Brief History of General Motors The history of General Motors (GM), one of the world's largest car and

truck manufacturers, reaches back more than a century and involves a vast scope of industrial activity around the world, mostly focused on motorized transportation and the engineering and manufacturing that make it possible. Founded in 1908, in Flint, Michigan, as of 2012 it employs approximately 202,000 people around the world.[1] With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, United States, GM manufactures its cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008, 8.35 million[2] GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands. The GM automotive brands today are Vauxhall, Daewoo, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, Holden, Opel, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include Oakland, Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, and Saturn. In addition to these brands selling assembled vehicles, GM also has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. These have included Electro-Motive Diesel (locomotive, marine, and industrial diesel engines); Detroit Diesel (automotive and industrial diesel engines); Allison (transmissions, gas turbine engines); Frigidaire (refrigeration and air conditioning); New Departure (bearings); Delco Electronics and ACDelco (electrical and electronic components); GMAC (finance); and GM Defense (military vehicles). Contents [hide] * 1 19081932 * 2 19331958 o 2.1 World War II o 2.2 Post-war growth * 3 19581980 * 4 1981present o 4.1 Production of SUVs and trucks vs. cars o 4.2 Corporate restructuring * 5 History of General Motors in various countries o 5.1 General Motors in South Africa o 5.2 General Motors in Argentina * 6 Corporate spin-offs

o 6.1 Electronic Data Systems Corporation o 6.2 Delco Electronics Corporation o 6.3 Hughes Electronics Corporation o 6.4 Delphi Corporation o 6.5 Diesel engines o 6.6 General Motors Acceptance Corporation * 7 General Motors leadership o 7.1 Chairmen of the Board of General Motors o 7.2 Chief Executive Officers of General Motors o 7.3 Vice Chairmen of General Motors o 7.4 Presidents of General Motors * 8 Criticism o 8.1 1930s Germany o 8.2 Great American streetcar scandal theory o 8.3 Corvair o 8.4 Top-level management o 8.5 EV1 * 9 See also * 10 References * 11 Bibliography o 11.1 Works cited o 11.2 Further reading * 12 External links [edit] 19081932 GM's headquarters from 1923 until 1996, a National Historic Landmark, is now Cadillac Place state office building.

General Motors was founded on Wednesday, September 16, 1908, in Flint, Michigan, as a holding company for Buick (then controlled by William C. Durant). Durant's company, the Durant-Dort Carriage Company, had been in business in Flint since 1886, and by 1900, was producing over 100,000 carriages a year in factories located in Michigan and Canada. Prior to his acquisition of Buick, Durant had several Ford dealerships. With springs, axles and other key components being provided to the early automotive industry by Durant-Dort, it can be reasoned that GM actually began with the founding of Durant-Dort.[3] Durant acquired Oldsmobile later in 1908. The next year, he brought in Cadillac, Cartercar, Elmore, Ewing, and Oakland (later known as Pontiac). In 1909, General Motors also acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. A Rapid became the first truck to conquer Pikes Peak in 1909. In 1910, Welch and Rainier were added to the ever-growing list of companies controlled by GM. Durant lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust as the deal to buy Ford for $8,000,000.00 fell through, due to the large amount of debt (around $1 million) taken on in its acquisitions. Durant left the firm and co-founded the Chevrolet Motor Company in 1911 with Louis Chevrolet. After a brilliant stock buy back campaign with the McLaughlin and DuPont corporations, and other Chevrolet stock holders, he returned to head GM in 1916, with the backing of Pierre S. du Pont. On October 13 of the same year, GM Company became incorporated as General Motors Corporation[4] (reverting to General Motors Company[5] upon emergence from bankruptcy in 2009). Chevrolet entered the General Motors fold in 1917; its first GM car was 1918's Chevrolet 490. Du Pont removed Durant from management in 1920, and various Du Pont interests held large or controlling share holdings until about 1950. In 1918 GM acquired the McLaughlin Motor Car Company of Oshawa, Ontario, Canada, manufacturer of the McLaughlin automobile since 1907 (later to be renamed McLaughlin-Buick) as well as Canadian versions of Chevrolet cars since 1915. The company was renamed General Motors of Canada Ltd., with R.S. "Colonel Sam" McLaughlin as its first president and his brother George as vice-president.[6] GM's headquarters were located in Flint until the mid-1920s when it was moved to Detroit. Its building, originally to be called the Durant Building, was designed and began construction in 1919 when Durant was president, was completed in 1923 (Sloan became president that year) and officially dedicated as the General Motors Building in 1929.[7] GM maintained this headquarters location, now called Cadillac Place, until it purchased the Renaissance Center in 1996.[8] The Buick Division headquarters remained in Flint until 1998 when it was relocated to the Renaissance Center.[9]

In 1925, GM bought Vauxhall of England, and then in 1929 went on to acquire an 80% stake in German automobile manufacturer Opel. Two years later this was increased to 100%. In 1931, GM acquired Holden of Australia. In 1926, GM created the Pontiac as a "companion" to the Oakland brand, an arrangement that lasted five years. The companion outsold its parent during that period, by so much that the Oakland brand was terminated and the division was renamed Pontiac. GM surpassed Ford Motor Company in sales in the late 1920s thanks to the leadership of Alfred P. Sloan. While Ford continued to refine the manufacturing process to reduce cost, Sloan was inventing new ways of managing a complex worldwide organization, while paying special attention to consumer demands. Car buyers no longer wanted the cheapest and most basic model; they wanted style, power, and prestige, which GM offered them. Sloan did not neglect cost, by any means; when it was proposed Chevrolet should introduce safety glass, he opposed it because it threatened profits. [10] Thanks to consumer financing via GMAC (founded 1919), easy monthly payments allowed far more people to buy GM cars than Ford, as Henry Ford was opposed to credit on moral principles. (Nevertheless, Ford did offer similar credit arrangements with the introduction of the Model A in the late 1920s but Ford Credit did not exist until 1959.) At one time each of GM's automotive divisions in the United States was targeted to a specific market segment, and, despite some shared components, each distinguished itself from its stablemates with unique styling and technology. The shared components and common corporate management created substantial economies of scale, while the distinctions between the divisions created (in the words of GM President Sloan) a "ladder of success", with an entry-level buyer starting out with a "basic transportation" Chevrolet, rising through GMC, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick, and ultimately to Cadillac. [edit] 19331958 During the 1920s and 1930s, General Motors assumed control of the Yellow Coach bus company, and helped create Greyhound bus lines. They replaced intercity train transport with buses, and established subsidiary companies to buy out streetcar companies and replace the rail-based services as well with buses. GM formed United Cities Motor Transit in 1932 (see Great American streetcar scandal for additional details). In 1930, GM also began its foray into aircraft design and manufacturing by buying Fokker Aircraft Corp of America (U.S. subsidiary of Fokker) and Berliner-Joyce Aircraft, merging them into General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation. Through a stock exchange GM took controlling interest in North American Aviation and merged it with its General Aviation division in 1933, but retaining the name North American Aviation.

