To, b.'gla ,0 f .ubl,t;apc*",u,.

~\y

a;1I ,YG,g n,ote Ira ya'Qz418Cg •• ,I,o,n, t,he not,loln 1M ,el,.:I!:1; ied, be,loa:e! o,ne :lncEod'u,c:.. n,otl.o'D cUi s qbliU nt, "1, 1Ua. I:u;t l,'t I. :E,al:lc. 11:1', ,.I,lIltat.. tG .11,.1'1)'0.. t.ha,t; eh.E. au.tbe, •• lrq,M'iot: j:,opZ'Qye that .gb.tane. 'I.,t.. It ,l:a
elor U
ebjlllc't:

vi tb,

of~l\. ~lImll.EIU:.nII,At ~.'ncl" ,In 01 'th,.! .tY~~ , ' I,), iDst a,s c:,oloE' i. tbe IU. K 'o,bjoct ,ot ,al,ght,~ XO'1i \~t,.~ see. t,O :E1e'CIQ"In :1,'z,e tll:1.. ~,n 1'111"'11: Ie t t,e:l" .we:•. y011i .em't I,on, •• , E'!!Jdu!s:t loaZ:'I'uMint basl!:!.1 :alpon, Al:lstot::l. '11 gat.'I'g,r ila•., O'I'UII cam hul,ellda:J::'IDi,tbat ttlill!~e I. sgb.ta,RC'II!, 'but .ueb an ,artm .. nt would, be rat,tllara dll,fenae of: a Ipl: ilnlc1lllle 'tham .. ,deIIORIl,tE. t lo,aQ'i::a, fact" a,n,(! WGul,d, qui :t,e na,tgza,:ll,y be: II s,'cu:t:oiE,cnlggt1 0, d ,Ib.yrdwm ~ 1[1 !;O'Mt 1,_~sw'O'nde.E' whetheEt.b.o,se we E 1 ndsac:b 41 f E..lcQ.l.ty In 9zan,t .lmg t,b,at rUtbll.t •. Rce 1... g.I,'Yflln, 01 .~XPI!IEieRCfI bi.veft '.t eme I~ellr fa i l·.,d to, IllIio,t l.ce :1:10'" t'he I.E 'c'hlldE'l!!!ln ceGa:9·Dl~;'e and. na.. tblDIJs." j 08:& a.1!Ji they bav:e f,o~g;olt.t.Onbe. beg:i.An:lagll, ·o,f the 1,:£ ,own, ,r!UCpeE ie'nc:ne.~ ror Wi na_ttbl:IlJ'. as we t,nov t:be., .a:n,d,t.b.. '-- na_s ,of iSl.Iblitance:1i ,e ani sU:l)st,an,t:t'Ve f:I!,QUAa" areuDlyerclS,allvtb.e 01:' ba:,'et1lu:aed t_e~. rDrY"II£'tothe
Q:f:

--l'"
1 ••

.ft.
~

.i"

ua

:ttJ';.:tLtO,_Dii!LJ,I.w...J>:l ell' IslEen ~

'Well", ",1"6e they have

caE.

revlew,.you .I'ght take a look ,at s:t .~.IlltO&l,., lect., xlll, nn .39 5- 398,.
T~e mot :lon ofl!lU:h:at.amtlal
(Q'.f'

of: '·,11IEoies:!!IiGna,l..

:110,
,I

.1a t;l RIo Anima,

-)1

eblldr,e,lJ,

B;!,'W'a..!

:tequ i t'e:11 a certa .It,ll amalysl:!l and ,ar'9aaemt ,.S:ubstamt

cc:m:8 .ldierc:,duni

on. theothe:r::hamd.,

veEllall.y"

ill

ma'ol, fj,estodi

byway

'of am .m.logY'

ial

f,or."

~ 1~e ~ a

won

a,EquMat.
sub.t.nce

,'Z'oport I Oill), .nd that th.z:,.

'botb. l,ruI,u.ctl v.aD,.

81'. ."ell

deduct.l

va.

IOir_

la8uDPoz::ted

by

Let us turD DOVt,Ot:II..Ega.at, f'OE the ex:l.~lInceof W leb yo,g. ofE'ec.' Itl. conc:lulI,1 YO,,It:IlI,,nk,, q:l.,en the PI: • I..,e.. • ,ro,l::lf so_thin,. ",Ii. in a 8I:1t»jI.Ct.C •• g ..'N!ld In, • , :!I;l1rfi_CI.I, andtha t.,ub :Ii.,et 1s 1ft :1lI..,. til I,n, • :1.8.-, SUiI::li.C.: :ln body' I' .114 so 'lOR,. 'theE. stll'J.. be __fIEllit:IlUib:lect "''"''I. sub'.ct whl c:1Jis DO,t in a PI:10lE subject.. wbl!lceve~th..r:e is an oEdeE o,f de,(JendieRce"thiere .UlSt b •• ft.J:.,:t" and It,h.lnll: thll:1I ,I.,B, IIJenerall" "Eant,lId, b,yal..l '.II'Ee.a~dll!ll _teJ:l.l caus.,:llty 'I wb,lc:~ I,ll, the 8,?rt lmYo:l".d :118£'. I. t'b I.11, 1. l_Iot ohll,ybecau ••• t,r I-I _ . ;:N'=~I_l~tr,_1\1!I 1!DO,_Ilbl. • ..--to. d!U.nr-;. - ...l,t . 1_WJS1AnJahl,,_ ,2b¥1~'II~ mtJM.t ,bln,.depe:Ri UP9ft,. _ :.= .·~';.,_-~:'-_:-;a..:.ii«Lii=t)ut also &:eca.ra :tile •• . 1DiiI' ..~. "e: ,Qitb laca. ng tlO be and. .1.1DcOIJI:t l,iRUlln9to' be" ,),Avunll,te1 fa.:lll.az: _giants" whl.c'.b lI:ee.to be 'caUII'.. 011 beco. I n'l onl-)' ~ 'ThtIJ., thOIl.•, no Ulv•• tl".te CUlinlltlt'uartit. '01 thllll". .11 ·t'bat therelR.ll:t be BIMEl\!COnst I tu:entB , though, tbey'dI..l •• 9E'ee .bout what they ·aro ~,
l

...t

.Q~

c•• ,. •

r-

.·,E..

".n.l,AI. of CI,ne 01 Jour pE•• I:II •. ~ ·t.h. ",.ry' n.Ctt.:1on. • '11:'1.41' 1."1:lee al d.'P.m!,!liliQC:. Oft: .a •• hl.q_,.l.cb til•• ttl.1 ,clolo~ :I'.d •• ,•• ' '18_ qqote tho lnl.l.ta'bleL,o:lII,R,ull:e.:l1: ·~b,e •.:ccl,rlent. I b.v. no neea, of
a!.Bubatanc.th.n. oe f.t!lase OIl: .I,lz:st

a,1: nolt e

'HolveveZ' "t:h.e dertl.81:1l .,f :l!IlIbat.ace that I .. 1••. 11:l.,r; wi tb •. :1.0 ng ttll II 11lie , bu"t :c.. the' -CIiDm.:lll,tpr: In.clpa J..l 0 f til.

a,.

r,

wm lchla

Ils

(leA

Uul.

tlte le .rtbu8:ne,e4 of an. • :!,epb.nt. to I:'eat UpO,D. DEIn.cllie .ust be aiCiClo..adatea. tathie B:£ :In
l

_IE.

I.

Ifbat laB:II, •• rted ,t,h.en" lll:th •.tw.at oz:41Aary £,olt. to haw. eX.lst·8ftCe only In, IIIsUI.bjl,ect, and. wa.t tbe tz:·.d:lt I 00.na._5 ".ccJ.dentll,·,II,I-.I..yexlat, .,md d,o lIIiOt ex.lBtiaanyth.I .•"I AI. 1Q. ,a sgb1esC,~ 'fbw.",sUic,lI,tblmt., a:8 lentrth, co!l.o'£:, beat, .rul the like eI:x.l :lIt , lila t dOl not 'II I.e tl:D X • Bu,Itt:l !il!!ict, ,an4vebavlII! no Ee •• ollJ 'I t tiel" saJ'Jto 811pipolle thatan,.thln9 ex'l.sts e~cept what k:lst,otl.e, calls' the glUe 1[0 obj,ect.8 o.! external aens.·~ All ,the zeal: 18 -.ez:e Rypoth •• :111 and ·.lnd.~II,pl .. nDI.m, .-! 8:0 thaEel :Is a paz:adox b.ez:e: 'what 1.5 Ide:n:I,I!IJell.:s.!Cc.l,den.t,not, Slubll,tanCIC!ii :£.0£ It la, •• ,.,e~t.,a tba.t t beaecha.Ea.cte E I.• t .l'CS •. EII: n.e I.the E: ,IR "_ a :8U1b"InCtnoJ:ol £ a. .'lIb:l II C t .~ I IOE (put im anotbe.:r wa.y)wbat i. den.led 'heze 111 .Dat Ilubistanc'e 8. .1 t ~_ :Ii.S, de f lm!l!hS.ln Ar I.tot". 'l!cat'P9'P5' .l.es, ,e. lorthat .'0.14 bewltl ••• ,»., I
l

.".,a-

-I' -.
_I

IiIlut.butane.

w:nd:l1!IiJ:!lit:04 •• 0
1

• a,ub:llect

.0 f

:lpb.erooce.

