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MATLAB SIMULATION OF FS-1015 LPC-10e COPYRIGHT (C) 1996-99 ANDREAS SPANIAS and TED PAINTER This Copyright applies only to this particular MATLAB implementation of the LPC-10e coder. The MATLAB software is intended only for educational purposes. No other use is intended or authorized. This is not a public domain program and unauthorized distribution to individuals or networks is prohibited. Be aware that use of the standard in any form is goverened by rules of the US DoD. This program is free software. It is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. There is no commitment or even implied commitment on behalf of Andreas Spanias or Ted Painter for maintenance or support of this code. MATLAB is trademark of The Mathworks Inc ALL DERIVATIVE WORKS MUST INCLUDE THIS COPYRIGHT NOTICE. ****************************************************************************** VOICING PORTED TO MATLAB FROM LPC-55 C RELEASE 3-8-94 ****************************************************************************** DESCRIPTION Voicing Detection (VOICIN) makes voicing decisions for each half frame of input speech. DESIGN NOTES Tentative voicing decisions are made two frames in the future (2F) for each half frame. These decisions are carried through one frame in the future (1F) to the present (P) frame where they are examined and smoothed, resulting in the final voicing decisions for each half frame. The voicing parameter (signal measurement) column vector (VALUE) is based on a rectangular window of speech samples determined by the window placement algorithm. The voicing parameter vector contains the AMDF windowed maximum-to-minimum ratio, the zero crossing rate, energy measures, reflection coefficients, and prediction gains. The voicing window is placed to avoid contamination of the voicing parameter vector with speech onsets. The input signal is then classified as unvoiced (including silence) or voiced. This decision is made by a linear discriminant function consisting of a dot product of the voicing decision coefficient (VDC) row vector with the measurement column vector (VALUE). The VDC vector is 2-dimensional, each row vector is optimized for a particular signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). So, before the dot product is performed, the SNR is estimated to select the appropriate VDC vector. The smoothing algorithm is a modified median smoother. The voicing discriminant function is used by the smoother to determine how strongly voiced or unvoiced a signal is. The smoothing is further

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % %

modified if a speech onset and a voicing decision transition occur within one half frame. In this case, the voicing decision transition is extended to the speech onset. For transmission purposes, there are constraints on the duration and transition of voicing decisions. The smoother takes these constraints into account. Finally, the energy estimates are updated along with the dither threshold used to calculate the zero crossing rate (ZC). VARIABLES INPUTS vwin inbuf lpbuf half minamd maxamd mintau ivrc obound OUTPUT voibuf INTERNAL qs rc1 ar_b ar_f zc dither maxmin minptr nvdc nvdcl vdcl vdc value voice lbe fbe lbve lbue fbve fbue ofbue olbue ref snr snr2 snrl ot vstate Voicing window limits Input speech buffer Low-pass filtered speech buffer Present analysis half frame number Minimum value of the AMDF Maximum value of the AMDF Pointer to the lag of the minimum AMDF value Inverse filter's RC's Onset boundary descriptions

- Buffer of voicing decisions - Ratio of preemphasized to full-band energies - First reflection coefficient - Product of the causal forward and reverse pitch prediction gains - Product of the noncausal forward and rev. pitch prediction gains - Zero crossing rate - Zero crossing threshold level - AMDF's 1 octave windowed maximum-to-minimum ratio - Location of minimum AMDF value - Number of elements in each VDC vector - Number of VDC vectors - SNR values corresponding to the set of VDC's - 2-D voicing decision coefficient vector - Voicing Parameters - History of LDA results - Ratio of low-band instantaneous to average energies - Ratio of full-band instantaneous to average energies - Low band voiced energy - Low band unvoiced energy - Full band voiced energy - Full band unvoiced energy - Previous full-band unvoiced energy - Previous low-band unvoiced energy - Reference energy for initialization and DITHER threshold - Estimate of signal-to-noise ratio - Estimate of low-band signal-to-noise ratio - SNR level number - Onset transition present - Decimal interpretation of binary voicing classifications