In 1948, GM divested NAA as a public company, never to have a major interest in the aircraft manufacturing industry again. General Motors bought the internal combustion engined railcar builder Electro-Motive Corporation and its engine supplier Winton Engine in 1930, renaming both as the General Motors Electro-Motive Division. Over the next twenty years, diesel-powered locomotives the majority built by GM largely replaced other forms of traction on American railroads. (During World War II, these engines were also important in American submarines and destroyer escorts.) Electro-Motive was sold in early 2005. In 1935, the United Auto Workers labor union was formed, and in 1936 the UAW organized the Flint Sit-Down Strike, which initially idled two key plants in Flint, but later spread to half-a-dozen other plants including Janesville, Wisconsin and Fort Wayne, Indiana. In Flint, police attempted to enter the plant to arrest strikers, leading to violence; in other cities the plants were shuttered peacefully. The strike was resolved February 11, 1937 when GM recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for its workers. [edit] World War II See also Criticism > 1930s Germany (below) General Motors produced vast quantities of armaments, vehicles, and aircraft for the Allied war effort during World War II. Its multinational interests were split up by the combating powers during the war such that the American, Canadian and British parts of the corporation served the Allied war effort and Adam Opel AG served the Axis war effort. By the spring of 1939, the German Government had assumed day-to-day control of American owned factories in Germany, but decided against nationalizing them completely (seizing the assets and capital). Soon after the war broke out, the nationalization came.[11] GM's William S. Knudsen served as head of U.S. wartime production for President Franklin Roosevelt, who called Detroit the Arsenal of Democracy. The General Motors UK division, Vauxhall Motors, manufactured the Churchill tank series for the Allies. The Vauxhall Churchill tanks were instrumental in the UK campaigns in North Africa. Bedford Vehicles and GM of Canada, CMP manufactured logistics vehicles for the UK military, all important in the UK's land campaigns. In addition, GM was the top manufacturer of U.S. Army 1 ton 4x4 vehicles.[12] By mainstream accounts, General Motors' German subsidiary (Adam Opel AG) was outside the control of the American parent corporation during World War II. Some conspiracy theorists posit that this was a hoax, with the American GM as a secret war profiteer on both sides, but Alfred Sloan's memoir, for example,[13] presents a description of lost control that is much more Occam-compliant than the fringe alternatives. However, even without any such conspiracy, GM found criticism for its tax avoidance around the Opel topic. During the war, GM declared it had abandoned

its German subsidiary, and took a complete tax write-off worth "approximately $22.7 million", yet after the war, GM collected some $33 million in "war reparations" because the Allies had bombed its German facilities.[14] General Motors Corporations Specimen Stock Certificate [edit] Post-war growth At one point GM had become the largest corporation registered in the United States, in terms of its revenues as a percent of GDP. In 1953, Charles Erwin Wilson, then GM president, was named by Eisenhower as Secretary of Defense. When he was asked during the hearings before the Senate Armed Services Committee if as secretary of defense he could make a decision adverse to the interests of General Motors, Wilson answered affirmatively but added that he could not conceive of such a situation "because for years I thought what was good for the country was good for General Motors and vice versa". Later this statement was often misquoted, suggesting that Wilson had said simply, "What's good for General Motors is good for the country."[citation needed] At the time, GM was one of the largest employers in the world only Soviet state industries employed more people. In 1955, General Motors became the first American corporation to pay taxes of over $1 billion.[15] [edit] 19581980 By 1958, the divisional distinctions within GM began to blur with the availability of high-performance engines in Chevrolets and Pontiacs.[citation needed] The introduction of higher trim models such as the Chevrolet Impala and Pontiac Bonneville priced in line with some Oldsmobile and Buick offerings was also confusing to consumers. By the time Pontiac, Oldsmobile and Buick introduced similarly styled and priced compact models in 1961, the old "step-up" structure between the divisions was nearly over. A classic General Motors muscle car, the 1969 Pontiac GTO The decade of the 1960s saw the creation of compact and intermediate classes. The Chevrolet Corvair was a flat 6-cylinder (air cooled) answer to the Volkswagen Beetle, the Chevy II was created to match Ford's conventional Falcon, after sales of the Corvair failed to match its Ford rival, and the Chevrolet Camaro/Pontiac Firebird was GM's countermeasure to the Ford Mustang. Among intermediates, the Oldsmobile Cutlass nameplate became so popular during the 1970s that Oldsmobile applied the Cutlass name to most of its products in the 1980s. By the mid 1960s, most of GM's vehicles were built on a few common platforms and in the 1970s GM began to further unify body panel stampings. The 1971 Chevrolet Vega was GM's launch into the new subcompact class to compete against the import's increasing market share. Problems associated with its innovative

aluminum engine led to the model's discontinuation after seven model years in 1977. During the late 1970s, GM would initiate a wave of downsizing starting with the Chevrolet Caprice which was reborn into what was the size of the Chevrolet Chevelle, the Malibu would be the size of the Nova, and the Nova was replaced by the troubled front-wheel drive Chevrolet Citation. In 1976, Chevrolet came out with the rear-wheel drive sub compact Chevette. While GM maintained its world leadership in revenue and market share throughout the 1960s to 1980s, it was product controversy that plagued the company in this period. It seemed that, in every decade, a major mass-production product line was launched with defects of one type or another showing up early in their life cycle. And, in each case, improvements were eventually made to mitigate the problems, but the resulting improved product ended up failing in the marketplace as its negative reputation overshadowed its ultimate excellence. The first of these fiascos was the Chevrolet Corvair in the 1960s. Introduced in 1959 as a 1960 model, it was initially very popular. But before long its quirky handling earned it a reputation for being unsafe, inspiring consumer advocate Ralph Nader to lambaste it in his book, Unsafe at any Speed, published in 1965. Ironically, by the same (1965) model year, suspension revisions and other improvements had already transformed the car into a perfectly acceptable vehicle, but its reputation had been sufficiently sullied in the public's perception that its sales sagged for the next few years, and it was discontinued after the 1969 model year. During this period, it was also somewhat overwhelmed by the success of the Ford Mustang. The 1970s was the decade of the Vega. Launched as a 1971 model, it also began life as a very popular car in the marketplace. But within a few years, quality problems, exacerbated by labor unrest at its main production source in Lordstown, Ohio, gave the car a bad name. By 1977 its decline resulted in termination of the model name, while its siblings along with a Monza version and a move of production to SteThrse, Quebec, resulted in a thoroughly desirable vehicle and extended its life to the 1980 model year. Oldsmobile sales soared in the 1970s and 1980s (for an all-time high of 1,066,122 in 1985) based on popular designs, positive reviews from critics and the perceived quality and reliability of the Rocket V8 engine, with the Cutlass series becoming North America's top selling car by 1976. By this time, Olds had displaced Pontiac and Plymouth as the #3 best selling brand in the U.S. behind Chevrolet and Ford. In the early 1980s, model-year production topped one million units on several occasions, something only Chevrolet and Ford had achieved. The soaring popularity of Oldsmobile vehicles resulted in a major issue in 1977, as demand exceeded production capacity for the Oldsmobile V8, and as a result Oldsmobile quietly began equipping some full size Delta 88 models and the very popular Cutlass/Cutlass Supreme with the Chevrolet 350 engine instead (each division of GM produced its own 350 V8 engine). Many customers were loyal Oldsmobile buyers who specifically