H,ow It lSi 'wo,r;th Rot l,D9that. aCiC ldeat 111,motd:enl.ed un.!..,er:s.,lly, vlthEespt!lct . t,o, _11th. eate,o:t i.e. ~ I d,on t ttbln.1!t tha tewen R:u;sl!I.e l.wo'1I1:d _Imt.al,mt:n U •. t :lbaU"OE a,c"t._I,gO,. 10'E ag'¥o.. at" '0.1: tto lng' ilp-WO'e, I.Xlllit [b,ythe .. e 1wes, rat,lIier tham 1n a.suib,,!ect ~. '!'hos. '.m'DI •• I!II •. E·C the .mbaIs t,eRC. 'of Wih.t. had :be,en rega.rdml. ,ilD .,cc I.dlents asuall,Y co·ni loathe_ttl vel: to qUBAC! t.y an.d :l!J!.Q'_ oJf the qua.lltleil!l: e ~,'~ length., y,ol.'l:liMi, pOint, RfU:MeiE', col.o.r~
bea.t: ,B.e

no,1: .ee 1 dt:ba tthe U=:de nla 1 I ill .'eloc:t :l'Ve:;! 'cam"t :Ia:y, fo,E' I d om.'t k. ::l,wllth.. m 1 lte raJt :U.'£. '.' "fIr:E yo :we 11 ~I won.d,. r w:ba t 'tboy WD u.l d .. iii; e .0 £ I< lien qua I.I.t all, t.QI.Il,rag,co, orbraID'Y; are there sub.l.8tent rea.ll.tles 'whl.ch 90 by the.se halHill, CllE: SEe th.e:ce aim!.!, mamea ner,e l'

II

,t:

a.• d.

.ofor:th.~

HII:y-be

80.e

oft.b.e.l!lo:_'WbeEfI:l:ia

.• e

1,."

'~.J

."

---,one sa,y", ,d,lalect,lea,ll)""

ar'9u..otoclcuEt,QI _.,

fel1,otlS

:aat let as d. leeE,or:

'think wha't tbeyth,:lak,and

nO

i"

t,ot:h,eJ.r

the que.'t lon, ,o,f'.mxt'hol,. say' vhat tbe,,. lJ.y~ Wh,.t .l'ght pos,ltl'ORt '!bEe,. ,9_l1el::.1 l:lnesof
R'R,IIE._nd bllt;

!t.4'1'L;al..

nome olth, •• co'ulel H:tE"ulLy p:red ie.ted of .n:ytblnt .1e." eXlcept, ~p.Eh;.,I.,'•• an , ••• nt,1.lpz:e41c.tl.~, • rQ~ exaQle, ORtI: c,oule! •• , that 1:,.,1 is :a CQlloE'" au cololl: 1., • quality, and.a fo:z:t'b, bil,lc ,one ,could! n.•"a,E II·.YuI. aiE ulKal1 "Ryth.l.n,.~ 1.. • ~bg., " bow ,collil1.,di 'ono lintoZ:'I!r;et.llctli,. st.t!II,_lIi't .is IIIlbl,o,odi III Eeld"? O,l.'en,tbJepo.1. .10R, -blo04" cIQuld ..a,nlyn.... • SOl ~~gt LO'D 0IE •• l1tle. ...lj,•• , _!Itt., au, k.(OQ! "" ~ ... ab,a" 1,..., .tc. ~1It _ _ r G,I .. collect. _ _,. OC vl,'C:.".'E •• ". 110:1 on "'''E:Iif,..,:~):~K

If such,

ob:!l,elct.lI, ••

,.co

.vb:et,B,ntl .. r,

'01_".= G'tbe.E -vet 1- e-I .•,. FUll:ttleE,. II ·'blood" n• .ell, f.~V"ff1..."r a ,co'1. l.eet 10:0, :what. t t: .c,oll.ctlom ...... Nt. .1. the Jf .t~"" :pr inc 1pl. o.f 'ani ttl .. Do tb!.lncllvll(1 .. J..tog~h? .zetbeyt lied ""t:o,et:ieif1 . iRoi" c•.n tbe wet. 'e t,blm,1 ~ Bell .1 .•,0,.gD~eil!l,. y,. zedl,nesa an.d.. w:t.nesa bo,th be loa,t.Q tbe •• _ :.,Uib~,e)ll:tl'

c•• ,~

_It..

-(

PUEtblu:aore, pEed ,l,ca. nta,1. ElIlll_tlon.would.u:vetob,e .rle'Ii~ICI.II,da:1I u:nEe.1. ,£01: .1:£ IJ\1cb E:1I1.t,l,onll exist .... f .:tA. ba ' ~1 daubl. and U .. I. lath:lr .C'O an;rth.l,n'l ':6al,-they, cann.o't :b18
tboU:I;I'bt ••

Eel.atedl?

ex.l.sting

by t,he_lIlv.lI.
:0.0

And Da,lvouJ,cI,

be

(2), pbY' h;.1 •

1"01: t llienl!U!I: :n,e ed .. 81,Qbje QC,CUrll, •. Rd, BOI.thl,ngla

"bere "bu.,

woul:d be

ct.:

beco.U,q •
be the

·,c'o.ln.q to be· HOm~liIel".R~"R' .Rel .1.nataDtanoQUs, and all Npa.ss.lft'9i1W11Y" WQuld be lnstant_neoll. ann:ltU.lat Ion. I R.I1:1!UIHll ,1 Ee c,o,n ili/aa tka t. t'h, 1.:11 iii Icon.... qU.fI:llice .Ie o:E h.l e pOII,lt.io.n" biut, 8.S he' would II,.!,I f bel V8:J:e an .... z: .ican, 110 "bat? )1 .1lI'.'tb.eE I' there wo:uld lbe 80 p'Ctln" lotte',COili!.Ce ,I.ved
.S.

Rotb,:I.n,MOgld bAGa- red, tbie:z. ¥(Hdel ObiI' bQin,~exl,tencl. ,and .• then tllll: lIi,xist,llnC8, 0·IE,.4. -=:AlL

R, bee,o.in, C
shlng.
II OMit

b1

or blgoalU ofany.oEt. 1. ol\a.oq :1.9 Vb. II ,ch:a,n:g,.

when: tbere
111:

Illo_t.bililiglJ

t.'ota Il ;t. y new,

IIln"l.:

pE'Oce:1I1I

a mlth:erewou

-~eacb

cle'gze.e o,f. bea:twoulcl. be llo .. thln,'I ld bel Rotb.' mqwtU.cb tI. t,s hot ttl t.

'ie Ehaps, , a.l o:n, with t,hlap'oBlt 1, n 'I'08S 8.IIi'otber I,e Rlal = t 1:\. o den.!_J. 011: .1.1.. aMn,.' eXlceltchange. of plla.CI. ~ Let I.t. be 1l'0; biU,t th.en, '~.t chang,e. pl,.ce? :10,4' Hot? I-Wflct? 'Gl"'80 all theattr U~lutlea wleb ,are "theE.", l.t seema that one .'11,1;:
al1.0'W tbat
Gccu:1t X i ,01)

an~"

sl.u 1cane·o0.111y ~ I;"

.' .• ,,~

··fta· own
would

iib

a neaE 11' lnf Inl te. _I. tlta.dlJ. ·Qf chaniIJe.!l1 E ytb.l.,ng W J. ch: (lIEdl10 •. 1: . tb,o ugh, t ~4~"" -_. - -' - - n',e~

.1:'.

n.ot,

which be foret.he
!( J)

prOp'ISI:.ot:L on ~ Eeally be ,alny l.s ,DOW beEewou:ld mot. H:ttle

·ch.an.,.

0·1;.

place'·.

aaIM

:Eed) ••

Pr Oil. .i.nclerna,l. ,expel': leru:e . It 15 e x.per I ,e: ice t halt: 0 nlil: 8 uff'l: 1:1 b.a:.I.t." n
Blo'tbwba.t

i..ll

Its ani

evld.fI,nt from ,one IllS O!WiJl 1M In, anger , a Old t:he 11Ie. e. wh,ait 1. d1f feZ:l!m't in t.h.ese exampl.e!!:

"

s.pomtan.eol1I11y .'1l.d,.'Dt otl,'e,ct

bears out, the ,eneralpE.lnclple

bat. 1. pezc'elv • .s d..lrectl..y ••• n af!,.ctl.,on,. ROW of G,n••• ll, 11'011of ano,thor ,vi tboLit infere,ru:.. I,ut ala I. .,el'ce.l.vllld d lr'ectly onlr 1n oDII •• ,l:i!, and. ..bel'G'n, lin" to, Q,n••• l:E, nll,alt. 1. . ,e:z:ceI.v.Slnotbera on,l:rthr:oQgb.,I"n." and :IQ.'c' llkewl.,e .. In a 1.'I, the. e cases, the SYU,l;sl;.g It be .al'f-f.ctl OD I" " • • "ldieRt ~tou. aL~J'!.L..i-f.'c:tlon __,e l Ontb. tlypotbeslll1
,of unc!ie:ratand1Rg"~,

that IUI.bata.nce

1..

tnattti.

