0
3
(d
c,
3
(v
..
.i t
t n
Gl .
464
. I
465
a, a
a
rcl
5
c,
k
a,
a
I n
a
a,
k rd k
+ I H
466
PROPYLTH IOURACI L
467
a big shift to longer wavelength with increased absorption. Furthermore, the authors attributed the appearance of 3 maxima in case of the thiouracil and derivatives as compared to two maxima for the uracil homologs in alkaline medium (pHll-12) to the double enolization. Informations with regard to the ultraviolet behavior of the drugs containing a thioamideCONHCS - over a pH range from 1 to 13 were discussed by Stanovnik and Tisler (15). Their data indicated that the dipolar structure I was common with these compounds (Structure I or propylthiouracil at pH 7-8).
oQ
Infrared Spectrum The infrared spectrum of propylthiouracil is shown in Fig 3. T h e spectrum was obtained on a Beckman IR4 spectrophotometer from KBr pellet. The structural assignments have been correlated with the following band frequencies: Frequency (cm -I) 3120 3020-2910 Assignment NH Stretching imide CHI CH2, CH3 stretching SH stretching
2.42
2580 (weak since the Keto form predominates) C=O imide carbonyls 1650 Other fingerprint bands characteristic to propylthiouracil a e 1550, 1440, 1240, 1190, 1160, 880 and 810 cm-f Further information with regard to the infrared spectra of propylthiouracil is given in several references (8, 16).
468
2.43
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spe ctrum
A typical NMR spectrum of propylthiouracil is shown in Fig. 4. The sample was dissolved in deutrated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6). The spectrum was determined on a Varian T-60 N M R spectrometer with TMS as the internal standard.
The following structural assignments have been made for Fig. 4 . Chemical Shift Triplet at 0.93 Multiplet centered at 1.60 Multiplet centered at 2.50 (Solvent protons at 2.63 for DMSO-d5). Singlet at 5.66 Broad singlet at 12.6
(b)
Assignment -CH2CH2CH3 -CH2CH2CH3
-CH2CH2CH3 -
Olefinic proton at C5 2-NH imide groups exchangeable with D20.
Further information concerning the interpretation of the NMR spectrum of propylthiouracil can be obtained from Sadtler NMR catalog(l7) and also from CRC Atlas of spectral data (8). 2.44 Mass Spectrum and Fragmentometry
The mass spectrum of propylthiouracil obtained by conventional eleltion impact ionization shows a molecular ion M at m/e 170. The M ion peak has about 85% relative intensity (Fig. 5 ) . The base peak is at m/e 68. The mass fragmentation mechanism of propylthiouracil is shown in Scheme I. It follows the same fragmentation pattern of uracil and derivative which has been established by several authors (18, 19, 20). It involves the loss of HCNX (X=O or S ) , and later verified by Hecht - - (21). et a1
4 69
170
I
9
0
=35
142
1
51
P
Fig. 5
Mass Spectrum of propylthiouracil (EI).
r(
0 '
I
i
I
K
U
Q)
rn
a
cn
m
471
472
HASSAN Y. ABOUL-ENEIN
The first step in the fragmentation is a retro-Diel-Alder decomposition with a loss of HCNS and the production of ion radical which is only of minor importance since it immediately undergoes the following paths : (a) (b) A loss of CO to give an abundant ion at m/e 8 3 , A loss of propyl radical to give an abundant ion at m/e 68, which subsequently base CO to give an ion at m/e 40. A loss of HN=C-CHion to give ketene 37 m/e 41. A loss of CH = C = 0 to give an ion m/e 7 0 .
(c) (d)
3.
Svnthesis CH3 CH2 CH2 CO CH2 COOC2 H5 + H2N-CS-NH2 1)NaOEt EtOH
Propylthiouracil is prepared by the condensation of ethyl 3-oxocaproate with dry thiourea in the presence of a base (22). Several authors had modified the above synthetic procedure for patent purposes yet the principle still the same (9, 23, 24, 25).
4.
Stability, Decomposition Product and Metal Complexes:
Propylthiouracil is a relatively stable compound at room temperature. It is recommended to that it should be kept in a well-closed containers protected from light.
PROPYLTH IOURACIL
473
Propylthiouracil forms metal complexes with divalent metals e CU+~, Pb+2, Cd+2, Ni+2 and Zn+2 but not with Fe 'Fe+2 , Co+2 , Ca+2 or Mn+j. Garret and Weber(26, 27) published detailed studies on these metal complexes of thiouracil and analogs regarding their structures, stability constants, so 1ub i1ity ana1yses and spectrophotometric properties.
$3;
5.
Metabolism
Interest in the metabolism of antithyroid drugs has recently been focused on 6-propyl-2-thiouracilI one of the current drug of choice in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Propylthiouracil is readily metabolized after administration to humans and rats and the major metabolite in urine, plasma and bile has been identified as propylthiouracil glucuronide (28, 2 9 , 30, 31, 32, 33). Other metabolites identified in rat bile and urine are shown in Fig. 6. These include :
S-methyl-6-propylthiouracil (minor metabolite) 6-Propyluracil (minor metabolite) 6-propylthiouracil sulfenic acid] Identified 6-propylthiouracil sulfonic acid] in rat thyroid 6-propylthiouracil sulfate I extracts
&sbarats-Schhbaum et a1 ( 3 4 ) reported that in highly alkalinized guinea pig urine, propylthiouracil disulfide was isolated. The sulfer group of propylthiouracil appears to be the major site of alteration, biotransformation at this site results in a total or major loss of antiperoxidase activity (35). None of the metabolites isolated and identified was as active as the parent compound ( 3 5 ) . Several metabolites of propylthiouracil remain unidentified. It has been reported that the plasma half-life in hours of methimazole (another drug of choice in treatment of hyperthyr0idism)was 2 - 5 times that of propylthiouracil (36)
u
xW
474
PROPYLTHIOURACIL
475
6.
Method of Analysis 6.1. Titrimetric Methods 6.11.
Aqueous Several titrimetric methods were developed or analysis of propylthiouracil.
1. Simple titration with standard NaOH, in neutral alcohol solutions, the N.N.R method. This method is simple. Both phenolphthalein or thymolphthalein being used as indicator. Yet the presence of stearic acid interfers with the assay and it should be removed by extraction with petroleum ether before titration (37).
2. Silver nitrate method: Berggren and Kirsten (38) introduced a modification to the above mentioned method. Acetone was used to extract propylthiouracil from most of the tablet exciepients. Acetone extract was neutralized by adding HN03 or 0.1 N NaOH using 1, 2, 5-dinitriphenol as indicator. To the neutralized solution, water was added and a certain volume of 0.1 N AgNO 3 was added and the solution was titrated with 0.1 N NaOH to a persisting blue color (bromothymol blue was used as indicator). This method was found satisfactory yet if stearic acid was present, it should be removed before addition of AgNO It was adopted by USP 3' XVIII.
3. Mercuric acetate titrimetic method: Abbot (39) described a method for determination of thiouracil and analogs by titrating the solution with 0.05M Hg (OAc12 using 0.5% diphenylcarbazone in ethanol as indicator. The method was adopted by B.P. 1973 and USP X I V issue because excipients of starch, sucrose, acacia, rodin, calcium carbonate, stearic acid or magnesium stearate did not interfere. 4. Potassium Bromate titrimetric method: The bromometric method was developed by Wojahn and Wempe (40, 41, 42) and was reported to be more satisfactory and accurate method than USP XIV procedure using mercuric acetate method, since the presence of lactose in propylthiouracil tablets interfered with the mercuric salt method. To an
4 76
alkaline solution of propylthiouracil bromination was effected by 0.1 N KBr03 and KBr in presence of 25% HC1. After one hour, an excess of 0.1 N NaAs02 was added and back-titrated with 0.1N KBr03 with p-ethoxychrysoidine as the indicator. Non Aqueous Backe-Hansen (43) reported a nonaqueous titration method for propylthiouracil using sodium methoxide in benzene and methanol in a solution of dimethylforamide or pyridine (against thymol blue or azoviolet as indicator). Lithium methoxide 0.1 N in benzene and methanol had also been used instead of sodium methoxide (5). 6.2. Colorimetric of colorimetric analyticalmthcds for the determination of propylform, pharmaceutical formulations, feeds. 6.12
A number had been developed thiouracil in pure tablets and animal (a)
The use of Grote reagent: Doden - - (44) had applied the et a1 use of Grote's reagents to determine different thiouracils quantitatively. The absorption maxima at 660 nm was measured. The reaction obeyed eer's o' to Law ove the concentration range 0 . 5 x l3 x M. Brueggeman and Schole (45) applied the color reaction of Grote reagent with thiouracils for the quantitative determination of thiouracils in feeds. Bucci and Cusmano (46) reported a similar colorimetric method using Grote's reagent as modifiedvchristeinsen (47). The authors claimed that the method was suitable for the analysis of thiouracild in very small amounts ( 2 0 0 p.p.m) in the presence of other biological substances. 2,6-Dichloroquinone Chloroimide reagent: McAllister and Howells (13) reported a method for analysis of propylthiouracil intablets using 0.4% solution of 2,6-dichloroquinone chloroimide in aldehyde-free absolute ethanol. The yellow color obtained from such reaction was extracted in chloroform and optical density of the solution was compared with a standard graph. (b)
PROPY LTHlOURAClL
477
Ruthenium c h l o r i d e c o l o r r e a c t i o n : R e i n h a r d t (48) d e s c r i b e d a c o l o r i m e t r i c method f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f p r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l and s i m i l a r compounds. I t w a s b a s e d on t h e react i o n between t h e t h i o c a r b a m i d e l i n k a g e CONHCS and RuCl i n s t r o n g a c i d medium. The c o l o r devcl o p e d w a s measured a t 520 n and compared w i t h a m standard carve.
(C)
Isopropylamine - c o b a l t acetate reagent: H o l t and M a t t s o n ( 4 9 ) d e v e l o p e d a c o l o r i m e t r i c a s s a y f o r compounds c o n t a i n i n g t h e g r o u p s - CONHCO - and - CONHCS - , i n c l u d i n g p r o p y l thiouracil. A c o l o r d e v e l o p e d w i t h t h e r e a c t i o n of t h e s e compounds w i t h i s o p r o p y l a m i n e r e a g e n t ( 5 0 m l of t h e amine made t o 200 m l w i t h d r y c h l o r o f o r m ) and c o b a l t a c e t a t e (made o f 0.259 i n 200 m l m e t h a n o l ) . m The c o l o r w a s measured a t 530 n and compared w i t h s t a n d a r d s . The method was s e n s t i v e t o a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 1 m c g / m l . (d) Hydroxylamine h y d r o c h l o r i d e Sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e r e a g e n t : Doden and Kopf ( 5 0 ) p u b l i s h e d a c o l o r i m e t r i c method f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h i o u r a c i l and a n a l o g s u s i n g h y d r o x y l a m i n e h y d r o c h l o r i d e and sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f sodium b i c a r b o n a t e , bromine and p h e n o l . The g r e e n i s h b l u e c o l o r d e v e l o p e d w a s compared w i t h s t a n d a r d c u r v e . Potassium i o d a t e - a c e t i c a c i d color reaction: A method b a s e d on t h e c o l o r d e v e l o p e d by t h e r e a c t i o n o f p r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l and i t s m e t h y l a n a l o g , w i t h K I O and a c e t i c a c i d w a s u s e d t o determine these drug2 i n t a b l e t s ( 5 1 ) .
(f)
(el
Powdered t a b l e t s c o n t a i n i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 mgs, i n 1 0 m l e t h a n o l and 30 m l o f w a t e r , w e r e a l l o w e d t o s t a n d o r 30 m i n u t e s . The f i l t e r e d s o l u t i o n ( 0 . 5 m l ) , 5 m l o f K I 0 3 ( 0 . 5 w/v% s o l u t i o n ) , and 2 m l of a c e t i c a c i d were d i l u t e d with water. The c o l o r a t 4 6 5 n w a s measured a f t e r m 80 minutes. The s o l u t i o n s were s t a b l e f o r a f u r t h e r 30 m i n u t e s . A c a l i b r a t i o n c u r v e w a s made f o r comparison.
478
6.3.
Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric:
The alkaline solution of propylthiouracil shows two peaks, one at 2 3 4 nm and the other at 2 6 0 nm, the first maximum has a higher molar absorptivity. The ultraviolet absorption of propylthiouracil in ammoniacal solution at 2 3 4 nm is used as a sentive criteria for its analysis in pure and tablet forms ( 5 2 , 5 3 , 5 4 ) . This method is sensitive to a concentration of 7 . 5 mcg/ml and satisfactory results are obtained. Yet, Bruggeman and Schole (45) used the absorption maximum at 2 6 0 nm for the analysis of propylthiouracil in feeds.
6.4.
Chromatographic Analysis:
6.41.
Paper: The chromatographic behavior of propylthiouracil and related analogs were discussed by several authors (55, 5 6 , 5 7 ) , for the purpose of separation and identification in biological fluids and pharmaceutical preparations. Table I1 summariz e s the solvent systems and visualizing agents used Table I1 Solvent System
C 6 H 6 :EtOH 16 : 6
Visualising agent RuC 1
Reference
55
AmOH : H 2 0
I vapor or 56 dicklorobemzapinone chloroimide and alkali
Column Chromatography: et a1 Lindsay - - ( 3 2 , 3 3 ) separated and purified propylthiouracil from its S-methyl derivative and other metabolites using column chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2 columns ( 2 0 0 - 4 0 0 mesh) with water and on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 columns eluting with freshly prepared 0.1 M ammonium acetate.
6.42.
Thin Layer Chromatography: _ _ Begliomini et a1 (58) described a procedure for the seperation and identification of several antithyroid drugs includ ing propylthiouracil
6.43.
PROPYLTHIOURACIL
479
i n a n i m a l f e e d s and b i o l o g i c a l s a m p l e s by means of t l c on s i l i c a g e l G . The s o l v e n t s y s t e m was a mixt u r e of 5 0 m l c h l o r o f o r m , 6 m l i s o p r o p o n o l , and 0.1 m l glacial acetic acid. Amounts up t o 1 mcg were d e t e c t e d by t h i s method. Propylthiouracil showed R f v a l u e of 0 . 8 1 w h i l e i t s m e t h y l homologs moved s l o w e r R f 0 . 6 5 . O t h e r s o l v e n t s y s t e m s used t o i d e n t i f y p r o p y l t h i o u r a c i l and i t s m e t a b o l i t e s and d e r i v a t i v e s were p u b l i s h e d by L i n d s a y - - ( 3 2 , 3 5 ) and summee t a1 r i z e d i n T a b l e 111. T a b l e I11 Solvent System
0 . 0 5 M Ammonium a c e t a t e 1 M Ammonium a c e t a t e e t h a n o l 15:75 C6H6: i s o p r o p a n o l 6 : l
Developer uv uv uv uv uv
Hexane : a c e t o n e : e t h a n o l 60:20:2 Hexane : a c e t o n e 3:l

6.44.
Gas C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c A n a l y s i s : Although a number of methods a r e available f o r t h e determination of propylthiouracil and i t s a n a l o g s , y e t a l l t h e s e methods are l a r g e l y b a s e d on t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e s u l f h y d r y l g r o u p s (-SH). However, t h e same p r o p e r t i e s a r e a l s o common t o t h e C=S and -S-S- g r o u p s . F r a v o l i n i and B e g l i o m i n i ( 5 9 ) d e v e l o p e d a s i m p l e , r a p i d g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c method f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h i o u r a c i l s i n a n i m a l f e e d s . The method w a s s e l e c t i v e and s e n s i t i v e ( a b l e t o d e t e c t 0 . 1 mcg of t h i o u r a c i l s ) . The c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c s e p a r a t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t on d i a l k y l a t e d t h i o u r a c i l s p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o Wheeler ( 6 0 ) . The b e s t r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d w i t h a g l a s s column c o n t a i n i n g Chromosorb was a s o l i d s u p p o r t and 3 % SE-30 polymer The p r o c e d u r e methyl s i l i c o n e as t h e l i q u i d phase. p e r m i t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a v a r i e t y o f t h y r o s t a t i c p r o d u c t s . A typic a l chromatogram i s shown i n F i g . ?
480
Retention times were similar to those reported by other authors (61) except that the 5-methyl and 6-methyl thiouracils eluted in the order shown in Table IV. Table IV &tention Tines of Thioracils Compounds 2-Thiouracil 5-Methyl-2-thiouracil 6-Methyl-2-thiouracil 6-Propyl-2-thiouracil 6-Phenyl-2-thiouracil Retention times, Sec. 160 178 190 322 774
A
E
U D-
u )
U 1 2 1 0 8 6 4 TIME, MINUTES
Fig. 7:
Gas A = C = D =
Chranatograph of thiouracils. 2-thouracil B = 5-methyl-2-thiouracil 6-methyl-2-thiouracil D = 6-propyl-2-thiouracil 6-pheny1-2-thiouracil.
482
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
J. Pharm. Pharmacol., &lo1 M.G. Ashley, - -
(1953). (1968)
E. Kassau, - - Ztg., Deut. Apoth.
108, 424
C. Nisi, M. Calligaris, S . Fabrissin and M. DeNardo, - - - Chem., - 602 (1971). J. Org. 36, The United States Pharmacopeia XIV, Mack Printing Co., Easton, Pa. 1975. "Specifications for the Quality Control of Pharmaceutical Preparations" 2nd Ed., World Health Organization, Geneva, 1967, p. 502. Merck Index, 8th edition, Merck Rahaway, N.J., p.878.
b
6.
Co. Inc.,
7. 8.
British Pharmacopeia, London Her Majesty's Stationary Office, 1973, p. 401. "CRC Atlas of Spectral data and Physical constants of Organic Compounds" edited by J.G. Grasselli, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1973, p. B 980. M.M. Mosnier, French patent, 1, 012, 739 (1952); through C.A. - 4701 (1958). 52,
9.
10. K. Bucher, Pharm. Acta Helv., 26, 145 (1951).

11. J . M . Mettello Metto and A.P. de Fisueiredo. Rev. brasil farm., 31, 17 (1949); th;ough C.A. 43, 8 3 1 1 ( 1 9 = ) .
12. G. Nilsson, - - (Holland), 89, 86 (1957); Sci. Rev. (1957); through C.A. - 8577 (1957). 51, 13. R.A. McAllister and K.W. Howells, - J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 4, 259 (1952). 14. P. Galimberti, V. Gerosa and M. Melandri, Ann. Chim. (Rome), 48, 457 (1958) 15. B. Stanovnik and M. Tisler, Farm.Vestnik., 14, 61, 16) 129 (1963); through C.A. - 6894 (94.
PROPY LTH IOU RAClL
483
16.
"The A l d r i c h L i b r a r y o f I n f r a r e d S p e c t r a " by C . J . P o u c h e r t , A l d r i c h C h e m i c a l C o . , Milwank e e l W i s c o n s i n , 1970, p. 994G. S a d t l e r NMR C a t a l o g , S a d t l e r R e s e a r c h Laborat o r i e s , I n c . , P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa. 1 9 7 0 , s p e c t rum No. 8367M.
J.M.
17.
18.
-~,. 87, 4569 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . SO
R i c e , G.O.
Dudek, M.
Barker, - - J. Amer. Chem. 3117 ( 1 9 6 6 ) .
19. 20. 21. 22.
J. N i s h i w a k i , J . U l r i c h , R.
T e t r a h e d r o n , 2_2,
Mass. Spectrm.
T e o u l e , R. Massot, A . ,2 , 1 1 8 3 ( 1 9 6 9 )
Cornu, Org.
Biochem.
S.M. H e c h t , A.S. G u p t a , N.J. L e o n a r d , Biophys. A c t a , - , 4 4 4 ( 1 9 6 9 ) . - 182
G.W. A n d e r s o n , I . F . H a l v e r s t a d t . W . H . M i l l e r , R . O . R o b l i n J r . , -. Amer. Chem. - -, . J ~SOC. , 6 7
2197 ( 1 9 4 5 ) .
23.
J. D i c k , J. R i s t i c i ,
and L. Pod, Acad. Rep. P o p u l a r e Romine, Baza C e r c e t a r i S t i i n t . Ti miso ara, S t u d i i Ce r ce t a ri .
24. 25.
S t i i n t e Chim., 8 , 233 ( 1 9 6 1 ) ; t h r o u g h C . A . 3429h ( 1 9 6 3 )T
-, 58
U. L i p p o l d , German p a t e n t 8 5 9 , 8 9 3 ( 1 9 5 2 ) ; t h r o u g h C.A. 5 0 , 7851 ( 1 9 5 6 ) .
26.
27. 28.
E.R.
-, 59
G a r r e t t and D . J . 1383 (1970).
Weber, - J. Pharm. - , Sci.

Weber, -J. Pharm. - , Sci.
E.R.
G a r r e t t and D . J . 6_0, 8 4 5 ( 1 9 7 1 ) .
B. M a r c h a n t . W . D . A l e x a n d e r . J . W . K . Robertson and J . H . ' L a z a r u s , M e t a b o l i s m , - 289 20, (1972).
29.
P.D. P a p a p e t r a u , B. M a r c h a n t , H . Gauvas, and W.D. A l e x a n d e r , Biochem. P h a r m a c o l . , -, 21 363 ( 1 9 7 2 ) .
484
30. 31. 32.
D.S. Sitar and D.P. Thornhill, - Pharmacol. J. Exp. - Ther. 183, 440 (1972) R.H. Lindsay, J.B. Hill, K. Kelly and A. Vaughn, Endocrinology, 94, 1689 (1974) R.H. Lindsay, B.S. Hulsey and H.Y. Aboul-Enein, Biochem. Pharmacol., 24, 463 (1975) and references were citedtherein. R.H. Lindsay, A. Vaughn, K. Kelly and P.V. P b o u l Enein, Biochem. Pharmacol., in press.
M.L. Desbarats - Schonbaum, L Endrenyi, E. . Koves, E. Schonbaum and E.A. Seller, Europ. - Pharmacol., 19, 104 (1972) J.
33. 34.
35.
36.
R.H. Lindsay, H.Y. Aboul-Enein, D. Morel, and S . Bowen, - - - * I J. Pharm. Sci 63, 1383 (1974) D.W. Alexander, V. Evans, A. MacAulay, T.F. Brit.Med.J.,2, Gallagher Jr., J. Londono, - - 290 (1969). G. Smith, J. Assoc. Office.=. 196 (1955)
37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.
Chemists, 33,
A. Berggren and W. Kirsten, Farm. Revy, 50, 45, 245 (1951); through C.A. - 6348 (1951). C.F. Abbott, - J. Pharm. Pharmacol., - 53 (1953). 5, H. Wojahn and E. Wempe, Pharm. Zentralhalle, 92, 124 (1953); through C.A. - 3635 (1954) 48,
H. Wojahn and E. Wempe, Arch. Pharm., 286, 344 (1953); through C.A. c11-1954). Pharm. Acta Helv., - 336 (1953). 28, H. Wojahn, - - 17, K. Backe-Hansen, Medd. Norsk. Farm. Selskap, 63 (1955); through C.A.0,113(1956). W. Doden, R. Kopf and H. Specker, Arch. exptl. Path. Pharmakol., 213, 467 (1951)hrough C.A. - 8520 ( 9 2 . 46, 15)
PROPY LTH IOURACIL
485
45. 46.
J. Bruggeman and J. Schole, Landwirt. Forsch., 21, 1 3 4 ( 1 9 6 7 ) ; through C.A. - 2 0 9 9 68, (1968).
F. Bucci and A.M. Cusmano, - - Boll. Lab. Chim. Provinciali., 13., 2 0 6 ( 1 9 6 2 ) ; through C.A. - 15241h (1962). 57.,
H. Christeinsen, - - J. Biol. Chem.,
47. 48. 49. 50.
160, 4 2 5
(1945).
F. Reinhardt,
W.L.
Z.
Physiol. Chem., - 2 6 8 ( 1 9 5 3 ) 293, Mattson, - -Chem., 21, Anal. -
Holt and L.N. 1389 (1949).
W. Doden and R. Kopt, Arch. exptl. Path. makol. 213, 5 1 ( 1 9 5 1 ) ; through C.A. 46, 383 d (1952).
S.
u-
51. 52. 53. 54.
Bruno, Boll. Chim. Farm., 1 0 2 . , 4 7 8 ( 1 9 6 3 ) ; through-. -1 5 m a ( 1 9 6 3 ) . F Smith, J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists., 34, - 576 ( 1 9 5 1 ) .
G.
G.
Smith, J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists., 35, -~

572 (19F2).
"Official Method of Analysis of AOAC", W. Horwitz editor, 11th ed., 1970., Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington D.C.
1970, p . 691.
55. 56. 57. 58.
F. Reinhardt, Mikrochim. Acta, 2 1 9 ( 1 9 5 4 ) ; through C.A. - 6 3 2 5 h n 5 4 ) . 48, M Lederer and H. Silberman, Anal. - Acta . Chim. -
6,
133 (1952).
A.C. Shabica and E. Solook, Federation Proc.,
9,
314 ( 1 9 5 0 ) .
A. Begliomini, A. Fravolini, Arch. v e t . - 63 ( 1 9 7 0 ) ; through C.A. - 8 6 5 9 5 g 21, 73,

(1970).
u.,
59.
A. Fravolini and A. Begliomini, -J. Assoc. Offic. Agr. Chemists, - 9 0 8 ( 1 9 6 5 ) . 48,
486
60.
H.L. Wheeler and D.F. McFarland, Amer. Chem. - J., g., 101 ( 1 9 0 9 ) . A. Zamorani and P.G. Pifferi., Chemie Industria, - 966 (1963). 45,
61.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author expresses appreciation to Mr. Altaf Hussain Naqvi for typing the manuscript.
SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE
Richard Rucki
488
RICHARD RUCK1
INDEX
1.
Descr i p t i on
1.1
1.2 2.
Name, Formula, M o l e c u l a r Weight Appearance, Color, Odor
Physical Properties
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
I n f r a r e d Spectrum Raman Spectroscopy U l t r a v i o l e t / V i s i b l e Spectrum Fluorescence Spectrum Opt ica 1 R o t a t i o n D i f f e r e n t i a l Scanning C a l o r i m e t r y Thermogravimetric A n a l y s i s Solubility Crystal Properties
2.9.1
2.9.2
Syn thes is
Crystal Structure X-Ray D i f f r a c t i o n
3.
4.
S t a b i li t y and Degradation
4.1
4.2
Sol i d S t a b i l i t y
S t a b i l i t y i n Solution
5.
Drug M e t a b o l i c Products Toxicity Methods o f A n a l y s i s
6.
7.
7.1
7.2
7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

8.
Elemental A n a l y s i s I dent i f i c a t i o n Tests Thi n-Layer Chroma tograph i c A n a l y s i s Spectrophotometric A n a l y s i s Colorimetric Analysis Polarographic Analysis Cou lometr i c A n a l y s i s T i t r i m e t r i c Analysis Miscellaneous Methods of A n a l y s i s
Acknowledgements References
9.
489
1.
Description
1.1
Name, Formula, M o l e c u l a r Weight Sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e i s d i s o d i u m p e n t a c y a n o n i t r o s y l I t i s a l s o known as sodium f e r r a t e (2-) dihydrate. n i t r o f e r r i c y a n i d e and sodium n i t r o p r u s s i a t e . The d i h y d r a t e i s t h e common f o r m o f t h e compound and i s assumed i n t h i s r e p o r t e x c e p t where s p e c i f i e d as an h y d ro u s .
-2
NC
ON
d
297.95
.2H20
Sodium N i t r o p r u s s i d e
C N OFeNa2.2H20
5 6
Mol ecu 1 a r Weight :
1.2
Appearance, C o l o r , Odor Red-brown, p r a c t i c a l l y o d o r l e s s , c r y s t a l s o r powder.
2.
Physical Properties
2.1
I n f r a r e d Spectrum The i n f r a r e d s p e c tru m o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e i s p r e sented i n Figure 1 ( I ) . The spectrum was r e c o r d e d on a P e r k i n - E l m e r Model 621 G r a t i n g I n f r a r e d S p e c t r o ph o to m e te r (Su rv e y C p d i t i o n s ) . The sample was d i s p e r s e d i n F l u o r o l u b e t o r e c o r d t h e spectrum i n t h e r e g i o n o f 4000-1340 cm-l and i n m i n e r a l o i l f o r t h e Assignments f o r t h e bands r e g i o n of 1340-370 c m -l . i n F i g u r e 1 a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e I ( 1 ) . These assiclnments a r e i n agreement w i t h thase r e p o r t e d i n t h e 1 iterature (2-4).
.U
3
v)
-u
0
.-
al
L
I
%
33NVlllWSNVLll %
490
SODI UM N IT ROP R USS I D E
49 1
TABLE I
Infrared Assignments for Sodium Nitroprusside
Band (cm-I)
3628
Assignment Asymmetric OH stretch Symmetric OH stretch
3547
2174 2144, 2157, 2162 1942
-: CN
axial stretch
-CzN radial stretch
N 4 stretch
OH bend i ng
Fe-N-tD linear bending Fe-N stretch F-: eCN bending Fe-C- axial stretch Fe-CEN bending
1614, 1618.5, 1624