wanted the Rocket V8, and did not discover that their vehicle had the Chevrolet engine until they performed maintenance and discovered that purchased parts did not fit. This led to a class-action lawsuit which became a public relations nightmare for GM.[16][17] Following this debacle, disclaimers stating that "Oldsmobiles are equipped with engines produced by various GM divisions" were tacked on to advertisements and sales literature; all other GM divisions followed suit. In addition, GM quickly stopped associating engines with particular divisions, and to this day all GM engines are produced by "GM Powertrain" (GMPT) and are called GM "Corporate" engines instead of GM "Division" engines. Although it was the popularity of the Oldsmobile division vehicles that prompted this change, declining sales of V8 engines would have made this change inevitable as all but the Chevrolet (and, later, Cadillac's Northstar) versions were eventually dropped. In the 1980 model year, a full line of automobiles on the X-body platform, anchored by the Chevrolet Citation, was launched. Again, these cars were all quite popular in their respective segments for the first couple of years, but brake problems, and other defects, ended up giving them, known to the public as "X-Cars", such a bad reputation that the 1985 model year was their last. The J-body cars, namely the Chevrolet Cavalier and Pontiac Sunbird, took their place, starting with the 1982 model year. Quality was better, but still not exemplary, although good enough to survive through three generations to the 2005 model year. They were produced in a muchimproved Lordstown Assembly plant, as were their replacements, the Chevrolet Cobalt and Pontiac Pursuit/G5.

[edit] 1981present Roger B. Smith served as CEO throughout the 1980s. GM profits struggled from 198183 following the late 1970s and early 1980s recession. In 1981, the UAW negotiated some concessions with the company in order to bridge the recession. GM profits rebounded during the 1980s. During the 1980s, GM had downsized its product line and invested heavily in automated manufacturing. It also created the Saturn brand to produce small cars. GM's customers still wanted larger vehicles and began to purchase greater numbers of SUVs. Roger Smith's reorganization of the company had been criticized for its consolidation of company divisions and its effect on the uniqueness of GM's brands and models. His attempts to streamline costs were not always popular with GM's customer base. In addition to forming Saturn, Smith also negotiated joint ventures with two Japanese companies (NUMMI in California with Toyota, and CAMI with Suzuki in Canada). Each of these agreements provided opportunities for the respective companies to experience different approaches. The decade of the 1990s began with an economic recession, taking its inevitable toll on the automotive industry, and throwing GM into some of its worst losses. As a result, "Jack" Smith (not related to Roger) became burdened with the task of

overseeing a radical restructuring of General Motors. Sharing Roger's understanding of the need for serious change, Jack undertook many major revisions. Reorganizing the management structure to dismantle the legacy of Alfred P. Sloan, instituting deep cost-cutting and introducing significantly improved vehicles were the key approaches. These moves were met with much less resistance within GM than had Roger's similar initiatives as GM management ranks were stinging from their recent near-bankruptcy experience and were much more willing to accept the prospect of radical change. Following the first Gulf War and a recession GM's profits again suffered from 1991-93. For the remainder of the decade the company's profits rebounded and it made market share gains with the popularity of its SUVs and pick-up truck lines. Rick Wagoner had served as the company's Chief Financial Officer during this period in the early 1990s. GM's foreign rivals gained market share especially following U.S. recessionary periods while the company recovered. U.S. trade policy and foreign trade barriers became a point of contention for GM and other U.S. automakers who had complained that they were not given equal access to foreign markets. Trade issues had prompted the Reagan administration to seek import quotas on some foreign carmakers. Later, the Clinton administration engaged in trade negotiations to open foreign markets to U.S. automakers with the Clinton administration threatening trade sanctions in efforts to level the playing field for U.S. automakers.[18] Jos Ignacio ("Inaki") Lpez de Arriorta, who worked under Jack Smith in both Europe and the United States, was poached by Volkswagen in 1993, just hours before Smith announced that Lpez would be promoted to head of GM's North American operations. He was nicknamed Super Lpez for his prowess in cutting costs and streamlining production at GM, although critics said that his tactics angered longtime suppliers. GM accused Lpez of misappropriating trade secrets, in particular taking documents of future Opel vehicles, when he accepted a position with VW. German investigators began a probe of Lpez and VW after prosecutors linked Lpez to a cache of secret GM documents discovered by investigators in the apartment of two of Lpez's VW associates. VW, faced with a plummeting stock price, eventually forced Lpez to resign.[19] GM and Volkswagen since reached a civil settlement, in which Volkswagen agreed to pay GM $100 million and to buy $1 billion worth of parts from GM. [20] After GM's lay-offs in Flint, Michigan, a strike began at the General Motors parts factory in Flint on June 5, 1998, which quickly spread to five other assembly plants and lasted seven weeks. Because of the significant role GM plays in the United States, the strikes and temporary idling of many plants noticeably showed in national economic indicators. In the early 1990s, following first Gulf War and a recession, GM had taken on more debt. By the late 1990s, GM had regained market share; its stock had soared to over $80 a share by 2000. However, in 2001, the stock market drop following the September 11, 2001 attacks, combined with historic pension underfunding, caused a

severe pension and benefit fund crisis at GM and many other American companies and the value of their pension funds plummeted. [edit] Production of SUVs and trucks vs. cars In the late 1990s, the U.S. economy was on the rise and GM and Ford gained market share producing enormous profits primarily from the sale of light trucks and sportutility vehicles. Following the September 11 attacks, a severe stock market decline caused a pension and benefit fund underfunding crisis. GM began its Keep America Rolling campaign, which boosted sales, and other auto makers were forced to follow suit. The U.S. automakers saw sales increase to leverage costs as gross margins deteriorated. In 2004, GM redirected resources from the development of new sedans to an accelerated refurbishment of their light trucks and SUVs for introduction as 2007 models in early 2006. Shortly after this decision, fuel prices increased by over 50% and this in turn affected both the trade-in value of used vehicles and the perceived desirability of new offerings in these market segments. The current marketing plan is to tout these revised vehicles extensively as offering the best fuel economy in their class (of vehicle). GM claims its hybrid trucks will have fuel economy improvements of 25%.[citation needed] [edit] Corporate restructuring See also: List of GM factories and General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization Wikinews has related news: GM Chapter 11 news After gaining market share in the late 1990s and making enormous profits, General Motors stock soared to over $80 a share. From June 1999 to September 2000, the Federal Reserve, in a move to quell potential inflationary pressures created by, among other things, the stock market, made successive interest rate increases, credited in part for "plunging the country into a recession."[21][22] The recession and the volatile stock marketed created a pension and benefit fund crisis at General Motors and many other American companies. General Motors' rising retiree health care costs and Other Post Employment Benefit (OPEB) fund deficit prompted the company to enact a broad restructuring plan. Although GM had already taken action to fully fund its pension plan, its OPEB fund became an issue for its corporate bond ratings. GM had expressed its disagreement with the bond ratings; moreover, GM's benefit funds were performing at higher than expected rates of return. Then, following a $10.6 billion loss in 2005, GM acted quickly to implement its restructuring plan. For the first quarter of 2006 GM earned $400 million, signaling that a turnaround had already begun even though many aspects of the restructuring plan had not yet taken effect.