IIO'JII,ntaEyan4 IDdepend:ent, Ee.l1. tie.·, What ,clou.:ld. II1IDIMa,1I w.a he saye, "I'. th,I.EI!I,ty"?I It'h,l. stat.'.lut lahot the stacie_at of • fa:ct, I ,do RotlCnov'Vbat, could 'be.
.CIEf::

Ob;J.ict

of expez:lenc...lq,ly

I,

.-

'•• cl.,u.t:oJ:

of

As re,aE,ds.,u:b.tantl,al Eo.::., ~OW¥.E, thf!l IliE E leu,1, b!U!I a,z:e t J:a.tl Q'Dill.~ ~he ea:z:::1.y (keek n.tur.l1.a,t;B, dle! not, deny that theE'e are lIu.c h IOE"_i It - d14 Tlfo,t occu:cto tho. that thill!lE•• 1.''1111: bellllctl pz::inc 1pl.II.~ t'biUlS, althDQgb. one ,Rn 1:egar;,clth.!lz .oJ p,o.1. t .iQns aB, lllPlle:l t ,den,I•.I. 0,1 ,.ubatant:1,ai.loru,tbe Riot i.Goof
l

such for_ does' not ..I:tile 1n thelr con.:ldeEat:lons, even... !M)_thJ.n9 ,t.o :be I'eiut,lll!l,d!. !,.hls 1.:15.. prONblo al'iD that -the n!ot,l.om of subat.at .I.aJ...--.,fQZM..J Loot "DQqt A.CUI-.l~ ... v.&".. :t, bllt nee cia to be .• E,ea51ffii(l to lin SO.. VII,r,. "chepa as • c: one 1,UII,1o iii to wh,Leh omels falt ce4 by t~e ,.vlde.nce ~ But ODce :1ttl.abe.R pz:,o'po d by. lateE ••

p,t!, 11Q.QP:ne~CAl:: i.totl. ).. an , •• entlal p.E: J.tu::1 pl.'iII!I • ,en'eEabl.e' and ,coz:ruptlble bfJ:ln',s., thie :l,s,.u.a Wb..l.c:b such a. prop'o •• l. ral.z:uul, C.2U'U101t be i9nor,.,d ~

0'.

YOU: Riot'. lift ,yo'qrlottertbat .. do not.,eo I.or otber:vlae :I,e ft.e) II,uos:ta.nt 1.1.E, EM • lib IB' i.8 qu.ltet z: 0.. IE cas tz I.cted to the sena :(bl'l1 1:11 D, end If ,oin..1IPP(I!iI!I,e.,cbat Botb.l,ag bu.ttbe •• nll :lble ..~ _.,UL Kcan bo the old.c:t of l-edl.at,e. (1 ,~,e aIlEe.illon.d) kn,owle,dqe. ~ '" 1. But: t.h..ls gnlve£s·a:l n.'gatl.Q,a.dol.a: .waywltb thelnl.owl.edge ·of maRY

thi In,,,.

ru i,e outal.l. lIu.cb Il:tate_:nts qll.e ••t io.na,l)le hypotbese..

{....

br:ather·,

otb.el: than aUbstant i.l

-I see tu.tt,bl,8
:£.:11 ..-

18, bl"ger

f,g,E'.: -I:.e.

t,

eI

ra therthaa

tI;,ea:r d! be 'i'or e ~ .. Wh.a,t" .tun, d.o •• the tz:.a:ltl,on aCI;: 14ona.lIl?kCloE:c11.ag tOI Bt.~ I',h,o_s· z

foE' tlxaraple:, and l_"c!Ulltelyr,ecogn.:l.ZII

;b, .tep~b'Y"'step

~tRot __. _. _ . __ _ -:_u.a1• a _n ffel! t: exa."J.e:we Eec~o9n..lze.oaeth.1 ngs.en Myl psa b,t'IR liI,erc:;:.elYI'CI .1D.:tb.a., ~, :.,p·ontane'Qu.ly
In:!.z:encl.;1

ale, e ltheE -.sEe .InveRt i,Olll or u,st '1iJ':£'.ntttlat :. - .• .~. -the ,lntl.Enal

tbant.bat"' ~ J: f \ffI.aro

a .. n'·, -,

see

n.,o,t to

118,,:

.t ..

~.,aE.

ao.. ch.:l.R9 I :bave .

-

pieci.

Q:f;

IlUDl.C~

.... n by "'the e.n.al,llle .BE.

• .~ ~~ad. noc,tI'od.al.i.qUlidi. lilt :seRS Ibile p.l!Z'aceldefts,. pI; lao l'~qu 1r ltu~ qu,Qd ...t~cU,,~t.:.._~I.Q"-.DlL.' al't.. .,••• tb lie,,: .: t.eu.t ace,lel ,1 albo ,e8me.ho.l.ne. t ~. .~ ~ !$fLullb IIR! U.U:ur '!IwoorJil. t . ~.~.;,/ ~~r e.b~: . DIn]. a. a t!U\~» n.tll.: :11 till ~. aee ide 1:8~ se n:l!Ilb 11 J. qu'od ~ ,.., i.~;· "F !lilt.~.e t IJ ~n E~~n~ e,. ,Don d I,cere tllr: _De:1:'.,CC id.:~ •..• ent 1r 1.•
I

r,~ l_'
I:~~~

..pot.elJt_la-...co~gRo·ca.tlvasentl;mUII

O'OEt~t

19·U:UiC 'quo<l -c-,r _-

'

I'.

'c.tu.E'

1nte l.l.eettl appr:ehenll pot •• t 1~ .~~.~ "l'"n81bl.1lp!ote!lt d tel senslb.ll.per ace Idens."sel st.£l. qUilad. .4 'O'C'CUESlUI reI. selll.:sat.a,o ap'p.I!,,:h.e.ndlt,ur Il!tellectlJl S.lcu,t statl. CUll. vl,deo
+

~~.~no,

•.b all.l'c.ua ·.lla_

.ft· OM"· qUQ'!!

,.

,'\"'f'.Or"J\. ...
~!i:,.

. ""<

\
l,J!...

al1q;ulIl. loquent •• " vel _'IeEe S'fjlpsu.,.ppr,.:b.lu!o p.·r .... '. , _:~. te .1,],,111 ct.u. i ft e:llms , unle 1'9•• 0,. ,di.e. J:equ,od v I..de0 e u:. ~~.~.. vlv8Eo.· I( In U Rtl. 101 .. , J.ect~. xiii, R.n.~ 395-396.~

,~ '-~~ \

tOv.~

".it..

:powe.1:of know.lJil,,--l.nthla -the Ilnde:rstand.lmg-:aRd. th.us :.oMlthln, t.o :b. eluC!.I,a.t.d, defend.II,1 by az"u.en;t" 'tnllt nott,o, b. '8:1,t,.b:t.:l.,h.d].tbereby:2' <JZ'asped, at
What.fo

So,"':

once

_.p.at

by an lat.Ene!

I. .ubll,t •.ntl.&:l

:1.01:'.

ofte ,of such objects"

(n::.

·ca•• ,.

1ILGlIB illQs

tI:.gq•• 't .1.0 .~ n

It aee_that at l•••t 80_ substantial for. are senslble bat inat •.xpll.'clt1..:r a...bll.tant.I,.lL I,or_, but r:ath •.E a.sl ouina ie. 1,1tnst pl •.• , - _,ndJpe.zhap..l.o ..,ybt •. tl .• '0:1 cez·t.ln g ' c'ha.r:a.ct:er; latl.c: IEOPfl:~t.l.e,." p.OI_ats,. 01: aet I vi t l.al'enlad wi. tlll,l n na.t.·uz:a.l thl.nglli.~
get aeG'IUDI.,

1,.ttet'~...
tba.ttbe a,elna lttl.

n. tho.
tn

enColiRte .