662
65 1 49 1 46 1 418.5
492
RICHARD RUCK1
2.2
Raman Spectroscopy Raman spectra o f single-crystal sodium nitroprusside have been utilized for structure elucidation by a number of investigators (2, 5-8). The use of a He-Ne laser to excite the oriented crystal has been reported (2,8). Polycrystal sodium ni troprusside rapidly oxidized when subjected to laser excitation ( 9 ) .
2.3
Ultraviolet/Visible Spectrum The ultraviolet/visible spectrum of sodium nitroprusside (750 mg of sodium nitroprusside/lOO ml o f water v s . water in the reference cell) in the region o f 240 to 700 nm exhibits two maxima at 390-395 nm (molar absorptivity, E = 20.4) and at about 500 nm (appears as a shoulder). The instrument used was a Cary 14 Recording Spectrophotometer. The visible portion of the spectrum is shown in Figure 2 (10). These results are in agreement with UV/visible data reported previously in the 1 i terature ( 1 1-13). The existence of the maximum at 500 nm as a distinct absorption band (a distinct elec ronic transition) has been confirmed by the determ nation of the polarized crystal spectrum of a sing e crystal of sodium ni troprusside dihydrate (12).
2.4
Fluorescence Spectrum Sodium nitroprusside exhibits no fluorescence in acidic, basic o r neutral media ( 1 4 ) .
2.5
Optical Rotation
A 0.6% (w/v) solution of sodium nitroprusside in water exhibited no optical rotation between 650 and 220 nm (15).
2.6
Differential Scanning Calorimetry DSC scans for typical lots of sodium nitroprusside at a scan rate of 20"C/minute exhibit two very broad endotherms, the first between about 125 and 180C and the second between about 320 and 360"C, followed immediately by an exotherm. The endotherms do not o correspond t sample melt and have the typical appearance of volatile material leaving the system. Anhydrous sodium nitroprusside did not exhibit the
493
FIGURE 2 V i s i b l e A b s o r g t i o n S p e c t r u m o f Sodiuni Nitroprusside
494
RICHARD RUCK1
f i r s t endotherm ( 1 6 ) . The temperature of each endotherm corresponds t o a weight loss i n t h e TGA (Section 2.7). Thermal a n a l y s i s o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e has been r e p o r t e d i n the l i t e r a t u r e (17-19).
2.7 Thermogravimetr ic A n a l y s i s TGA scans f o r t y p i c a l l o t s o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e e x h i b i t two d i s c r e t e w e i g h t losses. The f i r s t occurs between 100 and 190C and accounts f o r 12 t o 13% o f sample weight ( t h e o r e t i c a l w e i g h t loss f o r d i h y d r a t e i s 12.09%)). The second occurs between about 280 and 390C and accounts f o r 17.6 t o 19.9% o f sample w e i g h t ( t h e o r e t i c a l w e i g h t l o s s f o r cyanogen, (CN) is 19.85% o f anhydrous sample w e i g h t ) (16). f i e ident i f i c a t i o n of the second w e i g h t l o s s as cyanogen i s speculative. Chamberlain and Greene (17,18), u s i n g dynamic gas e v o l u t i o n a n a l y s i s , have r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e thermal decomposition of c y a n o n i t r o s y l f e r r a t e s i n v o l v e t h e e v o l u t i o n of w a t e r , (CN) and NO. G e r i t i l e t a l . (19) and Mohai (20,21f have r e p o r t e d TGA d a t a for sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e . 2.8 S o l u b i 1 it y Approximate s o l u b i l i t y d a t a o b t a i n e d for a sample o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e a t 25C a r e l i s t e d i n Table I I ( 2 2 ) . E q u i l i b r a t i o n t i m e was 20 hours f o r each system.
SOD IUM
N IT ROPR USSl DE
49 5
TABLE I I
S o l u b i l i t y o f Sodium N i t r o p r u s s i d e Solvent Water S o l u b i 1 i t y (mg/ml) >200
95% E t h a n o l
Absolute Ethanol Methanol Acetone Diethyl Ether Chloroform Benzene lsopropyl Alcohol Hexane Ethyl Acetate Normal S a l i n e
1.1
5.0
100- 200
lnsolub
I n s o l ub
Insolub
0.2 0.1
0.1
0.3
>200
2.9
Crystal Properties
2.9.1
Crys t a 1 S t r u c t u r e Sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e o c c u r s as r e d d i s h brown ( o r r u b y - r e d ) c r y s t a l s ; anhydrous ( l y o p h i 1 i z e d ) sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e e x i s t s as a l i g h t o ra n g e , u n i f o r m powder ( 2 3 ) . The c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e has been s t u d i e d v i a X -ray d i f f r a c t i o n , i n f r a r e d and Raman a n a l y s i s (2-4, 24-27). The c r y t a l i s o r t h o r h o m b i c w i t h space g ro u p G"-Pnnm. The n i t r o p r u s s i d e i o n 1 i e s 2b or1 t h e m i r r o r p l a n e and has a p p r o x i m a t e l y C1,, symmetry. The u n i t c e l l c o n t a i n s f o u r f o r m u l a u n i t s o f t h e t y p e Na Fe ( C N ) N O ' 2 2H20.+ Thz c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e i s compAsed o f Na , F S ~ C N ) ~ N O ~ and H 0 u n i t s . -, The 2 Fe(CN) NO i o n s occupy 5 i t e s o f C 5ym5 m ~ t r y , ~ a ntd e H 0 m o l e c u l e s occupy C h 1 2 sites. The I i g a n d s a r e c o l i n e a r w i t h t h e
496
RICHARD RUCK1
metal atom, which i s d i s p l a c e d s l i g h t l y i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e NO group from t h e p l a n e o f the f o u r pseudo-equivalent CN groups. Each sodium i o n 1 i e s a t the c e n t e r o f a d i s t o r t e d octahedron composed of f o u r CN groups and two water molecules. These octahedra share edges i n such a way t h $ t each CN group i s c o o r d i n a t e d t o two Na i o n s , as i s each water molecule. The n i t r o s o group i s c o o r d i n a t e d o n l y t o Fe+2 (24). The w a t e r molecules a r e n o t i n v o l v e d i n any s i g n i f i c a n t hydrogen bonding w i t h t h e Fe(CN) NO2- ion; they merely s e r v e t o f i l l t h e ehpty space i n t h e l a t t i c e (2, 24, 26). S t u d i e s o f t h e i n f r a r e d (28, 29) and Mbssbauer (30) s p e c t r a i n d i c a t e a l a r g e amount o f back bonding between t h e metal and t h e n i t r o s y l l i g a n d . Although t h e f o r mal charge o f i r o n and n i t r o s y l i n t h e comp l e x has been a m a t t e r of c o n t r o v e r s y , t h e general consensus appears t o be t h a t Fe and NO have formal chaKges o f +2 and + I , r e s p e c t i v e l y (12, 24, 31-35). 2.9.2
X- Ray D i f f r a c t i on
The X-ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n o f a proposed house standard of sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e i s presented i n Table I l l (36). The i n t e r p l a n a r spacings agree w i t h those r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e u s i n g a molybdenum t a r g e t ( 3 7 ) .
Ins t rumen t a 1 Cond i t i ons

Instrument Generator Tube T a r g e t Optics
Goniometer Detector
GE Model XRD-6 Spectrogon i ometer 50 KV, 12.5 mA 0 Copper (Cu Km = 1.5418A) 0.1" D e t e c t o r s l i t M.R. S o l l e r s l i t 3" Beam s 1 i t Ni Filter 4" T a k e - o f f angle Scan a t 0.4" 20/minute Sealed p r o p o r t i o n a l counter 1 . 7 5 KV ( f r o n t ) , 0 . 9 5 KV ( r e a r ) . Pulse h e i g h t selector E l 5
497
Recorder Sample
v o l t s , window o u t . Time c o n s t a n t = 2.5 seconds Range = 1000 c/sec f u l l scale Synchronized w i t h goniometer a t l"/2.5 minutes Ground a t room temperature
TABLE I I I
Sodium N i t r o p r u s s i d e
11.60 15.61
19.00
7.63 5.68 4.67

4.10
21
21.65 23.08 27. I4 31.25 33.30 35.65
3.85 3.29 2.86 2.69 2.52
55 58 98 29 34
100
16
25
d (interplanar distance) = n h / 2 s i n 0
1/10
*;':
= r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y (highest
i n t e n s i t y = 100)
498
RICHARD RUCK1
3.
Synthesis Sodium nitroprusside is commonly prepared by the oxidation of potassium ferrocyanide with dilute nitric acid and subsequent neutralization o f the liquid with sodium carbonate (38). The reaction scheme i s shown below (39)
K4[Fe(CN)6].3H20
+ 6 HNO + H2[(NO)Fe(CN) 5] + 4 KNO 3 + 3 + NH NO + C02 4 3

+ Na2C03
H20
H2[(NO)Fe(CN)5]
2 Na2[(NO)Fe(CN) 5].2H20
+ CO 2
4. Stabi 1 i ty and Degradation
4.1
Solid Stability Sodium nitroprusside crystals have been reported to be stable in air (40). Even in the dry, solid state, however, the compound is somewhat light sensitive (Section 4.2) and should be protected from light (41, 4 2 ) . Small amounts of moisture could facilitate the photodegradation o f dry sodium ni troprusside (41). In closed, amber vials at 25"C, sodium nitroprusside in the sol id state remains suitably stable for at least 24 months (measuring absorbance maximum at 394 nm; Section 4.2) ( 4 3 ) .
4.2 Stability in Solution

Sodium nitroprusside in solution is extremely photosensitive, undergoing rapid and numerous reactions, many o f which are undefined. Literature descriptions o f the photodecomposition products of nitroprusside are, in some cases, contradictory. 2In direct sunlight [Fe(CN) NO] ultimately yields Prussian blue, HCN and NO 144). Kapatos et al. (45) have reported that photoirradiation o f solutions o f nitroprusside yield Prussian blue and NO, while Wolfe and Swinehart (46) report a similar reaction in unbuffered solutions o f nitroprusside: Na2[Fe(CN) 5NO] + h v (X>300 nm) + Na[Fe"'Feli (CN) 61 (sodium salt o f Prussian b l u e ) + NO + (CN) 2 + H C N
SOD I UM N IT R OP R USS I D E
499
I n s o l u t i o n s b u f f e r e d a t pH 6, W o l f e and S w i n e h a r t ( 4 6 ) have r e p o r t e d f o r m a t i o n of t h e pentacyanoaquof e r r a t e ( I I I ) , a g r e e i n g w i t h s e v e r a l o t h e r papers
(47-50)
[Fe(CN)
hy(X>jOOnm)
-f
[FelII(CN)
5 2
O]*-
+ NO
The pentacyanoaquof i - r a t e ( ',I$ undergoes r a p i d e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h [F e 2 'lP(CN)lO] (SO, 51). II P h o t o a q u a t i o n t o y i e l d [Fe (CN) H O I 3 - and NO has been d e s c r i b e d most f r e q u e n t l y a2 $he p r i m a r y phot o c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n o f n i t r o p r u s s i d e ( 1 1,34,52-54). M i t r a and coworkers (34) f o u n d a pH decrease upon p h o t o l y s i s and a t t r i b u t e d t h i s t o h y d r o l y s i s o f t h e rii t r o s y l c a t i o n :
NO
++
+ H20 + 2H+ +
NO;
[F e ' I (CN) 5H20]3-
The p e n t a c y a n o a q u o f e r r a t e ( 1 I A-undergoes e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h [Fe2 (CN) ] (55). 10
rap i d
P h o t o r e d u c t i o n o f [Fe(CN) NO]2- t o [Fe(CN) in 5 ?he orangeaqueous s o l u t i o n has been r e p o r t e d (56). t o - b l u e c o l o r change o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e solut i o n upon s t a n d i n g and e x p o s u re t o l i g h t has been a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e change o f f e r r i c t o f e r r o u s i o n
(57, 58).
When p r o t e c t e d f r o m l i g h t , aqueous s o l u t i o n s o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e have been r e p o r t e d t o be s t a b l e f o r as l o n g as s i x months (11,59,60). I n aqueous s o l u t i o n t h e n i t r o p r u s s i d e i o n r e a c t s w i t h a w i d e v a r i e L y o f i n o r g a n i c and o r g a n i c subs t anc e s t o f o r m u s u a l l y h i g h l y c o l o r e d r e a c t i o n 52, 61-71). pi-oducts (50, S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c measurements have most o f bzen used t o d e t e r m i n e s t a b i l i t y o f sodium n p f u s s i d e , w i t h most emphasis on t h e i n c r e a s e absorbance a t 350-395 nm w i t h d e g r a d a t i o n ( I 5 3 , 5 5 , 6 0 ) . Curce has d e v e l o p ed a s t a b i 1 i t y en t roin ,119 S O ,
500
RICHARD RUCK1
i n d i c a t i n g method by complexing i r o n i n any form o t h e r than n i t r o p r u s s i d e w i t h a z i d e and measuring t h e r e s u l t i n g absorbance a t 560 nm ( 7 2 ) . P o l a r o g r a p h i c s t a b i l i t y s t u d i e s (11, 73) have i n d i c a t e d t h a t the f i r s t two p o l a r o g r a p h i c waves ( S e c t i o n 7.6) decrease i n l i m i t i n g c u r r e n t w i t h d e g r a d a t i o n , b u t spectrophotometry i s a much more s e n s i t i v e method f o r d e t e c t i n g photodegradation ( 1 1 ) .
5.
Drug M e t a b o l i c Products When g i v e n i n t r a v e n o u s l y , sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e r a p i d l y lowers b l o o d pressure by p e r i p h e r a l v a s o d i l a t a t i o n and r e d u c t i o n i n p e r i p h e r a l r e s i s t a n c e as a r e s u l t of a d i r e c t a c t i o n on t h e b l o o d vessel w a l l s , independent o f autonomic i n n e r v a t i o n (74-78). Blood p r e s s u r e can be maint a i n e d a t any l e v e l depending on t h e r a t e o f i n f u s i o n ( ~ 7 ~ 5 8 ) The hypotensive a c t i o n i s a t t r i b u t e d t o the . 79, 80) o f the n i t r o p r u s n i t r o s o (NO) group (57, 75-77, s i d e r a d i c a l and i s augmented i n b o t h doqs and humans by autonomic g a n g l i o n b l o c k i n g agents (57,76). The drug has an immediate e f f e c t , w i t h d e s i r e d b l o o d pressure l e v e l s u s u a l l y a t t a i n e d w i t h i n 0.5 t o 2 minutes. Upon d i s c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e i n f u s i o n , b l o o d p r e s s u r e r a p i d l y r i s e s to previous levels, usually w i t h i n 1 t o T h i s evanescence o f t h e d r u g ' s 10 minutes (81-84). e f f e c t i s due t o r a p i d d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e a c t i v e n i t r o p r u s s i d e r a d i c a l which i s s l o w l y converted i n t h e body t o cyanide. T h i s conversion i s a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of t h e f e r r o u s i o n i n n i t r o p r u s s i d e w i t h f r e e s u l f h y d r y l groups i n e r y t h r o c y t e s ( r e d b l o o d c e l l s ) and o t h e r t i s s u e s (57,76,79,85,86). I n v i v o and i n v i t r o s t u d i e s have shown t h a t n i t r o p r u s s i d e l i b e r a t e s cyanide when c o n t a c t e d w i t h l i v e r (85). whole blood, washed e r y t h r o c y t e s , plasma, and u r i n e (76,87-89). The r e l e a s e o f cyanide i s non-enzymatic (76,79,85,87), and i t s slow t i m e course p r e c l u d e s t h e r e a c t i o n from b e i n g t h e mechanism o f a c t i o n o f n i t r o p r u s s i d e (76,79). The cyanide i s then conv e r t e d by t h e h e p a t i c enzyme rhodanase ( t r a n s s u l f u r a s e ) t o t h i o c y a n a t e (79,90). A small amount o f t h e t h i o c y a n a t e i s o x i d i z e d back t o cyanide by a t h i o c y a n a t e oxidase present i n e r y t h r o c y t e s (91,92) and perhaps a l s o by a r e v e r s a l of the rhodanase system (93). Boxer and R i c k a r d s . ( g $ ) found these two compounds t o be i n dynamic e q u t l t b r r u m b u t t h a t the equilibrium i n v i v o i s f a r i n the d i r e c t i o n of t h i o cyanate. The h a l f - l i f e f o r e x c r e t i o n o f t h i c y a n a t e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y seven days w i t h normal r e n a l f u n c t i o n ( 9 5 ) . A m e t a b o l i c scheme (57) i s presented i n F i g u r e 3.
LJ
'>
U Q )
a)
x c
Q)U
%A -----j
.-
3 m
0 7U
.-
0 m
m
c,
Q)
.C
'I
L L
.z
' c,
'I
I
.-0
v)
z
n
L C
I
c\l
Q)
.-
zA L
u LL
a)
50 1
502
RICHARD RUCK1
O r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e f o r l o n g p e r i o d s does n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y l ow er b l o o d p r e s s u r e ; the e f f e c t s are s i m i l a r t o tho5e o f thiocyanatc given o r a l l y ( 7 6 ) . S i n c e t h i o c y a n a t c accumul ates i n b l o o d w i t h p r o l o n g e d n f u s i o n o f sod um n i t r o p r u s s i d e , t h i o c y a n a t e o r c y a n i d e may be respons b l e f o r some l a t e r e f f e c t s o f t h e d r u g ( 5 7 76,77)
6.
Toxicity Sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e has few s de e f f e c t s , none o f w h i c h u s u a l l y r e q u i r e s discontinuance o f therapy, provided t h a t dosage i s r e a s o n a b l e (57,58,79,81 ,82,96). Acute t o x i c i t y was i n i t i a l l y t h o u g h t due p r i m a r i l y t o f o r m a t i o n o f c y a n i d e , b u t subsequent s t u d i e s (74) have i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e im m edia te t o x i c i t y o f t h e d r u g i s p r o b a b l y due t o s e v e r e h y p o t e n s i o n , caused by e x c e s s i v e l y h i g h r a t e s of i n f u s i o n (57,58,79). Johnson (74) e s t i m a t e d t h e r a t i o between d e p r e s s o r and t o x i c dosages a s 1 : l O . C a u t i o n s h o u l d b e e x e r c i s e d i n t r e a t m e n t w i t h sodi um n i t r o p r u s s i d e s i n c e i t s i mme d i ate m e t a b o l i c p r o d u c t s a r e Prolonged treatment t h i o c y a n a t e and c y a n i d e ( S e c t i o n 5 ) . may r e s u l t i n e l e v a t e d serum t h i o c y a n a t e l e v e l s , e s p e c i a l l y i f r e n a l f u n c t i o n i s i m p a i r e d (57,76,97). Toxic symptoms o f e x c e s s i v e e l e v a t i o n o f t h i o c y a n a t e i n t h e b l o o d i n c l u d e f a t i g u e , nausea, weakness and loss o f appet i t e (58,76). I n a p a t i e n t w i t h severe renal i n s u f f i c i enc y , l o n g - t e r m sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n r e s u l t e d i n h y p o t h y r o i d i s m , caused b y t h i o c y a n a t e i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e u p t a k e and b i n d i n g o f i o d i n e by t h e t h y r o i d (97). A l t h o u g h s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l s of t h i o c y a n a t e have appeared i n b l o o d d u r i n g c h r o n i c o r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f n i t r o p r u s s i d e (76), e l e v a t e d l e v e l s have n o t been o b s e r v e d w i t h i t s s h o r t - t e r m use (81) or d u r i n g p r o l o n g e d , i n t r a venous use (98) i n p a t i e n t s w i t h normal k i d n e y f u n c t i o n .
A s m a l l amount o f t h i o c y a n a t e i s o x i d i z e d back t o c y a n i d e
i n t h e body ( S e c t i o n 5 ) . Elevated blood cyanide l e v e l s i n v i v o . have been r e p o r t e d f o l l o w i n g sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n (87,88,92,94), but i n the vast majori t y o f cases t h e amounts have been s m a l l . Even w i t h d i r e c t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e r a p e u t i c doses o f t h i o c y a n a t e , b l o o d c y a n i d e amounts were smal 1 and idel 1 below l e t h a l concent r a t i o n s (91,32). Vesey e t a ] . (88) found a s i g n i f i c a n t r i s e i n plasma c y a n i d e l e v e l s a f t e r sodium r i i t r o p r u s s i d e i n f u s i o n and a s i m u l t a n e o u s d e c r e a s e i n plasma v i t a i i l i n B I2 ( 9 9 ) , a l t h o u g h t h e r e were no a d v e r s e e f f e c t s on t h e
SO DIU M N ITROPR USS IDE
503
p a t i e n t s . S i n c e t h e l i v e r s e r v e s a s t h e main r e g u l a t o r y s y s t em o f c y a n i d e d e t o x i f i c a t i o n ( S e c t i o n 5 ) , sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e s h o u l d be used w i t h c a u t i o n i n p a t i e n t s w i t h i m p a i r e d 1 i v e r f u n c t i o n (57,88,97,100). Sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e i n f u s i o n t o baboons was s t u d i e d and, on a w e i g h t c o r r e c t i o n b a s i s , i t has been r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e s m a l l e s t t o x i c dose i n t h e baboon g i v e n o v e r 2 h o u r s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o 320 mg/hour i n man, and 1-1/2 t h e mean t o x i c dose e q u i v a l e n t t o 518 mg/hour ( 1 0 1 ) . I n t r a v e n o u s LD has been d e t e r m i n e d t o be 8.4 2 0.3 1 . 1 mg/kg mg/kg i n m i c e , 5 ? l . 2 2 1 . 1 mg/kg i n r a t s , 2.8 i n r a b b i t s , and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 mg/kg i n dogs (102). LD i n m i c e has been d e t e r m i n e d t o be 48 2 2.9 mg/kg o r z ? l y and g r e a t e r t h a n 2000 mg/kg t o p i c a l l y (103).
7.
Methods of A n a l y s i s
7.1
E lem e n ta l A n a l y s i s An e l e m e n t a l a n a l y s i s o f a s t a n d a r d sample o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e (as t h e d i h y d r a t e ) i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b l e I V . Water was d e t e r m i n e d by K a r l F i s h e r t i t r a t i o n ( 04). TABLE I V E 1emen t a 1 A n a l y s i s o f Sodium N i t r o p r u s s i d e
E 1 emen t
C
% Theory
20.14
% Found
20.12
1.40 29.68
1.34
28.21
N
"3
Fe
15.44
18.74
12.09
14.98
18.72
H2 7.2 I d e n k i f i c a t i o n Tests
12.03
The v i s i b l e a b s o r p t i o n s p e ctrum ( S e c t i o n 2.3) i s s p e c i f i e d b y U S P X I X as t h e i d e a t i f i c a t i o n t e s t f o r sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e ( 1 0 5 ) . The i n f r a r e d spectrum ( S e c t i o n 2.1) may also be used f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of
504
RICHARD RUCK1
the drug. For t h e dosage fo rm , USP X I X s p e c i f i e s m i x i n g sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e w i t h a s c o r b i c a c i d and d i u t e H C I , f o l l o w e d by d r o p w i s e a d d i t i o n o f sodium h y d r o x i d e T.S. t o p ro d u c e a t r a n s i e n t b l u e c o l o r 105). A number o f o t h e r q u a l i t a t i v e c o l o r r e a c t ons have been r e p o r t e d ( 106- 1 10)
7.3
T h i n - L a y e r C h ro m a to g ra p h i c A n a l y s i s
A number o f TLC systems f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f sodium