In 2003, GM responded to the crisis by fully funding its pension fund with a $15 B payment; however, its Other Post Employment Benefits Fund (OPEB) became a serious issue resulting in downgrades to its bond rating in 2005. The company expressed its disagreement with these bond rating downgrades. In the late 1990s, the U.S. economy was on the rise and GM and Ford gained market share producing enormous profits primarily from the sale of light trucks and sport-utility vehicles. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks, a severe stock market decline caused a pension and benefit fund underfunding crisis. GM began its Keep America Rolling campaign, which boosted sales, and other auto makers were forced to follow suit. The U.S. automakers saw sales increase to leverage costs as gross margins deteriorated. Although retiree health care costs remain a significant issue, General Motors' investment strategy has generated a $17.1 billion surplus in 2007 in its $101 billion U.S. pension fund portfolio, a $35 billion reversal from its $17.8 billion of underfunding.[23] In February 2005, GM successfully bought itself out of a put option with Fiat for $2 billion USD (1.55 billion). In 2000, GM had sold a 6% stake to Fiat in return for a 20% share in the Italian automaker. As part of the deal, GM granted Fiat a put option, which, if the option had been exercised between January 2004 and July 2009, could have forced GM to buy Fiat. GM had agreed to the put option at the time, perhaps to keep it from being acquired by another automaker, such as Daimler AG, competing with GM's German subsidiary Opel. The relationship suffered and Fiat had failed to improve. In 2003, Fiat recapitalized, reducing GM's stake to 10%. In February 2006, GM slashed its annual dividend from $2.00 to $1.00 per share. The reduction saved $565 million a year. In March 2006, GM divested 92.36 million shares (reducing its stake from 20% to 3%) of Japanese manufacturer Suzuki, in order to raise $2.3 billion. GM originally invested in Suzuki in the early 1980s. On March 23, 2006, a private equity consortium including Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, Goldman Sachs Capital, and Five Mile Capital purchased $8.8 billion, or 78% of GMAC's commercial mortgage arm. The name of the new entity, in which GMAC owns a 21% stake, is Capmark Financial Group.[24] On April 3, 2006, GM announced that it would sell 51% of GMAC as a whole to a consortium led by Cerberus Capital Management, raising $14 billion over three years. Investors also included Citigroup's private equity arm and Aozora Bank of Japan. The group will pay GM $7.4 billion in cash at closing. GM will retain approximately $20 billion in automobile financing worth an estimated $4 billion over three years. GM sold its remaining 8% stake in Isuzu, which had peaked at 49% just a few years earlier,[25] on April 11, 2006, to raise an additional $300 million.[26] 12,600 workers from Delphi, a key supplier to GM, agreed to buyouts and an early retirement plan offered by GM in order to avoid a strike, after a judge agreed to cancel Delphi's union contracts. 5,000 Delphi workers were allowed to flow to GM.

In 2006, GM offered buyouts to hourly workers to reduce future liability; over 35,000 workers responded to the offer, well exceeding the company's goal. GM gained higher rates of return on its benefit funds as a part of the solution. Stock value began to rebound - as of October 30, 2006 GM's market capitalization was about $19.19 billion. GM stock began the year 2006 at $19 a share, near its lowest level since 1982, as many on Wall Street figured the ailing automaker was bound for bankruptcy court. But GM remained afloat and the company's stock in the Dow Jones industrial average posted the biggest percentage gain in 2006.[27] In June 2007, GM sold its military and commercial subsidiary, Allison Transmission, for $5.6 billion. Having sold off the majority, it will, however, keep its heavy-duty transmissions for its trucks marketed as the Allison 1000 series. During negotiations for the renewal of its industry labor contracts in 2007, the United Auto Workers (UAW) union selected General Motors as the "lead company" or "strike target" for pattern bargaining. Late in September, sensing an impending impasse in the talks, the union called a strike, the first nation-wide walkout since 1970 (individual plants had experienced local labor disruptions in the interim). Within two days, however, a tentative agreement was achieved and the strike ended. On June 28, 2007, GM agreed to sell its Allison Transmission division to private-equity firms Carlyle Group and Onex for $5.1 billion. The deal will increase GM's liquidity and echoes previous moves to shift its focus towards its core automotive business. The two firms will control seven factories around Indianapolis but GM will retain management of a factory in Baltimore. Former Allison Transmission president Lawrence E. Dewey will be the new CEO of the standalone company.[28] Kirk Kerkorian once owned 9.9 percent of GM. According to press accounts from June 30, 2006, Kerkorian suggested that Renault acquire a 20 percent stake in GM to rescue GM from itself. A letter from Tracinda to Rick Wagoner was released to the public[29] to pressure GM's executive hierarchy,[30] but talks failed.[31] On November 22, 2006, Kerkorian sold 14 million shares of his GM stake (it is speculated that this action was due to GM's rejection of Renault and Nissan's bids for stakes in the company as both of these bids were strongly supported by Kerkorian); the sale resulted in GM's share price falling 4.1% from its 20 November price, although it remained above $30/share.[32] The sale lowered Kerkorian's holding to around 7% of GM. On November 30, 2006, Tracinda said it had agreed to sell another 14 million shares of GM, cutting Kerkorian's stake to half of what it had been earlier that year. [33] By the end of November 2006, he had sold substantially all of his remaining GM shares.[34] After Kerkorian sold, GM lost more than 90% of its value, falling as low as $1/share by May 2009.[35] On February 12, 2008, GM announced its operating loss was $2 billion (with a GAAP loss of $39 billion including a one time accounting charge). GM offered buyouts to all its UAW members.

On March 24, 2008, GM reported a cash position of $24 billion, or $6 billion less than what was on hand September 31, 2007,[dubious discuss] which is a loss of $1 billion a month.[36] A further quarterly loss of $15.5 billion, the third-biggest in the company's history, was announced on August 1, 2008.[37] On November 17, 2008, GM announced it would sell its stake in Suzuki Motor Corp. (3.02%) for 22.37 billion yen ($230 million)[38] in order to raise much needed cash to get through the 2008 economic crisis. In 2008, 8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under the brands Vauxhall, Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Saturn, Wuling [2] and Opel of Germany. In late 2008 GM, along with Chrysler, received loans from the American, Canadian, and Ontarian governments to bridge the late-2000s recession, record oil prices, and a severe global automotive sales decline (see also automotive industry crisis of 2008 2009) due to the global financial crisis of 20082009. On February 20, 2009, GM's Saab division filed for reorganization in a Swedish court after being denied loans from the Swedish government.[39][40] On April 27, 2009, GM announced that it would phase out the Pontiac brand by the end of 2010 and focus on four core brands in North America: Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, and GMC. It announced that the resolution (sale) of its Hummer, Saab, and Saturn brands would take place by the end of 2009. (By November, however, proposed deals to sell Saturn to Penske and Saab to Koenigsegg had failed to materialize.) The company had previously cancelled Oldsmobile. On May 30, 2009, it was announced that a deal had been reached to transfer GM's Opel assets to a separate company, majority-owned by a consortium led by Sberbank of Russia (35%), Magna International (20%), and Opel employees (10%). GM is expected to keep a 35% minority stake in the new company.[41] However, GM delayed acceptance of the deal pending other bids, notably a proposed 51% stake by Beijing Automotive. By early July, a decision had not been made, but Magna remained confident and scheduled a meeting for July 14 to announce its acceptance.[42] After months of deliberation, however, GM decided on November 3, 2009 to retain full ownership of the German carmaker Opel, thus voiding the tentative deal with the Magna consortium.[43] In June 2010, the company established General Motors Ventures, a subsidiary designed to help the company identify and develop new technologies in the automotive and transportation sectors.[44] [edit] History of General Motors in various countries [edit] General Motors in South Africa Main article: General Motors South Africa