.a1. asg 'doDI, and I.:I! 80, 1., l,t, all'.pE,.hend•.1 81Iont.neo'tlis1.y sgb!l,t,IIS;l.al .b:m. Qf tb.t. .body? 'be IIOII:t ll:.. kelyacc:ount , [ Inti:,'I,s tb 181: t.be_.ouL 1. +_ _ '_;_Eebendedl at G'.DCI!,Wh.:I1I .. one

Ta,te the .o,.t.:ECEWIlI:,dI ... .pl._ ·--"bleh :rou _Ation In your the :.g,1" ,ani Inpact.lClIl,ar;, th. ,u.Upnot 1IIlll. Gra.t •.Qul lath..ub.tant 1 '1. far•. o:l:t:ba Ii. v:l.nq body, :1. It. .•.
___

_bu.t __sthe i,n,tElil1'll~.lc " • 7_,o •. 5,._ Rg'-e It [Hal'!l!Iic .,c itln.t 1.1 ce.Eta. eat.; boa en 1. ,qu.lllbet: expez: Itul: lAse lP,II''', 1.uod sci l.lc,et babDa.t an1 .... , ,et quod. 4.1..",1.."11.:1 I.e'.t. " ,Ila! .Da --An lu, lect ~ i, n ~6) "Soul" tU!i£1I ,cI,o, not .. an.l!lau.b.taat:lal •• fen::." .oE' 8:":1:0 "':I!..lJ::at actu.al.lty ,etc.," tn~i't E':atbar '''flElit plri.mclple g·f l.lfll Wl.t.bl.iR. tl:118 Ilvl.m,·~, OlYieatbl.8i lIode:r::s.ta:n.liIl,n", 1:'11" U:I1 '~U1Y) deny t.llat thez:e 1. a.ou.!, tb.oQqh t.he.,_y :rej'l:ct tbe llI,aae .• '!'baa.# erYlln _Iu:b .. n. .l.• t 1.cpt. II. as op1\e I'll, tmG' .. 1.1'1 R 'th. t the!. ta.1. .l."',1.it"31 J eU f:fers f.ro.the Ron~l:1v.l:n, oo.lly 1m '·.,ab.e'. anC! C!agr •• of. ,c1oaplox.1. t.y'"(a.1I 'one oJ!! tb..ttaa plut .1 t.), ax:eno,t ..In :I.act d.•nyl ng t_h.a.t:t:J'Ht~e . I!I. . _ _ :kl,. 'le ,o.f 11:1e wi thin E6"e.11v.l.. thlng,; nq t~ey ,.E8 •• I.IQ'.1y aICl a,ru:.lmt .• .-1' 'own~v.l,ew 0 Ii .nat .t;,tr8' t.lita.t pr Incip'leis ,. 'rhllly .r.l..o the g;enera.l t:z::aditi"olD o..! BIIp.docle.s an,d hl:l. scbo,ol, wbio,_ ..lncaln.ed. tttat the scu,l .is a MI.MD.:I:~ B:.,.eclCl,clee, z:eallzedthat Dot just :abY IEO.DEtl.'on lntbe ,c,on;st ...tge:nts of l i.v1ng th.ln·9:swou.ld. zoe.8t1.1 t in 1.1. fa ,b_t: l 'Qnly :1,0_ - -tno,s.e .lnwh.lch. t.h.e c,on,se ltueats SOi.• Dow f:l t tQ·ge·th.ez: or cou.l.'d· a,ec to'ge t beE. " -

.-a

,-;..

--

--

balt

,.'or

s,p,omtanoOllS

and ttndenlable, t.,osee a18,Q,tl1tat it 's,. substan.tia 1. feu::.. Is sOI._.t..hl.mgllO.re, a:nd.oEe 4i if legIt ,and! ael." to :r:.qJu lEe a :tla1..,8 is ,a.:ndaZ:9U" nt., e:splllc:Ii.,ally .1:1omel.t,C) "na: .11 It dI.otm ~.'
T'.h is: borne ,out .by .:Iz isto,tle "s pr,oc:edUEtIIn Boot. One of t..l. i. .An 1M. H:e t.atesa.:II b.lago' lot .Q:Ldurl!f'tgmthat there Is a fir: lit

But

:tft a apPEel:uuuJt

h.1I :zu:ull.i! II!

..

prz:lnc::: 1pie. 0:1 11 f e Is

as.

pr in,clpl,e

cQiRllld,erll _ RuueE 'Q it Q,P inl ons t a.ll '01:_II t o:lwtll,l ell. hra.u .•t.z:eqi. Ed .15 r: e•• on:.,bl,. ,biu t none 0 f whlcn.ul.nta ...o that ·the BOU.!. Is, the 8u'batantl.el.. l :1:.0,1' •. 'of t:l1IifJI ll . .,ln'9 thing!. T'.hJ.e '011),10101110.£ tbe lJ.to.l.stli 'CfO'E eXaJl1I!Pl,a) -~tbat the .,ouI.
Wjhe.t, U: l!!!l,. 1st'oaM" IIIK'1,o,thl.tOI&8 _.no Ilug:gest 1om.t,ha t It Is ill, no,.t E',. ~,ect.d

of life

l,n th.:ta enqu 1r:r,.

withiB. tbe

11.vl.ng,Bnd

he

puz;sDeB.

an lnqu.ll::Y IIb,Qut)(

8el.f~evb.1eAt:1.y

£.1.8e.

otllcof

h.aad!, alldthe::r:. 8'0,. even. .IL the f

1:3

BOlli 1.11 .pont.neoulIlr.:pprebended, it l:a, substantial fOI:. of the :1.1.1119 body.

IiI:O,.t

.",preben.ded.'11

the

__",I

8ubst.a:ntll1,1., .n.dt_it a,ll_t,er 1.1 s'u.bsta.ncea aEe c,o.,os 1t,e. of -fo.l:. ani _tt.,El'!iR two 'Rye" It :.' • ,. tOI _" both 01 Which .E• • .fG~nd both,ln i.l,.to ,aNI 1ft Allat.otl,e" th,otlgb one ,1.IlO'Ee

Hov tben. dio 'we co_

tlO

tbe ,concl'u.1.on tttat.a.EOI'_aEe

cbaracter lat Ie ,0:1 t'he I,Qir .. E, ,aft'll,the other 01. the l.t't.~ .. :Wefind 'that th.er:e ar..ay sllbBuncillsw:lcb.z:'. tho .... In. II; ind." tbouCjh they are 41Ef'.'E'entIRd 1vidual., andtbat .,tlJb.,nnceBC,Qae, be aR4 pa:s. .,vay ~ Both 0'£ t:be a II: i.clt. of' e:xpeJ: lenco (,tEa,Rte4that,

to

substant la1 ~,

t,ney ba sUJch.' :lea4 to, t~1II!I cObclusloR

thlat,.o_

10:1_ aE'.

~b:l. .I.s t,o . \[,"\Eo'C'09R,l Z8 a, _ if :leren't d:l aoct 'o:e l,ntz-in.l,e .'p~ In!Clpla-=-J!I;t;,_.~t .... ~;(. . ~~_~.rHf~ _1_8~~d~_!.E_r b~t"~~t: _~ke~::-~ c--w.~.it 11I,.",a. an!WtI!t'II_to ~~. ,ues""'ti.on -what; l,1Sl,t:'1,r-lf 'one ba,. a180 aeen t.b,.,ttlte co..,n, naae!l ol exl.at,laglndfi,:ldQa::ls (suchl 8. 'I_n'l', 'tEe,. '.' I.,.cCb· II..• lg.o:1 , II"

'11'II,I.lolioptllJr8 ¥Ii Ee £:D,RCOa:Red, 'with, CU.5cover:ln, tile 0'018:In the _ny, but Do,t 1I:h.el on. _,tectal ,/J,whlc:h UJnderl :l.sthe ,te'qaE,.:yfoz.. C,.. ".r,. tbe •• 'Ely . _ .' ,~ naf:,ural.lete,) ,bot ratbeztbe one .. log OK' .HGI'I,W1CI'I_~~1 the _.~i#~k~"'j ... ,. c. part:.-lCei.~'laE •.' ...eta.a. e, .•.-.nd.:. f:£,·O., 'wtl -: ' .. ..• ~,-.lcbtbe.,Y.,.ZClC._.I¥ .•.... t,.h•...• ..-.:o~..: .... :n. --, lr._.,e ~~. '.. ~. ~ lnansvee to t,h. qll.,.I:,108, '·'¥batl., l,t?'" A ,ood and] ••• 1,1.1£ .• ,\-.. ~t:
1:.

exatlple

lslound.

1111 tlDDa, , • pec:l.lly'2a-7'3c. •

~,~.......

~,f\,\"\'U'"

''E.._

1liba.:t.tbey are" and not :lI'Ullt 110.. con41.t IOh or .~raft'ie_:nt,m.l.ch the"'u:ndcr'"1o '.' ome ba. selent.bat so_for., .EO subs,tant lal .~.~ .e ,~ 1 .6':11' c,ons t 1 tate tke Vie Ell' Slu'bstamce: 'oE C.• llth.l 1i1191!1he., be I.O'R'I t CI'. if'h II, ~. t them., I. 0'118, liRIl" ofco.lagt,otbezeI;.l iz.'tl.on oEliub.t.n:t 1,8110z •• , '!'be ot:h.eE va.yo'E ,co.lng to (I.ethatt.her,e .zoe lIu.bstan.t forma .i. tbE OU9h. c,onsl.,er.t i OR of .u:bata.tl .•lchil[ll1g •.~I f
subl,tanc:eadollnd,eed
.la.l.