n i t r o p r u s s i d e from i t s - m e t a b o l i t e s , thiocyanate (SCN ) and c y a n i d e (CN ) , a r e l i s t e d i n T a b l e V (111). S i l i c a g e l s t a t T o n a r y phases were used i n each, and n i t r o p r u s s i d e was d e t e c t e d w i t h 1% Na S i n O.%N NaOH, SCN- w i t h 0.1% FeCl i n 0.5N H C l , an8 C N - w i t h t h e method o f 0 . Wasc3wik e t ( 1 12). A good s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e t h r e e substances i s p o s s i b l e u s i n g t h e f i r s t s y s te m l i s t e d ( s o l v e n t f r o n t 10 cm) f o l l o w e d by t h e second s y s tem ( s o l v e n t f r o n t 14 cm), r e s u l t i n g i n d i s t a n c e ? f r o m s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r CN , r , i t r o p r u s s i d e and SCN of 0, 45 and 99 mm, respectively (111).
al.
TABLE V T h i n - L a y e r C h ro m a to g ra p h i c Systems f o r Sodium N i t r o p r u s s i d e
-!
Solvent n- pr opan o l :H20 (10:2) n - b u t a n o l :2N NH ( I : 1) (organ i c LhasJ) n - p r o p a n o l :H 0 (1 0 : 1 ) 2 n-butano1:n-propanol: d i b u t y l a m i n e ( 4 5 : 4 5 : 10)
Va 1 ues SCN-
CN-0 0
0
N i troprusside
-0.20
-0.71
0.77
0.44
0.95
0.85
7.4
Spectrophotometric Analysis Sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e may be a n a l y z e d s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a l l y by u t i l i z i n g t h e m o l a r a b s o r p t i v i t y v a l u e ( E = 20.4) a t t h e m a x i m u m i n t h e v i s i b l e spectrum a t 394 nm ( 1 1 ) .
505
7.5
Colorimetric Analysis Small amounts o f n i t r o p r u s s i d e have been d e t e r m i n e d c o l o r i m e t r i c a l l y as t h e i s o p horone complex by measuri n g absorbance a t 495 nm i n pH 10.2 b u f f e r ( 1 1 3 ) . An i n d i r e c t c o l o r i m e t r i c method f o r sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e d e t e r m i n a t i o n , c o n s i s t i n g of p r e c i p i t a t i o n w i t h 1 , l O - p h e n a n t h r o l i n , s e p a r a t i o n and measurement o f t h e e x t i n c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e f i l t r a t e , has been r e p o r t e d ( 1 14- 1 15)
7.6
P o l a r o g r a p h i c Ana l y s i s Sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e has been d e t e r m i n e d p o l a r o g r a p h i c a l l y by a number o f w o r k e r s . A t t h e d r o p p i n g merc u r y e l e c t r o d e , t h r e e r e d u c t i o n waves were observed a t -0.4, -0.6 and -1.2 v o l t s vs. S C E . The f i r s t t w o waves were r e p o r t e d t o i n v o l v e one e l e c t r o n each as c a l c u l a t e d from t h e n i n the l l k o v i c equation, a r e independent o f t h e hydrogen i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e pH r a n g e 6 t o 10, and a r e r e v e r s i b l e , w h i l e t h e t h i r d wave i s i r r e v e r s i b l e and t h e v a l u e of n i s 2 (31,ll6,117). Zuman and Kabat (118,119) c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e f i r s t two waves were o n e - e l e c t r o n reduct i o n s , and deduced t h a t t h e t h i r d wave was a twoe l e c t r o n r e d u c t i o n , b u t c o n s i d e r e d a1 1 t h r e e waves t o be i r r e v e r s i b l e . More r e c e n t s t u d i e s (11,73,120) have r e p o r t e d t h e f i r s t two waves o n l y . A typical p o l a r o g r a m o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e , showing t h e f i r s t t w o waves, i s shown i n F i g u r e 4 (120). The c u r r e n t o f t h e f i r s t p o l a r o g r a p h i c r e d u c t i o n wave a t a b o u t -0.33 v o l t s v s . Ag/AgCI r e f e r e n c e e l e c t r o d e i n aqueous pH 7.2 b u f f e r i s used t o assay t h e dosage f o r m (50 mg d r y - f i 1 l e d v i a l ) (105,120). P hotodegrad a t i o n o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e has a l s o been d e t e r mined b y f o l l o w i n g t h e d e c re ase i n 1 i m i t i n g c u r r e n t o f t h e f i r s t two p o l a r o g r a p h i c waves (11,731.
7.7
Coulornetric Analysis C o u l o m e t r i c s t u d i e s o f n i t r o p r u s s i d e , u s i n g a rnerc u r y c a th o d e and a s i l v e r anode, have i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e second and t h i r d r e d u c t i o n waves i n v o l v e two and f o u r fa ra d a y s p e r mole o f e l e c t r o d e r e a c t i o n , respect i v e l y , w h i l e the products o f reduction i n t e r f e r e d w i t h t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f n for t h e f i r s t wave
506
RICHARD RUCK1
FIGURE
Polarogram o f Sodium N i troprusside
SODIUM N ITROP RUSSl D E
507
(121,122). I t has a 1 5 0 been r e p o r t e d t h a t c o n t r o l I c d p o t e n t i 2 1 c o u l o 8 i i e t r i c t i L r s t i o n was n o t s t o i c h i o nie t r i c , p ro b s b 1 y due t o Loinpe t i ng background r c a c tions (120).
7.8
T i t r i m e t r i c Analysis Sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e i s assayed by d i s s o l v i n g t h e sample i n w a t e r and t i t r a t i n g w i t h 0. IN s i l v e r n i t r a t e . The e n d p o i n t i s d e t e r m i n e d p o t e n t i o m e t r i c a l l y , using a s i l v e r - s i l v e r chloride electrode system. Each rnl o f 0.1N s i l v e r n i t r a t e i s e q u i v a l e n t t o 14.90 mg o f Na2TFe(CN) N0].2H20 ( 1 0 5 ) . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , m e r c u r i c n i t r a t z has been used as t i t r a n t , and p o l a r i z e d p l a t i n u m e l e c t r o d e s and s i l i c o n - r u b b e r based h a l i d e - s e l e c t i v e membrane e l e c t r o d e s have been used as i n d i c a t o r e l e c t r o d e s ( 1 2 3 ) . Titrim e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f n i t r o p r u s s i d e w i t h mercurous i o n has been d e s c r i b e d by Tomicek and Kubi k (124). An i n d i r e c t t i t r i m e t r i c method f o r n i t r o p r u s s i d e , u s i n g a f l u o r e s c e n t e n d p o i n t , has been r e p o r t e d (125). A f t e r d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f n i t r o p r u s s i d e w i t h NaOH and Na2Ni(CNI4 and f i l t r a t i o n , t h e n i c k e l i s t i t r a t e d w i t h Na EDTA w i t h bisglycinemethylenedichlorofluorescein as mezal l o f l u o r o c h r o m i c i n d i c a t o r .
7.9
M i s c e l l a n e o u s Methods o f A n a l y s i s
N i t r o p r u s s i d e has been d e t e r m i n e d g r a v i m e t r i c a l l y u s i n g d i a n t i p y r y l p h e n y l m e t h a n e ( 1 2 6 ) , and by p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f n i c k e l hydroxide i n the r e a c l i o n o f n i c k e l c y a n i d e w i t h a l k a l i n e n i t r o p r u s s i d e (127). The l a t t e r method i s more s e l e c t i v e t h a n t h e f o r m e r , b u t c y a n i d e , f e r r i c y a n i d e , and l a r g e amounts o f ferrocyanide w i 1 1 i n t e r f e r e ( 1 13). A m i c r o c r y s t a l t e s t , one i n w h i c h t h e p r e c i p i t a t e formed by t h e c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n between a substance and a r e a g e n t i s examined w i t h a mi croscope, has been r e p o r t e d f o r the detet-rni n a t i o n o f sodi urn n i t r o p r u s s i d e (128).
The v a r i a t i o n o f e q u i v a l e n t c o n d u c t i v i t i e s o f aqueous s o l u t i o n s o f sodium n i t r o p r u s s i d e has been s t u d i e d as a f u n c t i o n o f th e i o n i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n (129).
508
RICHARD RUCK1
8.
Acknow I edgiilen t-5 The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f M i s s E. R o l l e r i , t h e S c i e n t i f i c L i t e r a t u r e D e p a r t m e n t , and t h e Research Records O f f i c e o f Hoffrnann-La Roche I n c . i n the preparation of t h i s analytical p r o f i l e .
SOD I UM N ITROPR USSl DE
509
9.
References
1.
2.
3.
4. 5-
Waysek, E., Hoffmann-La Roche I n c . , Personal Communication. Brown, C . W . and Jones, L.H., I n o r g . Khanna, R.K., Chem. - 2195 (1969). 8, Bates J.B. and Khanna, R.K., I n o r g . Chem. 9 , 1376 (19701. Holzbecher, M. Knop, 0 . and F a l k , M., Can. J . Chem.
6.
7.
8. 9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
P a l i a n i , G . , P o l e t t i , A. and Santucci, A., J Mol. Struct. 63 (1971). Krasser, W., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 74, 476 (1970). CA 73: 19964w, 1970. T o s i , L . , C.R. Acad. S c i . , Ser. B. 270, 688 1970). CA 72:138137t, 1970. T o s i , L . , Poulet, H. and Mathieu, J.P., C.R. Acad. CA 70: S c i . P a r i s , Ser. Ai3. - 249 (1969). 2688, 110309k, 1969. Chang, F., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Commun ic a t ion. Rubia, L., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Commun i c a t i o n . Frank, M.J., Johnson, J.B. and Rubin, S.H., J. Pharm. S c i . 65, 44 (1976). Manoharan, P.T. and Gray, H.B., J. Amer. Chem. SOC. 87, 3340 (1965). Swinehart, J.H. and Rock, P.A., I n o r g . Chem. 5, 573
- 1413 (1971). 49,
8,
14.
( 1966).
Winslow, W., Hoffmann-La Roche I n c . , Personal Commun i c a t ion. Toome, V., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Commun i c a t i o n . Stewart, D . , Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Personal Communication. Chamberlain, M.M. and Greene, A.F., J. I n o r g . Nucl. Chem. 25, 1471 (1963). Greene, A . F . a n d Chamberlain, M.M., U.S. Dept. Cornm., O f f i c e Tech. Serv., AD 282, 397 (1962). CA 2: 10968d, 1963. G e n t i l , L.A., Olabe, J.A., Baron, E.J., and Aymonino, P.J., J. Therm. Anal. 7, 279 (1975). Flohai, B., J. Therm. AKa1. 3 , 403 (1971). Mzjhai, B., J. I n o r g . Nucl. Them. 3 1 , 885 (1969). P h i 1 i p , C . , Hoffmann-La Roche n, Ic Personal Communication. Scerbo, A . , Hoffrnann-La Roche Inc.,,Data on F i l e .
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. 21. 22.
23.
510
RICHARD RUCK1
24
25 20.
77.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33 34.
35. 36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
Manohzran, P.T. and H a m i l t o n , W . C . , I n o r g . ihem. 2, 1043 (1963). T o s i . L . , C . R . Acad. S c i . P a r i s , Ser. AB 1313 ( 1 9 6 7 ) . C A -_ 67:5890!+x, 1967. C o t t o n . F.A., Monchanp, R.R., H e n r y , R.J. and Young, R . C . , J. I n o r g . N u c l . Chen. 28 (1959). Brown, D.B., I n o r g . Chem. 2582 (1975). H a b e r d i t z l , W . , S c h l e i n i t z , W.D. and B a r t e l , H . G . , 2 . Naturforsch. 891 (1968). 491 (1974). Folkesson, B., A c t a Chen. Scand., S e r . A . Costa, N.L., Danon, J. and X a v i e r , R.M., J. Phys. Chem. S o l i d s 2, 1783 (1962). Masek. J . , I n o r g . Chim. A c t a Rev. 101 (1969). B r o w , D.B., I n o r g . Chim. A c t a Rev. 5, 314 (1971). S w i n e h a r t , J.H., Coord. Chem. Rev. 385 ( 1 9 6 7 ) . M i t r a , R.P., Sharma, B.K. and M i t t a l , S . P . , J. I n o r g . NLIC~. Chern. 3919 (1972). I n o r g . Chem. 1 , 1 3 4 4 (1971). 0 Garg, A . N . and Goel, P.S., N a c r i , F . , Hoffmann-La Roche I n c . , t ' e r s o n ~ l Communication. ASTM, X-Ray Powder Data F i l e , S e t s 1-5 ( I n o r g a n i c ) , 1960, p. 43. Ephraim, F . , I n o r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y , 6 t h Ed., I n t e r s c i e n c e , 1954, p. 332. New York, N . Y . , B r a u c r . G . , Handbuch d e r P r 8 p a r a t i v e n Anorganischen Chernie, 2nd Ed., F e r d i n a n d Enke, S t u t t g a r t , 1962, p. 1530. R m y , H., T r e a t i s e on I n o r g a n i c C h e m i s t r y , E l s e v i e r , Amsterdam, 1956, p. 287. Johnson, J . B . and Frank, M.J., Hoffinann-La Roche I n c . , I n t e r n a l R e p o r t , May 7, 1973. Newrnark, H.L., Hoffmann-La Roche I n c . , I n t e r n a l R e p o r t , May 10, 1973. Johnson, J.B., tloffmann-La Roche I n c . , U n p u b l i s h e d D a t a . G m e l i n ' s Handbuch d e r A n o r g a n i s h e n Chemie, I r o n 598, V e r l a y Chernie, Gmbh, B e r l i n , 1338, p. 9 0 3 . Kapatos, L . , V o y a t s a k i s , E. and Yanoukakis, D., Chim. 72 (1958). C 2 : 1 7 9 5 O f , 1958. A Chronika W o l f e , S . K . and S w i n e h a r t , J . H . , I n o r g . Chem. 1045 (1975). Buxi:)n, C . V . , D a i n t o n , F.S. and K a l e c i n s k i , J . , I n t . J. R a d i a l . Phys. Chern. _I_, 87 ( 1 9 6 9 ) . CA 71:34986g, 1969. Wolfe, S . K . , D i s s . Absti-. I n t . 31% (1974). CA g : 1 9 1 8 3 f , 1974. E n s c h w i l l e r , C . , C . R . Acad. S c i . , S e r . C 692 ( 1 9 6 9 ) . 2034 Espenson, J.H. and Wolcnuk. S . G . , I n o r y . Chem. ( 1772) . J ; J s e l s k i s , B . , J . Amer. Chen. S O C . 8 3 , 1082 ( 1 9 6 1 ) . B s u d i s c l i . O., Scicncr: IOS, 4 / 1 3 (l91+$)-. Lnclrin\l-.a, A. arid Cogo-lE, R . , Rocz. Chen. '17, 881 ( 1 9 7 3 ) . LA I;,: 120420q, 1973.
e,
lo,
16,
E,
28,
1,
2 .
3,
3,
14,
3,
268,
!, I
SOD IUM N ITR OP R U S l O E
51 1
54.
55.
56. 57.
58. 59.
60.
M i t r a , R.P., Jain, D.V.S., Banerjee, A.K. and 1263 (1963). Ctiari, K . V . R . , J. I n o r g . Nucl. Chem. Enschwi I l e r , G . and Jorgensen, C.K., Chem. Phys. L e t t .
3,
- 561 ( 1 9 7 0 ) . 5,
G r i f f i t h . W.P., Quart. Revs. 188 (1962). Cacace, L. and Thomas, T . , Drug I n t e l . C l i n . Pharm. 187 (1970). J. C l i n . Pharmacol. 494 (1974). Tuzel, I.H., Anderson, R.A. and Rae, W., Aust. J. Pharm. Sci. [NS] 45 (1972). M a r t i n , 1. and P a t e l , J.A., Amer. J. Hosp. Pharm.
6,
4,
1,
51
14,
26,
(1969).
61.
62.
-, 12
((3. 64.
65.
61.
67.
68.
69.
70.
Toma, H.E., M a l i n , J.M. and Ciesbrecht. E., Inorg. Chem. 2084 (1973). J. Chem. SOC., D a l t o n Mulvey, 0. and Waters, W.A., Trans., 951 (1975). Masek, J. and Wendt, H., I n o r g . Chim. Acta 3, 455 (1969). Dempir, J. and Masek, J., I n o r g . C h i m . Acta 402 (1968) T a r u g i , N., Ann. Chim. A p p l i c a t a . 407 (1926). CA 855, 1927. Szrgceva, A.N., Sernenishin, D . I . and Mazepa, A.V., Zh. 197.5. Neoiy. K h i m . 396 (1975). CA&:164344j, Ya,imirskii, K.B. e t a l . , Teor. Eksp. Khim. 653
16,
2,
1: 1
E,
and West, D.X., J. I n o r g . Nucl. Chem. 3837 (1970). 434 (1915). Cambi, L., A t t i . Accad. Nazl. L i n c e i
CA 82:49687m, 1975. B e i l i n g e r , J.R., L i n d f o r s , K.L.
(1374).
lo.
32,
71.
72
73.
74. 75. 76.
77.
78.
79. 80.
81.
Burce, G. and B o e h l e r c J . , Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., I n t e r n a l Report, November 29, 1976. Hamilton, C.M. and S t e w a r t , D., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., I n t e r n a l Report, June 10, 1974. Johnson, C.C., Arch. I n t e r n a t . Pharm. 480 (1929). Page, I . H . , J. Amer. Med. Assn. j>z, 1311 (1951). Page, I.H., Corcoran, A.C., Dustan, H.P. and Koppanyi, T., C i r c u l a t i o n 11, 188 (1955). S r h l a n t , R.C., Tsagaris. T x and Robertson, R.J., Amer. J. C a r d i o l . 2, 51 ( I ). Giatia, S.K. and F r o h l i c h , . U . , Amer. Heart J. 367 ( I J73). 576 (1974). Veriier, I . R . , Postgrad. Med. J. Glusa, E.. Markwardt, F . and Stuerzebecher, J., Haemos tas i s 2, 249 ( 19714) . Jonc;, G.0.N. and Colc, P . , B r i t . J . Anaesthesia 8011 (1968).
CA E : 1 3 5 1 , 1916. Rybkina, A.A., Ref. Zh. Khim. A b s t r . No. 16V155. CA E : 6 8 7 9 t , 1971. Stiono, T., N i i , H. and Shinra, K., Kogyo Kagaku Zzsshi - 1669 (1965). CA 72:21437z, 1970. 72,
14,
1969,
S,
5,
0,
2,
512
RICHARD RUCK1
82. 83. 84. 85. 66. 87. 88. 89.
- 557 191, 48,
hloraca, P. e t a l . , Anesthesiology 23, 193 (1962). Schiffmann, H. and Fuchs, P., A c t a G a e s t h . Scand. (Suppl.) 3, 704 (1966). Katz, R.L. and Wolf, C . E . , H i g h l i g h t s o f C l i n i c a l Anesthesiology, Ed. by Nark, L.C. and Ngai, S.H., Harper and Row, New York, N.Y., 1971, p. 48. 89 (1942). H i l l , H.E., Aust. Chem. I n s t . J . Proc. M i c h a e l i s , L., J. B i o l . Chem. 777 (1929). Smith, R.P. and Kruszyna, H., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
86,
9,
(1974).
Vesey, C.J., Cole. P.V., L i n n e l l . J.C. B r i t . Med. J. 140 (1974). Vesey, C.J., Cole, P. and Simpson, P.,
2,
and Wilson, J . ,
B r i t . J. Anaesth.
9291
93. 54. 95. 96. 97. 99.
98.
30 *
Lang, K., Biochem. Z. 259, 243 (1333). G o l d s t e i n , F. and Rieders, F., Amer. J. P h y s i o l .
268 (1976).
Pines, K.L. and Crymble, M.M., Proc. SOC. Exp. B i o l . 160 (1952). Hed. Rosenthal, D., Fed. Proc. 181 (1948). Boxer, G.E. and Rickards, J.C., Arch. Biochern. 39,
287 (1953).
173,
s,
I-,
7 (1952).
100.
101 *
102.
103.
104.
105.
Dreisbach, R., Handbook o f Poisoning, 5 t h Ed., Lange, 1966, p. 298. Mani, H.K., B r i t . Med. J. 2, 407 (1971). Nourok. D.S., Glassock, R.J., Solomon, D.H. and Maxwel I , M .H., Amer. J. Med. Sci 248, 129 (1964) G i f f o r d , R., Med. C l i n . N. Am. % T , (1961). I Wilson, J . and Matthews, D.M., C l i n . S c i . 1 (1966). Spiegel, H.E. and Kucera, V., Hoffniann-La Roche Inc., 1rt::rnal Report, Nay I D , 1976 ( t o be p u b l i s h e d i n C l i n . Chem. A c t a ) . McDowall, U . G . , Keaney, N.P., Turner, J.M.,Lane, J.R. anJ Okuda, Y., B r i t . J. Anaesth. 323 (1974). Pool, W. and Hane, D., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.. I n t e r n a l Report, May I . 1973. Hane, D., Hoffniann-La Roche I n c . , I n t e r n a l Report, Scptember 8, 1975. S c h e i d l , F., Hoffmann-La Roche I n c . , Personal Communication. U n i t e d States Pharmacopeia X I X (2nd Suppl.), pp. 111-112
g,
5,
106.
Sas, F.E.R.,
(1974).
Inform. Quini. Anal.
107. Ohkuma, S., J . Pharm. SOC. Japan 108. S c a g l i a r i n i , G. and M a r l f o r t e , F., A t t i . Accad. L i n c e i 4 1 (1934). CA 2 : 3 6 2 2 , 1935. 109.
G i r a l , J . , Anales SOC. Espan. F i s . Quim. CA x 3 0 , : 0 l1923.
1317e, 1965.
16, 179 (1962). CA 62: 2, (1952). 1101
20,
21, 236
(1923).
513
110. Johar, G . S . and S i n > ? , J.P., Mikrochim. Acta (1974). CA 81:45039h, 1974. 1 1 1 . Hobel, M. a n d R a i t h e l h u b e r , A., Arch. Pharmacol. (Suppl.) , R33 (1974). 112. Waschwik, 0. e t a l . , Arch. f. Tox. 3, 52 (1967). 113. J a s e l s k i s , B. and Edwards, J.C., Anal. Chem.
1974,437
282
381 (1960). 114. Buhl, F.,
2,
Gregorowicz, 2 . and Kania, K., P r . Nauk. Uniw. Slask. Katowicach 9 (1970). 115. Ruhl, F., Kania, K. and Mikula, B., P r . Nauk. Uniw. Slask. Katowicach I I (1973). CA g : 6 7 7 5 8 q , 1975. 116. K o l t h o f f , I.M. and Toren, P.E., J. Amer. Chem. SOC.
9,
117. 118.
673 (1954). CA 3 : 6 7 4 9 e , 1955. 119. Zuman, P. and Kabat, M., Chem. L i s t y
75, Masek, J. and Dempir, J., C o l l . Czech. Chem. Corn. 34, 727 (1969). CA Z:92619e, 1969. Zuman, P. and Kabat, M., C o l l . Czech. Chem. C m . 19,
1197 (1953).
5,
120. Hamilton, C. and Moros, S., Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.. I n t e r n a l Report, A p r i l 19, 1973. 121. Lanza, P. and C o r b e l l i n i , A., A t t i Accad. Nazl. L i n c e i 65 (1953). CA ~ : 9 1 7 9 g , 1953. 122. Lanza, P. and C o r b e l l i n i , A., A t t i Accad. Nazl. L i n c e i
5, 368
(1954).
2,
13,
Ji36 (1952). 123. Siska, E. and Pungor, E.,

1211. Tomicek, 0. and Kubik, J.,
Talanta 715 (1972). C o l l . Czech. Chem. C m .
19,
9,
125. Martinez, F.B. and B a r r a l , A.M., Inform. Quim. Anal. 2, 117 (1965). CA e : 5 7 5 8 , 1966. 126. Gusev, S.I. and B e i l e s , R.G., Zhur. Anal. Khim. 21, 219 (1952). 195 (1954). CA 9: 127. Rose, P.H., Z. Anal. Chem. 99, 1955. 128. Koles, J.E., Prog. Chem. T o x i c o l . 5, 293 (1974). 129. Voyatzdkis, E. and Jannakoudakis, D., Compt. Rend. 247, 1721 (1958). CA 53:l0909, 1959.
377 (1937).
143,
L i t e r a t u r e surveyed through October,
1976.
SULPHAMERAZINE
Richard D.C. Woolfenden
516
RICHARD D. G . WOOLFENDEN
CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Description 1.1. N a m e , F o r m u l a , M o l e c u l a r W e i g h t 1.2. A p p e a r a n c e , Colour, Odour, T a s t e Physical Properties 2.1. I n f r a - r e d Spectrum 2.2. Ultraviolet Spectrum 2.3. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectra 2.4. Mass S p e c t r u m N.M.R. Spectrum 2.5. 2.6. M e l t i n g Range 2.7. D i f f e r e n t i a l Thermal A n a l y s i s 2.8. Thermal G r a v i m e t r i c A n a l y s i s 2.9. X-ray D i f f r a c t i o n 2 . 1 0 . Polymorphism 2.11. S o l u b i l i t y 2 . 1 1 . 1 . I n Aqueous B u f f e r s a n d Urine 2.11.2. In Solvents 2.12. Dissociation Constant 2.13. P a r t i t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s S y n t h e s i s and P u r i f i c a t i o n 3.1. Chemical S y n t h e s i s 3.2. Purification Salts 4.1. Organic S a l t s 4.2. Metal Complex S a l t s Chemical S t a b i l i t y Hydrolysis 5.1. Pyrolysis 5.2. Photolysis 5.3. Methods o f A n a l y s i s I d e n t i f ic a ti o n 6.1. Elemental Analysis 6.2. T i t r i m e t r i c Assay P r o c e d u r e s 6.3. 6.3.1. Diazometric T i t r i m e t r y 6 . 3 . 2 . Non-Aqueous T i t r i m e t r y 6.3.3. B r o m o m e t r i c T i t r i m e t r y 6.3.4. Argentometric T i t r i m e t r y 6.3.5. Complexometric T i t r i m e t r y 6.3.6. Thermometric T i t r i m e t r y 6.4. S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c Assay Procedures 6.4.1. Infra-red Spectroscopic Methods
SULPHAM E R A2 IN E
51 7
7.
8.
9. 10. 11.
Ultraviolet Spectroscopic M e t h o ds 6 . 4 . 3 . C o l o r i m e t r i c Methods 6.5. Chromatographic Procedures 6 . 5 . 1 . High P e r f o r m a n c e L i q u i d Chromatography 6 . 5 . 2 . Gas Chromatography 6.5.3. T h i n L a y e r Chromatography 6 . 5 . 4 . P a p e r Chromatography 6 . 5 . 5 . I o n Exchange a n d P a r t i t i o n Chromatography 6.5.6 Electrophoresis 6.6. E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Methods 6.6.1. Polarography 6 . 6 . 2 . Ion S e l e c t i v e E l e c t r o d e s 6.7. Bioassay Estimation i n Biological Fluids Pharmacology 8.1. Metabolism 8.2. Absorption,Distribution,Excretion 8 . 2 . 1 . I n Humans 8 . 2 . 2 . I n Animals 8.3. Toxicity 8 . 3 . 1 . Acute T o x i c i t y 8.3.2. Chronic Toxicity 8.3.3. C l i n i c a l Toxicity P r o t e i n Binding Pharmacodynamics Acknowledgements R e f e r e n ce s
6.4.2.
518
RICHARD D. G.WOOLFENDEN
1.
Desc-ription
1.1. N a m e , F o r m u l a , M o l e c u l a r Weiqht
1 G e n e r i c names - S u l p h a m e r a z i n e ; Methylpyrimal; Sulphamethyldiazine. N o m e n c l a t u r e - The f o l l o w i n g nomenclat r e i s u s e d i n Chemical Abstracts: N - (4-methyl-2-pyrimidinyl) s u l p h a n i l amide ; 4-amino-N- ( 4 - m e t h y l - 2 - p y r i m i d i n y 1) b e n zene s ul ph on a m i de
Structure Chemical Abstracts R e g i s t r y N o . (127-79-7)
C11H12N402S 1.2.
M o l . w t 264.30.
2
A p p e a r a n c e , C o l o u r , Odour, Taste
White o r f a i n t l y y e l l o w i s h w h i t e a l l i n e powder which i s o d o u r l e s s has a s l i g h t l y b i t t e r t a s t e . It s t a b l e i n a i r b u t slowly darkens exposure t o l i g h t .