General Motors was criticized for its presence in apartheid South Africa. The company withdrew after pressure from consumers, stockholders and Leon H. Sullivan.[45] It retained a commercial presence, however, in the form of its Opel subsidiary. Right Hand Drive Opel & Vauxhall production took place in GM's Uitenhage plants outside Port Elisabeth in the eastern Cape Province, and does so to this day. [edit] General Motors in Argentina

In 1925 General Motors settled down in Argentina and started producing the Double Phaeton standard and the Double Phaeton called "Especial Argentino". The production was completed with a sedan model, a roadster and a truck chassis also adaptable to transporting of passengers. Sales increased and soon the Oldsmobile, Oakland and Pontiac brands were incorporated into the assembly line; the capacity of the facility was not enough to supply the increasing demand and the building of a new plant was required. A new 48,000 m2 plant with a covered area was opened in 1929, and since then the Buick, Marquette, La Salle, Cadillac, Vauxhaul and Opel marques also started to be produced. When the Second World War broke out the operations were complicated. In 1941, 250.000 Chevrolets were made, but shortage of parts made car production impossible. The last Chevrolet left the plant in August, 1942.[46] though in order to avoid total stoppage, the company made electrical and portable refrigerators and car accessories in addition to other items. After the war, GM started producing the Oldsmobile and Pontiac lines and later Chevrolet was added. Production resumed in 1960 with Chevrolet pickups and shortly thereafter in 1962 it started assembling the first/second generation Chevy II until 1974 as Chevrolet 400, and the early third-generation (1968 model) Nova as the Chevrolet Chevy from late 1969 through 1978, both models overlapping for several years, the Chevy II marketed as a family sedan while the Nova as a sporty alternative. Thenceforth several Opel models and Chevrolet pickups are being manufactured. [edit] Corporate spin-offs [edit] Electronic Data Systems Corporation Main article: Electronic Data Systems In 1984, GM acquired Electronic Data Systems Corporation (EDS), a leading data processing and telecommunications company, to be the sole provider of information technology (IT) services for the company. EDS became independent again in 1996, signing a 10-year agreement to continue providing IT services to General Motors.[47] [edit] Delco Electronics Corporation

Delco Electronics Corporation was the automotive electronics design and manufacturing subsidiary of General Motors. The name Delco came from the Dayton Engineering Laboratories Co., founded in Dayton, Ohio by Charles Kettering and Edward A. Deeds. Delco was responsible for several innovations in automobile electric systems, including the first reliable battery ignition system and the first practical automobile self starter. In 1936 Delco began producing the first dashboard-installed car radios. By the early 1970s Delco had become a major supplier of automotive electronics equipment. Based in Kokomo, Indiana, Delco Electronics employed more than 30,000 at its peak. In 1962 GM created the General Motors Research Laboratories, based in Santa Barbara, California, to conduct research and development activities on defense systems. This organization was eventually merged into Delco Electronics and renamed Delco Systems Operations. In 1985 General Motors purchased Hughes Aircraft and merged it with Delco Electronics to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. In 1997 all of the defense businesses of Hughes Electronics (including Delco Systems Operations) were merged with Raytheon, and the commercial portion of Delco Electronics was transferred to GM's Delphi Automotive Systems business. Delphi became a separate publicly-traded company in May 1999, and continued to use the Delco Electronics name for several of its subsidiaries through approximately 2004. Although Delco Electronics no longer exists as an operating company, GM still retains rights to the Delco name and uses it for some of its subsidiaries including the AC Delco parts division. [edit] Hughes Electronics Corporation Hughes logo, adopted after its new owner General Motors Main article: Hughes Aircraft Hughes Electronics Corporation was formed on December 31, 1985 when Hughes Aircraft Company was sold by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute to General Motors for $5.2 billion. General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft with its Delco Electronics unit to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. This division was a major aerospace and defense contractor, civilian space systems manufacturer and communications company. The aerospace and defense business was sold to Raytheon in 1997 and the Space and Communications division was sold to Boeing in 2000. Hughes Research Laboratories became jointly owned by GM, Raytheon, and Boeing. In 2003, the remaining parts of Hughes Electronics were sold to News Corporation and renamed The DirecTV Group.

[edit] Delphi Corporation Main article: Delphi (auto parts) Delphi Corp. logo Delphi was spun off from General Motors on May 28, 1999. Delphi is one of the largest automotive parts manufacturers and has approximately 185,000 employees (50,000 in the United States). With offices worldwide, the company operates 167 wholly owned manufacturing sites, 41 joint ventures, 53 customer centers and sales offices, and 33 technical centers in 38 countries. Delphi makes the Monsoon premium audio systems found in some GM and other manufacturer automobiles. On October 8, 2005, Delphi filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. On March 31, 2006, Delphi announced it would sell off or close 21 of its 29 plants in the United States. [edit] Diesel engines Detroit Diesel was originally the GM Diesel Division then Detroit Diesel Allison Division until 1988. It made diesel engines for truck, generating set and marine use. Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) was originally the Electro-Motive Division of GM, until 2005. It made diesel engines and locomotives. See also General Motors Diesel Division and GM Defense. [edit] General Motors Acceptance Corporation By the end of 2006, GM had completed the divestiture of 51% of its financing unit, GMAC. Currently GM is a 10% owner in GMAC. [edit] General Motors leadership [edit] Chairmen of the Board of General Motors Chairmen of the Board of General Motors[48] * Thomas Neal -- November 19, 1912 - November 16, 1915 * Pierre S. du Pont -- November 16, 1915 - February 7, 1929 * Lammot du Pont II -- February 7, 1929 - May 3, 1937 * Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. -- May 3, 1937 - April 2, 1956 * Albert Bradley -- April 2, 1956 - August 31, 1958 * Frederic G. Donner -- September 1, 1958 - October 31, 1967 * James M. Roche -- November 1, 1967 - December 31, 1971

* Richard C. Gerstenberg -- January 1, 1972 - November 30, 1974 * Thomas A. Murphy -- December 1, 1974 - December 31, 1980 * Roger B. Smith -- January 1, 1981 - July 31, 1990 * Robert C. Stempel -- August 1, 1990 - November 1, 1992 * John G. Smale -- November 2, 1992 - December 31, 1995 * John F. "Jack" Smith, Jr. -- January 1, 1996 - April 30, 2003 * G. Richard Wagoner, Jr. -- May 1, 2003 - March 30, 2009 * Kent Kresa -- March 30, 2009 - July 10, 2009 * Edward ("Ed") Whitacre, Jr. -- July 10, 2009 December 31, 2010[49] * Dan Akerson -- December 31, 2010 present[50] [edit] Chief Executive Officers of General Motors Chief Executive Officers of General Motors[51] * Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. -- May 10, 1923 - June 3, 1946 * Charles Erwin Wilson -- June 3, 1946 - January 26, 1953 * Harlow H. Curtice -- February 2, 1953 - August 31, 1958 * James M. Roche -- November 1, 1967 - December 31, 1971 * Richard C. Gerstenberg -- January 1, 1972 - November 30, 1974 * Thomas A. Murphy -- December 1, 1974 - December 31, 1980 * Roger B. Smith -- January 1, 1981 - July 31, 1990 * Robert C. Stempel -- August 1, 1990 - November 1, 1992 * John F. "Jack" Smith, Jr. -- November 2, 1992 - May 31, 2000 * G. Richard Wagoner, Jr. -- June 1, 2000 - March 30, 2009 * Frederick A. "Fritz" Henderson -- March 30, 2009 - December 1, 2009[52] * Edward ("Ed") Whitacre, Jr. -- December 1, 2009 September 1, 2010[53] * Dan Akerson -- September 1, 2010 present[54] [edit] Vice Chairmen of General Motors