-tmeset.:wo, a,lIIIteeecie:nts be ·,:z::.nt.ed', an . 'Cfea~--, :t:hl nkt.ba.t,the pll.l, 011:Opb.~EII' WQi",l,!! d .I.s,agre, •. ~ 1 anteeede:nt;,s ,a,ce not alvaya 'lio!ul.t1ed ,and, w,en

,co_ t.o b. and paas a:way, and I,E bec,o.J.lil.g yn1.Y_'cllllIZ z:ep:l,z:e.. c'oqosU:eo:f._t.tll:r .ndfo,r., tlilenso.e for • .u;stH8ubatan.tl.a.l ~ Por. 8,Iil.b.tnc .~e _' _ _ .. - . ' D ~-. a _.t. be Ion.g).t,c» ~ ,Ana 1f
MOIWeWtlE"

(I -

,8' :Co,CMI, I do, irUlt. al".gr:ant,edl

so_way,

they aJ:'" Be:1.do. clearly

understood.

ther

tbeBe

.1.0

rEO'. tbe be'•. lnnl:n9,' or:: 1'I·•• ·I:'1.Y80, pbii.l,Q,Bo'plilel's b,aveEo,undi. 'th,ellSe 1v,es ail I .. •. l .. ift9 tba,t Dubst,amc,!I. ,do m.otco'JIe. to tie 01:' p.•.•.• nt, n1 away. Ttl. .al: l1e&:ph llollopberscl.ld Rot .say tl!lJ 1., looppoe' t 1.o,n t,c otilerph.llosopberll wh'Gs.e vlevstbeythou.gbt .l:a,tak,en., or to cO'Er.,et the .1:sa.(I¥e.tuED8 of u.p!sta,E tsoiphl,lI,ts ~."~e!, 're:•. 1, l.zedltha t what they a.i.d w:a8.AA1a49x,-~coRtra.l:yto Wb.e CQI.-om, ,.ulIdi.etl!l ta.initll 'nada lwaya .c'ce Ipte:d a.s l-.e di I..to 1., and. "Rde n 1a.b 1 yabV' 1 Ortis: that. not only a 1<1 !I'ub.t,i&.I}Ce,B become d if.fel:e.mt. In, th 1B way a.nd:tha,'t, ~bu.t • 18,Q, ea..t:,o be .mI passed. a.va.)"., But I..ntbe 1.1:' a t te~'t to u.nd,eJ::stand,tbe:9 1VOBB 0,1: expel' i.ace ,t,b.e:y ''"U::'iI!I: dlr I."lien tQ MQ:dII.fythel!lJfI gi iv',en!l. .tn 'Qcdert,o a,ccio~at,e wiRatt,hey

ft,

·I
IlIIed,oel.:., .'..,nt to this l••me=
ttl. nat,gz:'.ll.st,. t apeat,s 'Mlst exp:l, Ie 1.t,l.y

.'

TheE. I. nD ocl,,:ln.t Ion '1IlD 11,1 ,0:1. - .. yttl.ln, that .ill .,z:'t.l" nOE yet -a,nr '.Rd, in Nn.eUil d.a,th,but G'n!.y .UctgE..nl .... r.tiaD 01 what, I. .1xedllbUlt __III c.ll _ " this 'Oli IM,t!eD' (aba-l....., .la.tWIMIR I'bi):I. .1..,led wi, ttl .IE l.nhUMnlor •. , OElDI01:.111I:,. ·t:. E.C. ol.w.l.l.!iI beast. OJ:' 01 11,.at. err (I Ebh:c1., ttl.. _n •• " that til••,.

I.,

:tll1n'~II; veco_ .. h•. I.mt,o' be I,,,, .mlWbentheJ .Ee,.epE.te~, tbey call. til... evil. :I:.t. ~ 1'1:11.I.. ..t;.bll.t. ••

pE.e.t,l.ee., .ad ! 1QB1I,1.f _1:.0 0.11 It, .0 the ca. to •• "I:"..

bill: re.sona;

.'h.

:In,_ceaiEd.nce vI. th
'f

Mdi he.llu)

va.~l,etyalld UlOI.. Ui .• n.••• " eveft when co..,.lned Q I nd 115 cr J.• .lna te ·.ge n t.:s laa- nd. .atE 1e!C!,.~ 'Thetlu,l.;r •• z:'tb z:ece,lved of 'gle! • I,n, It'eatI. 'Itfilt.Z:]1 •
im, Its
'Otut

e l.e.anta,z:y _tel'

'0

b.e :IUIEe, a.pe.do;cl,.s

I.a1..Ee,

A,o,t

,dio..Z:8c'D,v •. ·lse. I,.. l.l.c.t.tly that t:b,!I!I: IItlf:EI.e'i,ent to,ex"I.I,A ·thln't:a, ift th.el E

with

tb,D ••

bED.iII :I.lII1M,I..tWO
'0,:1

H:epb.eat.UJ!I,If 1:1:.1, and! there.roise ·.. It!8 bORes :II tte4 . le l:,'o'9 tbeE: I:)ythe d 1y l,n. 9:1til I n.q' 0 E h. E'ltOny • lin na,t~ .', ,

tke

,8 :l,ht,.

paz,t!l
,01 f

,ARdlE.,DU,E

d!!!:1: 1m1t·e and ac't~.L Ratu:c:e of Its QWft, hie e•.mn,ot. '':0_ t,o a ,ccl.n:Cllpt.. an IO! .u.bi.tan;tl.1. .:loz::.~ Ari.totl •., o~n the otbeE band, l ;'t!J f'll.e!l.tJt_~bando._D t.he_,.1. "en,s 0<1 fI.X ,er ll1nc:e .ta. o.rd,er to, -acc:o·iiiriiiXlatean. ,exp;l.ana ,olii.'--:.n It:bU;l!f lB .. _:. t.11) coftcludetmB.t ·'tbe: !iJI.nd:e:c: nq: natural.. ly'1 k.narwableb!J anal.oqy:;: foE' a.. the 'bEon.ze h. to, ·th'l! .11a tu.e, 't: tile V'OQcSto the bed,. GEttle .att,e, a.ndt.he fOE.l.OII.
c

z -nc, " 'e ---:'leh -.lor lat,at!". ,en,er.:llzlI:.:unde·Ethe fI~" '-(o,r.'·' ('ao.rAho. O~ IJelOIJ .~But. ._4ocles do.. ru:d: ll:at. ttl 1., •• .n9 11.1.8, pr 1rlc:lpl.•• , :pcobably' bee.u..lt i8 not 8 pc lnc~J.ple '01 substance, and beca.Uise th.e llanlEea:t, ''''0 p. 05111"":;" 10facc:.ldental fOE'. tIIpo,. thel r :su,b:h!lct. .pE'ev.nt8; hi. :I:E'.,. ..elm'91 ttl:••.• ,B pr .Incl.p 1.e.a.~ r\n::tbCI:" S.pedo,cl •• , in co..,. w'l,tbth. o,the:r: ••. E'l.y nat.tlil:a,ll.t., di.Q'iDlI a,Qt 'try t !of 1:Est: .I·den t.:l:ly t h. IID'E'l. UDsl. 'of lIiE:lRelp.l.e. vb:1 ell : nattu: a 1. 'be,eQ,.,ln:CJ ,and chah,. I"aqu 1~el, btlt .... 1c: II: at oru:ef,Q· r: ~O,.e":.hin,~~~l~~exp'l.I·""1!.,!L.It1Jrn" ~ ,Bl:nclI, ~!1!J:',e lOre,. h. d·Q.:5 not ca,ace! iv,ettlH an IIl1d1!Itll"llntJ natuE,e , .I.• e • piC'llllilZ:Y _ttez::1 .J.gblt .be ,an.yth:.l." otbeE than, .. lIubBt.nclI. b.v in,,, a

eO'IIP,ollnlila

UnC:hu: till..

na..t

h:•• aony"" '_.docles _ 1_' _

:z:: e'ca.tm ze II. I.

'

~1'E~ln,crlle

tbat

~~a

be.foE'e.~.ce 1vl:n.q: 1:.0:£'. to .o_tb Im9 wbJ.,ch, 'ha,s 10'E., .,a, ls the Ulndc:rlyl,Bg: natulra t'G' sO:bll,tance and tbe '"thl' •• o:. tb.ln,''' .ad thll . Ibe.i09." (PID. I, l'la"~12) !'he nece••• rrc,orrelatlve of this 'co:nclua:lon 1,s that sa_flOC.. --tbe:loz:_ wich .,cethe 'DrM o.f 8ubs'c.nt 1.1. b.c,o.lng-... ac.latEl.n.lc ea.... andi CCI,ut 1,g.nC. 'Qf t

~uba tane."