2.
crystbut
is
on
Phys i ca 1 Proper t i e s
2.1.
I n f r a - r e d Spectrum The i n f r a - r e d s p e c t r u m o f s u l p h a m e r a z i g e ( S q u i b b sample P083425) w a s recorde d i n K B r a n d i s shown i n F i g u r e 1. A s s i g n m e n t s f o r t h e more i m p o r t a n t a b s o r p t i g n 5 b a n d s are l i s t e d i n T a b l e 1. '
--
1' 5 4000
j
3500
I
3000
1
2000
I ,lj,I I
1800
! - I ?
v
1200
2500
1400 FREQUENCY (CM')
1600
1000
800
600
400
200
Fig. 1
Infra spectrum of sulphamerazine (KBr pellet)
520
TABLE 1
I n f r a r e d assignments f o r Sulphamerazine Frequency ( c m - l ) 3490 3380 2960 2870 1 6 30 1600) 15 7 0 ) 1500) 1325 1160 109 2 890 8 35
A s s i gnmen t
NH asymmetric s t r e t c h i n g . NH symmetric s t r e t c h i n g . CH a s y m m e t r i c s t r e t c h i n g . 3 CH3 symmetric s t r e t c h i n g . NH2 s c i s s o r i n g . C = C stretching, skeletal
v i b r a t i o n s o f aromatic ring. SO asymmetric s t r e t c h o v s r l a p p i n g C-N s t r e t c h ing vibration. SO symmetric s t r e t c h i n g A r 8 m a t i c CH i n p l a n e benuing S-N s t r e t c h i n g . C-H o u t of p l a n e deformation.
2.2.
U l t r a v i o l e t Spectrum The u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m of s u l p h a m e r a -
zine i n 0 1 M hydrochloric acid solution

e x h i b i t e d a b s o r p t i o n maxima a t 243 nm and I n 0 . 1 M sodium a t 307 nm ( F i g u r e 2 ) . hydroxide s o l u t i o n sulphamerazine behaves a s t h e sodium s a l t e x h i b i t i n g one main peak w i t h t w o maxima a p p e a r i n g a t 243 nm and 257 nm as shown i n F i g u r e 3. The hypsochromic s h i f t of t h e 307 nm maximum t o 257 nm i n a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n i s due t o i o n i z a t i o n of t h e s u l p h o n a m i d e f r a c t i o n of the molecule. The u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r u m o s u l p h a m e r a z i n e h a s been r e c o r d e d i n water (mexima a t 243 and 257 nm) and125% e t h a n 01 (maximum a t 2 7 1 nm) The E values e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e aforemention&8msystems a r e given i n Table 2 .
522
SULPHAMERAZI NE
523
TABLE 2
values o r sulphamerazine i n E l c m var ious s o l v e n t systems Solvent

0 . 1 M H C 1 aqueous
Band (nm)
243
3 07 243 257 2 43 257 271
E cm l
5 79 625 2 00 896 883 875 822 835
1%
R e f e r e n ce
7 3 3 3 3
6
0.1M NaOH aqueous

Water
95% Ethanol
6 6
2 . 3 . F l u o r e s c e n c e and P h o s p h o r e s c e n c e
N Subs t i t U t e d s u 1 phon a m i de s c o n t a i n i n g a n-electron d e f i c i e n t heterocyclic r i n g s y s t e m are g e n e r a l l y weakly o r non-f l u o r e s c e n t . S u l p h a m e r a z i n e i s s u c h a s u l p h o n a m i d e and i t s l a c k of f l u o r e s c e n c e h s been d e m o n s t r a t e d by The p r e s e n c e o f t h e G i f f o r d and co-workers 8 h e t e r o c y c l i c r i n g a t t h e N - p o s i t i o n produced a marked q u e n c h i n g of f l u o r e s c e n c e o v e r t h e pH r a n g e s t u d i e d . T P i s o b s e r v a t i o n w a s a g e n e r a l f e a t u r e of N - s u b s t i t u t e d h e t e r o c y c l i c s u l p h a n i l a m i d e s and i t was c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e s e compounds p r e f e r e n t i a l l y a b s o r b e d l i g h t v i a an n+n* t r a n s i t i o g which i s known t o d e t r a c t from f l u o r e s c e n c e
S u l p h a m e r a z i n e h a s been shown t o e x h i b i t a phosphorescence spectrum o r i g i n a t i n g from a t r a n s i t i o n i n t h e lowest e x c i t e d t r i p l e t G i f f o r d and l e v e l i n t e aromatic nucleus. co-workers p r o d u c e d t h e p h o s p h o r e s c e n c e p d e m i s s i o n s p e c t r u m of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e a t 7 7 K u s i n g a Qaird-Atomic SF 1 0 0 - E s p e c t r o f l u o r i meter f i t t e d w i t h a p h o s p h o r o s c o p e a t t a c h m e n t , t h e e x c i t a t i o n s p e c t r u m showing a maximum a t 310nm (A,) and t h e emission s p e c t r u m a maximum a t 412nm(Ap). The d e l a y e d l u m i n e s c e n c e l i f e t i m e ( T ) was 0 . 8 s e c o n d s .
524
2.4.
Mass S p e c t r u m
The mass s p e c t r u m of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e shown i n F i g u r e 4 was o b t a i n e d on an AEI-MS 9 0 2 mass s p e c t r o m e t e r by d i r e c t Temple i n t r o d u c The fragment i o n i n t o t h e s o u r c e a t 90C t a t i o n p a t t e r n s which can b e a s s i g n e d t o more i m p o r t a n t i o n s a r e shown i n scheme I 11
s b ~ ~ ,
Cambon and co-workers have s t u d i e d t h e mass s p e c t r a of s e v e r a l s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s a n d showed t h a t p r e f e r e n t i a l f r a g m e n t a t i o n occur r e d t o e l i m i n a t e SO The f r a g m e n t a t i o n patterns w e r e attrib6ted to localization of t h e c h a r g e s on t h e h e t e r o a t o m s . The w o r k e r s c o n s i d e r e d t h e p e a k s a t m / e = 2 0 0 and m / e = 1 9 9 a s extremely important corresponding t o t h e removal o f S O and S02H t o g i v e t h e f o l l 2 owing i o n s :
m/e = 200
2 . 5 . N.M.R.Spectrum
N . M. R.
m/e
= 199
P u a r and Funkel h a v e r e c o r d e d t h e 6 0 MHz spectrum of sulphamerazine i n dimethyl s u l p h o x i d e - d c o n t a i n i n g T.M.S. a s i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d ( F i g u r 8 5 ) . The s t r u c t u r a l d a t a i s presented i n Table 3.
The n a t u r a l abundance 1 3 C m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e s p e c t r u m o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e h a s b e e n comp a r e d w i t h a s e f j e s of o t h e r s u l p h o n a m i d e s by The s p e c t r a w e r e d e t e r Chang and F l o s s mined a t 25.15 MHz u s i n g t h e p u l s e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m t e c h n i q u e . Chemical s h i f t s w e r e a s s i g n e d w i t h t h e a i d of o f f - r e s o n a n c e and s e l e c t i v e p r o t o n d e c o y g l i n g t e c h n i q u e s as w e l l as by l o n g - r a n g e C p r o t o n c o u p l i n g patterns.
525
526
528
RICHARD D. G. WOOLFENDEN
TABLE 3 NMR S p e c t r a l A s s i g n m e n t s o f S u l p h a m e r a z i n e
10,ll
Proton A s s i gnmen t
Chemical s h i f t , 6 (ppm) 6.57d 7.70d 6.86d 8.30d
(Hz) 9 .o 9.0
2H p-substituted 2 H benzene r i n g
5 .O
5.0
protons 3 H CH3 2H NH2 1 H NH
2.29s 5.95b,s 11.12b,s

d = doublet; b = broad.
s = singlet;
2.6.
M e l t i n g Range
The m e l t i n g r a n g e q u o t e d i n t h e U.S.P. A m e l t i n g p o i n t o f 234OC X 1 X i s 234-239OC. was o b t a i n e d f o r a U.S.P. g r a d e s a m p l e o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e u s i n g D . T . A . 3.
2.7.
D i f f e r e n t i a l Thermal A n a l y s i s Using a S t a n t o n R e d c r o f t Thermal Analy-
ser Model 671 a t a h e a t i n g r a t e o f 2OoC m i n - l , i t w a s found t h a t U.S.P. g r a d e s u l p h a m e r a z i n e gave a s h a r p m e l t i n g e n d o t h e r m a t 234OC 3 ( F i g u r e 6 ) . This w a s r a p i d l y followe d by d e c o m p o s i t i o n . The h e a t o f f u f i o n ( A H f ) e v a l u a t e d by Yang and G u i l l o r y was 8 . 6 8 k . c a l . m o l - l , a t a f u s i o n f s m p e r a t u r e of quote a 236OC w h e r e a s Sunwoo ancllEisen v a l u e o f 7.54 & . c a l . m o l , a t a f u s i o n tempe r a t u r e of 2 4 2 C. Yang and G u i l l o r y a l s o q u o t e d a n e n t r o p y of f u s i o n o f 1 7 . 1 e . u . f o r sulphamerazine. 2.8. Thermal G r a v i m e t r i c A n a l y s i s The t h e r m o g r a v i m e t r y of s u l p h a m e r a h a s been s t u d i e d by Cook and H i l d e b r a n d S u l p h a m e r a z i n e e x h i b i t e d n o w e i g h t loss up t o a t e m p e r a t u r e of 26OoC, b u t between 26OoC a n d 396OC a r a p i d w e i g h t loss o c c u r r e d f o l l o w e d
Hine .
529
530
b y a l e s s r a p i d l o s s b e t w e e n 526OC a n d 690OC. The TGA c u r v e , t h e r e f o r e , e x h i b i t e d p l a t e a u s a t temperature ranges 396-526OC. N o r e s i d u e remained a t t h e e n d of t h e h e a t ing period. A l t h o u g h n o a t t e m p t w a s made t o i d e n t i f y t h e g a s e o u s p y r o l y s i s products Cook and H i l d e b r a n d h y p o t h e s i s e d t h a t s u l p h u r d i o x i d e would p r o b a b l y s p l i t o u t f r o m t h e sulphamerazine molecule i n a similar manner t o s u l p h o n e s a n d a l k y l s u l p h o n y l chlorides. 2.9. X-ray Diffraction
O c h s 1 7 h a s recorded t h e X-ray p o w d e r d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n f o r a sample of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e (see F i g u r e 7 and T a b l e 4 ) . Yang a n d G u i l l o r y 1 4 a n d L e n n o x l 8 h a v e a l s o rep o r t e d X-ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n d a t a f o r sulphamerazine. TABLE 4 X-Ray Powder D i f f r a c t i o n Data of S u l p h a m e r a z in e ( P 0 8 3 4 2 5 ) Interplanar D i s t a n c e s R e l a t ive I n t e n s i t i e s
Q*
, .
1/10
10.72 0.117 7.65 0.130 7.03 0.949 0.315 6 . 76 6 . 35 0.199 0.885 6.02 5.46 0.636 5.14 0. 760 4.72 0.207 0.971 4.37 4.11 0.545 0.432 3.95 0.322 3.89 0.257 3.30 0.307 3.74 1.000 3.67 0.324 3.53 0.207 3.27 3.22 0.286 0.142 3.05 2.94 0.133 2.90 0.397 2.76 0.456 0.278 2,38 *Interplanar distance d = n X 2 sin 0
532
2.10.
Polymorphism During e x t e n s i v e s t u d i e s on polymorphism i n s u l p h o n a m i d e s u s i n g X-ray d i f f r a c t i o n , i n f r a r e d and D. T . A . t e c h n i q u e s Yang a n d G u i l l o r y l 4 found t h a t sulphamerazine w a s among t h o s e s u l p h o n a m i d e s i n which polymorphism c o u l d n o t be d e t e c t e d .
2.11.
Solubility I n Aqueous B u f f e r s a n d U r i n e The s o l u b i 1 t y of sulphame r a z i n e i i n a q u e o u s media i s i m p o r t a n t i n c l i n i c a l p r a c t i s e and t h e r e f o r e , it h a s m a i n l y been d e t e r m i n e d i n a q u e o u s b u f f e r s a n d u r i n e i n t h e a p p r o x i m a t e pH r a n g e of 6-8 a t 37OC. T y p i c a l v a l u e s are g i v e i n T a b l e 5 a l o n g w i t h t h o s e o f t h e N'-acetyl derivative.
TABLE 5
2.11.1.
The S l u b i l i t y o f S u l p h a m e r a z i n e and -I-acetyl d e r i v a t i v e i n aqueous p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r and u r i n e a t 3 7 O F

M e d iu m
R e f e r e n ce S o lu b i 1 t y i mg./ml., Sulphag-Acetylm e r a z i n e s u l phame r a zi n e 19 40 53
M/30 P h o s p h a t e buffer,pH 6 . 1 Urine,pH 5.9 Urine,pH 6 . 9 Urine,pH 7.9 2.11.2.
37 66 310
76 175 650
19,20 1 9 ,2 0 19,20
In Solvents The a p p r o x i m a t e s o l u b i l i t i e s o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n some s o l v e n t s are given i n Table 6 .
SU LPHAME RAZ I NE
533
TABLE 6
Sulphamerazine s o l u b i l i t i e s i n some s o l v e n t s Solvent
-u b i 1i t y Sol
mg. / m l .
Reference
6 6 6 21 6 22
w a t e r ,2 0 : ~ Water,37 Water,100 C 1 . 5 N Aqgeous NaOH,22 C E t h a n o l ,2 2 O C I s o p r o p a n o l ,2 2 C
16 30 3 30 290
3 30 174
2.12.Dissociation Constant The d i s s o c i a t i o n of t h e p r i m a r y a r o m a t i c amine f u n c t i o n o f some s u l p h o n a m i d e s has2kjeen s t u d i e d by S a l v e s e n and S c h r o d e r - N i e l s o n u s i n g s p e c t r opho tome t r i c and p o t e n t iome t r i c methods. I n 065M aqueous sodium c h l o r i d e s o l u t i o n a t 2 4 C t h e pKal v a l u e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e p r i m a r y amine d i s s o c i a t i o n of s u l p h a m e r iven a s 2.29. K o i z u m i a n d coazine w workers" Zuoted a pKal v a l u e of 2 . 2 6 . Krebs and SpeakmanZ5 d e t e r m i n e d t h e p K of a number o f s u l p h o n a m i d e s f r o m s o l u b i l i t y data using the following relationship.
s0
(1
10PH-PKa)
where S i s t h e s o l u b i A i t y of t h e compound a t a p a r t i c u l a r pH and S i s t h e s o l u b i l i t y of t h e u n i o n i s e d compound. ghese workers o b t a i n = 4 1 mg./lOOml.) ed a p K v a l u e of 6 . 9 5 ( S f o r t h e a& s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e s ulphonamide group of sulphamerazine i n a s o l u t i o n o f ioni c s t r e n g t h 0 . 1 a t 38OC. Using&he same p r i n c i p l e S j o g r e n and O r t e n b l a d obtained a pKa v a l u e of 7 . 0 5 . Both t h e s e reports assume8 t h a t t h e s u l p h o n a m i d e s b e h a v e d as monob a s i c a c i d s . The a u t h e n t i c i t y of t h e s e pKa2 v a l u e 2 6 h a s been c o n f i r m e d by W i l l i and Meier , who u s i n g a p o t e n t i o m g t r i c method, o b t a i n e d a v a l u e o f 6.84 a t 2 0 C a t an i o n i c s t r e n g t h o f 0.1.
534
2.13 P a r t i t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s D u r i n g t h e i r s t u d i e s on some pharmacokinet i c a s p e c t s of e r t a i n s u l p h o n a m i d e s Koizumi and co-workers2' g e n e r a t e d p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t d a t a a t 37OC between an a q u e o u s p h a s e c o n t a i n i n g u n i o n i s e d d r u g and t h e s o l v e n t s c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e I b e n z e n e , c h l o r o f o r m and Suzuki and c o - ~ o r k e r s ~ ~ isoamyl acetate. also gener ated s i m i l a r d a t a u s i n g isoamyl The r e s u l t s f o r a l c o h o l a s $he o r g a n i c p h a s e . s u l p h a m e r a z i n e are g i v e n i n T a b l e 7 .
TABLE 7 P a r t i t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s f o r sulphamerazine o 24,27 a t 37 C Organic Phase Partition Coefficient CC14 0.022 0.202 'gH6 CHCl 2.4 Isoamyl acetate 2.1 Isoamyl a l c o h o l 2.1
3. S y n t h e s i s and P u r i f i c a t i o n 3.1.Chemical Synthesis Two p r i m a r y s y n t h e t i c r o u t e s have b e e n used t o p r e p a r e sulphamerazine , t h e s e b e i n g v i a t h e r e a c t i o n b e t w e e n 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine w i t h c e r t a i n d e r i v a t i v e s o f benze n e s u l p h o n y l c h l o r i d e and a l s o by a c o n d e n s a t i o n p r o c e s s b e t w e e n s u l p h a g u a n i d i n e and c e r t a i n r i n g f o r m i n g compounds. R o b l i n and c o - w o r k e r s 2 8 f i r s t s y n t h e s i z e d s u l p h a m e r a z i n e by t h e a c t i o n of p - a c e t a m i d o b e n z e n e - s u l p h o n y l c h l o r i d e on 2-amino4 - m e t h y l p y r i m i d i n e i n a weakly b a s i s o l v e n t s u c h a s p y r i d i n e t o g i v e t h e N'-acetyl d e r i v a t i v e o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e H y d r o l y t i c dea c e t y l a t i o n of t h i s i n t e r m e d i a t e was a c h i e v e d under e i t h e r a c i d i c o r b a s i c c o n d i t i o n s . Using a c e t a n i l i d e as t h e s t a r t i n g m a t e r i a l the various steps involved i n t h e s y n t h e s i s The p - n i t r o d e r i v a a r e shown i n Scheme 2 . t i v e of b e n z e n e s u l p h o n y l c h l o r i d e c o u l d a l s o
I
a, -4
N
*n
c
p?
"n
i
k
al
Y
0
2 ,
I
0 , 0
I
z rl
'
ilal
v)
a, 4
c 5
c o
QG
N k
(Y
o u
I
Z
@ +T
LI I
c a
7
4 I
o u
ktd 0
d
L l
al
k 8 w
rl
a
m
u
7
rl
v)
I I
I
0
7 z
535
a,
.c
rl
0
N
= ,
&
0 ,
z z
0
I " X
\ &
!2 w
I
v)
536
SULPHAMERAZIN E
537
b e u s e d l t h e f i n a l s t a g e o f t h e s y n t h e s i s req u i r i n g a c a t a l y t i c r eductio n of t h e n i t r o group t o g i v e t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t . I n t h e s e c o n d major method a number o f r i n g f o r m i n g compounds were c o n d e n s e d w i t h sulphaguanidine t o produce sulphamerazine. T y p i c a l l y s u l p h a g u a n i d i n e h a s been c o n d e n s e d with ch orovinylmethyl ketone i n a l k a l i n e medium2$ as i l l u s t r a t e d i n Scheme 3. I n t h i s case t h e c o n d e n s a t i o n mechanism i n v o l v e d t h e removal o f a m o l e c u l e o f w a t e r and a m o l e c u l e of h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d t o g i v e t h e f i n a l p r o d u c t . O t h e r r i n g f o r m i n g compounds which h a v e been u s e d i n c l u d e a c e t o a c e t a l d e h y d e acet a l s 3 0 , a c e t a l d e h y d e m t h y l a c e t a l s 3 l 1 and d i a l k y l a m i n o b u t e n y n e s35
3.2.
Purification Crude s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i s u s u a l l y u r i f i e d v i a i t s sodium s a l t . I n one method31; t h e pH of t h e medium w a s a d j u s t e d t o 1 0 . 5 by t h e add i t i o n of c a l c i u m h y d r o x i d e . The s o l u t i o n was b o i l e d and sodium d i t h i o n i t e a d d e d . D e c o l o r i z a t i o n was t h e n a c h i e v e d u s i n g a c t i v a t e d c h a r c o a l . On c o o l i n g t o room t e m p e r a t u r e t h e s o l u t i o n was a c i d i f i e d w i t h a c e t i c a c i d and t h e p r e c i p i t a t e d s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i s o l a t e d by f i l t r a t i o n . I f required t h i s product c o u l d be r e c r y s t a l l i s e d from a q u e o u s a l c o h o l o r b e n z e n e . A number o f v theme have been d e s c r i b e d
4. S a l t s 4 . 1 . Organic S a l t s
B a r r y and P ~ e t z e r r e p a r e d t h e c e t y l p~ ~
m e t h y l ammonium s u l p h a m e r a z i n e d i h y d r a t e s a 1 t which w a s found t o 3 9 a v e a m e l t i n g p o i n t o f

126OC. Schonhafer prepared the diethylamin o e t h a n o l s a l t of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e which w a s found t o g i v e a 30% aqueous s o l u t i o n of pH9.2 -9.5. Winnek38 p r e p a r e d a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s of s t r e p t o m y c i n s u l p h a t e and b a r i u m o r c a l c i u m s a l t s of c e r t a i n sulphonamides i n v a r y i n g p r o p o r t i o n s t o g i v e s a l t s of s t r e p t o m y c i n c o n t a i n i n g 1 , 2 or 3 moles of s u l p h o n a m i d e .
538
The s t r e p t o m y c i n d i s u l p h a m e r a z i n e s a l t was found t o h a v e a water s o l u b i l i t y o f a b o u t 10%.
4.2.
Metal Complex S a l t s
V a r i o u s complex s a l t s o f s u l p h o n a m i d e s w i t h m u l t i v a l e n t metals h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d . Complex s a l t s o f c o b a l t , s u l p h a m e r a z i n 3 g a n d e t h y l e n e d i a m i n e were p r e p a t j e d b y E r d o s at a t e m p e r a t u r e o f less t h a n 5 C f o r 2 4 h o u r s f o l l o y g d by p r e c i p i t a t i o n w i t h 100 m l . e t h a n o l . Shakh prepared the c o b a l t , n i c k e l , copper and z i n c complexes o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e a n d f o u nd them t o b e i n s o l u b l e i n w a t e r , a l c o h o l , e t h e r , c h l o r o f o r m , a c e t o n e and b e n z e n e . T h e s e complexes w e r e f o u n d t o b e s o l u b l e i n a c i d s o l u t i o n b u t were decomposed by 10%sodium The molar r a t i o o f h y d r o x i d e o r ammonia. s u l p h a m e r a z i n e t o metal w a s 2:l. Lee has s t u d i e d i n d e p t h t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c o p p e r comp l e x e s o f tile s u l p h o n a m i d e s , d e a l i n g 1 1 t h t h e i r p r e p a r a t i o n from c o p p e r grjetate , t h e i r , the4geters e n s i t i v i t y t o micro-organisms m i n a t i o n of t h e i r s t a b i l i t y 4 $ o n s t a n t s , a n d t h e i r s t r u c t u r e assignments The c o p p e r complex o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e w a s p r e p a r e d by t r e a t i n g an a l c o h o l i c s o l u t i o n o f t h e s u l p h o n amide w i t h an aqueous s o l u t i o n o f c u p r i c acet a t e a t p 7-9. H The complex was i s o l a t e d a s g r e y n e e d l e s , w a s less s e n s i t i v e t o m i c r o organisms t h a n sulphamerazine and had a s t a 6 b i l i t y c o n s t a n t o f 9 . 6 8 a t 2 5 C. TQe s t r u c t u r e o f t h e qomplex w a s d e t e r m i n e d by i n f r a r e d s p e c t r o s c o p y which e x h i b i t e d a s h i f t i n t h e S = 0 a b s o r p t i o n band f r o m 7 . 6 2 ~ f o r s u l p h a m e r a z i n e t o 7 . 7 9 ~i n t h e c o p p e r complex. From t h e i n f r a r e d d a t a i t w a s d e d u c e d t h a t t h e c o p p e r c h e l a t e d between t h e S-0 group of t h e s u l p h o n a m i d e s a n d a h e t e r o c y c l i c n i t r o g e n atom a s f o l l o w s
SULPHAMERAZINE
539
5 . Chemical S t a b i l i t y
5.1.Hydrolysis The k i n e t i c s of t h e a c i d c a t a l y s e d hydrol y s i s of some s u l p h a n i a m i d o p y r i m i d i n e s h a s been s t u d i e d by Z a j a c 48 The h y d r o l y s i s r a t e was f o u n d t o f o l l o w f i r s t o r d e r k i n e t i c s i n e a c h c a s e , t h e r a t e b e i n g d e p e n d e n t on t h e hydrogen i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The r e s u l t s of t h e s t u d y a l s o showed t h a t t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n o f m e t h y l o r methoxy g r o u p s w i t h i n t h e p y r i midine n u c l e u s i n c r e a s e d t h e h y d r o l y s i s rate. Thus t h e h a l f l i f e o f ghe s u l p h a m e r a z i n e hyd r o l y t i c p r o c e s s a t 6 0 C (333OK) w a s f o u n d t o be 6 7 . 9 h o u r s compared t o 9 4 . 7 h o u r s f o r s u l phadiazine the p a r e n t sulphanilamidopyrimidine.
A u t e r h o f f and S c h m i d t 4 6 a l s o s t u d i e d t h e h y d r o l y s i s of c e r t a i n sulphanilamidopyrimidines. Using TLC combined w i t h e l e m e n t a l , a n a l y t i c a l and s p e c t r o s c o p i c t e c h n i q u e s t h e s e investigations identified sulphanilic acid, s u l p h a n i l a m i d e , 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine and 2-hydroxy-4-methylpyrimidine as t h e dec o m p o s i t i o n p r o d u c t s of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e
5.2.Pyrolysis The p y r o l y t i c de c o m p o s i t i o n o f s u l p h a n i l a m i d o p y r i m i d i n e s w a s a l s o s t u d i e d by A u t e r h o f f and S c h m i d t 4 6 . The compounds w e r e p l a c e d i n t o t e s t t u b e s and h e a t e d i n an o i l b a t h t o between 230 and 28OoC. Y e l l o w i s h w h i t e sublimates appeared i n t h e upper p a r t of t h e t e s t t u b e s which were s u b s e q u e n t l y examined by TLC on Merck K i e s e l g e l F254 u s i n g n - b u t a n o l , a c e t i c a c i d , w a t e r ( 8 0 , 2 0 , 2 0 ) as s o l v e n t s y s tem. S u l p h a m e r a z i n e ( R f 0 . 5 9 ) w a s f o u n d to decompose t o 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine (Rf 0.48) i n 92% y i e l d . 5.3. P h o t o l y s i s
N a i t o and M i ~ o g u c h i ~u~ i e d t h e p h o t o st d l y t i c decomposition of c e r t a i n s u l p h a drugs and t h e i r b e n z o y l d e r i v a t i v e s i n a q u e o u s a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n u s i n g a s t e r i l i z a t i o n lamp. A n u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a s s a y method
540
showed t h a t a b o u t 5 0 % o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e w a s decomposed o v e r a p e r i o d o f 8 h o u r s w h e r e a s t h e benzoyl d e r i v a t i v e w a s completely stable. The same s a m p l e s s t o r e d i n t h e dark e x h i b i t e d no decomposition. 6 . Methods of A n a l y s i s 6.1. Identification Two i d e n t i t y t e s t s a r e g i v e n i n t h e U.S.P.XlX, one b e i n g an i n f r a r e d a b s o r p t i o n t e s t and t h e o t h e r a m i c r o c h e m i c a l test. I n t h e l a t t e r method a s a m p l e of sulphamerazine i s suspended i n w a t e r and t h e s u s p e n s i o n made a l k a l i n e w i t h sodium h y d r o x i d e . On t h e a d d i t i o n of c u p r i c s u l p h a t e s o l u t i o n an o l i v e g r e e n p r e c i p i t a t e i s formed which t u r n s d a r k g r e y on s t a n d ing. T h i s t e s t h a s been s u c c e s s f u l l y used48t49to d e t e c t sulphamerazine i n t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e r s u l p h o n a m i d e s . T u r c z a n and Medwickl h a v e i n c l u d e d s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n scheme f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f s u l p h o n a m i d e s by N.M.R.spectroscopy
6.2.
Elemental Analysis
The e l e m e n t a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e ( S q u i b b b a t c h PO 83425) w a s obt a i n e d by Young50 w i t h t h e f o l l o w i n g res u l t s :Element Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur oxygen
% Theory
% Found
49.98 4.58
21.20
50.08 4.55 21.31 12.12
12.13 12.11
6.3.
T i t r i m e t r i c Assay P r o c e d u r e s
6.3.1.Diazometric
Titrimetry
S u l p h a m e r a z i n e may b e t i t r a t e d i n strongly acid solution with a standard s o l u t i o n o f sodium n i t r i t e , t h e e n d - p o i n t b e i n g d e t e c t e d w i t h an e x t e r n a l o r i n t e r n a l i n d i c a t o r , o r by an e l e c t r o m e t r i c procedure. The d i a z o m e t r i c t e c h n i q u e i s
SU LPHAMERA2 IN E
541
t h e o f f i c i a l method of t h e U.S.P. sulphamerazine .
X1X f o r
E l - S e b a i a n d c o - ~ o r k e r sh~ v e e v a l u a t a~ e d t h e sodium s a l t of 4- ( b e n z y 1 a m i n o ) a z o benzene-4 ' - s u l p h o n a t e a s an i n t e r n a l i n d i c a t o r f o r sulphonamide t i t r a t i o n s a n d c l a i m t h a t i t p r o v i d e s a r a p i d , s h a r p and e a s i l y d e t e c t e d c o l o u r change which i s s t a b l e f o r 30 m i n u t e s . More a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s w e r e obt a i n e d t h a n w i t h an e x t e r n a l i n d i c a t o r s u c h as s t a r c h i o d i d e p a p e r . O t h e r i n t e r n a l i n d i c a t o r s which have been s u c c e s s f u l l y u s e d are c y a n o b i s (1,1 0 - p h e n a n t h r o l i n e ) i r o n (II)f3 and t r o p a e o l i n 00 w i t h m e t h y l e n e b l u e as c o n t r a s t medium53. The d i a z o m e t r i c method h a s been u s e d f o r t h e determination of sulphamerazine i n tab l e t d o s a g e forms w i t h o u t i n t e r f e r e n c e from e x c i p i e n t s s u c h a s s t a r c h , l a c t o s e , calcium c a r b o n a t e , sodium b i c a r b o n a t e , magnesium s t e a r a t e s t e a r i c a c i d , g e l a t i n , gum a c a c i a , and t a l c 5 4
6.3.2.
Non-Aqueous T i t r i m e t r y The p o w e r f u l e l e c t r o n w i t h d r a w i n g s u l phony1 g r o u p i n s u l p h o n a m i d e s r e n d e r s t h e amide hydrogen atom a c i d i c s o t h a t t h e s e drugs can be c o n v e n i e n t l y t i t r a t e d w i t h a s u i t a g h e b a s e i n a non-aqueous m e d i u m . Faber t i t r a t e d sulphamerazine i n p y r i d i n e s o l u t i o n u s i n g sodium m e t h o x i d e d i s s o l v e d a i n a m i x t u r e o f benzene and m e t h a n o l ( 3 : 1) s titrant and thymol b l u e i n m e t h a n o l as i n d i c a t o r . A c i d i c t a b l e t e x c i p i e n t s were n a t u r a l l y found t o i n t e r f e r e . Sulphamerazine h a s a l s o been determined56 i n t e t r a m e t h y ammoniu h y d r o x i de m 1 re a w i t h t e t r a b u ty 1 u ( 0 . 1 M ) as titrant, t h e e n d - p o i n t b e i n g determined using e i t h e r potentiometry or a thymol b l u e i n d i c a t o r . More r e c e n t l y Davis and co-workers as a s u i t e v a l u a t e d 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone a b l e s o l v e n t f o r t h e non-aqueous t i t r a t i o n o f s u l p h o n a m i d e s on t h e b a s i s t h a t i t s h i g h d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t and wide l i q u i d r a n g e contributed t o its outstanding solvent
57
542
T e trabutylammonium h y d r o x i d e properties. was u s e d as t i t r a n t and p o t e n t i o m e t r y as end- p o i n t de t e ct i o n
6.3.3
Bromometric Titrimetry 58 The b r o m o m e t r i c methods o f Wojahn and Conway59 a r e w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d a n d have been a p p l & d , w i t h e x c e l l e n t r e s u l t s by D e Reeder t o t h e assay of sulphamerazine i n mixtures with o t h e r sulphonamides. R e c e n t l y , however, some a t t e n t i o n h a s been p a i d t o t h e improvement o f t h e d e t e c t i o n o f e n d - p o i n t i n h e b r o m o m e t r i c method. E j i m a and co-workers6' t i t r a t e d a number o f sulphonamides , i n c l u d i n g sulphamerazine , by a c o u l o m e t r i c method i n v o l v i n g brominat i o n with e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y g en erated bromine i n an a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n of h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d and p o t a s s i u m b r o m i d e . The e n d - p o i n t w a s d e t e c t e d p o t e n t i o m e t r i c a l l y . A coulom e t r i c met&d w a s a l s o a d o p t e d by E b e l and co-workers i n which e x c e s s o f e l e c t r o l y t i c a l l y g e n e r a t e d bromine was t i t r a t e d w i t h cuprous i o n s t o a p o t e n t i o m e t r i c end-point.
A spectrophotometric t i t r a t i o n with bromide-bromate s o l u t i o n h a s b e e n d e v e l o p ed63, t h e drug being d i s s o l v e d i n a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid- a c e t i c a c i d ( 2 :8 ) Q u a n t i t a t i v e recoveries f o q s u l p h a m e r a z i n e were r e p o r t e d as 9 8 . 4 3 0.58% w i t h bromination t i m e of 5 minutes.
6.3.4.
Argentometric T i t r i m e t r y The p r i n c i p l e o f t h e a r g e n t o m e t r i c method i s t h a t some s u l p h o n a m i d e s f o r m i n s o l u b l e s i l v e r s a l t s . The s u l p h o n a m i d e s a r e p r e c i p i t a t e d by t h e a d d i t i o n o f excess standard s i l v e r n i t r a t e s o l u t i o n , t h e prec i p i t a t e removed by f i l t r a t i o n , and t h e excess s i l v e r n i t r a t e t i t r a t e d with standa r d ammonium t h i o c y a n a t e u s i n f e r r i c alum as t h e i n d i c a t o r . D e R e e d e r 6 I s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l i e d t h e above method t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a m i x t u r e o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a d i a z i n e and s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e .
SULPHAME RAZlNE
543
6.3.5.Complexometric
Titrimetry
Abdine and S a ~ e d e v e l o p e d a complex~ ~ o m e t r i c a s s a y f o r s u l p h a m e r a z i n e . The sample was d i s s o l v e d i n a l k a l i n e s o l u t i o n and p r e c i p i t a t e d w i t h e x c e s s c o p p e r s u l The phate solution i n p 6 borate buffer. H e x c e s s c o p p e r w a s t h e n d e t e r m i n e d by t i t r a t i o n w i t h t h e d i s o d i u m s a l t o f E.D.T.A.using 1- ( 2 - p y r i d y l a z o ) - 2 - n a p h t h o l as i n d i c a t o r . S u l p h a m e r a z i n e h a s a l s o been e s t i m a t e d 6 6 i n combined s u l p h a d r u g s by p r e c i p i t a t i o n w i t h e x c e s s c o p p e r a c e t a t e f o l l o w e d by t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e r e s i d u a l c o p p e r by The s e l e c t i v e complexing w i t h E . D . T . A . p r e c i p i t a t i o n and c o m p l e x o m e t r i c a s s a y o f m i x t u r e s of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a t h i a z o l e , and s u l p h a d i a z i n e were a l s o d i s c u s s e d . 6.3.6.Thermometric T i t r i m e t r v Bark and G r i m e 6 7 d e v e l o p e d a thermometric a s s a y f o r s e v e r a l s u l p h o n a m i d e s i n c l u d i n g s u l p h a m e r a z i n e . The s u l p h a m e r a z i n e was d i s s o l v e d i n t h e minimum volume o f 0.1M aqueous sodium h y d r o x i d e s o l u t i o n and t h e p a d j u s t e d t o between 8 . 0 and 9.18 w i t h H 0.1M n i t r i c a c i d s o l u t i o n . The s o l u t i o n w a s t i t r a t e d with standard s i l v e r n i t r a t e solu t i o n and t h e d a t a c a l c u l a t e d from t h e res u l t i n g e n t h a l p o g r a m . E x c i p i e n t s s u c h as l a c t o s e , s t a r c h , and magnesium s t e a r a t e d i d n o t i n t e r f e r e . D e t a i l s o f t h e a p p a r a t u s req u i r e d f o r t h i s a s s a have been d e s c r i b e d by Bark and B a t e 6 8 , 6 J . Sulphonamides have a 1s o been d e t e r m i n e d by a c a t a l y t i c t h e r m o m e t r i c t i t r a t i o n t e c h n i q u e . The p r i n c i p l e o f t h e method i s t h a t weak a c i d s a r e t i t r a t e d w i t h a b a s e i n non-aqueous media u s i n g a c r y l o n i t r i l e as a thermometric i n d i c a t o r . Thus , a t t h e endp o i n t t h e a c r y l o n i t r i l e undergoes a l k a l i catalysed anionic polymerization with a c o r r e s p o n d i n g e v o l u t i o n o f h e a t which i s Greenhow and S p e n c e r 7 0 de t e r m i n measured. e d s u l p h a m e r a z i n e by t h i s t e c h n i q u e u s i n g f ve d i m e t h y 1 o r m a m i de a s t h e n on - aq ue ou s so 1 n t and 0.1M o r 0.01M tetra-n-butylammonium
544
hydroxide i n methanol-toluene or isopropan0 1 - t o l u e n e a s titrant. The lower p r a c t i c a b l e l i m i t o f d e t e r m i n a t i o n w a s shown t o b e 0.0001 m.equiv. of d r u g . I n t e r f e r e n c e s were e v i d e n t i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f a c i d i c e x cipients
6.4.
S p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c Assay P r o c e d u r e s
6 . 4 . 1 . I n f r a r e d S p e c t r o s c o p i c Methods
The a p p l i c a t i o n of i n f r a r e d s p e c t r o scopy t o t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a s s a y o f s u l phonamides h a s b e e n o f l i m i t e d i n t e r e s t as r e f l e c t e d by a d i s t i n c t l a c k o f publ i c a t i o n s i n t h i s f i e l d . However, D o l i n s k y 7 l d e t e r m i n e d s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and s u l p h a d i a z i n e i n m i x t u r e by t h i s t e c h n i q u e u s i n g c a r b o n d i s u l p h i d e as s o l v e n t . O i and M i y a ~ a k i a l s o d e t e r m i n e d s u l ~ phamerazine i n m i x t u r e w i t h s u l p h a t h i a z o l e u s i n g d i m e t h y l f o r m a m i d e as s o l v e n t . 6.4.2.Ultraviolet S p e c t r o s c o p i c Methods
U l t r a v i o l e t spectrophotometry has f o u n d some u s e i n t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f sulphamerazine. Since t h i s drug i s normally incorporated i n t o a double or t r i p l e s u l p h o n a m i d e f o r m u l a t i o n t h e methods most commonly a v a i l a b l e i n v o l v e i t s determination i n the presence o e or t w o o t h e r s u l p h o n a m i d e s . Marzys 5,9s de s c r i b e d a method f o r t h e a s s a y o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n t h e p r e s e n c e of s u l p h a d i a z i n e and s u l p h a t h i a z o l e w i t h o u t p r i o r s e p a r a tion. Following t h e d etermin atio n of s u l p h a d i a z i n e by t h e 2 - t h i o b a r b i t u r i c a c i d c o l o r i m e t r i c method d i r e c t u l t r a v i o l e t spectrophotometry w a s used t o measure t h e q u a n t i t i e s o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e a n d s u l p h a t h i a z o l e . The r e s u l t s were t h e n c a l c u l a t e d by s o l v i n g t w o s i m u l t a n e o u s e q u a t i o n s . Using a s i m i l a r p r i q t i p l e Zajac74 and R a p a p o r t a n d Shakh determined s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n f o r m u l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r s u l p h o n a m i d e s . The u s e of a comp u t e r programming t e c h n i q u e f o r r e s o l v i n g t h e u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r a of t r i p l e s u l phonamide t a b l e t s c o n t a i n i n g s u l p h a m e r a -
SULPHAMERAZINE
545
z i n e h a s been d e s c r i b e d by Madsen and R~bertson~~.