Vice Chairmen of General Motors[51] * Donaldson Brown -- May 3, 1937 - June 3, 1946 * George Russell -- November 1, 1967 - March 31, 1970 * Richard C. Gerstenberg -- April 6, 1970 - December 31, 1971 * Thomas A. Murphy -- January 1, 1972 - November 30, 1974 * Richard L. Terrell -- October 1, 1974 - January 1, 1979 * Oscar A. Lundin -- December 1, 1974 - November 30, 1975 * Howard H. Kerhl -- February 1, 1981 - December 31, 1986 * Donald J. Atwood -- June 1, 1987 - April 19, 1989 * John F. "Jack" Smith, Jr. -- August 1, 1990 - April 6, 1992 * Robert J. Schultz -- August 1, 1990 - November 1, 1992 * Harry J. Pearce -- January 1, 1996 - May 25, 2001 * John M. Devine -- January 1, 2001 - June 1, 2006 * Robert A. Lutz -- September 1, 2001present * Frederick A. "Fritz" Henderson -- January 1, 2006 - March 3, 2008 [edit] Presidents of General Motors Presidents of General Motors[55] * George E. Daniels -- September 22, 1908 - October 20, 1908 * William M. Eaton -- October 20, 1908 - November 23, 1910 * James J. Storrow -- November 23, 1910 - January 26, 1911 * Thomas Neal -- January 26, 1911 - November 19, 1912 * Charles W. Nash -- November 19, 1912 - June 1, 1916 * William C. Durant -- June 1, 1916 - November 30, 1920 * Pierre S. du Pont -- November 30, 1920 - May 10, 1923 * Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. -- May 10, 1923 - May 3, 1937 * William S. Knudsen -- May 3, 1937 - September 3, 1940

* Charles E. Wilson -- January 6, 1941 - January 26, 1953 * Harlow H. Curtice -- February 2, 1953 - August 31, 1958 * John F. Gordon -- September 1, 1958 - May 31, 1965 * James M. Roche -- June 1, 1965 - October 31, 1967 * Edward N. Cole -- November 1, 1967 - September 30, 1974 * Elliott M. Estes -- October 1, 1974 - January 31, 1981 * F. James McDonald -- February 1, 1981 - August 31, 1987 * Robert C. Stempel -- September 1, 1987 - July 31, 1990 * Lloyd E. Reuss -- August 1, 1990 - April 6, 1992 * John F. "Jack" Smith, Jr. -- April 6, 1992 - October 5, 1998 * G. Richard Wagoner, Jr. -- October 5, 1998 - April 30, 2003 * Frederick A. "Fritz" Henderson -- March 3, 2008 - December 1, 2009[56] [edit] Criticism [edit] 1930s Germany In August 1938, a senior executive for General Motors, James D. Mooney, received the Grand Cross of the German Eagle for his distinguished service to the Reich. "Nazi armaments chief Albert Speer told a congressional investigator that Germany could not have attempted its September 1939 Blitzkrieg of Poland without the performanceboosting additive technology provided by Alfred P. Sloan and General Motors".[57] [58][59][60] During war Opel's Brandenburg facilities produced bombers JU-88, trucks, land mines and torpedo detonators for Nazi Germany.[61] Charles Levinson, formerly deputy director of the European office of the CIO, clearly stated in his book, "Vodka-Cola":[62] "Alfred P. Sloan, James D. Mooney, John T. Smith and Graeme K. Howard remained on the Opel board . . . in flagrant violation of existing legislation, information, contacts, transfers and trade continued [throughout the war] to flow between the firm's Detroit headquarters and its subsidiaries both in Allied countries and in territories controlled by the Axis powers. The financial records of Opel Rsselsheim revealed that between 1942 and 1945 production and sales strategy were planned in close coordination with General Motors factories throughout the world.... In 1943, while its American manufacturers were equipping the United States Air Force, the German group were developing, manufacturing and assembling motors for the Messerschmitt 262, the first jet fighter in the world. This innovation gave the Nazis a

basic technological advantage. With speeds up to 540 miles per hour, this aircraft could fly 100 miles per hour faster than its American rival, the piston-powered Mustang P51." David Farber, author of Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors (2002), stated that:[63] "GM destroyed Sloan's files to protect itself from lawsuits regarding antitrust issues, the neglect of automobile safety and its investments in Nazi Germany." Sloan's memoir presents a different picture of Opel's wartime existence.[64] According to Sloan, Opel was nationalized (along with most other industrial activity owned or co-owned by foreign interests) by the German state soon after the outbreak of war.[11] Sloan presents Opel at the end of the war as a black box to GM's American managementan organization that the Americans had had no contact with for 5 years. According to Sloan, GM in Detroit debated whether to even try to run Opel in the postwar era, or to leave to the interim West German government the question of who would pick up the pieces.[64] Given the extreme difficulty of civilian communications between Germany and Allied nations during the war, Sloan's lost-contact version of the wartime era seems credible more so than the CIO's great-conspiracy version. However, GM's actions during the era before the war, between 1936 and 1939 when Germany was rearming in opensecret violation of the Versailles treaty, are much more difficult to defend. The idea that corporate interests weren't prioritized above national or ethical ones during that era seems basically defenseless. Not surprisingly, Sloan's memoir doesn't mention this topic at all, either because Sloan himself avoided it or because GM's lawyers succeeded in getting it redacted. Defending the German investment strategy as "highly profitable", Alfred P. Sloan told shareholders in 1939 GM's continued industrial production for the Nazi government was merely sound business practice. In a letter to a concerned shareholder, Sloan said that the manner in which the Nazi government ran Germany "should not be considered the business of the management of General Motors...We must conduct ourselves as a German organization. . . We have no right to shut down the plant."[65] After 20 years of researching General Motors, Bradford Snell stated, "General Motors was far more important to the Nazi war machine than Switzerland ... Switzerland was just a repository of looted funds. Opel was an integral part of the German war effort. The Nazis could have invaded Poland and Russia without Switzerland. They could not have done so without GM."[65] [edit] Great American streetcar scandal theory Main article: Great American streetcar scandal