I. ~.... .,aNt.n,t 1,61 loe ...

I,ou _y well E._ric 1I0Ee that t:be IOil:,.,0.l.,1\91. 41.010..tl"l ~-,tak :lng thJe DOl. ilt:10R of an. ,.a.v,eE.II,.EY •• lie pl:•• e:n:t.lt" and, showl ftg tba.t tlle't:8 liB, DO needt,g, ,flEav the c,onclu.lona 1\. doe. fEO. wnat. .11.. ._a _c,o.,.n(!iBd. ed... h 1.'IC.t.s. 0.1 ,.xpe-. :l,en.c.e.. .... .r -.. !h._.•t, .la. ' .•. ..c'count of substantial ,chang,. t. pOi lb.l.e,ln.ccol:d •• wlth co..on,

ex.perience,
acccnlo·t

"d.epaE:tu;reE~o. ollr..sQ~n..~~tandJ.l:("CJ-aUbU .•..... ta,-tii f\e'l'p:t,aH.f~tn. conE I.E_tioR:», 'Ii I. that sul)!I;t ,d:olal •• a ..'\ 66_ eo. be •.nd, pas. a_y, Wh.t ,ot'b.eE .aCCloUiRtU:S ever beeD. 9'lven' - - than tlUs: tbat the undOE:lylng natilll.E:'fJIn .Deb becCli.ln.CjIl has 110 ae:tua 1 Rlltuz'eofl ta own, an,4 - ill onl,Y pot,.ntl.lthez:et;:o, and that the fO:EIU 'whl,cbi 1t -ceci.l veil caus,. I.t :bo,t,bto be.n4 to, be wha,e it (

.Rdi invol vlRgIIO tnteEn.! contz:'adlctl o.n., And alu:ha.n ls, !IIiI:I.t II0bab1.; Uta:lllUcb •• ' It d.O =DQ,t~r.'II.h:. ~~, ••

V'.,"

__

,
l

.hl,'? 1:n 811., one: ~y ".ay' _,.inet tllepG.,it~en ,of __ BllpdoCl~ls~,~~_ b Is, ".nl" ,(UI1,wl. tt i.nq') lIO:deZ'11 l'O.l,.1.0wtl:ES, ttN:t tile IrpoB.lt 1,'1'n (1:0,1111. R'O tilE 1..1 E' o. .:n"" ,or: lglna,1 d.Qu:bt C fr 0•. - expI clenctl Gcl.ni:tI:r. Ree;s : (I, 1.E'1!IC t :lY tllle,re If ~ 0111 I' but fe'D.thie :1 1.1t1.t'eo I the .1 att,e.it.te, •. z; explalm Wha,t. they C,and ve J e~peE!'ence -~. 1.'11,'1£'0 ulob -ball· led

the." no·tt!o aorrecttb.lc ,exll,.nat 1.0,&11; ,bqtt.a, Eevl.,ethegl 'left. of eXpelz:lence and pur',II. those - eich az:e not con.foz:_bleto the Ie 1nd!l '0:£ expl,.nat.:I"oft tber a.1l1oW'. ~
1f·I!:YlIEth.le,II.;s, even. .l:i J. t be graat,.d that the pb:llollopbie:Z:s w,o ,d'cmy :!!IUitiS ta.at,lalL ChaR.g. ~avo aC:CiQi.-04,.teu:l the, al!lpe!\.ra.Dce:1I to the.l r tbeor I.es, z:atherthan z:.v:l.I.n, the :l:z::'ttaeoz:le.to fit the

j \

appea.I:'ances, ,one_,. at ,1.1.1. ask: ihlowE IE. a:r:8 ,our sup'pOlJllt 10'.8: ne.Ee.? .Al::e ve:J_tl.f.led 1n tatln9 tbef,lgt of 8wbat.ntlalcbange as an l~v,abl.start In.,, po tnt :lox: ouz::z:ealloml.n"s? Coald we be .. Ie: 1n:gthll .,lllt •• _ a,f:. 80M G'£ theoldllJ:' a8tz:on,QIM.EII, who ••• UM:d th..ttbe sun'l is .z:evol.'u.t).I:'a, atiou,t tile ea.z:t,IJ: wall an, o,bv1olUI and h
'tIF!I:di 11ft

:lablefact

l'

Let us begl.R. by gat.lile:r:ln9togethflJ: 'What,vellav'e dl.,per!!ledi above ~ ".' had :sa!"d -that • IB,.,eond way' oise'aln" t.at 80;..1:0.1:_ MUllt be sub.tant1.al"" i. t.brcn.lg:h. a canala,er·a:tl,Qo of substantial cha.rlle~ Her,., It a,ee_to .. ,. thece are two cEucl.1 p,~e.ll!l,fI:lJ: If 1) t:hatt.hl.nqll, caRnot co_ta,be tJin.1e.1I they aEe ,co(lIPos.1 te.s of .atterand. IDE., and. € 2) that SuDsta.mce,1! o.. to be•• iildpiliSs away .• c The fOZ'IIeJ:: 'Q:£ tile., •. pire,_,h"e., t •• ,1I1,IiI'D. :l.f eveE contr •.di.lcted d 1Ee,etly. Mot:bcu; way ,oiEs,tatJ.n:g:lt l.i.. th.is: if a. 8ulb.tallic,e ,does CQi_,tO, be ·and pa.s away, t:h:eE8:auat b. an iRt:!: Un. Ie pr :lAC hill,. :which ,c'otlpa'ce:s to it as tbe ,"t.d. ~4oe:stothelmal,c'IAn (to take tbe exalapl. fro. J, Ch.. I'nother word,., gl.ven .sub.,t .• ,ntial ,enan'9,e". we .U8t gen.CI['.allz:eouE notion of ~~ Po,r jlillS t • Ii our !••Ill. ~ ex_.,!.. II ,of: 8111.• I)•.a and: qua 1 J. t I •• ~ 1.nlll QI f a 1:' •• -they ,aEe 1Jl., aluJibjeet.,. cau..eltt.ol B .In.SQ'IIII way and" to be wat l.t 'was RO!t;: bef,o:z::,e, leU:!1 .lso au.s·t tbe.re be a.n .In.tz:J.nsic lud,ncl.p,le w,n.l en 'CAuse., • ·t.b 1 11" to be ,_llllilR'U, ,and.t,Qi 'be IBJ.tl t .l.I1.U'l.Y. !( and B'Ot jU5t_k .• it be so Rls. ,or DO .b.at. O'E' S'G bet'Y::,!, g,r

au.~

.,» ~

I~

and ....

,.way--I:II t:b.: ORO c,o\-"n.l.!' .enl,.d" .oaetl __ :lql:1c'ltly, 81'O·IMt i.lI, .xp,ll.c: It:ly.1 tiD c:I.•• El:r til. .'lIndI •• ln.tal 'Dt! the two,· 'Q1newould nevez voRdez aboUlttbe 'E'I.ac.l.pJ.e. of! eubat.nt ial., chan,." 01: •• 'kW'beltheZ: • 9,eru:n:.1. aCCQ'tlAt .1"htlM • .twenWb.l.ch appl11l'81:0 b,Q,th,1 t..:nd,to accl.dlemt •. 1. ell.muIII., il 0,Re,"E81 :oot: 'Clonv l.need .that :11 :b.,t::anc.nllliclci .lnd.e. c!orael t'Qlb.I.Ddpas,. u ' away .• Ac:c;oEcU,ng:l.y I' we, '••• I. bow alG n .'COM, ••• II:r,a4 of 'thei trutb -,of

!'hel •• ,coad of

tho.,.

piE•• .l.,.s

...... tt.t .u'batanc t

••

,co_

to, be

"'1'.1

acetA.pI

tb l:s

,;I:II.ls.•1'

11.1.0we:dea: 1, 'WI oar ce:z::t.ltud,e:: :fra_,_DIY and, all ,.,a.l.1.J'., DEliza.solle t'a·the:r: 'thi.n otbeE'II,1 (''Ot' .",en Ie. BubllulA.tlal c:h.n91! I. an, ."LaeAt f,act 1m :sa_ ca.•es,. .1 ".:rwell t be CI,b.c'u.E"eand ,q;lIl1,.t.lo:MI.blo In otbecs, :sucb that an atte..,tt,otre:.t all casel5 in the :sa.. way .,ight lead. 1::,0 cI.otlbts about what would otblurwisl!I: ba obvi o,ua ~, thex. 18 sobl!ltaRtl •.i :be,co.ll11rg· 1.'81c1uc:ell,t;,o t,he qUle.tion of: watheE 11 0 nql the .• fa .111.4£ 0 b t rects Q. f OUE ex'pe1:1 ena. 1eb ¥II na.. the re a:r:e 8,0" :wh.1.cb.:z:eBabataDcell.~ .'OE W,g woulieJ,den:ythat these ob~lects, a,1.1 or:nea.Z:·l!.r a1.1 of the:., co_ to 'be aRdi lpa:81!111,ava.r? 1:I00t oD,ly .ena.nd. b,Et1tea aRd, plant., I.m .11 0.:1 w,Ii'II:i,cll ~o.:l.Xlt,.y.nd .....s~'~l:ar.I$.lt~r.._~J.DJ~O~O~, ~tl~e,,~,~ ... E'8 lL.. t:L ve.lY·• b.ie-eJ.,-IiTn:-;Js 1. fk~6-'a(f~cl.4 •. an". 'VAt"uiaze u,ndienl •. ly,'en8Z'at,ed .b and corl:llpted. So th:OIl:. 0:1: Il, Wbo MlntalAtha.t .• amb•.tantlal. change is am evl.de.:n.tfact .uat :Eeg.r:dlllo_ or .ollt o,:rall. ,o'! Buch t.tdl!UjBI!Ii .!M,lD,S t:a:nc'e!J • But ''Why 40 we t 11 I mk 80,,..04 :le, ,G,UE It DOWI,'l!uSg e .I-.ed.l'iI.te and. 'o,E tbe lSeI'l.f:-evi,den:t. "t:hollghi _nif.e.tedl ama aefencle:d. b,yr:ea=sonlruJa), ,or the coru:.b.la:l.ollll af ,an ar'IUI.tI.nt, GE ,( p·eE:baps)

an arg.u_nt?

w:U:b

we dl·BGIiI •• d! abov._ I,', 01: :ratb.ez the ·cciRc.l.u.lon • of . bel 1,11 e l t'ber case" .ilE,O. Vbl!ch. 'paEt.J.cU!l.c .'U:bllt.llcell

I.lt

~d·.l.tle.