6.4.3. C o l o r i m e t r i c Methods
A number o f c o l o r i m e t r i c methods have been d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s u l p h o n a m i d e s which are a p p l i c a b l e t o s u l p h a m e r a z i n e . P r o b a b l y t h e most w e l l known i s t h e B r a t t o n and M a r s h a l l method77 which i n v o l v e s d i a z o t i z a t i o n o f t h e p r i m a r y amine f u n c t i o n w i t h a c i d i c sodium n i t r i t e s o l u t i o n , decomposing t h e excess n i t r i t e w i t h s u l p h a m i c a c i d f o l l o w e d by c o u p l i n g t h e d i a z o compound w i t h N- (1naphthy1)-ethylenediamine. In general t h i s method h a s found i t s g r e a t e s t a p p l i c a t i o n i n t h e assay of s m a l l a m 1 w g a paper s ulphon a m i t h i n l a y e r ~&,iP,iS,QS c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c p r o cedure
78ybso;f
O t h e r c o l o r i m e t r i c methods h a v e been d e v e l o p e d , b u t have n o t b e e n as w i d e l y used a s t h e B r a t t o n ang4Marshall procedeveloped a d u r e . T u l u s and Guran method f o r s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and o t h e r s u l phonamides u s i n g t h e p o t a s s i u m s a l t o f 1,2-naphthoquinone -4-sulphonic a c i d as t h e c o u p l i n g a g e n t . The u s e of d i m e t h y l aminobenzaldehyde f o r t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e assay of sulphamerazine f o l l o w i n g paper c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c s e p a r a t i o n h a s been s t u d . i e d by L ~ i s e * ~ A c o l o r i m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n f o r sulphamerazine i n a t a b l e t dosa g e form u s i n g 9 - c h l o r o - a c r i d i n e h a s been d e v e l o p e d by S t e w a r t and co-workers86 who f o u n d t h a t t h e r e s u l t s compared e x c e l l e n t l y w i t h t h o s e o b t a i n e d by t h e B r a t t o n and M a r s h a l l method.
6.5.
Chromatographic Procedures Performance L i q u i d Chromatography
6.5.1.High
Kram87 q u a l i t a t i v e l y studied the b e h a v i o u r of some 2 1 s u l p h o n a m i d e s by H.P.L.C. Using a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l column packed w i t h s p h e r i c a l s i l i c e o u s p a r t i c l e s coated with a s t r o n g anion exchanger t h e
546
r e t e n t i o n t i m e s o f t h e d r u g s were establ i s h e d using a mobile phase of 0 . 0 1 M sodium b o r a t e c o n t a i n i n g v a r i o u s l e v e l s of sodium n i t r a t e . From t h e s e s t u d i e s t h e optimum sodium n i t r a t e l e v e l s were p r e d i c t e d f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a d i a z i n e and s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e , t h e o f f i c i a l trisulphapyrimidines.
A q u a n t i t a t i v e H.P.L.C. assay f o r t h e t r i s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d by P o e t and u s i n g a " Z i p a x " SCX(DuPont) c a t i o n e x c h a n g e column w i t h 0 . 2 M d i s o d i u m p h o s p h a t e b u f f e r s o l u t i o n (pH 6 .O) as t h e mobile phase. Sulphadimethoxine w a s chose n a s t h e i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d . The recomme n d e d p r e s s u r e of 1000 p s i g p r o d u c e d a s c l v e n t f l o w r a t e o f 0 . 7 - 0 . 8 ml./min. res u l t i n g i n a 15-20 m i n u t e s e p a r a t i o n t i m e . A n a l y t i c a l d a t a w a s o b t a i n e d f o r f o u r representative lots of t a b l e t formulations and t w o s u s p e n s i o n f o r m u l a t i o n s , t h e c a l c u l a t e d c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a n c e f o r rep l i c a t e i n j e c t i o n s r a n g i n g from 0.9 t o 4.0%.
Westlie and c o - w ~ r k e r shave d e v e l o p ~~ e d a l i q u i d - s o l i d chromatographic assay p r o c e d u r e which i s a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e t r i s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s . A MicroPak S i - 1 0 column w a s u s e d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a m o b i l e phase c o n s i s t i n g o f chloroform, methanol, ammonia 2 5 % ( 3 6 5 , 7 5 , 10) f l o w i n g a t a r a t e of 0.73ml. /min. Sulphathiazole w a s i n c l u d e d as a n i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d .
A H.P.L.C. p r o c e d u r e f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n of a r a n g e o f s u l p h o n a m i d e s u t i l i s i n g s i l i c a g e l a s t h e column p i n g h as been d e s c r i b e d by Cobb a n d H i l l The s e p a r a t i o n was a c h i e v e d on a 25cm. s t a i n l e s s s t e e l column o f i n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r 4 m.m. p a c k e d w i t h S p e r i s o r b S5W 5 u m d i a m e t e r s p h e r i c a l s i l i c a g e l p a r t i c l e s . The m o b i l e p h a s e c o n s i s t e d of a m i x t u r e o f c y c l o hexane, anhydrous e t h a n o l , g l a c i a l a c e t i c a c i d ( 8 5 . 7 , 1 1 . 4 , 2 . 9 ) and t h e e l u t i o n was m o n i t o r e d a t 260nm u s i n g a
8% .
SULPHAMERAZ INE
547
C e c i l CE 2 1 2 v a r i a b l e w a v e l e n g t h d e t e c t o r . I n i t i a l separations w e r e obtained using c y c 1ohe xane -e t h a n o 1 m i x t u r e s of v a r i a b l e c o m p o s i t i o n and i t w a s found t h a t i n c r e a sing the ethanol content decreased t h e The a d d i t i o n o b s e r v e d r e t e n t i o n times. of s m a l l amounts o f a c e t i c a c i d s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d column e f f i c i e n c y w i t h o u t a l t e r i n g r e s o l u t i o n . A t a flow r a t e of 2 m l . /min. t h e d e s c r i b e d m o b i l e p h a s e r e s u l t e d i n a 1 3 minute r e t e n t i o n t i m e f o r sulphamerazine.
The u s e o f h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e i o n p a i r p a r t i t i o n chromatography f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n of s u l p h o n a m i d e s h a s b e e n g a n v e s t i Their g a t e d by K a r g e r and co-workers e f f o r t s represented a f e a s i b i l i t y study on t h e s e p a r a t i o n of 1 2 s u l p h a d r u g s usi n g a s i l i c a gel/CT (Reeve A n g e l ) s u p p o r t , a s t a t i o n a r y phase c o n s i s t i n g of a c a t i o n i c c o u n t e r i o n ( t e t r a b u t y l ammonium i o n ) b u f f e r e d t o a pH of 9 . 2 and a m o b i l e p h a s e of n - b u t a n o l , hexane ( 2 5 , 7 5 ) Under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s s u l p h a m e r a z i n e w a s shown t o have a r e t e n t i o n t i m e of 13-14 m i n u t e s .
6.5.2.
Gas Chromatography The main g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c method reported i n the l i t e r a t u r e for the determ i n a t i o n o f s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s i n v o l v e d an i n i t i a l hydrolytic step, the resulting v o l a t i l e 2 - a m i n o p y r i m i d i n e s b e i n g measure d . Turczangl d e v e l o p e d s u c h a method f o r quantitatively assaying the individ u a l sulphonamides, i n c l u d i n g sulphamerazine, i n the o f f i c i a l trisulphapyrimidines. Concentrated s u l p h u r i c a c i d w a s added t o t h e sample r d t h e m i x t u r e h e a t e d i n an oven a t 1 3 0 C f o r 1 h o u r . The s o l u t i o n w a s made a l k a l i n e and 2-amino-4 , 6 - d i m e t h y l p y r i d i n e added a s i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d . Theocomponents were t h e n s e p a r a t e d a t 1 5 0 C on a column p a c k e d w i t h 5% SE-30 + 5 % Carbowax 2 0 M on Chromosorb W u s i n g flame i o n i z a t i o n d e t e c t i o n . E x c e l l e n t r e c o v e r i e s were a c h i e v e d f o r t h e t r i s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s i n b o t h s y n t h e t i c mixt u r e s and s e v e r a l commercial t a b l e t p r e parations.
548
Daung2 f o u n d t h a t t h e above method was uns u i t a b l e f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s u l p h a merazine i n p o u l t r y f e e d s a t l e v e l s rangi n g between 0.002 and 0 . 0 5 % . The method adopted required the preparation of a relati v e l y c l e a n e x t r a c t o f t h e f e e d f o l l o w e d by an e x t r a c t i o n s t e p u s i n g e t h y l a c e t a t e . T h e r e s i d u e r e m a i n i n g a f t e r e v a p o r a t i o n of t h e e t h y l acetate w a s m e t h y l a t e d w i t h d i a z o methane and t h e n a c y l a t e d w i t h h e p t a f l u o r o b u t y r i c a n h y d r i d e . The a c y l d e r i v a t i v e s w e r e f o u n d t o b e e a s & l y s e p a r a t e d on a 10% DC-200 column a t 230 C. D e t e c t i o n w a s achi e v e d by e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e . N o i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d was u s e d , t h e r e s u l t s b e i n g e v a l u a t e d by comparing s t a n d a r d a n d s a m p l e peak heights. Roeder and S t u t h e g 3 d e v e l o p e d a g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c method f o r t h e s u l p h o n a mides a n d t h e i r N 4 - a c e t y l m e t a b o l i t e s i n b l o o d and u r i n e . The method w a s a p p l i c a b l e t o s u l p h a m e r a z i n e . The s u l p h o n a m i d e s were e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e b l o o d and u r i n e s a m p l e s and t h e n m e t h y l a t e d w i t h d i a z o m e t h a n e . The m e t h y l d e r i v a t i v e s were d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a column o f 3% OV 101 on Gaschrom Q w i t h a r e l a t i v e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of 5 % f o r t h e f r e e s u l p h o n a m i d e s and 7 % f o r t h e a c e t y l conjugates
The s i m u l t a n e o u s q u a l i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f 1 4 s u l p h a d r u g s and t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s by g a s l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a hy w e r e p e r f o r m e d by Nose a n d co-workers 92A on s o l u t i o n s o f d i m e t h y l f o r mamide d i a l k y l a c e t a l d e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e drugs i n acetone. The d e r i v a t i v e s c o u l d be d e t e c t e d w i t h an e l e c t r o n c a p t u r e d e t e c t o r with a highly s e n s i t i v e response following s e p a r a t i o n u s i n g 10%O V - 1 0 1 on Chromosorb G HP (80-100 m e s h ) , 5 % X E - 6 0 on Gas-Chrom Q (80-100 mesh) o r 5 % OV-225 on G a s Chrom Q ( 80-1000mesh) a t t e m p e r a t u r e s between 2 2 0 a n d 2 4 0 C. However, t h e r e t e n t i o n t i m e s f o r s u l p h a m e r a z i n e v a r i e d between a b o u t 4 0 t o 80 m i n u t e s .
SU LPHAME RAZ I NE
549
6.5.3.
T h i n L a y e r Chromatography
A number o f t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c methods have been d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f s u l phamerazine and r e l a t e d s u l p h a d r u g s . C e r t a i n d e t a i l s of t h e s e methods are summarise d i n T a b l e 9 a n d some s p o t l o c a t i n g r e a g e n t s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 11.
B i c a n - F i s t e r and Kajganovic8O reCOgniSe d t h e p o t e n t i a l of t h i n l a y e r chromatography a s a more r a p i d t e c h n i q u e t h a n p a p e r chromatography f o r t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e a s s a y of t r i p l e s u l p h a c o n t a i n i n g p r e p a r a t i o n s such a s t a b l e t s , s u p p o s i t o r i e s , and suspens i o n s . Using a K i e s e l g e l G l a y e r combined w i t h t h e s o l v e n t s y s t e m c h l o r o f o r m , metha n o l ( 9 0 ,10) a q u a n t i t a t i v e s e p a r a t i o n o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a t h i a z o l e and s u l p h a d i a z i n e was a c h i e v e d . F o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n of c e r t a i n m i x t u r e s of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e, sulphacetamide , sulphamethazine and sulphad i a z i n e t h e s o l v e n t s y s t e m c h l o r o f o r m , metha n o l , 258 ammonia s o l u t i o n ( 9 0 , 1 5 , 2 . 4 ) w a s found t o be b e t t e r . F o l l o w i n g e l u t i o n f r o m t h e a d s o r b e n t t h e s e p a r a t e d sulphonamides were a t f i r s t a s s a y e d by a U.V. method b u t B i c a n - F i s t e r and K a j g a n o v i c f o u n d t h a t t h e K i e s e l g e l G gave a h i g h c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e b l a n k a b s o r b a n c e . They , t h e r e f o r e ,a p p l i e d t h e B r a t t o n and M a r s h a l l c o l o r i m e t r i c method, e x c e l l e n t r e c o v e r i e s b e i n g o b t a i n e d f o r a l l t h e sulphonamides p r e v i o u s l y mentioned. L i m i t s of e r r o r f o q sulphamerazine ranged between - 3 . 2 % t o 4 . 1 % i n s y n t h e t i c mixt u r e s with t h e o t h e r sulphonamides.
B r u n n e r 8 1 d e v e l o p e d a t h i n l a y e r method f o r t h e a n a l y s i s of t r i s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e preparations containing sulphamerazine,sulp h a d i a z i n e and s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e u s i n g s i l i c a g e l G p l a t e s a n d a s o l v e n t s y s t e m comprisF i n g chloroform, methanol, ammonia(30,12,1). Again t h e B r a t t o n and M a r s h a l l colorimetric method was u s e d r e s u l t i n g i n e x c e l l e n t r e c o v e r i e s . A c o l l a b o r a t i v e s t u d y 8 2 on t h e u s e of t h i s method found t h a t the c o e f f i c i e n t s of v a r i a n c e f o r t h e i n d i v i d u a l compounds r a n g e d from 0 . 7 6 t o 1 . 6 6 . The t r i -
TABLE 9
Thin l a y e r chromatography of sulphamerazine Adsorbent K i e s e l g e l G. S o l v e n t System a)Chloroform,methanol (90,lO). b ) Chlorof orm,methanol, 25 % ammonia ( 9 0 , 1 5 ,2 . 5 ) Chloroform,ethanol, h e p t a n e (1,1,1) o n t a i n c i n g 1 . 2 % water. a ) C h l o r o f o r m , 95% e t h a n o l (90,lO). b)Ethyl acetate,95% ethanol (80,20). c )Water, 95% e t h a n o l
(60,40).
-Rf
Use -
Ref.
80
Q u a n t i t a t i v e assay f o r trisulphapyrimidine preparations.
S i l i c a g e l G: impregnated with fluorescein. Polyamide CM1011.

l n
0.57 I d e n t i t y test. 0.79 0.83 0.59 I d e n t i t y test.

It
94
95
11
11
II
P l a s t e r of P a r i s imp re gn a t e d w i t h z,inc f e r r o c y a nide. Silica gel G impregn a t e d w i t h sodium h y d r o x i d e .
a ) 0.03M a q u e o u s a c e t i c acid. b ) 1.74M a q u e o u s a c e t i c acid. c ) 3.33M a q u e o u s a c e t i c acid. a)Chloroform,methanol

(4,1). b )A c e ton e, methanol (4 1. )
0.01 I d e n t i t y t e s t .
96
0.17 0.38
11
11
11
II
0.56 I d e n t i t y test.
0.61
11 II
97
TABLE 9 ( c o n t ' d )
T h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e Adsorbent Silica gel G impregnated with potassium hydrogen s u l p h a t e . S i l i c a g e l G. S i l i c a g e l G.

m
S o l v e n t System Chloroform,carbon tetrachloride,methanol ( 7 , 2 I 1). E t h y l acetate ,methanol

(981).
Use -
Ref. 97
0.34
Identi t y test.
0.59
I d e n t i t y test. I d e n t i t y test.
II
97 98
S i l i c a gel.
S i l i c a g e l GF.
S i l i c a g e l GF.
a)Ethyl acetate,methanol, 25% a m m o n i a ( 1 7 , 6 , 5 ) . b)Petroleum e t h e r I chloroform n - b u t a n o l ( l , l , l ) . ChloroformI methanol (951 5 ) E t h y l acetate ,methanol (9I l l . Chlorof o mI met h a n o l ammonia ( 3 0 , 1 2 , l ) . Chloroform,methanol
(9I1).
0.47
0.6 7
0.29
0.6 3
II
I d e n ti t y t e s t .
I d e n t it y t e s t
98 99 81
0.31
S i l i c a gel H imp re gn a t e d w i t h sodium h y d r o x i d e . Silica gel G precoated p l a t e s (Analt e c h ) .
Acetone,n-heptane,metha n o 1 , 2 8 - 3 0 % ammonia,nbutanol(72,21,9,10,10).
Quantitative assay for trisulphapyrimidine preparations. Quantitative assay f o r f e e d c o n c e n t r a t e s or p r e m i xe s. I d e n t i t y t e s t and q u a n t i t a t i v e assay i n animal tissues
100
a3
TABLE 9 (con t ' d )
Thin l a y e r chromatography of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e Adsorbent S i l i c a g e l G. S o l v e n t System Ef
Use RM-structure a c t i v i t y correlation. R -structure activity M correlation.