The Great American Streetcar Scandal is an unproven theory developed by Robert Eldridge Hicks in 1970 and published by Grossman Publishers in 1973 in the book "Politics of Land, Ralph Nader's Study Group Report on Land Use in California" at pp. 410-12, compiled by Robert C. Fellmeth, Center for Study of Responsive Law, and put forth by Bradford Snell again in 1974, in which GM, along with road-builders, is alleged to have engaged in a policy that triggered the shift from the mass transportation of the previous century to the 'one-person-one-car' trip of today.[66] The theory states that in order to expand auto sales and maximize profits GM bought local mass transit systems and privately owned railways, following which it would proceed to eliminate them.[67] Alternative versions of the events have been put forth by scholars in the field.[68][69][70] Slater, Cosgrove and Span all put forth evidence that counters Snell's theory. [edit] Corvair Consumer advocate, Ralph Nader, issued a series of attacks on vehicle safety issues from GM particularly the Chevrolet Corvair in his book Unsafe at Any Speed, written in 1968. Being the first major action taken by Nader, he soon established his reputation as a crusader for safety. GM was then accused of sending spies after him. "A woman at the supermarket confronted me and said, 'How would you like to have a talk on foreign affairs?' This wasn't a classroom, this was a supermarket, I was buying cookies - I don't think she wanted to talk about foreign affairs, I think she wanted to talk about domestic affairs", Nader said in the 2006 documentary An Unreasonable Man. Agents were supposedly trying to fix his mind and get him to engage in sexual activity. "Mother would get calls saying, 'We've got a package for Mr. Ralph Nader at 9 AM.' There would also be threats like, 'You better back off, buddy boy'", said Claire, Nader's sister. GM was put on trial for attempting manipulation with Nader, Robert Kennedy and numerous other notable figures present at the trial. In the end, the CEO apologized to Nader; however, Nader continued to work against General Motors. [edit] Top-level management In 1980, J. Patrick Wright wrote a book named On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors. This book, which critics acclaimed "blows the lid off the king of carmakers" was about the allegations of corruption, "mismanagement and total irresponsibility" at the top level of the company, as seen by John Z. DeLorean, the Vice-President, who, in 1973, resigned from his position in spite of a brilliant and meteoric rise. He was earning $650,000 per year and was expected to be the next President of GM. [edit] EV1 Main article: General Motors EV1 [edit] See also * Fisher P-75 Eagle

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26. ^ "GM sells Isuzu shares for $300 million". Detroit News. http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article? AID=/20060411/UPDATE/604110423/1148/AUTO01. Retrieved 2006-04-12. 27. ^ 2006 takes a soft bounce By Tom Petruno, The Baltimore Sun, Tuesday, December 26, 2006 28. ^ GM Agrees to Sell Allison Transmission Unit, The Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2007 29. ^ "Tracinda Corp, et al. - SC 13D/A - General Motors Corp - On 6/30/06 - EX10.1". SEC Info. http://www.secinfo.com/d14D5a.v48Pq.d.htm#1stPage. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 30. ^ "Kerkorian Seeks GM Partnership With Renault, Nissan (Update12)". Bloomberg.com. June 30, 2006. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news? pid=20601087&sid=aha7OiNqqaxQ. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 31. ^ Maynard, Micheline (October 4, 2006). "G.M. Ends Talks With Renault and Nissan". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/04/business/04cndauto.html? ex=1317614400&en=6862ffe1f804de60&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved May 4, 2010. 32. ^ "Historical prices for GMGMQ (General Motors Corporation) - Google Finance". Finance.google.com. http://finance.google.com/finance/historical? cid=14194&startdate=Nov+13%2C+2006&enddate=Nov+24%2C+2006. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 33. ^ Isidore, Chris (November 30, 2006). "Kerkorian dumps more GM shares". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2006/11/30/news/companies/kerkorian_gm/index.htm? cnn=yes. Retrieved May 4, 2010. 34. ^ "Kerkorian Sells His Remaining GM Holdings, Person Familiar Says". Bloomberg.com. November 30, 2006. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news? pid=20601103&sid=aqB8GFBTzHgM&refer=us. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 35. ^ "GM - GEO Minerals Ltd. - Google Finance". Google.com. 2008-08-31. http://www.google.com/finance? hl=en&num=50&lr=&ft=i&cr=&safe=images&q=gm&um=1&ie=UTF8&sa=N&tab=we. Retrieved 2009-06-06. 36. ^ GM Cash Burn 1B per month - Auto News Report - May 29, 2008 37. ^ Bensinger, Greg; Green, Jeff (August 1, 2008). "GM's $15.5 Billion Loss Is Third-Biggest in a Century". Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news? pid=20601087&sid=au.TL_ofjGuM&refer=home. Retrieved 2008-08-02.

38. ^ GM to sell stake in Suzuki to raise cash - November 17, 2008 39. ^ "Treasury lends $2 billion more to General Motors". Associated Press. 2009-0425. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_AUTO_BAILOUT? SITE=MATAU&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved 2009-04-26. [dead link] 40. ^ USA Today (2009-04-24). "GM gets another $2B in taxpayer loans, expected to scrap Pontiac". http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2009-04-24-gm-loanschrysler-talks_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-26. 41. ^ "Germany picks Magna to save Opel". BBC. May 30, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8074924.stm. 42. ^ "Magna said to have delayed Opel vote until July 14 - Automotive News". Autonews.com. http://www.autonews.com/article/20090706/COPY01/307069857/1128. Retrieved 2009-07-09. 43. ^ http://wardsauto.com/home/gm_keep_opel_091103/ 44. ^ GM Creates Venture Capital Subsidiary News article from InfoGrok 45. ^ Civil Rights Crusader Leon Sullivan Dies 46. ^ www.auto-historia.com History of General Motors in Argentina - Accessed 2008-11-10 47. ^ EDS and General Motors Relationship Spans More Than Two Decades. EDS. Feb 2, 2006, retrieved March 18, 2007 48. ^ Chairmen of the Board of General Motors 49. ^ "Whitacre Vows to Learn About Cars as GM Chairman (Update1)". Bloomberg.com. 2009-06-10. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news? pid=20601109&sid=aQ._YJhEj_Jo. Retrieved 2009-07-15. 50. ^ Forbes. http://people.forbes.com/profile/daniel-f-akerson/4686. 51. ^ a b Chief Executive Officers of General Motors 52. ^ "UPDATE 4-GM CEO Henderson departs in shakeup by board". Reuters. December 2, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN0152140020091202. 53. ^ "GM Said to Pick Whitacre After Finding No Top Industrial CEOs". Bloomberg. January 26, 2010. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news? pid=20601108&sid=aO6ZDJZFpGug.