-'aa ,lnat•.nce oil 'th. .·en. nu.•' 'HI

I,ow It .Is .vl,lI.n.t

a.t onee

that the tl1est:lon o:E"'etheE

wn

II Imply

an hypo t.he S 1-.?

.ncienill,_l tr:es", R.Qt_n, KOlcQlln:ek ,and Cha,:!:·l.a •• :ed to' •• 1' that_ PI'.l iA.cl pal.l. ca USB '0 II diE f l"cultr.l:lout the ilcl 'CI,f :allbllta.nt 1.1 ,eb.n'c;Je1. tb,.tpbllosDpbera ten4to ex •• :l.in,e,t:n,o loast ev idefllt cal!U!IS ~...ttlJ>():1J8 vb IC'h occur a.t tb,. CI'l,s_:nt •. l. oz neaE-ele_lnt.l 1.:V8:1.~, oz:.t tid,. leve.l of P forr.. t I"on, the fIIlv.l.dlllnc,e 1.. the 1.1•• t aGape 111n,.' andtl:u!I! ~II, t illKI'1:g:tiI.!OIJ.l5.~ ,liven L.viD.la.le,z: t ob.eEv.tI o,nll, ,ani aE'g... ntfJ, l.t Is alt'G,g.the EC •• :.Qlnable, to reglaEd ·",t,I' •• ..gb1l·tancl• whl,·cb is genera.ted and corE:u.pte,CI.. But I ~ _chi .or,. evident t::hata p,la:nt ..._ and. an, almlil.a.1 ReI a _n .• Ilab,Q!v.1 all' are qe:,nera.lble an4 ,corrUiip,t Ibl.e :!!MJbl:tamc,cs•. :11'01;£ l.mth.eSD ].artter. caseUI, eveR l,or 'co.aon expel' .I.cmce,. :I!)a,K !o.n.!.net. ,
l ••

-11:.,5

/"

-'1,

gener;'a.t 'lOft and CO'EEII,t I.G,n .re 'undeft:labl'l!l,.nd tb. Bubeta.I\'t.la I. 1, y t Q f tb.e.ter. of be,co.lng: 1.; beyond :c:eal!lonable doubt ~ 1It&y is tb I a so? AA4 l:!l, O'ir under:lltandln.g in tbe.. C,••• II _'n,,4l&tA?

.theg_zln wh.leb 1tiLl! •• pet lenced. ,line. q,ndeEst.nd ,Int ,elepeu:1I .'t.rpon .'enaat lon" end ye,t 1. p::c 1_1: II,), of •• bat.nee, What' we:! ,IZlIt ,'ra,.p in uRd.~.ta.rul.l:n, I.s, tbat. 1a 1Ib1:c::b.tb.,. ~peccoWid attr ':but.,. 1 exist ~(As llentl:o'De4 ,.I:u"ve, O\l,E baa,:le' lan,gu,. ·t!•• t:l f!le:sto tin il1 ~'~ I :Et:he,z:. fOE. an ,exp.:E'leBeled ,ob,ect I. perce:l YO,e! asa d.lst i.mc:t.n,d, a:R:!lae sabat.nICIII, I, .... t be lM,caU:.·e; It b.:SH.n, t shaWl. to be ,such th~t"'l,htbe un,1ql1en,... '0:1 ita perc,.h,tld ' ,a.ttz:'Ibutes • In .¥IIZ,. case, m,P' vbat .. 'perce :tv., 1:.,Ybl.t.anCA --the ·'IiJ,n.deEl.y.I .. , .,o_tll In,," at I.e, t, '. agtl i WI .1.,0 ,peEc:e ..L va n •• : tatA 1UD4. '0':£lI,gbet.lle •• 1\(1, Ib& •. ,llcI:lyI4g1 :au.taRe.,. :It "ZIt be

HelE. ve _at

,attend botbta

JIbat Is e1qer:l'encel

, • net to

"be

bec:a:u;s,.'tb:e iperce I yed ,attr iburt.. bc l.ng

appr!!l.~.ns lon,

lun.lqu!8 a.lldi IrE.,d.ge l.b!.e ~

Ineofar

•• t.bey .lie

IlI8

1... 1 l.a.t,e1r t,ollU:ch. .n.

C wi tho,oat

o,bTI.Q!l:IlIly'

.rguaent,

.or,!! 11.11110'_ t,g 'U. lll',' llvln, thia". certa 1nly av.:rebotb DE 'Mellie;"

•• bstan:tl,.::t !ch.ng,e I • b.E'. weaZ:.lI!lOiE,. l:!failuc. .Re! '01 iD41;y14u11tx• IA pec:cei,yl .. gthe:iEoz·_E',we n •• etbaJ.t VII ... va • dICCIIU"" klDd.. ,aE It)) 1119 IE"."econd•.z:y.abat •.nce111Iand not _Ito:!y anAl'''.;;, SA"·"; ICUI. I.m th •• a_k.1nd oEtb,:ling; 'In,percralvln,,tb.' lli,tteE" w, s •• that w, nol.o'Dge:.E ba.. til,. .'." lnd:lvldual 'lIib:liect 1:" ,!r IMEY subs,tan,eII "I , slnee 'what 18: pe.r,cel.ve4 •.11 the lndlvlcblal. 1\•• ,.ltbfl~ co.: to be 'or;
If t:b:la 1.11,:.0.
.rO:E

It is ,.v:ldeattb.t

pa:!!se,<!

a.'Wa,Y~ 'fbIlD,

ttl,rO U EII

andllOre

•• G:n18... "es Clatho1l1gbt) f:£o. the lea:8 perf,eetto p.,r :I:ect, £1"0. the sl.-p:Le ,to thec:o·lIPl.,. x "I'E,o.tlle ftOft~ 11vl.n:g:tothellw1n9, fro., ,lantt,o all1._1 to_II, ,.I. t HeD... IlOr:C

I '0 __8· ~ l.!1!i:nta •. nd ,lz:aZEaag'e:_n,t _...or: :11:0. the II lhd: lI.n -"'j.~E\.CI o.~'peElle:ct:iQR exlst,ln".t: .• I.o:_~ llliveL And thl:!!: _ch is om.lve::r;s.. l!y ,!CoDcedi.d! ~ pO,E exaql.'8" 'tile b:lo1.,o'9l.c •. ld i.• pUt:'8 1::"'~lttlll!em the 'I' .elch.nlsts " and the: t v.lta.l.1.I!I,t8 'tabotlt 'the IP'E,oper:: pr lncl.pl,eo,fllEe hasRa c,ounte.rpaz:t :In p.hysics or cbe • .lstrl"·,amd the; "OE' .191 1m o<f :. pee .le .-,.5 .It 1.11 a cga.d. or cOin;l e,ctu:a::edi r' ••• Ed l,,1i9 slap,ler; forlUl ,of 1 :If. Is .EaE'les,1I eORtrorvecsl,.l than tha -del5c:ent: 0·£ .. 0." ~ RVOR 'tI\GIII.!mo ,a.ln]_ .S ,aJ_ttez: 0:1 ,l:l:n£:l,p18 tbat th,e rech.u:;t 1g,m olf the b.19hez: tattle lawer: 1.51'0, •• U~'ler'e.l1z'D tb:.t r ed.uct ,ion beco_s I\acd,.r anel har'd6t:aa OAe stud .ies the b iqhe:c fO:I: .. ~ T~e al.tuat.l,ol'll.b:er:!I!I .1. 8,.l.l.lar totttat: 'wft.lcb,o,btalnB
£,01.1;

cllE.:! 'cui t to

II:

x,

B.,··

~ _.',

'

..' .-&l09

EEO~."'"":j

the D'le.ls. that naCtllEfll a.ets 101::8:11. 'en..:U It 1,15 (l11I1,rln l.l.v.tI..nq ttl 1n;.,ttliat: tJ],l,a pre,.l.,a i. an.latake1ably o,b.lo'uB, •.mdl those Wibo wish to put I..t In 'qtliellt:loA .Eeco9t1,ize 'that: thel,:£' IE1.u:y task 1. t.o ,expla I m .11 lng: tb..lng.s OIdequ to ly wi thou.t t.b.IB pre .• lD,e.~· v ,
.

living

a.1II'ar. Q,fth. .1.m4 ty ldJ,&&1.l 1n bl.ghe:ri1.lvl.R,t:~IIiIi9i. ~ ThJls :5,1 bl :f.a.ct 'olil eXpelE :teRce is ~lIo.eVha.t: !Obsic~lrE.4by ,l.a,Q:slbl.. lip the'or 1.. whl'c:b appeal t,D an...b:Bt:z::act .l_g.lnat .. o:n~.oz: l II i nC,1:
_

ttd.ngs,ln

L 1.k.ewlae,

,ea:pecl.,11.y..

o,ne 1.11:.a,r.,

I.• tb.

e8z:'ta,.hll.:ly

I i v l,tllt)th.lirJ!'98 a,cl.the .oat, cO:1ap I,'ex:, and 11,1 nee ,iI eoap:tex conslats o:f _nl!'unUo ,1 t lIe'e.. t.h!ata 1.1 vl.n,tbl .. 1.,s least Qf all • ng u.rn.l. . !,he' iaaq!BAt.lQ;a...ca.A-QRQ £!...present J.~8':1ex t 'Iexp licit ~Y')'

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J1!rl!Ole~:p~E~e-:.,l:I'e8:--:·~t!illO!.:'":~'t~·"";C~.I~E~-.r~-· ~·_~ild~_ ·_·~.~.'.!.;!d!f!!!:.-_-:· caR' ':::.~"~'-g

1l1...rgUM:n.tll ./ never :I.iCJ.r,d the COia,p'osl.te ••• • '01£ d ist:.lnct. .;ntltl •••

r- Eesol,v'..