I I
Ref.
101
p 7 . 4 aqueous v e r o n a l H acetate. Polyamide 11. a)pH 7 . 4 aqueous v e r o n a l acetate. b ) p 7 . 4 aqueous v e r o n a l H a c e t a t e c o n t a i n i n g 10% acetone. S i l i c a gel. Chloroform,methanol, ammonium hydroxide (30,12,1). S i l i c a gel 60 a ) Chlorof o m , e t h a n o l (Merck p r e c o a t e d ) . (9,l). b)Chloroform,ethanol, ammonium h y d r o x i d e , (8,2,0.1). C Chloroform, e t h a n o l , dioxane, a c e t i c acid, (8,lr1,0-1). d Ethyl a c e t a t e ,dioxane, a c e t i c acid (8,2,0.1)
101
0.33 0.20
0.49
0.46
Q u a n t i t a t i v e a s s a y for 102 t r i s u l phapyrimi d i n e t a b l e t s and o r a l s u s p e n s i o n s Q u a n t i t a t i v e assay i n 1 28 human u r i n e .
SU LPHAME RAZINE
553
s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s have a l s o been a s s a y e d by a comb&d T.L.C. i n s i t u densitometric method
One o f t h e more common s u l p h o n a m i d e m i x t u r e s used i n animal t h e r a p y c o n t a i n s s u l p h a m e r a z i n e w i t h s u l p h a q u i n o x a l i n e ,s p h a t h i a z o l e , and s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e . C i e r i showed t h a t t h e s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e and s u l p h a t h i a z o l e c o n t e n t s o f t h e s e m i x t u r e s were b e s t d e t e r m i n e d by a t h i n l a y e r method r a t h e r t h a n by t h e ga chromatog r a p h i c method p r o p o s e d by Dam ( r e v i e w e d Using s i l i c a g e l H i n s e c t i o n 6.5.2 . ) i m p r e g n a t e d w i t h sodium h y d r o x i d e and c h l o r o f o r m , m e t h a n o l ( 9 0 , l O ) as t h e s o l v e n t s y s t e m C i e r i a s s a y e d t h e i s o l a t e d components by a n u l t r a v i o l e t a b s o r p t i o n method which a l l o w e d t h e components t o b e d e t e r m i n e d w i t h i n 2-3% of t h e a c t u a l amounts p r e s e n t .
Yto
T h i n l b 2 y e r chromatography i s now t h e o f f i c i a l method f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a d i a z i n e and s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e i n t r i s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e t a b l e t s and o r a l s u s p e n s i o n s h a v i n g r e p l a c e d t h e p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c method o f t h e U.S.P.XVII1. The method i n v o l v e s t h e u s e of s i l i c a g e l as a d s o r b e n t combined w i t h c h l o r o f o r m , m e t h a n o l , ammonium h y d r o x i d e ( 3 0 , 1 2 , 1 ) a s s o l v e n t s y s t e m . The s e p a r a t e d sulphapyrimidines a r e q u a n t i t a t i v e l y determined u s i n g t h e B r a t t o n and M a r s h a l l colorimetric procedure.
u. s . P . x1x
A t h i n l a y e r chromatographic screeni n g method f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and o t h e r s u l p h o n a m i d e r e s i d u e s i n p o u l t r y t i s s u e s h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d by P h i l i p s and T r a f t ~ n * ~ The minimum d e t e c t . a b l e amount o f sulphonamide was f o u n d t o b e a b o u t 2 pg o r 0 . 0 4 p.p.m. u s i n g a 50g. s a m p l e . To d e t e r m i n e t h e r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y of t h e method 0.1 p.p.m. o f a s e r i e s o f s u l phonamides was added t o 50g. p o r t i o n s of l i v e r t i s s u e , t h e n r e - i s o l a t e d and a s s a y e d by d i r e c t c o l o r i m e t r y and by t h e p r o p o s e d t h i n l a y e r method. The mean recoveries were 88 and 81% r e s p e c t i v e l y . The recover-
554
i e s of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e were r e s p e c t i v e l y 9 1 a n d 80%.
T.L.C. h a s a l s o been u s e d f o r t h e e s t i mation of sulphamerazine i n b i o l o g i c a l f l u i d s ( s e e s e c t i o n 7 ) and f o r t h e examinat i o n of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e d e c o m p o s i t i o n p r o d u c t s ( s e e s e c t i o n s 5 . 1 and 5 . 2 ) .
6.5.4.
P a p e r Chromatography P a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y w a s o r i g i n a l l y used extensively f o r the separation, identif i c a t i o n and q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s of s u l phonamide m i x t u r e s . A number o f a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e summarized i n T a b l e 10 and some s p o t l o c a t i o n a g e n t s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 11. Sulphamerazine h a s been q u a n t i t a t i v e l y determined i n mixtures with o f $ ~ r g ~ y l # y ~ i amides by a number o f w o r k e r s Most methods u s e d Whatman N o . 1 p a p e r , t h e main v a r i a t i o n b e i n g i n t h e c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e m o b i l e s o l v e n t s y s t e m . The B r a t t o n a n d M a r s h a l l c o l o r i m e t r i c method h a s been exa t't t'o f the t e n s i v e l y used f o r t h e i s o l a t e d components 7 9 , 1 8 ! i , P O 2 - ? 0 S , P l P
6.5.5.
Ion-Exchange and P a r t i t i o n Chromatography Hutchins and C h r i s t i a n 1 1 3 a s s a y e d s u l phamer a z i n e by a n i s o t o p e d i l u t i o n t e c h n i q u e a f t e r + p r i o r s e p a r a t i o n on an Amberli f541R1 2 0 ( H ) column. G i l m e r and P i e t r z y k r e p o r t e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n voef f i c i e n t s of several s u l p h o n a m i d e s on H -form,macroporous a n d g e l - t y p e r e s i n s f o r a number o f water-organic solvent mixtures. A mixture of sulphabenzamide, sulphacetamide, sulphad i a z i n e , s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and s u l p h a p y r i d i n e w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y s e p a r a t e d by u s i n g 4 0 , 5 2 , 6 4 , 7 7 and 9 0 % d i m e t h y l s u l p h o x i d e s o l u t i o n s as e l u t r i a n t s . S e l z e r and Banes '15 r e p o r t e d a column c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c method for t h e s e p a r a t i o n , d e t e c t i o n and e s t i m a t i o n of s u l p h o n a m i d e r e s i d u e s i n milk. The r e c o v e r y o f s u l p h a -
TABLE 10
P a p e r Chromatography o f S u l p h a m e r a z i n e Paper Whatman N o . 1 Ascending o r D e scendinL a Ascending S o l v e n t System B u t a n o l ,ammonia water (40,10,50). -Rf 0.3
Use -
Ref.
Whatman No.1
Descending
Whatman N o . 1 imp re gn a t e d w i t h 4 % aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate Whatman N o . 1
S e p a r a t i o n of 103 metabolic prod u c t s from b i o l o g i ca 1 m a t e r i a Is. 104 a ) B u t a n o l , g l a c i a l a c e t i c 0.50 I den t i t y t e s t . a c i d , w a t e r (50,15,60). b ) B u t a n o l , a m m o n i a , w a t e r 0.34 (40,10,30). Butanol s a t u r a t e d I d e n t i t y test. 105 with water.
Descending
A s ce n d i n g
Whatman N o . 1 impregnated w i t h ace t o n e , f o r m a m i de (70,30)
B u t a n o l , 3% a q u e o u s ammonia ( u s e t h e organic layer). Chloroform,methyl chloroform(55,S).
0.29
I d e n t i t y test 79 and q u a n t i t a t i v e as s a y . Quantitative 106 assay f o r trisulphapyrimidines i n t a b l e t s and ora l suspensions.
TABLE 10 (cont ' d )
P a p e r Chromatoqraphy of Sulphamerazine Paper Whatman N o . 1 impre gna t e d with acetone, f ormamide (70,301. Whatman N o . 1
Ln
Ln
Ascending o r De s c e n d i n u Ascending
S o l v e n t Sy s tern Methylene c h l o r i d e .
Use
Ref.
Q u a n t i t a t i v e assay 107, f o r trisulphapyri1 1 1 midines i n t a b l e t s and o r a l suspensions.

109
109
Descending Ascending Circular
Whatman No.1 Whatman No. 2
Butano1,absolute e t h a n o l , 2 N ammonia (10,2,4). 0.2N aqueous EDTA containing 20% ammonia. Butano1,acetic a c i d , w a t e r (5,1,4).
0.24 S t a b i l i t y assay. 0.87 I d e n t i t y t e s t .
I d e n t i t y t e s t and q u a n t i t a t i v e assay.
110
TABLE 1 1
V i s u a l i z a t i o n Methods f o r t h i n l a y e r a n d p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e Reagent
1. 2.
U.V. (254n.m. ) - f l u o r e s c e n c e
Spot Colour
T.L.C.
quenching
R e f e r e n ce P.C. -
3.
E h r l i c h s r e a g e n t - 1 % dimethylaminob e n z a l d e h y d e + 1-108 conc.HC1 i n 95% ethanol. B r a t t o n and M a r sha l l r e a g e n t a )I N HC1, b ) 5 % N a N O Z , C ) O . 1% - 1 - n a p h t h y l ) N ethylenedlamine dihydrochloride. Fluorescein-1% i n acetone, w a t e r ( 3 , 1 ) , f l u o r e s c e n c e - q u e n c h i n g a t 254 nm. Copper a c e t a t e - s a t u r a t e d s o l u t i o n i n methanol. C e r i c sulphate-2% i n water containing
Dark b l u e black. Yellow.
94
95,97,98
106,107, 108,111 79,105 109,110
Reddishpurple.
94,96, 97,98 97,99 97 99 99
4.
Copper s u l p h a t e -1-5% CuS04. 5H20 i n w a t e r . Brown.

Dark b l u e black. Brown.
Y e 1l o w i s h purple.
112
5.
6.
7.
5 % conc.H2S0 4 '
558
m e r a z i n e from m i l k w a s f o u n d l & be 8 3 % a t t h e 0 . 5 p.p.m. l e v e l . M i l l e r developed

a p a r t i t i o n column c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c method f o r t h e s e p a r a t i o n and q u a n t i t a t i v e a s s a y o f t r i s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s . The s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s were q u a n t i t a t i v e 1 t r a n s f erre d i n y acetone t o t h e t o p of a potassium bicarbona t e i m p r e g n a t e d C e l i t e 545 column. S u l p h a m e t h a z i n e was e l u t e d f i r s t u s i n g 10% n-butanol i n e t h e r s a t u r a t e d with 0 . 1 N aqueous potassium b i c a r b o n a t e s o l u t i o n . S u l p h a m e r a z i n e w a s t h e n e l u t e d w i t h 2 0 % nb u t a n o l i n e t h e r s a t u r a t e d w i t h 0 . 1 N aqueous p o t a s s i u m b i c a r b o n a t e a n d f i n a l l y sulphadiazine w a s e l u t e d with 40% n-butanol i n e t h y l a c e t a t e s a t u r a t e d w i t h w a t e r . The s e p a r a t e d compounds were t h e n a s s a y e d by u l t r a v i o l e t spectrophotometry. When t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e method w a s s t u d i e d c o l l a b o r a t i v e l y s e v e r a l d i f f i c u l t i e s were e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h h i g h column b l a n k s which w e r e a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e q u a l i t y of t h e nHowever, t h e o v e r b u t a n o l and C e l i t e u s e d . a l l r e s u l t s were s a t i s f a c t o r y w i t h a n o v e r a l l s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n of 2.58%.
Rader 1 1 7 a p p l i e d t h e c o n c e p t of i o n p a i r i n g t o t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f some s e l e c t e d s u l p h o n a m i d e s by p a r t i t i o n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . One p r o c e d u r e h a s b e e n a p p l i e d t o t h e s e p a r a t i o n of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e and s u l p h a d i a z i n e by i o n - p a i r f o r m a t i o n w i t h t h e t e t r a b u t y l a m m o n i u m i o n f o l l o w e d by s e p a r a t i o n on a C e l i t e 545 column.The i s o l a t e d sulphapyrimidines w e r e then q u a n t i t a t i v e l y measured by u l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r y .
6.5.6.
Electrophoresis The e l e c t r o p h o r e s i s ( 4 0 0 V , 1mA p e r cm. , 15OC, 6 0 m i n . , d e v e l o p e r p-dimethylaminob e n z a l d e h y d e ) of s e v e r a l s u l p h o n a m i f f s w a s s t u d i e d by K i n o s h i t a and c o - w o r k e r s at v a r i o u s pH v a l u e s a d j u s t e d by C l a r k - L u b s ' , Sorensen I s o r Kolthof f ' s b u f f e r s o l u t i o n s . Sulphamerazine w a s found t o m i g r a t e towards t h e anode. The procedure w a s u n s u i t a b l e f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a g u a n i d i n e and s u l p p f g i a e i n e i n a t e r n a r y mixture. Garber has generated
SULPHAMERAZINE
559
paper e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c mobility d a t a f o r s e v e r a l sulphonamides, i n c l u d i n g sulpham e r a z i n e , u s i n g 1%, 5 % and 10%a c e t i c a c i d as s o l v e n t .

6.6. 6.6.1.
E l e c t r o c h e m i c a l Methods Polarography Using p o l a r o g r y g b y c o u p l e d w i t h microc o u l o m e t r y Okazaki studied the electrode r e a c t i o n s of s e v e r a l s u l p h a p y r i m i d i n e s The optimum c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e p o l a r o g r a p h i c r e d u c t i o n o f s u l p hame r a z i n e w e r e d e t e r m i n e d , a l i n e a r p l o t b e i n g o b t a i n e d of d i f f u s i o n c u r r e n t a g a i n s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n f o r 0.1-l.0m.M s o l u t i o n s o f t h e d r u g i n p 3 . 0 and 9 . 0 H aqueous b u f f e r s . The r e d u c t i o n w a s shown t o t a k e p l a c e w i t h i n t h e p y r i m i d i n e n u c l e u s by comparison w i t h t h e p o l a r o g r a p q i t b e h a v i o u r of 2 - a m i n o p y r i m i d i n e . Okazaki applied t h e method t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s u l p h a merazine i n t a b l e t s , i n j e c t a b l e s , s y r u p s and o i n t m e n t s .
Woodson a p p l i e d t h e p r i n c i p l e s of d . c . a n d a . c . p o l a r o g r a p h y ko t h e r e d u c t i o n of a number of p h a r m a c e u t i c a l s i n an a p r o t i c Using a d r o p p i n g organic solvent system. mercury e l e c t r o d e a g a i n s t a s i l v e r w i r e ref e r e n c e t h e d . ~ .h a l f - w a v e p o t e n t i a l of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n a c e t o n i t r i l e - 0.1M t e t rabutylammonium p e r c h l o r a t e a s s o l v e n t s y s t e m w a s found t o be - 1 . 9 5 ~ . The co res-5 moles/ ponding d e t e c t i o n l i m i t w a s 1 x 10 litre. The p o l a r o g r a p h i c b e h a v i o u r of t h e S c h i f f b a s e of s y j g h a m e r a z i n e h a s been A l i n e a r response t o s t u d i e d by Donev c o n c e n t r a t i o n was f o u n d and t h e method was subsequently applied t o the determination of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n t h e b l o o d plasma and u r i n e of animals dosed o r a l l y .
6 . 6 . 2 . Ion S e l e c t i v e E l e c t r o d e s
Hazemoto and co-workers 124 c o n s t r u c t e d an e l e c t r o d e s e n s i t i v e t o s u l p h a d r u g s u s i n g s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and s u l p h i s o m i d i n e a s
560
e x a m p l e s . The e l e c t r o d e s e n s i n g s y s t e m cons i s t e d o f a l i q u i d membrane c o n t a i n i n g a n i r o n (11)- b a t h o p h e n a n t h r o l i n e c h e l a t e . Rapid and N e r n s t i a n r e s p o n s e s w e r e e x h i b i t e d agai n s t s o l u t i o n s o f sulpham r a z i n e g a n g i n g i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n between 10-5 and 10 M. High s e l e c t i v i t y w a s obtained i n the presence of u r e a , g l y c i n e , a m i n o p y r i n e and p-aminobenzoic a c i d which are s u b s t a n c e s known t o interfere i n the usual colorimetric analysis of s u l p h a drugs. I n c o n t r a s t s m a l l amounts o f sodium t r i c h l o r o a c e t a t e and a s p i r i n p r o duced an a p p r e c i a b l e e f f e c t i n t h e m e a s u r e d potential.
6.7.
Bioassay
A method f o r t h e m i c r o b i o l o g i c a l a s s a y of s u l p h o n a m i d e s , i n v o l v i n g m e a s u r i n g t h e zone o f i n h i b i t i o n o f E s c h e r i c h i a c o l i s t r a i n 9 on a g a r p l a t e s , h a s bf5f: d e v e l o p e d A linear by C a n t e l l i F o r t i a n d F r a c a s s o p l o t w a s o b t a i n e d f o r l o g c o n c e n t r a t i o n aga i n s t i n h i b i t i o n zone d i a m e t e r a l o n g w i t h a s e n s i t i v i t y of 6-50 u g . / m l . o f 1 8 s u l p h o n a mides t e s t e d s u l p h a m e r a z i n e was t h e f i f t h most a c t i v e .
S h i b a t a and c o - w o r k e r s 126 d e v e l o p e d a b i o a s s a y method f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s u l p h o n a m i d e s , i n c l u d i n g s u l p h a m e r a z i n e ,usi n g B a c i l l u s m e g a t e r i u m as t h e c h a l l e n g e organi s m .
7 . -t i m a t i o n i n B i o l o g i c a l F l u i d s Es
Longene c k e r lo3d e v e l o p e d a p a p e r chromat o g r a p h i c method f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n t h e p l a s m a of c h i c k e n s f e d w i t h a mixture of s u l p h a d i a z i n e , sulpham e r a z i n e and s u l p h a t h i a z o l e . The b l o o d sample was drawn f r o m t h e h e a r t and t r a n s f e r r e d t o a t e s t tube containing potassium Following c e n t r i f u g a t i o n t h e p l a oxalate sma w a s s p o t t e d o n t o Whatman N o . 1 p a p e r which w a s t h e n d e v e l o p e d by t h e a s c e n d i n g t e c h n i q u e u s i n g a n - b u t a n o l , ammonia,water ( 4 0 , 1 0 , 5 0 ) e m u l s i o n as t h e s o l v e n t s y s t e m . The s e p a r a t e d s u l p h o n a m i d e s were t h e n l o c a t e d u s i n g p-dime t h y 1 aminoben z a l d e h y d e re-
SULPHAM E RAZ IN E
561
a g e n t and u l t i m a t e l y d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g t h e B r a t t o n and M a r s h a l l c o u p l i n g t e c h n i q u e . I n t h e case of blood a n a l y s i s b e t t e r separa t i o n s were a c h i e v e d when 0.1% of nonae t h y l e n e g l y c o l m o n o s t e a r a t e (a n o n i o n i c s u r f a c t a n t ) was added t o t h e d e v e l o p i n g s o l vent. For t h e a n a l y s i s o f u r i n e t h e a d d i t i o n of t h i s m a t e r i a l w a s unnecessary.
A h o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l a r p a p e r chromatog r a p h i c method o r t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i mation o f sulphamerazine i n ood and u r i n e h a s been d e v e l o p e d by Sinha. The chromatograms were r u n i n a c i r c u l a r chromatog r a p h i c chamber by b o t h t h e c e n t r a l and l a t e r a l f l o w p r o c e s s e s . The d r u g w a s l o c a t e d and e s t i m a t e d u s i n g p-dime t h y l a m i n o b e n z a l dehyde a s t h e c o l o r i m e t r i c r e a g e n t . The method gave r e p r o d u c i b l e r e s u l t s .
O r t e n g r e n and T r e i b e r 1 2 * h a v e r e v i e w e d t h e v a r i o u s c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c methods a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e e s t i m a t i o n of s u l p h o n a m i d e s i n b i o l o g i c a l materials. An e x t e n s i o n o f t h e i r report described the q u a n t i t a t i v e analysis of s u l p h o n a q i d e s ( i n c l u d i n g s u l p h a m e r a z i n e ) and t h e i r N - a c e t y l m e t a b o l i t e s i n human u r i n e u s i n g t h i n l a y e r chromatography. F o r a minimum d r u g c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 10 pg./ml. t h e s a m p l e was s p o t t e d d i r e c t l y on t o t h e B e l o w t h i s minimum c o n c e n t r a t i o n i t plate. w a s n e c e s s a r y t o s a t u r a t e t h e u r i n e sample w i t h ammonium s u l p h a t e f o l l o w e d by e x t r a c t i o n with e t h y l acetate. The r e s i d u e from t h e e t h y l a c e t a t e l a y e r was t h e n d i s s o l v e d i n a s m a l l amount o f a c e t o n e and s p o t t e d on The s e p a r a t e d s u l p h o n a m i d e t o thg p l a t e . and N - a c e t y l m e t a b o l i t e were u l t i m a t e l y estimated using densitometry.
An e x t e n s i v e review of a q u a n t i t a t i v e method f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a l l y a c t i v e f r a c t i o n of s u l p h o n a mides and t h e sum o f t h e i r i n a c t i v e m e l$38 i n body f l u i d s i s g i v e n by R i e d e r The B r a t t o n and M a r s h a l l c o l o r i m e t r i c a s s a y was u s e d f o r a l l q u a n t i t a t i v e measurem e n t s . The p r o c e d u r e w a s a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f b l o o d p l a s m a , serum, i n t e r s t i t i a l f l u i d and u r i n e .
is$:
562
R I C H A R D D. G. W O O L F E N D E N
Methods f o r t h e d i r e c t measurement o f sulphonamides i n b i o l o g i c a l f l u i d a v e been d e s c r i b e d by Hawking and Lawrence ? 39
8. Pharmacology 8.1.Metabolism Sulphameraz i n e u n d e r g o e s t h r e e main t y p e s of m e t a b o l i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t h e s e bei n g a c e t y l a t i o n , g l u c u r o n a t i o n a n d hydroxylation. Acetylation i s the m o s t important of t ese t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s t h e p r o d u c t b e i n g t h e N -acetyl derivative. The p r o c e s s t a k e s place i n the liver t o varying degrees i n man, monkeys, m i c e , r a t s , r a b b i t s a n d most o t h e r a n i m a l s e x c e p t dogs. Various a s p e c t s of t h e metabolism o f sulphamerazine have been d i s c u s s e d . 132-134-
k4
8.2.Absorption,DistributionIExcretion
8.2.1.In Humans
Sulphamerazine i s absorbed c h i e f l y from the g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t following oral a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d h a s a t e n d e n c y t y e more r a p i d l y a b s o r b e d t h a n 1 2 p p h a d i a z i n e 31:
Murphy and co-worke rs reported certain o b s e r v a t i o n s on t h e a b s o r p t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n and e x c r e t i o n o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e f o l l o w i n g o r a l , subcutaneous , i n t r a v e n o u s and r e c t a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o humans. S t u d i e s on t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f 1 5 y l p h a merazine have been d e s c r i b e d . Iiri de monstrated the e x c r e t i o n of sulphamerazine i n t o t h e h y q p p a r o t i d s a l i v a , R u m l e r and co-workers demonstrated t h e r a p i d t r a n s p o r t of s u l p h a m e f g 6 i n e a c r o s s t h e human p l a c e n t a , and Boger studied the extent t o which d i f f u s i o n of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and o t h e r sulphonamides i n t o t h e c e r e b r o s p i n a l f l u i d depended on t h e i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e An e x t e n s i v e stu d y of t h e c i r c u l a blood. t i o n of s u l p h o n a m i d e s , i n c l u d i n g s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , i n t h e human o r g a n i s m h a s been r e p o r t -
SU LPHAME R A 2 IN E
563
e d by A l l i n e
140
.
.
A comparison o f t h e r e n a l e x c r e t i o n r a t e s o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and s u l p h a d i a z i n e i n human a d u l t s w i t h n o r m a l l t f n a l f u n c t i o n h a s been c o n d u c t e d by E a r l e Sulphameraz i n e e x h i b i t e d a lower o v e r a l l c l e a r a n c e r a t e indicating extensive reabsorption v i a t h e r e n a l t u b u l e s and B i n d i n g t o plasma p r o t e i n s whereas t h e N - a c e t y l d e r i v a t i v e was e x c r e t e d r a t h e r t h a f45e a b s o r b e d . t h e recompared R e i n h o l d and co-workers n a l c l e a r a n c e s o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and s e v e r a l o t h e r s u l p h o n a m i d e s i n man w i t h t h a t o f i n u l i n ( n o n - r e a b s o r b e d by t h e r e n a l t u b u l e s )
8 . 2 . 2 . I- Animals n The a b s o r p t i o n and e x c r e t i o n o f s u l p h a as been m e r a z i n e i n m i c e , r a t s and monkey s t u d i e d by Schmidt and c o - ~ o r k e r s * ~ , t h e r e s u l t s b e i n g i n good a g r e e m e n t t e Y3k h f ohloosw l o b t a i n e d by Welch and co-workers i n g e x p e r i m e n t s i n a n i m a l and human s u b j e cts. F l o r e s t a n o and co-workers 144 compared t h e b l o o d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s p r o d u c e d i n dogs , swine and c a t t l e f o l l o w i n g t h e p a r e n t e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f s ulphame r a z i n e and s e v e ra 1 o t h e r s u l p h o n a m i d e s . The t i s s u e r e s i d u e d e p l e t i o n of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n s h e e p h a s been i n y s S t i g a t e d by R i g h t e r and coworkers P r i o r t o t h i s work L e h r 146 demonstrated t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of sulphameraz i n e ( i n a t r i p l e sulphonamide m i x t u r e ) i n t h e b l o o d , l u n g and b r a i n of r a t s and r a b b its.
The mechanism o f t h e r e n a l t u b u l a r exc r e t o r y t r a n s p o r t o f s e l e c t e d sulphonamides h a s b e e n l q j s c u s s e d by Despopoulos and Callahan
564
8.3. Toxicity 8.3.1.Acute Toxicity
When g i v e n o r a l l y t o w h i t e m i c e as t h e of sulphamerazine w a s sodium s a l t t h e LD a b o u t 2 . 3 3 5 / k g . , a?? d e a t h s o c c u r r i n ithin 2 4 hours S c h m i d t and c o - w ~ r k e r s ~ ~ ~ h a v e d i s c u s s e d t h e r e l a t i v e t o x i c i t i e s of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e and s u l p h a d i a z i n e . The o r a l a c u t e t o x i c i t y of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n mice w a s f o u n d t o be 3 . 3 g . / k g . a t a corresp o n d i n g b l o o d 4 c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 148mgm. %. The LD50 of t h e N - a c e t y l d e r i v a t i v e was 0 . 7 g . i kg. a t a c o r r e s p o n d i n g b l o o d l e v e l of 6 6 mgm.%.
8.3.2.Chronic
Toxicity
Welch and co-workers 135 h a v e s t u d i e d t h e chr onic t o x i c i t y of sulphamerazine i n r a t s , dogs and monkeys. The c o m p a r a t i v e chr onic t o x i c i t i e s of sulphamerazine, sulphad i a z i n e and sulphamethazine p p j been r e p o r t e d by Schmidt and c o - w o r k e r s
8.3.3.Clinical
Toxicity
The v a r i o u s t o x i c m a n i f e s t a t i o n s which have been o b s e r v e d d u r i n g t h e c l i n i c a l u s e of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e i n c l u d e r e n a l damage, a c u t e l o i n p a i n , n a u s e a and v o m i t t i n g , s k i n r a s h , f e v e r , leY%pf$,a, t h r o m b o c y t o p e n i a , a n d psychosis Of a l l t h e s e m a n i f e s t a t i o n s t h e p r o b l e m o f r e n a l damage h a s r e c e i v ed the greatest attention. The more common t y p e s of r e n a l damage r e s u l t e d f o l l o w i n g t h e deposition of drug and/or drug metabolite c r y s t a l s i n t h e k i d n e y and u r i n e ( c r y s t a l l u r i a ) . S u l p h a m e r a z i n e i t s e l f h a s b e e n sj$yn f t 3 p r o d u c e r e n f48dfqnage i n b o t h a n i m a l s , b u t as w i t h o t h e r s u l and humans phonamides t h e i n c i d e n c e o f r e n a l damage h a s b e e n r e l a t e d t o t h e pg d e p e n d e n t s o l u b i l i t y o f t h e d r u g and i t s N - a c e t y l d e r i v a t i v e ( s e e section 2 . 1 1 . 1 ) . The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of an a l k a l i w i t h t h e d r u g h e l p e d t o oy5fcome t h e p r o b l e m of c r y s t a l l u r i a b u t L e h r pointed o u t t h a t adequate a l k a l i z a t i o n cannot always be accomplished i n e v e r y p a t i e n t s i n c e i n
SULPHAMERAZ INE
565
c e r t a i n c a s e s s u c h a s c a r d i a c and r e n a l i n s u f f i c i e n c y a l k a l i z a t i o n was c o n t r a i n d i c a t ed. The i n c i d e n c e o f r e n a l damage w a s e v e n t u a l l y ove rcome w i t h t h e adv t r i p l e s u l p h o n a m i d e f o r m u l a t i o n ss 8 f l ? m s .