54. ^ http://www.gm.com/corporate/about/bios/akerson.jsp 55. ^ Presidents of General Motors 56. ^ "UPDATE 4-GM CEO Henderson departs in shakeup by board". Reuters. December 2, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/companyNews/idUSN0152140020091202/. 57. ^ "Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration". Washingtonpost.com. November 30, 1998. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/national/daily/nov98/nazicars30.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 58. ^ "j. - Hitler's carmaker". Internalcombustionbook.com. http://www.internalcombustionbook.com/archive/offsite/jweekly/JWeeklyGMandtheNaz is.html. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 59. ^ Black, Edwin. "Hitler's Carmaker: The Inside Story of How General Motors Helped Mobilize the Third Reich". Globalresearch.ca. http://globalresearch.ca/index.php? context=viewArticle&code=20070505&articleId=5571. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 60. ^ "Trading with the Enemy", Charles Higham, Doubleday (December 1982). 61. ^ Hitler's carmaker 62. ^ "How the Allied multinationals supplied Nazi Germany throughout World War II". libcom.org. http://libcom.org/library/allied-multinationals-supply-nazi-germanyworld-war-2. Retrieved 2009-06-18. 63. ^ "Alex Constantine's Blacklist: Nazi Collaborator Alfred P. Sloan". Aconstantineblacklist.blogspot.com. 2009-02-07. http://aconstantineblacklist.blogspot.com/2009/02/nazi-collaborator-alfred-psloan.html. Retrieved 2009-06-18. 64. ^ a b Sloan 1964, pp. 328337. 65. ^ a b Ford and GM Scrutinized for Alleged Nazi Collaboration, Washington Post, Monday, November 30, 1998; Page A0. 66. ^ Stephen Leahy, Time Expired 67. ^ Bradford Snell, The StreetCar Conspiracy. How General Motors Deliberately Destroyed Public Transit 68. ^ http://www.lava.net/cslater/TQOrigin.pdf 69. ^ http://www.its.berkeley.edu/itsreview/ITSReviewonline/winter20042005/gm.html

70. ^ http://www.baycrossings.com/Archives/2003/03_April/paving_the_way_for_buses_the_ great_gm_streetcar_conspiracy.htm

[edit] Bibliography [edit] Works cited * Sloan, Alfred P. (1964), McDonald, John, ed., My Years with General Motors, Garden City, NY, USA: Doubleday, LCCN 64011306, OCLC 802024, http://books.google.com/books?id=qHJEAAAAIAAJ. Republished in 1990 with a new introduction by Peter Drucker (ISBN 978-0385042352). [edit] Further reading * Barabba, Vincent P. Surviving Transformation: Lessons from GM's Surprising Turnaround (2004) * Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., ed. Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry 1964. * Cray, Ed. Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times. 1980. * Farber, David. Sloan Rules: Alfred P. Sloan and the Triumph of General Motors U of Chicago Press 2002 * Gustin, Lawrence R. Billy Durant: Creator of General Motors, 1973. * Halberstam, David. The Reckoning (1986) detailed reporting on the crises of 1973-mid 1980s * Keller, Maryann. Rude Awakening: The Rise, Fall, and Struggle for Recovery of General Motors, 1989. * Leslie, Stuart W. Boss Kettering: Wizard of General Motors Columbia University Press, 1983. * Maxton, Graeme P. and John Wormald, Time for a Model Change: Re-engineering the Global Automotive Industry (2004) * Maynard, Micheline. The End of Detroit: How the Big Three Lost Their Grip on the American Car Market (2003) * Rae, John B. The American Automobile: A Brief History. University of Chicago Press, 1965.

* Weisberger, Bernard A. The Dream Maker: William C. Durant, Founder of General Motors, 1979 [edit] External links * Official GM website * GMnext official website [show]

*v *t *e

General Motors Divisions / operating groups / joint ventures

* ACDelco * Ally (4.0%) * Buick * Cadillac * CAMI Automotive * Chevrolet * Chevrolet Europe * Coskata, Inc. * DMAX (engines) (50%) * GM-AvtoVAZ * GM Financial

* GM Performance Division * GM Manufacturing Luton * GMC * General Motors Amrica do Sul * General Motors Canada * GM Korea * General Motors de Mexico * General Motors do Brasil * General Motors India o Chevrolet Sales India Private Limited o Opel India Private Limited * General Motors Research Laboratories * General Motors South Africa * Global Hybrid Cooperation * GM Components Holdings * GM Goodwrench * GM Powertrain Torino * GM Service and Parts Operations * GM Ventures * Holden * Holden New Zealand * Holden Special Vehicles * HRL Laboratories (50%) * Isuzu Motors Polska * OnStar * Opel

* Opel Performance Center * Vauxhall Motors * SAIC-GM-Wuling (34%) * Shanghai GM (49%)

GM headquarters in Detroit.JPG Former divisions and joint ventures * Allison Engine Company (19291995) * Allison Transmission (19292007) * Atlantic Aircraft * Dayton-Wright Company (19191923) * Delco Electronics * Delphi (19941999) * Detroit Diesel (19381988) * DirecTV (19942003) * Electro-Motive Diesel (19302004) * Electronic Data Systems (19841996) * Euclid Trucks (19531968) * Fisher Body * Fleetwood Metal Body * Frigidaire (19191980) * General Motors Europe (19862010) * General Motors Diesel Division (19381987) * General Motors Diesel (19491969)

* Ghandhara Industries (19531963) * GM Defense (19502003) * GMAC Real Estate (19982008) * GM Truck & Bus Group (19431981) * GMC Heavy Trucks * Hughes Aircraft (19851997) * Hughes Electronics (19851997) * Hughes Network Systems (19872003) * HughesNet (DirecWay/DirecPC) (19962003) * Hummer (1992-2010) * Kettering University * National City Lines * NUMMI (19842009) * New Venture Gear (36%, 19902002) * Nexteer (20092010) * North American Aviation (19331948) * Nuvell Financial Services (19972008) * PanAmSat (19952003) * Remy Electric (19181994) * Rochester Products Division * Terex * Saab Automobile (1989-2010) * Saturn Corporation (19852010) * Terminal Taxi Cab * United Australian Automobile Industries (19891996) * Winton Motor Carriage Company

* Yellow Coach Manufacturing Company (19251943) Products and faciliites * Factories * Platforms * Engines * Transmissions * Vehicles * Renaissance Center * GM Technical Center * GM Proving Grounds Other * General Motors Foundation * History * General Motors Motorama * People * Category Category * Commons [show] *v *t *e

Automotive marques of General Motors Wholly owned Current

* Alpheon * Buick * Cadillac * Chevrolet * GMC * Holden * Opel * Vauxhall Discontinued * Acadian (19621971) * Asna (19921995) * Beaumont (19661969) * Bedford (19301986) * Cartercar (19051915) * Daewoo (19822011) * Elmore (18931912) * Geo (19891997) * Hummer (19922010) * LaSalle (19271940) * Marquette (19291930) * McLaughlin (19181942) * Oakland (19071931) * Oldsmobile (18972004) * Passport (19881991) * Pontiac (19262010) * Ranger (19681976)

* Saturn (19852010) * Scripps-Booth (19131923) * Sheridan (19201921) * Statesman (19711984) * Viking (19291931) * Yellow Coach (19251943) Former * Lotus (19861993) * Saab (19892010) Shareholdings and joint ventures Current * Baojun1 * Wuling1 Former * Fiat (20002005; up to 20%) * Isuzu (c.19712006; up to 49%) * Subaru (c.19992006; 20%) * Suzuki (19852008; up to 15%) 1Marques of SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile (GM 34%) Category Category Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=History_of_General_Motors&oldid=484790844" View page ratings Rate this page Rate this page Page ratings

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Create an accountorLog in Maybe later Thanks! Your ratings have been saved. Did you know that you can edit this page? Edit this page Maybe later Categories: * General Motors * History of automotive companies * History of Detroit, Michigan * History of Michigan Hidden categories: * All articles with dead external links * Articles with dead external links from October 2010 * All articles with unsourced statements * Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 * Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 * Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 * All accuracy disputes * Articles with disputed statements from September 2010 Personal tools * Create account * Log in Namespaces * Article * Talk Variants Views

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