,oW QR.lque

Int.'IE'.1t.y.

_1 tl tllde, .•nd, ,c•. n.Dot at.oRce ,.110 ••• sln91e balnt vi tb Ita the exteut, than, that: tbe n.tur.ll.t to the pi.ctuz:., In. 1:1 Is 1 ,1 n.at,",on, t.. c.n ...

'0

,mytb.i.nll

otbeEtbaq

•••

,J:.:r:.np_nt

Bu.t lEolI. l',ul~kll, back ":fuod these l_gl. •• :lY z.p~e.eht.~ tl,oRS, and; coaault. the.d b'1'CcLexDI!IUoDC.. wb1ctt--d,tand at. tb. b~~_nnlR' o~ IIIltuEal. Phl.l~Gu!gbY_, •.. l..t. • dT_el.:E,.at E •• l1. t.y co ... g "fiifo -¥'h. ~ 4NFtnifi, •• ,. _Ibn-lb., .8 '!1::a,6Il__l_lIi oC---,---J,nd'v~'cduJ :tl 1
arlB.UI, :I:rGal .GII _ - _.. .- ,1.-

.-.:1:. a:l~u .'t,. (IR ocllMZy .... ,911:, -an' vl.gal- _a mil, -.n .lodlvi!d'u.1. .. a" ~ , - 'bi,. , • ,,:EI'.Deedee:s • ,no,t..1i" .hS8 :lm 811'It e 0,:£ the ,I .lst:.1.nlct.l on. and .:pa t.lal .••,.:z:.t.l on o:f
-Ir

l:,..

our bod:l1y lpa.r:·ts, but. ha.o,ul:

tn.e:I,,.1I bod!l,,,. e,xptn::'l,eRce part •. ~
eXlll8C l!1!1:DCi.

_'0:1: ti .. -

that,t:he, ,one

wh,a·t CU\fJ.-

observes

,oltb •• as pal:ts Ill:. vl,th Q'Ie eixt:errml expez:::lenc ,co.. laM ,aspaEt .• ~ 'I'Rer. I. a. peE':E,ect MEllOnI' beltve •• exper lenc.. 1m gn.eself c.na 111'oth.e.ra,by •.lgns).nd what
i•

vat:l:.oqS .....

lo'n.

eE~.1 'led u._w.l tbll1ltb ••• , .. ,5

VII

e:xper: l,.ncl._(l •• ~ .•

.lIt,ernai

'.D •• tlon» asve

of

in .

the .

,co.ln',
,'.-

to

be anr!

pasalngawa:)!olJ

othe.Es.

rEO., thi., on!8 can. see that thevl,e_ ol_ny lIDde:l'n. .r 1.,. fr::o •. a fal.=se aba.tE"a,:ctllOn: .md ,am ,.:r:b'i.traEY 8electlQ,n - :fE'''. the ev .id!,ence,.~ I'beyt.lI:.the R.ot.l.o·:n 0<1 Ildhl"'4., •.1ItZ,· w.leb. ttl.e:r ~.ntl 'WeI ha.ve 4erlv,.,d Erol•• :n expII.r.l!lll!lACe the_elves .:5 U.vin, be 1.098, ani apply .It ,excl"alvelyto ,ceEta Ua hypot h!!!;t.:i " cal hla.qloas::y ·efl:.tl.t..l.es ("at,a .. ·' , Whlle d:en,ln90E' .E'or'gettlng 't.h.t tho,.e: very' th 1.1iI,gi:15 f:r: ,a. vb i ell! the:!,. dlet':l veel th.i r:no,t.1 Q'R!lr:e: 1.naIv .ldu:at5 • At tl._,th.e'y .. Ice the 'ClUiI!!I:. t 1.00 '0fwhethez: tl1!e~e cZ\lly 1,8 fI,ubst.'nt.lal. ,ehaagedepa.mI 'IIP'D(I) ttUlIlI'DC.S'I!IB C, t:he,

-oe

tn.

e...

ell

d.i :!f f e rent. 1D.. .._ Del. :1\.a COMIto, be ls.,.t I obscur • and qUiest i ona.tiI1e. And f.urt:her, ls, 1 t not: ,ev.ld,emt:t.hat alS ORe ,I.sc.nd. Cln. thol1ili9bt J f t ,o.tn!ea.n I_I tot.be pl.mt t,o the .t.nez::a.l tbe In41.1,du.B,1 l1'cu:,Q.es .o'E,. an4 .o,ce <U. I.E 1cultt,Q d lsc:eEm?' Hio11f'.ucbwat'IiE I._ cmll w.teE l' Ana. is arock 'DD.etb:.lng,or maze lUul.ly. clu!licer?
1"ou ol:ul'lIIz:ve: "But thll!l Ie lnC! ,of .z:~u..,nt ,does not. bow that ,everyaabl.le be .ing b.iUI a :lIubstalltlalfoZ'.; 'N Va1.1, yes and no ~ I :f 'the .obi. Ie. be 1li9 CQI". to be and passe. away;. .aold, .I! It i& an :1n41vldu.al of .. kind,'"lt .a:Bt hav,l!I a,1Ich 8: for_, '911'1.0.what va hav'e 4E'gluJ!ld, abo,y.. Bmt Wibether ,all 'OE .a.,t 0:1: t.hio.. cbi. • .l,c:a1 chang:e.:11 • vb:l chi. :we obllcUJ::,elywl tne.. BEe su.b.tamel.l,. •.nd ·wbllth.er ever,.'th l.ng W'h1e h ha.. a. II, ta.b 1e naM ,(•• 'I • It bE line'» 1.11. I!'u.b. ea;n:c::e ,Il z::e ,q~e:!ltlons qui t.e distlnctfroi.tbe qu,estlon. of whether tbere are: subat:a.a.t :t.a,lcbainges at all ~ T'o be abl.e to 4i lSC,.ED tha.t .o_th:l. agl O'CCUiE:1J d.o'el5 Ao,t ,dllpemdi m.pont.h. ab.ll.ltyt.o judge in eVl!.I'Y parr t .l,eula rIDs :t:;anc'. w.e:the rthat eo.e tlil I.lIi9' baa Ge,s UE' .•- I kno,w red tba,t",n t,el.l 11, ·~~th.t is, a fact bey'ond que,stlon; •.• bot d.oesth,at Ilea ntha.t I can j adiq,. with ee rt:,a 1nty whe the t' :What YOltl.,UUI tllal d

l.e ... nta

land

.1:JI.ea.l:-e :!,II_mta:l),

'wher'.

tb.e

.·vldenc:methat

ao_th1.nq!

·was a 1. l,e ,or n,o'tl' _Re.r,e' Lb e:nQugh to.....e'-At th I mg.,. wm~D.-MUlllu.tJ.;y_a.u.~a.l.-S:!Q"

.. f iXIILS:.hat-

to be.tRd pas. - _·t hi,s ea t.:o.l.1511111 ·the :fact II of IU!IItI.ta,n t 1 1 ella n.g. ,.amd b.1:1, .• to r'.'CQI9nj.z,etbat a.t. I.,ea!li 1m tht!l'!Ii:eca ••• t, thez:e aust be fa,r_ w:hu::,tl are Bubatan.t.lal. B~t lMpllt.cllt. In tk.l,8 re.<eognl.tl.'Q,m 1.11

.1:\'.

11 \Lcl"ngaway
us

a:n,otner :t'hatthe
th,l,ng::l!!I: ... t.i1:l.so

w,ich, '90 to _k,eup 1111 In., . .. anil C'o,rrQltlble, f'oEthey 'co'uldnot \,,'. f;Q;:i o,tlll!::rcv,I,.. H:ea,. ,. II, 'RlI., _"ecIC: lc:al.1,y un. 1'111. (livl.9') blliag "-r unlel!!UI they 'wer. :5ubat.nt.lal,ly cOEZ"uptlble,.nd thus c,g_aBed, off-I. ,I: ,...~o!. s: ....
bf.I,lIloezable
~~I

.1.,1..E' :lIub.,tancea

~tteE

and :Sl1b8,tant1. J.. :IOE.~.

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