9.
P r o t e i n Bindinu The r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e b l o o d l e v e l s a t t a i n e d by s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and i t s deg r e e of b i n d i n y 5 f ~p l a s m a h a s b e e n d i s c u s s In v i t r o experiments e d by G i l l i g a n c o n d u c t e d w i t h pH 7 . 4 b l o o d p l a s m a c o n t a i n i n g 10mgm.% of s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and 7 % of p r o t e i n r e v e a l e d t h a t o n l y 1 6 % of t h e d r u g wasl,geely d i f f u s i b l e . Beyer and co-workers d u r i n g s t u d i e s on t h e r e n a l e l i m i n a t i o n o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e by t h e dog showed t h a t a t plasma l e v e l s o f 6 mgm.% t h e p r o p o r t i o n bound t o plasma p r o t e i n w a s 3 6 . 5 % . D i a l y s i s and e l e c t r g k j o r e s i s were u s e d by Dessi and B a r a t t i n i t o determine t h e int e r a c t i o n o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e w i t h t h e serum p r o t e i n of t h e r a b b i t . The f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g t h e d e g r e e of b i n d i n g were t h e d e g r e e of i o n i z a t i o n of t h e d r u g and t h e pH of t h e medium. I n v i v o , s u l p h a m e r a z i n e was f o u n d t o b e bound t o t h e p r o t e i n t o t h e e x t e n t of 3%.
S cho 1t a n 15*showed t h a t t h e p r o t e i n sulphonamide r a t i o i n human and a n i m a l serums f o l l o w e d t h e F r e u n d l i c h a d s o r p t i o n i s o t h e r m . A r e l a t i o n between b i n d i n g capa c i t y , t i s s u e d i s t r i b u t i o n and c u r a t i v e act i o n w a s demonstrated.
The i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e between t h e e l i m i n a t i o n by g l o m e r u l a r f i l t r a t i o n a n d p l a s m p r o t e i n b i n d i n g of some s u l p h o n a m i d e a was examined by P o r t w i c h and co-workers 9 5 9 P r o t e i n b i n d i n g w a s measured w i t h a n u l t r a c e n t r i f u g e a n d t h e e l i m i n a t i o n r a t i o by i n u l i n c l e a r a n c e under t u b u l a r blockade. With s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , which i s r e s o r b e d b u t n o t s e c r e t e d , t h e k i d n e y e l i m i n a t i o n was f o u n d t o b e d e p e n d e n t on t h e d e g r e e of p r o t e i n binding.
566
RICHARD
D. G. WOOLFENDEN
M o r i g u c h i and c o - w o r k e r s studied t h e b i n d i n g of sulphonamides, i n c l u d i n g s u l p h a m e r a z i n e , t o b o v i n e serum a l b u m i n dem o n s t r a t i n g a c o r r e l a t i o n between b i n d i n g constant, decreased i n v i t r o b a c t e r i o s t a t i c a c t i v i t y and pKa. In aq6fxtension of t h i s work Wada and M o r i g u c h i s p e c t r o Q h ot o m e tr i c a l l y e v a l u a t e d t h e b in d in g of N - a c e t y l s u l p h o n a m i d e s f g 2 b o v i n e s e r u m a l b u m i n .Agren a l s o showed a c o r r e l a t i o n and c o - w o r k e r s between pK,, p and b i n d i n g t o human a l b u m i n H in vitro. The d e g r e e of b i n d i n g o f s u l p h a m e r a z i n e p r e s e n t e d as a f u n c t i o n o f p H i n c r e a s e d from t h e a c i d i c t o t h e b a s i c s i d e of the p K value i n d i c a t i n g t h a t t h e anionic form i g more bound t h a n t h e u n c h a r g e d species. The r e l a t i o n s h i p between s t r u c t u r e a n d b i n d i n g of s u l p h o n a m i d e s t o b o v i n e serum albumin w a s s t u d i e d by Hsu and co-worker$63. u s i n g a f l u o r e s c e n c e p r o b e t e c h n i q u e . The wyrk e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t t h e s u b s t i t u e n t a t t h e N - p o s i t i o n p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e b i n d i n g t o h y d r o p h o b i c p r o t e i n s i t e s . The methyl group a t t h e 4 - p o s i t i o n w i t h i n t h e pyrimidine r i n g of sulphamerazine a p p a r e n t l y s i g n i f i c a n t l y increases t h e binding of the drug t o albumin.
mepg&gg8to p r o t e i n s
ed
10. P ha rmacodyn ami c s
O t h e r s t u d i e s on t h e b i n d i n g o f s u l p h a have b e e n r e p o r t -
The k i n e t i c mechanisms o f t h e a b s o r p t i on o f t h e s u l p h o n a m i d e s t h r o u g h t h e l i p o i d a1 b a r r i e r and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f a b s o r p t i o n r a t e s and oil-water p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t h a s 9 g e n i n v e s t i g a t e d by Koizumi a n d co-workers An a b s o r p t i o n r a t e vs. pH p r o f i l e w a s o b t a i n e d from e x p e r i m e n t s i n which m a l e r a t s were o r a l l y d o s e d w i t h s o l u t i o n s of t h e d r u g a t v a r i o u s pH v a l u e s . S u l p h a m e r a z i n e e x h i b i t e d a v a r i a b l e r a t e of a b s o r p t i o n , t h e r a t e r e a c h i n g a maximum a t a r o u n d pH 6-7 a n d t h e n f a l l i n g o f f u n d e r m o r e a l k a l i n e c o n d i t i o n s showing t h a t t h e u n i o n i z e d form w a s a b s o r b e d predominantly.
SULPHAMERAZINE
567
However, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r y t h e p a t which s u l p h a m e r a z i n e was c o m p l e t e H l y unionized w a s c a l c u l a t e d t o be 4 . 7 . T h i s d i s c r e p a n c y w a s a t t r i b u t e d t o cert a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of g a s t r i c j u i c e and t h e s i t e o f a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e stomach. The a b s o r p t i o n r a t e of t h e u n i o n i z e d form o f l s u l p h a m e r a z i n e was f o r d t o be 0 . 0 7 h r . compared t o 0 . 0 9 h r . f o r sulphamerazine. T h i s and o t h e r k i n e t i c d a t a gave a l i n e a r c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h t h e r e c i p r o c a l of t h e p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t d e t e r m i n e d between i s o amyl a c e t a te and water s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e elementary pr ocesses of ab so rp tio n followed t h e model shown below.
drug i n stomach
+
-1
k2 d r u g a t __+ interface
drug i n plasma
T h a t t h e h y d r o p h o b i c i n t e r a c t i o n between s u l p h o n a m i d e s and t h e i n t e s t i n a l memb r a n e formed an i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n t h e i r a b s o r p t f g g was shown by Nogami and coworkers A physico-chemical approach b a s e d on t h e a d s o r p t i o n of s u l p h o n a m i d e s from p 7 . 4 a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n by c a r b o n H b l a c k was u s e d a s a model. The e x p e r i m e n t s showed t h a t t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a m e t h y l group i n t o t h e pyrimidine r i n g , a s i n t h e case of sulphamerazine, n o t only increased t h e a d s o r p t i o n on t o c a r b o n b l a c k b u t a l s o i n c r e a s e d t h e b i n d i n g t o b o v i n e serum a l bumin and i n c r e a s e d t h e r a t e of a b s o r p t i o r ) from t h e r a t s m a l l i n t e s t i n e . A good c o r n r e l a t i o n was a l s o o b t a l n e d between t h e deg r e e o f a b s o r p t i o n and t h e p a r t i t i o n coe f f i c i e n t i n n-butanol w a t e r .
A u g u s t i n e and S w a r b r i c k l 7 O u s e d a t h r e e - p h a s e model c e l l e m p l o y i n g an i s o pentyl acetate liquid l i p i d b a r r i e r t o test t h e i n v i t r o t r a n s p o r t rates of a series
568
of N1-substituted h e t e r o c y c l i c salphonamides, i n c l u d i n g s u l p h a m e r a z i n e . C o r r e l a t i o n s were found between t h e i n v i t r o t r a n s p o r t r a t e s ( d e t e r m i n e d as a f u n c t i o n o f p H ) , p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t s i n isopentyl acetate-aqueous b u f f e r , and i n v i v o g a s t r i c , i n t e s t i n a l and r e c t a l a b s o r p t i o n d a t a . The s t u d i e s i n d i cated t h a t t h e maximum r a t e o f t r a n s p o r t o c c u r r e d a t a pH i n t e r m e d i a t e between t h e two p K v a l u e s o f e a c h d r u g and t h a t it w a s relate8 t o t h e f r a c t i o n of unionized drug. The u s e o f h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i d chromatography f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e s t r u c t u r e a c t i v i t y r e l a t i o n s h i p s of sulphonamides h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d by Henry and co-workers171. The r e t e n t i o n volumes f o r a g r o u p o f s u l phonamides which i n c l u d e d s u l p h a d i a z i n e , s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e w e r e obt a i n e d i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n t H.P.L.C. columns and s u b s e q u e n t l y c o r r e l a t e d w i t h l o g p a r t i t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t ( n - o c t a n o l - w a t e r ) ,pKa, and biological activity. T a r a s z k a and F o r i s t l * d i s c u s s e d s u c h k i n e t i c a s p e c t s as h a l f l i v e s f o r a b s o r p t i o n and e l i m i n a t i o n as w e l l a s l i m i t i n g s o l u b i l i t i e s i n connection with the administrat i o n of t h e t r i p l e s u l p h a s s u l p h a d i a z i n e , s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and s u l p h a m e t h a z i n e Two s i m p l e h y p o t h e t i c a l cases were p r e s e n t e d : a ) t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e r a t i o of t w o d ru g s with d i f f e r e n t rate c o n s t a n t s f o r absorpt i o n and e l i m i n a t i o n t o o b t a i n a v e r a g e a s y m p t o t i c serum l e v e l s o f e a c h d r u g on mult i p l e d o s e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and b ) t h e select i o n of t h e r a t i o of t w o d ru g s w i t h d i f f e r e n t r a t e c o n s t a n t s f o r a b s o r p t i o n and e l i m i n a t i o n , and d i f f e r e n t s o l u b i l i t i e s t o minim i s e t h e r i s k o f c r y s t a l l u r i a . The l a t t e r was e x t e n d e d t o t h e t r i p l e s u l p h a s on t h e b a s i s o f s o l u b i l i t y and human blood d a t a g i v i n g an optimum r a t i o o f 1:3:4 f o r s u l p h a d i a z i n e , s u l p h a m e r a z i n e and s u l p h a methazine r e s p e c t i v e l y .
SULPHAMERAZINE
569
11. Acknowledgements
The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o t h a n k M r . J . E . F a i r b r o t h e r of E.R. S q u i b b and Sons L t d . , Moreton, England f o r h i s e d i t o r i a l assi s t a n c e i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s prof i l e and M r s . M. Watson f o r h e r i n v a l u a b l e h e l p and p a t i e n c e i n t h e t y p i n g o f t h e manuscript.
570
RICHARD D. G.VdaOLFENDEN
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
8.
7.
9. 10. 11. 12.
12.
14. 15. 16. 17. 1-8. 19.
20.
21. 22.
Merck Index, 8th ed. 1968, Merck and Co., RahOay, page 995. The United States Pharmacopeia XlX,page 478, (1975). R.D.G.Woolfenden, Squibb Private Communication, (1976). M.F.Abde1-Wahab, S.A.El-Kinawy, N.A.Farid, Amina M.El-Shinnawy, Anal.Chem. - 508-510, 38, (1966). K.Nakanishi, Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy - Practical. Holden-Day Inc., and Nankado Co. ,Ltd., (1962). E.G.C,Clarke, Isolation and Identification of Drugs. The Pharmaceutical Press (1969) A.E.O.Marzys, Analyst, 86, 460-463, (1961). L.A.Gifford, W.P.Hayes, J.N.Miller, and D.Thorburn Burns, Anal. Chem. 46, 1010-1017, (1974). K.Bowden, Chem.Rev. 66, 119, (1966). M.S.Puar and P.T.Funke, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research. Private communication, (1976). A.dambon, R.Guedj, D.Robert, J.Soyfer, and M.Azzaro, Bull.Soc.Chim.Fr.Part 2, 567-71, (1970). 61, J.Turczan and T.Medwick, J.Pharm.Sci. 434-43, (1972). C.Chang and H.G.Floss, J.Med.Chem. - 50518, 509, (1975). 61, S.S.Yang and J.K.Guillory, J.Pharm.Sci. 26-40, (1972). 60, C.Sunwoo and H.Eisen, J.Pharm.Sci. - 238244, (1971). L.E.Cook and D.A.Hildebrand, Thermochimica Acta 9 , 129-133, (1974). Q. Ochs, The Squibb Institute of Medical Research. Private communication, (1976). D.H.Lennox, Anal.Chem. - 1433-1435,(1957). 29, A.R.Frisk, G.Hagerman, S.Helander, and B.Sjorgen, Gac.med. Uruguay 8, No.80, 6-7, 17, 19, No. 81, 9-10, 15-16, 23 (1947). B.Sjogren and B.Ortenblad, Acta Chem.Scand. - 605-18, (1947). 1, A.G.Onandia, E.Holz, and S.Holz, Acta Cient. Venezolana 6, 157-63 (1955). 37, H.M.Burlage7 J.Am.Pharm.Assoc., Sci.Ed., 345, (1948).
SULPHAMERAZINE
571
B. Salvesen and M. Schroder-Nielsen ,Medd.Nor. Farm. Selsk. 32 , 87-96, (1971). 24. T.Koizumi, Txrita, and K.Kakemi, Chem. Pharm.Bul1. 12 , 413-20, (1964). 25. H. A. Krebs a n d J . C. Speakman, Brit. Med. J. - ,47 1 (1946). 39, 26. A.V.Willi and W.Meier, Helv.Chim.Acta 54-6, (1956). 27. A. Suzuki , W. I. Higuchi, and N. F. H. Ho. , J.Pharm.Sci. 59, 651-659, (1970). 28. R.O.Roblin, JZ.Williams, P.S.Winnek, and J.P.English, J.Am.Chem.Soc.62, 2002-2005, (1940). 29. T.H.Evans and R.W.Mills, U.S.Patent 2,693, 466, Nov.2, (1954). 30. H.Mauss and H.Leuchs, German Patent 871,303, Mar.23, (1953). 31. S. Ziemiauski, J.Orkiszewski, S.Rychter and M.Dalek, Polish Patent 60,639, Oct.20,(1970). 32. N.A.Pogorzhe1' skaya , I.A . Maretina, and A. A. Petrov, 2h.Org.Khim. 5, 1179-83, (1969). 33. H .R. Chipman , U .S Patent 2 ,69 0 ,439, Sept.28, (1954). 13, 34. C.Ch'en and S.Hsi, Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao, 59-60, (1966). 35. E.Kuh, L.H.Dhein, and R.H.Ebe1, U. S.Patent 2,417,939, Mar.25, (1947). 36. R. H. Barry and B. Puetzer , J.Am. Pharm.Assoc. - 244-5, (1945). 34, 37. F. Schonhofer, German Patent 812 ,342 ,Aug.27, (1951). 38. P .S.Winnek , U. S .Patent 2 ,620,336,Dec. 2 , (1952). 39. J.Erdos, Bol.soc.quim. Peru 17, 3-9, (1951). 40. Ts. I.Shakh, Ukrain.Khim. Zhur22, 336-40, (1956). 1, 41. W.K.Lee, Yakhak Hoeji, - 13-17, (1963). 42. W.K.Lee, Ibid 9, 8-13, (1965). 43. W.K.Lee, Ibid 9, 4-7, (1965). 44. W.K.Lee, Ibid i3, 97-100, (1969). 22, 45. M.Zajac, Diss.Pharm.Pharmaco1. - 455-64, (1970). 46. H.Auterhoff and U.Schmidt, Dtsch-Apoth.Ztd. - 1581-3(1974). 114, 18, 47. S.Naito and S.Mizoguchi, Yakuzaigaku, 48-50, (1958). 48. A.Goudswaard,Pharm.Weekblad. 95, 236,(1960). 49. A. Goudswaard, Ibid. 95, 487-90, (1960). 23.
572
50.
M.B.Young, The Squibb Institute for Medical Research. Private communication, (1976). 51. A.I.El-Sebai, Y.A.Beltagy, and R.Soliman, Pharmazie 26, 615-16, (1971). 52. F.Yoshikawz S.Yagi, and S.Iga, Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku 84, 17-19, (1966). 53. A.C.C. Cavaco and-. F.Falcao, Rev.Port. Farm. - 1-8, (1966). 16, 54. H. W.Conroy, J.Assoc.Of fic.Agr. Chemists. 38, 643-4, (1955). 6, 55. J. S Faber, J. Pharm. and Pharmacol - 187-90, (1954). 56. M.S.Greenberg, B.J.Baker, and J.A.Caruso, Anal.Chim.Acta 54, 159-61, (1971). 57. G.M.Davis, J.E.Gphorn, and J.A.Caruso, J.Pharm.Sci. 63, 1136-1138, (1974). 58. H.Wojahn, A r c K Pharm. 281, 124,193,289, (1943). 34,2 59. H. S .Conway, J.Am. Pharm.Assoc. Sci.Ed. - 36 (1945). P.L. De Reeder, Anal.Chin.Acta 9 , 314, (1953) 60. 61. A.Ejima, J.Tokusawa, and M.Ishibashi, Yakugaku Zasshi 87, 769-77, (1967). S.Ebel and S.Kalb, Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim, 62. Ger.) 307, 2-6, (1974). Through C.A.80, 124 8 0 8 r
63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

68. 69. 70.
71. 72. 73. 74. 75.
S.P.Agarwa1, M.I.Walash, and M.I.Blake, J.Pharm.Sci. 61, 779-81, (1972). P.L.De Reeder7Anal.Chim.Acta 10, 413, (1954). H.Abdine and W.S.A. Sayed, J.PErm.Pharmaco1. - 761-3, (1962). 14, F.Said, M.M.Amer, and M.I.Walash, Bull.Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ., 6, 199-215, (1967) Through C.A. 73, 485bOS. L.S.Bark and TK.Grime, Analyst,98,452-55, (1973). L.S.Bark and P.Bate, Analyst, 96, 881, (1971). L.S.Bark and P.Bate, Ibid., 9,8, 773 (1972). 47, E J.Greenhow and L .E.Spencer, Anal. Chem.1384-1388, (1975). M. Dolinsky J Assoc. O f f Agr Chem. 34, 748-63, (1951). T.N.Oi and K.Miyazaki, Yakugaku Zasshi 87, 875-877, (1967). Through IPA 4, 1263e. A.E.O. Marzys, Analyst, 86, 4x0-63, (1961). M.Zajac, Farmacja pol. 30, 43-8, (1974). L. 1.Rapaport and Ts.1. Shakh, Farm. Zh. 21, (Kiev) - 22-8, (1966).
, .
SU LPHAMER A 2 INE
573
76. 77. 78. 79.
80.
81. 82. 82A. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 89A. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 94A. 95. 96. 97.
B.W.Madsen and J.S.Robertson, J.Pharm. Pharmacol. 26, 682-5, (1974). ACBatnn ..rto:d E.K.Marshal1, J.Biol.Chem. - 537, (1939). 128, M.Th.van der Venne and J.B.T'Siobbe1, J.Pharm.Belg. 18, 557-68, (1963). A.K.Fowler, J.TMerrick, and B.E. Reidel, Can.Pharm.J., Sci. Sect., 91, 56-8,(1958). T.Bican-Fister and V. Kajganovic,J. Chromatogr. 16, 503-9 (1964). C.A.Brunner, J.Assoc.Off.Anal.Chem.~, 194196, (1972). C.A.Brunner, Ibid., 56, 689-691, (1973). P.E.Flinn, J.ChromatG.Sci.,l3, 580-582, (1975). W.F.Philips and J.E.Trafton, Ibid, 58,44-47, (1975). R.Tulus and A.Guran, Istanbul Univ.Fen.Fak. Mecmuasi Ser. C., 28, 108-13, (1963).Through C.A. 61,686 7h. M.Luise, Boll.Chim.Farm.108,223-9,(1969). J.T.Stewart, A.B.Ray and W.B.Fackler, J.Pharn.Sci. 58, 1261-62,(1969). T.C.Kram, J.Pharm.Sci.,Gl, 254-56,(1972). R.B.Poet and H.H.Pu, J.Pharm. Sci. 62,809-11, (1973). L. Wes tlie , B. Aaro and B Salvesen,Medd. Nor. Farm.Selsk, 36, 121-28, (1974). P.H.Cobb andx.T.Hil1, J.Chromatog.,l23, 444-47, (1976). B.L.Karger, S.C.Su, S.Marchese, and B.A. Persson, J.Chrom.Sci.,G, 678-683,(1974). J.W.Turczan, J.Pharm.Sci. 57, 142-44,(1968). R. J.Daun, Journal of the Az.A.C. 127782, (1971). E.Roeder and W.Stuthe, Fresenius Z.Ana1. Chem. - 281-83, (1974).Through C.A. 271, 82,51256~. S.Klein and B.T.Kho, J.Pharm.Sci.,51,966-969 (1962). N.Nose, S.Kobayashi, A.Hirose and A.Watanabe, J.Chromatog. ,123, 167-173, (1976). Y-T Lin, K-T Wang, and T.Yang, J.Chromatog. 20, 610-12, (1965). KG.Fogg and R.Wood, J.Chromatog., 20,61314, (1965). E.G.C.Clarke and D.J.Humphreys, J.Pharm. Pharmac.22, 845-47, (1970).
,=,
574
RICHARD D . G.WOOLFENDEN
98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109.
110.
111. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116.
117.
118.
H.R.Klein and W.J.Mader, J.Pharm.Sci.60, 448-50,(1971). M.I.Walash and S.P.Agarwa1, J.Pharm.Sci. - 277-78, (1972). 61, U.R.Cieri, Journal of A.O.A.C.,E,1475-79, (1973). G.L.Biagi, A.M.Barbaro, M.C.Guerra, GandoIfi, G .Can telli-Forti and 0. J.Chromatog. ,106, 349-55 , (1975). The United States Pharmacopeia, XlX, paqeS 527-28, (1975). W. H Longenecker, Anal. Chem. ,21,1402- 5 , 119491. 168, R.Robinson, Nature, - 512, (1951). F.Abaffy and S.Kveder, Acta Pharm. 6, Jugoslav, - 207-9, (1956). Through C.A. 51 ,90833.. M.Maientha1, J. Carol, and F.K.Kunze, Journal of the A.O.A.C. ,GI 313-316, (1961). F.M.Kunze and L.Espinoza, Journal of the A.O.A.C. ,46, 899-901, (1963). H.R.RoberG, The Squibb Institute of Medical Research. Private communication (1976). C.Garber and E.M.Assem de Juarez,Rev. Assoc.Bioquim.Argent.r34,184-185, (1969). Through C.A. 73,913052. 108, M.Luise, Boll.Chim.Farm. - 223-9, (1969) Through C.A. 71,53608b. The United States Pharmacopeia XVIII , page 760, (1970). S.Takagi, Japan J.Pharm.and Chem.22,145, (1950). H.H.Hutchins and J.E.Christian, J.Am.Pharm. ASSOC. 42, 310-314, (1953). T.C.GilEr and D.J.Pietrzyk, Anal.Chem.43, 1585-92, (1971). G.B.Selzer and D.Banes, Journal of the A.O.A.C. 46, 703-707 (1963). 53, H.M.Mille5 Journal of the A.O.A.C. 1100-1102I (1970). B R. Rader , J.Pharm. S ci . ,-,1148- 1150, 62 (1973). Y.Kinoshita, S.Moriyama and T.Shimizu, Japan, Analyst, 5 , 219-224, (1957). Through A.A. 5,692.
SULPHAMERAZINE
575
119.
-120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143.
2, C.Garber, Proanalysis, - 16-21,(1969). Through C.A. 74,9124b. 11, Y.Okazaki, Bunseki Kagaku, - 1142-46, (1962). 11, Y.Okazaki, Bunseki Kagaku, - 1239-42, (1962). A.L.Woodson, Anal.Chem. ,42, 242-8, (1970). B. Donev, Nauchni Tr. ,V i s G h Veterinarnomed Inst. Sofia, 23, 431-8, (1973). N.Hazemoto, N z a m o , and Y.Kobatake,J.Pharm. Sci. 65, 435-6, (1976). G.CanGlli Forti and M.E.Fracasso, Riv. Farmacol. Ter. 2, 301-7, (1971). M.Shibata, K.Shigemori hnd Y.Imamura,Chemotherapy (Tokyo), 22, 1424-9, (1974). 282A.Sinha, J.Proc.Inst.Chem.(India), 3, 4, (1959). B Ortengren and L. R. Treiber, Res Commun . Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol., 2, 339-57,(1974). 17, J.Rieder, Chemotherapy, - 1-21, (1972) J.Rieder, Chemotherapy, 22, 84-87, (1976). F.Hawking and J.S.LawrenZ,The Sulphonamides. H.K.Lewis and Co.,Ltd.,London, (1950). J.V.Scudi and Y.C.Jelinek,J.Pharmacol1811 218-23, (1944). J.N.Smith and R.T.Williams, Biochem J. ,42, 351-56, (1948). H.G.Bray, H.J.Lake, and W.V.Thorpe, Biochem. J. 48, 400-6, (1951). A.DZelch, P.A.Mattis, A.R.Latven,W.M.Benson and E.H.Shiels, J.Pharmaco1.77,357-911 (1943) . F.D.Murphy, J.K.Clark and H.F.Flippin, Am. J.Med. Sci - 1 - 205, 717-26, (1943). K.Iiri, Shika Igaku, 31, 96-125, (1968). W. Rumler , H .J .Woraschk, I.Ri chter,C A. Gruendig, and W.Weigel,Gesundheitsw, 25,19003, (1970). W.P.Boger, Antibiotic Med. and Clin.Therapy, 6, 32-40, (1959) M.Allinne, A n n . p h a r m . f r a n c . 4 , 5 6 - 7 2 , ( 1 9 4 6 ) . D.P.Earle, J.Clin.Investiga~ion,23,914-2Ol (1944). J.G.Reinhold, J.Pharmacol.83, 279-87, (1945). L.H.Schmidt, H.B.Hughes,E.A.Badger, and 1,1 I.G.Schmidt, J . P h a r m a c o 1 . 8- 7 - 4 2 , ( 1 9 4 4 ) .
576
144.
H.J.Florestano, M.E.Bahler, H.E. Blair, and G.R.Burch, N.Amer.Vet. ,34, 17-20, (1953). 145. H.F.Righter, J.M.WorthiGton,and H.D.Mercer, J.Agr.Food Chem.,20, 876-78, (1972). 601-04,(1950). 146. D.Lehr,Brit.Med.J,2, 147. A.Despopoulos and PTX.Callahan, Am.J. 203, Physiol. - 19-26, (1962). 148. J.K.Clark, H.F.Flippin, and F.D.Murphy, Am.J.Med.Sci. ,205,846-51(1943). 149. W.H.Hal1 and W.W.Spink, J.Am.Med.Assoc., 123, 125-31, (1943). 150. H.F.Dowling, E.Dunnoff-Stanley, M.H.Lepper, and L.K.Sweet, J.Am.Med.Assoc. ,125, 103-5, (1944). 151. D.Lehr, J.Uro1. 55, 548, (1946). 152. R.E.Irvine, Clin.J.,E, 319, (1950). 153. A.L.Sahs, Neurology, 1, 394, (1951). 154. G.Hagerman, Nord. MedT,g, 1223,(1944), 241 1944, (1944). 64 155. D.Lehr, Proc.Soc .Exptl.Biol.Med. ,-,393-401, (1947). 155A. D.R.Gilligan, J.Pharmacol.79, 320-8, (1943). 156. K.H.Beyer, L.Peters, E.A.P=ch and H.F. RUSSO, J.Pharmacol182, 239-46,(1944). 157. P.Dessi and M.A.Bar=tini, Boll.Soc.Ita1. Biol.Sper. - 595-98, (1960).Through C.A. 36, 57 ,13126e. 15 8. W. Scholtan, Arzne imitte 1-Forsch.1 , 707-20, 1 (1961).Through C.A. 56,5336e. 159. F-Portwich, H.Buettner, and K.Engelhardt, 41, Klin.Wochschr, - 447-51(1963).Through C.A.59,12043~. 160. I.Moriguchi, S.Wada and T.Nishizawia,Chem. Pharm.Bul1. (Tokyo), 16, 601-5 (1968). 161. S.Wada and I.Moriguchi, Chem.Pharm.Bul1. (Tokyo), 16, 1440-4, (1968). 162. A.Agren, R.Elofsson, and S.O.Nilsson, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol, Supp1.,29, 48-56, (1971). 163. P.Ilsu, J.K.H.Ma, H.W.Jun, and L.A.Luzzi, J.Pharm.Sci. ,63, 27-31, (1974). 164. J.Rieder, ArzGimittel-Forsch.,13r 81-8, (1963). 165. K.Marcinkowski, Wiss,Z.Karl-Marx-Univ.Leipzig , Math-Naturwiss. Reihe , 17, 85-6 , (1968). 166. R.Elofsson, S.O.Nilsson, and B.Kluczykowska, Acta Pharm. Suecica,8,465-74, (1971). 16 7. F P Meyer ,Ac ta B io1.fied Ger .28I 2 1- 5 , ( 197 2 ) -
..
SULPHAM E RAZ INE
577
168. 169. 170. 171. 172.
J.W.Dunn,J.Pharm.Sci. 1575-7, (1973). H.Nogami, T.Nagai, and S.Wada,Chem.Pharm. 348-52, (1970). Bull. ,g, M.A.Augustine and J.Swarbrick, J.Pharm.Sci. - 1656-1658, (1972). 61, D.Henry, J.H.Block, J.L.Anderson, and G.R. Carlson, J.Med.Chem. ,19, 619-626, (1976) M.J.Taraszka and A.O.=rist, J.Pharm.Sci., - 1379-1383, (1968). 57,
,c,
TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE
VIadirnir Zbinovsky and George P. Chrekian
580
CONTENTS
1.
Description
1.1 Name, Formula, Molecular Weight 1.2 Appearance, C o l o r , Odor

2.
Physical Properties 2.1

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
Infrared Analysis Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum U1 traviolet Spectrum Mass Spectrum Optical Rotation Melting Point Thermogravimetric Analysis Differential Thermal Analysis Solubility 2.10 Crystral Properties Synthesis Stability, Degradation
3.
4.
5. 6.
Pharmacodynamic Studies Methods of Analysis

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5
Elemental Analysis Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis Colorimetric Analysis Polarographic Analysis Chromatographic Analysis
6.51 6.52
Thin Layer Column
TR IAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE
58 1
Trlamclnolone Hexacetonlde
1.
Description
1.1
Name, Formula, Molecular Weight
Triamcinolone hexacetonlde is 9-Fluor0-118,16a,l7, 21-tetrahydoxypregna-l,4-dlene-3,2O-dlone cyclic 16,17-acetal It I s also known as with acetone 21-(3,3-dimethyl-butyrate). Pregna-l-4-diene-3,2O-dione, 21-(3,3-dlmethyl-1-oxobutoxy)-9f luoro-ll-hydroxy-16,17-[ (1-methylethy1idene)bls (oxy)I-, (118, 16a)-.
*'CH*OCOCHzC(CH,)3
19
c 0 H4 1 Fo7 3
MOL. Wt.:
532.65
1.2
Appearance, Color, Odor White to cream colored, odorless crystalline powder.
2.
Physical Properties 2.1 Infrared Analysis]
The infrared spectrum of trlamclnolone hexacetonlde (Lederle House Standard No. 48550-115) I s presented In Figure
582
1. The spectrum was taken in a KBr pellet. The following bands (CM-1) were assigned to triamcinolone hexacetonide:
a. Characteristic 20-one: 1745 Characteristic OAc: 1715 Characteristic Characteristic
1 6 1 8 , 1605
for 21-OAc=0 in the presence of for 20-one in the presence b f 21 for c1, B unsaturated 3-One: 1664 for double bond system, A-1; 4 :
b.
c. d. e. f. 2.2
Characteristic for C-0 stretching bands of 1 6 ; 17 acetonide: 1078, 1063 Characteristic for Cis CH of the A - 1 , 4 system:
890
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum
The NMR spectrum Figure 2 was obtained by dissolving 40 mg of Lederle House Standard No. 48550-115 in 0 . 5 ml of deuterochloroform plus one drop of hexadeutero dimethyl sulfoxide. Tetramethyl silane was added to the solution as internal standard. The spectrum is a single scan on an HAl O O D Varian Spectrometer. The spectral assignments of triamcinolone hexacetonide are shown in Table I. 2.3
U1 traviolet Spectrum
The X max. of the triamcinolone hexacetonide 15,500. (Lederle House Standard No. 48550-115) is 238 nm, E
FIGURE 1 Infrared Spectrum of Triamcinolone Hexacetonide in KBr Pellet; Instrument: Perkln - Elmer 21
FIGURE 2
NMR Spectrum of Triamcinolone Hexacetonide Containing Tetramethylsilane as Internal Standard. Instrument: HA-100D
Ln m P
TR I AMCINOLONE HEX ACETON I DE
585
TABLE I
NMR Spectral Assignments of Triamcinolone Hexacetonide
Protons at C1
c2
Chemical Shift ( 5 )
7.29 6.34 6.14 4.41 5.03 0.97 1.58 4.86 5.07 1.24 1.44
d; J1,2
dd; J1,2 J2,4 m m m
S
8
10.0
10.0,
2.0
c4
c11
c16
C18
c19
c2 1 c2 1
d d
s
S
Jg em = 1 9
ABq
Acetonide Methyl Acetonide Methyl Side Chain at C ~ L

0 C CH2
2.34
1.08
s = singlet; d = doublet; m = multiplet; ABq = AB quartet; dd = doublet of doublets; J = coupling constant in Hz
2.4
Mass Sprectruml
The mass spectrum of triamcinolone hexacetonide was run on an AEI MS-9 instrument and is shown in the Figure 3 . The molecular i o n at m/e 532 is of low intensity. The major fragment ions in the high mass region are observed at m/e 517 (loss of CH3), 512 (loss of HF) 474 (loss of C3H6O), 459 (108s of CqHg0). The base peak in the spectrum appears at m/e 375
FIGURE 3
Low Resolution Mass Spectrum of Triamcinolone Hexacetonide. Instrument: AEI MS-9
3 75
*a
30
en
10
. , . .
50
SPECC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
too
150
(
300
.
Lloo
~,
950
. .
. . . ,
500
900
250
37811 L R T R I R N C I N O L O N E H E X R C E T O H I D E
S T E P nRSS;l.
I*8,S
350
1%
550
TnrAMClNOLONE HEXACETONIDE
587
and results from cleavage of the bond between C-17 and C-20 with loss of CeH1303. Intense ions at m/e 122 and 121 are indicative of a CL-GYS conjugated dimone in the A ring. 2.5 Optical Rotation
The optical rotation was determinedl for triamcinolone hexacetonide in chloroform solution at conc. 1.13%.
[ a ] 25
goo - 2 +
2.6
271
Melting Point The melting point of triamcinolone hexacetonide is (decomposition). Thermogravimetric Analysis2
22 7'
2.7
A thermal gravimetric analysis was performed on triamcinolone hexacetonide on a House Standard (No. 48550-115) using a DuPont Model 950 instrument revealed < 0.2% weight loss up to 18OoC indicating no significant amount of volatile matter such as water and low boiling organic solvents. The analysis was performed using a nitrogen sweep and a program'/i. med heating rate of 5 C m n
2.8
Differential Thermal Analysis2
Differential thermal analysis on triamcinolone hexacetonide (House Standard) using a DuPont Model 990 instrument gave a thermogram displaying aosingle sharp meltingdecomposition endotherm centered at 300 with no indication of any other phase change. The heating rate was programmed at a rate of 1O0C/min. 2.9 Solubility
Solubility determinations at 25OC were carried out on Lederle House Standard No. 48550-115 and are presented in Table 11.
588
TABLE I1
SOLUBILITY OF TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE AT 25OC.
Solvent H20 Hexane Benzene

MeOH
mdml
WIV
0.050 0.130
0.420
0.5 1.3 4.2 6.5
0.650 0.730 0.790

1.130
1-Oc t a n o l
E t h y l A c e tate
7.3
7.9 11.3 11.4 11.5 21.5 35.4 36.6 172.6
1-Bu t ano 1
Abs. Ethanol 1-Propanol Dioxane Methyl-Ethyl Ketone Acetone Chloroform
1.140 1.150 2.150 3.540 3.660 17.260
2.10 C r y s t a l P r o p e r t i e s Triamcinolone hexacetonide does n o t form polymorphic forms when r e c r y s t a l l i z e d from s o l v e n t s used f o r demonstration of polymorphism i n tria mc in o lo n e 3 and triamcinolone d i a c e t a t e 4 , Mesley5 who in s p e c te d tr ia mc in o lo n e a c e t o n i d e by i n f r a r e d spectroscopy was n o t a b l e t o demons t r a t e polymorphic forms i n t h i s compound. The x-ray powder d i f f r a c t i o n p a t t e r n of triamcinol o n e hexacetonide6 (Led erle House Standard No. 48550-115) is pr e s e nt e d i n Table 111.
589
TABLE I11 POWDER X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN OF TRIAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE Relative Intensity** d (Ao)*
15.70 13.10 10.80 8.80 7.30 6.65 5.90 5.50 5.15 4.75 4.60 4.34 4.13 3.63 3.44 3.32 3.10 2.63 2.58 2.47 2.37 2.14 2.08
0.06
0.13
0.10
0.03 0.07 0.04
1.00
0.01
0.17 0.15
0.01
0.05
0.05 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.12 0.05
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.02 2 sin 8 , X = 1.539A0
*d = (interplanar distance)
nX
**Based on highest intensity of 1.00 Radiation: Kal, and Ka2 Copper

3.
Synthesis Trlamclnolone acetonide, whose synthesis was described
590
V L A D l M l R ZBINOVSKY AND GFORGF P. CHREKIAN
p r e ~ i o u s l y ~ , ~used as starting material for synthesis of is trlamclnolone hnxacetmide. The synthesis consists of reacting triamcinolcneoacetonide with tert, butylacetyl chloride in pyridine at +4 C and is shown in Figure 4 .
4.
Stability, Degradation
Triamcinolone hexacetonide seems to be quite stable vivo, no enzymatic deacetonization or deesterification was observed and 902 of the compound was excreted unchanged in dogs. Triamcinolone hexacetonide is very stable as a solid. It does not lose its physical appearance and chemical potency when stored at room temperature for more than ten years in an absence of ltght.
It has been reported1' that hydrocortisone and prednisolone when exposed to ultraviolet light or ordinary fluorescent laboratory light in alcoholic solution undergo photolytic degradation of the A-ring, Since triamcinolone hexacetonide has the same A-ring as prednisolone it probably also is labile under these conditions.
L. L. Smith et a 1 reported15 that the 21-acetate group in triamcinolone diacetate is easily split off with subsequent oxidation rearrangement and degradation of one side chain in mildly alkaline solution. Since triamcinolone hexacetonide also has an ester group on 21-carbon, it is probable, that this side chain can be easily hydrolysed by the similar mechanism.
5.
Pharmacodynamic Studies
In a single intravenous dose of the radioactive triamcinolone hexacetonide administered to the dog, the plasma concentrations of total and ether extractable radioactivity exhibited a biphasic disappearance curve with half lives of about 0.6 to 6 hours for the initial and final phases respectively.1 Throughout the 7 hour period in which measurable concentration of radioactivity were present, the ratio of plasma to whole blood concentrations was 1.98, indicating little or no penetration to erythrocytes. In expertments with dogs and cats, 3.ess than 10% of the radioactivity of the oral dose was absorbed and 90% was excreted in feces. No deacetonization or deesterification of triamcinolone hexacetonide was observed and the compound was excreted unchanged. Only small amounts were metabolized into
C14
FIGURE 4.
CH20-
I
C=O
H CH,
I 1
CHI -0-C-C-C-CH3
0 'H ICH, "

- - -
0, /CH3
o/c\
+ HCI
592
three more polar, unidentified products. Intra-articular dose of triamcinolone hexacetonide was released from the site of injection at much slower but steady rate than was the case for triamcinolone acetonide and other related compounds. The half life of radioactivity in this case was about 60 days.
6.
Methods of Analysis
6.1 Elemental Analysis for C30H41F07, Lederle House Standard No. 48550-1152
Element C
% Theory
Found -
H F
67.65 7.76 3.57
67.79 7.60 3.62
6.2 Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis

The UV absorption maximum at 238 nm has been extensively utilized for assay purposes especially when methanol was used for elution of triamcinolone hexacetonide from thin layer chromatographic plates. Triamcinolone hexacetonide has a distinct infrared spectrum, which can be used in qualitative and quantitative analysis.
6.3
Colorimetric Analysis
Blue tetrazolium, the most common reagent used for colorimetric determination of adrenocortical steroids, cannot be applied to triamcinolone hexacetonide, since a-ketol group is not available. Isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INAH) is used instead to produce yellow derivative of the triamcinolone hexacetonide which has absorption maximum at 380 nm.12 The color is due to hydrazone formation from A 1,4 -3 keto group.
6.4 Polarographic Analysis

The polarogram of triamcinolone hexacetonide was obtained by scanning the sample from (-) 0.85 Volts vs. SCE to (-)1.38 Volts vs. SCE using differential pulse mode of operation with full scale range of 3.0V. A single reduction
593
wave appeared at Ep (-1 1.12 V. vs. SCE, when 0.1M tetrabutylammonium chloride, adjusted to pH 3.5 with phosphoric acid as supporting electrolyte was used. The concentration of triamcinolone hexacetonide was 30 ppm and a well defined peak could be obtained down to 3 ppm. Other parameters for the polargram, shown in Figure 5 were: modulation amplitude of 50 mV, scan rate 2 mV sec-l, drop rate 1 sec. -l, and a current sensitivity of 2pA full scale. 6.5 Chromatographic Analysis
6.51
Thin Layer
Separation of triamcinolone hexacetonide from 1,2-dihydro triamcinolone acetonide, 1,2-dihydro triamcinolone hexacetonide and triamcinolone acetonide present as minor components has been accomplished by this method. Silica Gel GF precoated plates (Analtech Inc.) were used with benzene, Skellysolve C, methanol and p-dioxane-water mixture as developing solvent. Development time was approximately 45 minutes. The approximate Rf values (after rechromatography) were 0.50 for triamcinolone hexacetonide, 0.21 for 1,2-dihydro triamcinolone acetonide, 0.60 for 1,2-dihydro triamcinolone hexacetonide and 0.16 for triamcinolone acetonide. Compounds were eluted with methanol and quantitatively determined spectrophotometrically at 238 w. 6.52 Column
The Chromatronix Model 3100 instrument was used for High pressure Liquid Chromatography in quantitative determination of triamcinolone hexacetonide in presence of triamcinolone acetonide. Spherical siliceous packing, was used, employing dichloromethane and isopropanol for the mobile phase. Steroids were eluted and determined at 254 m. Retention time for triamcinolone hexacetonide was 3.5 min.; triamcinolone acetonide can be eluted in 18 min. When the measured peak areas and/or peak heights of standards were plotted, a linear relationship resulted between areas or heights and concentration.
594
Fig. 5. Differential Pulse Polarogram of Triarncinolone Hexacetonide in 0.1M Tetrabutylammonium Chloride buffer, pH 3.5
-1.12
10.0cm
I
-0.80
I I
-1.00
-1.20
-1.40
POTENTIAL (VOLTS vs S.C.E.)
TR IAMCINOLONE HEXACETONIDE
595
REFERENCES
1. 2.
W. Fulmor, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communication.
L. M. Rrancone, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communicat ion.

G . Michel, K. F l o r e y , A n a l y t i c a l P r o f i l e s of Drug Sub-
3.
stance,
A, 380
(1972) Sci.
4.
5.
6.
L. L. Smith and M. Halwer, J. Am. Pharm. ASSOC., Ed., 48 348 (1959). R. J . Mesley, Spectrochimica Acta,
22
889 (1966).
P . Monnikendam, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communica-
tion.
7.
8.
K. F l o r e y , A n a l y t i c a l P r o f i l e s of Drug S u b s t a n c e s , 397 (1972).
1,
S. B e r n s t e i n , R. H. Lenhard, W. S . A l l e n , M. Heller, R. L i t t e l l , S. M. S t o l a r , L. Feldman and R.H. Blank, J . Am. Chem. S O C . , 81, 1689 (1959).
9. 10.
26,
M. Heller, S. S t o l a r and J . B e r n s t e i n , J. Org, Chm., 5044 (1961).

J . A. Morrison, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p r i v a t e communicat ion.
11. A. Michaleides, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communication.

12.
13. E. J. Umberger, Anal. Chem., tion.
27,
768 (1955).
P. P. Ascione, L e d e r l e L a b o r a t o r i e s , p e r s o n a l communica-
14.
W. E. Hamlin, T. Chuleki, R. H. Johnson and J . G . Wagn e r , J. Am. Pharm. ASBOC., 253 (1963) and D. R. Burton and W. C. T a y l o r , J . Am. Chem. S O C . , 244 (1958); J. Chem. SOC., 2500 (1958).
s,
80,
15.
L. L. Smith, M. Marx, J . J . J. Gabardini, T. F o e l l , V. E. O r i g o n i and J. J. Goodman, J. Am. Chem. SOC., 4616 (1960).
82,
ADDENDA AND ERRATA
598
ADDENDA AND ERRATA
Affiliations of Editors and Contributors Volume 5, p. vii Correct affiliation: Z.L. Chang, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois Bendroflumethiazide Volume 5, p. 13 Fig. 6, Correct formula for bendroflumethiazide
(1)
0 0
\\ //
Volume 5, p. 16 Add Section 6.53: Column Chromatographic Aialysis. A column chromatographic method, using a sodium carbonate column and chloroformacetic acid ( 9 8 + 2 ) and U.V. readout has been described by F. R. Fazzari, Journal of the A.O.A.C., - p. 96 (1976). 59, Propoxyphene Hydrochloride Volume 1, p. 316 Add Section 4.7: HPLC Analysis
An HPLC method for tablets and capsules has been described by R. K. Gilpin, J. A. Korpi and C. A. Janicki, J. Chromat., - p. 115 (1975). 107,
CUMULATIVE INDEX
Italic numerals refer to Volume numbers. Acetaminophen, 3, 1 Acetohexamide, 1, 1;2,573 Alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate, 3, 11 1 Amitriptyline Hydrochloride, 3, 127 Amphotericin B, 6, 1 Ampicillin,2, 1;4,517 Bendroflumethiazide, 5, 1; 6,597 Betamethasome Dipropionate, 6 , 4 3 Cefazoli, 4 , 1 Cephalexin, 4 , 2 1 Cephalothin Sodhm, 1, 319 Cephradine, 5 , 2 1 Chloral Hydrate, 2, 85 Chloramplienicol, 4,47, 5 17 Chlordiazepoxide, 1 , 15 Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride, 1, 39; 4,517 Chloroquine Phosphate, 5,61 Chlorprothixene, 2 , 6 3 Clidinium Bromide, 2, 145 Clnnazepam, 6 , 6 1 Clorazepate Dipotassium, 4 , 9 1 Cloxacillin Sodium, 4 , 113 Cyclizine, 6 , 8 3 Cycloserine, I , 53 Cyclothiazide, 1,66 Dapsone, 5 , 87 Dexamethazone, 2, 163; 4 , 5 18 DiatrboicAcid,4, 137;5, 556 Diazepam,1,79;4,517 Digitoxin, 3, 149 Dioctyl Sodium Sulfowccinate, 2, 199 Diperodon, 6,99 Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride, 3, 173 Disulfiram, 4,168 Echothiophate Iodide, 3, 233 Ergotamine Tatrate, 6, 113 Erthromycin Estolate, 1, 101;2,573 Estradiol Valerate, 4 , 192 Ethynodiol Diacetate, 3, 253 Fenoprofen Calcium, 6, 161 Flucytosine, 5 , 115 Fludrocottisone Acetate, 3, 281 Fluorourbcil, 2, 221 Fluphenazine Enanthate, 2,245; 4 , 5 2 3 Fluphenazine Hydrochloride, 2,263; 4,518 Gluthethimide, 5 , 139 Halothane, 1 , 119;2,573 Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate, 4, 209 lodipamide, 3, 333 Isocarboxazid, 2,295 Isoniazide, 6, l b 3 Isoproparnide, 2 , 315 Isosorbide Dinitrate, 4 , 225; 5,556 Kandmycin Sulfate, 6,259 Ketamine, 6,297 Levarterenol Bitartrate, 1 , 4 9 ; 2,573 Levallorphan Tartrate, 2, 339 Levodopa, 5 , 189 Levothyroxine Sodium, 5 , 2 2 5 Meperidine Hydrochloride, 1, 175 Meprobamate, 1,209; 4 , 5 19 Methadone Hydrochloride, 3, 365;4,519 Methaqualone, 4 , 2 4 5 , s 19 Methotrexate, 5 , 283 Methyclothiazide, 5 , 307 Methyprylon, 2, 363 Metronidazole, 5,327 Minocycline, 6,323 Nitrofurantoin, 5,345 Norethindrone, 4,268 Norgestrel, 4 , 294 Nortriptyline Hydrochloride, 1,233; 2,573 Nystatin, 6, 341 Oxazepam, 3,441
599
CUMULATIVE INDEX
Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride, 3,465 Phenelzine Sulfate, 2,383 Phenformin Hydrochloride, 4,319;5,429 Phenoxymethyl Penicillin Potassium, I , 249 Phenylephrine Hydrochloride, 3,483 Piperazine Estrone Sulfate, 5,375 Primidone, 2,409 Procainamide Hydrochloride, 4, 333 Procarbazine Hydrochloride, 5,403 Promethazine Hydrochloride, 5,429 Proparacaine Hydrochloride, 6,423 Propiomazine Hydrochloride, 2,439 Propoxyphene Hydrochloride, I , 301; 4,5 19; 6,598 Propylthiouracil, 6,457 Reserpine, 4,384;5,557 Rifampin, 5,467 Secobarbital sodium, 1,343 Spironolactone, 4,431 Sodium Nitroprusside, 6,487 Sulphamerazine, 6,5 15
Sulfamethoxazole, 2,467; 4,520 Sulfasalazine, 5,515 Sulfisoxazole, 2,487 Testolactone, 5,533 Testosterone Enanthate, 4,452 Theophylline, 4,466 Tolbutamide, 3,5 13;5,557 Triamcinolone, I , 367;2,571;4,520,523 Triamcinolone Acetonide, 1,397 ;2,57 1; 4,520 Triamcinolone Diacetate, 1,423 Triamcinolone Hexacetonide, 6,579 Triclobisonium Chloride, 2,507 Triflupromazine Hydrochloride, 2,523; 4,520;5,557 Trimethaphan Camsylate, 3,545 Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride, 2,55 1 Tropicamide, 3,565 Tybamate, 4,494 Vinblastine Sulfate, I , 443 Vincristine Sulfate, I, 463
A 8 7 C 8 0 9
0
F 1 G Z H 3
1 4 J 5
600

Profiles of Drug Substances Vol 06

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Profiles of Drug Substances Vol 06

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Analytical Profiles

Academic Press New York San Francisco London

Erik H. Jemen k e n T. Kho Arthur F. Michaelis Gerald J. Papariello

Academic Press Rapid Manuscript Reproduction

ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.

York, New York 10003

United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD.

LIBRARY CONGRESS OF CATALOG NUMBER: 70-1 8 7 2 5 9 CARD

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES O F AMERICA

AFFILIATIONS OF EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

J. I. Bodin, Carter-Wallace Inc., Cranbury, New Jersey

L. Chufetz, Warner-Lambert Research Institute, Morris Plains, New Jersey

P J. Cloes, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .

J. P Comer, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana .

AFFILIATIONS OF EDITORS A N D CONTRIBUTORS

A. F Michuelis, Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, East Hanover, New Jersey .

W.C. Suss, Parke, Davis and Company, Detroit, Michigan

B. Z. Senkowski, Hoffmann-LaRoche, lnc., Nutley, New Jersey

F Tishler,CibaGeigy, Summit, New Jersey .

H. Vanderhaeghe, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

C K. Ward, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana .

W. C. Window, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey

V. Zbinovsky, Lederle Laboratories, Pearl River, New York

Irvin M. Asher George Schwartzman and the USASRG *

IRVlN M. ASHER etel.

r e p o r t e d i n Reference (11,16). 1.42 Elemental Composition (a)

C47 H73 NO17 r e q u i r e s :

w i t h n e g a t i v e r e s u l t s f o r h a l o g e n s , s u l f u r , and a c e t y l and methoxyl groups, f o r samples p r e p a r e d by t h e methods of Reference 1. (b)

C46 H73 NO20 r e q u i r e s :

and Reference 1 7 found:

TABLE 1 X-Ray Powder D i f f r a c t i o n Data f o r Amphotericin B ( U n t r e a t e d Sample)

TABLE 2 S o l u b i l i t y of Amphotericin B (MG/ML)

methyl e t h y l k e t o n e isopr. alcohol

benzene c-hexane pet. ether CCl4 t o l uene iso-octane X0.2

0 . 4 mg/ml f o r anhydrous methanol i n R e f e r e n c e 1.

CH30H neutral acidic basic insoluble 0.1 mg/ml 0.1 mg/ml

AMPHOTERICIN B (VIBRATOR GROUND)

20 16 12 SCATTERING ANGLE, 28(DEGREES)

(sh) (792) (804)sh

CH Bend, CH3 Rock

1130 (1173)B (1188)B

CO Asym. S t r e t c h (COC, COH)

COC Asym. S t r e t c h (COC=O)

(1230) s h 1269 (1291) 1322

CH2 Wag, Bend ( s k e l e t a l )

(1385) B (1400)B 1449 1566* 1628sh 1712B* 2859* 2925*

WAVE NUMBER DISPLACEMENT (cm' t

TABLE 4 Resonance Raman S p e c t r a (cm-l)

1159 1202 1298 1562 1608 1635 (1645) sh

In-plane Bend HCC (mixed with' C=C S t r e t c h )

60 M z and 200 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of Amphotericin B in H

The complex substructure can be resolved in the latter.

carbons appear a t 170.6, 177.6 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . A t y p i c a l spectrum of t h e U.S. s t a n d a r d (45) a p p e a r s i n F i g u r e 1 2 .

13C-NMR spectrum of Amphotericin B in DMSO-d6 solution (saturated).

TABLE 5 High Mass Portion of the Spectrum of Amphotericin B-TMSI I/BASE

TABLE 6 Comparison of C h a r a c t e r i s t i c Ions o f Ampho t e r i c i n B-INSi

Not Observed N o t Observed 2.0 0.3 0.9 0.05 1.8

(4) (P) (r) (k)

0.5 1.5 Not Observed 1.2 0.6 0. I 1.3

Same ( p a p e r n o t equilibrated) A c e t o n e : H 2 0 (8:Z)

C o n t r o l l e d p y r o l y s i s f o l l o w e d by g a s chromatography o f t h e r e s u l t i n g f r a g m e n t s ( > 30) g a v e d i s t i n c t " f i n g e r p r i n t s " f o r n y s t a t i n and A m p h o t e r i c i n B ( 5 6 ) .

TABLE 7 Solvent Systems for Thin Layer Chromatography System

TABLE 8 Minimal I n h i b i t o r y C o n c e n t r a t i o n (MIC) of Amphotericin B