******************************************************************************

function voibuf = voicing( vwin, inbuf, lpbuf, half, minamd, maxamd,... mintau, ivrc, obound, voibuf ) % DECLARE GLOBAL VARIABLES global vstate dither snr maxmin voice vdc; global lbve lbue fbve fbue ofbue olbue; global sfbue slbue; global MAXVDC MXVDCL; global nvdc nvdcl; global vdcl; % DECLARE AND INITIALIZE LOCAL VARIABLES value = zeros( 9, 1 ); ot = 0; ref = 3000; % The VOICE array contains the result of the linear discriminant function % (analog values). The VOIBUF array contains the hard-limited binary % voicing decisions. The VOICE and VOIBUF arrays, according to FORTRAN % memory allocation, are addressed as: % % (half-frame number, future-frame number) % % | Past | Present | Future1 | Future2 | % | 1,0 | 2,0 | 1,1 | 2,1 | 1,2 | 2,2 | 1,3 | 2,3 | ---> time % % Update linear discriminant function history each frame: if half == 1 voice(1,1) = voice(1,2); voice(2,1) = voice(2,2); voice(1,2) = voice(1,3); voice(2,2) = voice(2,3); maxmin = maxamd / max( [ minamd, 1.0 ] ); end % CALCULATE VOICING PARAMETERS TWICE PER FRAME [ dither, zc, lbe, fbe, qs, rc1, ar_b, ar_f ] = ... vparms( vwin, inbuf, lpbuf, half, dither, mintau ); % ESTIMATE SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO TO SELECT THE APPROPRIATE VDC VECTOR. % THE SNR IS ESTIMATED AS THE RUNNING AVERAGE OF THE RATIO OF THE % RUNNING AVERAGE FULL-BAND VOICED ENERGY TO THE RUNNING AVERAGE % FULL-BAND UNVOICED ENERGY. SNR FILTER HAS GAIN OF 63. snr = round( 63 * ( snr + ( fbve / ( max ( [ fbue, 1.0 ] ) ) ) ) / 64.0 ); snr2 = ( snr * fbue ) / max( [ lbue, 1 ] ); % QUANTIZE SNR TO SNRL ACCORDING TO VDCL THRESHOLDS. snrl = 1; while snrl < nvdcl if snr2 > vdcl(snrl) break; end snrl = snrl + 1; end % NOTE: SNRL = NVDCL Here % LINEAR DISCRIMINANT VOICING PARAMETERS value(1) = maxmin; value(2) = lbe / max( [ lbve, 1.0 ] ); value(3) = zc;

value(4) value(5) value(6) value(7) value(8) value(9)

= = = = = =

rc1; qs; ivrc(2); ar_b; ar_f; 0.0;

% EVALUATION OF LINEAR DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION voice(half,3) = vdc(10,snrl) + sum( vdc(1:9,snrl) .* value(1:9) ); % CLASSIFY AS VOICED IF DISCRIMINANT > 0, OTHERWISE UNVOICED % VOICING DECISION FOR CURRENT HALF-FRAME: 1 = VOICED, 0 = UNVOICED if voice(half,3) > 0.0 voibuf(half,4) = 1; else voibuf(half,4) = 0; end % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % VOICING DECISION SMOOTHING RULES (OVERRIDE OF LINEAR COMBINATION) UNVOICED HALF-FRAMES: AT LEAST TWO IN A ROW. -------------------VOICED HALF-FRAMES: ------------------AT LEAST TWO IN A ROW IN ONE FRAME. OTHERWISE AT LEAST THREE IN A ROW. (DUE TO THE WAY TRANSITION FRAMES ARE ENCODED)

IN MANY CASES, THE DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION DETERMINES HOW TO SMOOTH. IN THE FOLLOWING CHART, THE DECISIONS MARKED WITH A * MAY BE OVERRIDDEN. VOICING OVERRIDE OF TRANSITIONS AT ONSETS: IF A V/UV OR UV/V VOICING DECISION TRANSITION OCCURS WITHIN ONE-HALF FRAME OF AN ONSET BOUNDING A VOICING WINDOW, THEN THE TRANSITION IS MOVED TO OCCUR AT THE ONSET. P ----0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1* 0 1* 0* 1 0 1* 1 0* 1 0 1 0* 1 0* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1F ----0 0 0* 1 1* 0* 1 1 0 0 0* 1 1 0* 1 1 0 0 0 1 1* 0 1 1 0 0 0* 1* 1* 0 1 1

(IF THERE IS AN ONSET THERE) (BASED ON 2F AND DISCRIMINANT DISTANCE) (ALWAYS) (BASED ON (BASED ON (IF THERE (IF THERE DISCRIMINANT DISTANCE) PAST, 2F, AND DISCRIMINANT DISTANCE) IS AN ONSET THERE) IS AN ONSET THERE)

(BASED ON DISCRIMINANT DISTANCE) (ALWAYS) (BASED ON 2F AND DISCRIMINANT DISTANCE) (IF THERE IS AN ONSET THERE)

% SKIP VOICING DECISION SMOOTHING IN FIRST HALF-FRAME if half ~= 1 % DETERMINE IF THERE IS AN ONSET TRANSITION BETWEEN P AND 1F. % OT (ONSET TRANSITION) IS TRUE IF THERE IS AN ONSET BETWEEN

% P AND 1F BUT NOT AFTER 1F. if ( (rem(fix(obound(1)/2),2) ~= 0) | (obound(2) == 1) ) & (rem(obound(3),2) == 0) ot = 1; else ot = 0; end % MULTI-WAY DISPATCH ON VOICING DECISION HISTORY vstate = voibuf(1,2)*8 + voibuf(2,2)*4 + voibuf(1,3)*2 + voibuf(2,3); vs = vstate + 1; if vs == 1 % DO NOTHING elseif vs == 2 if ot & (voibuf(1,4)==1) voibuf(1,3) = 1; end elseif vs == 3 if (voibuf(1,4)==0) | (voice(1,2) < -voice(2,2)) voibuf(1,3) = 0; else voibuf(2,3) = 1; end elseif vs == 4 % DO NOTHING elseif vs == 5 voibuf(2,2) = 0; elseif vs == 6 if voice(2,1) < -voice(1,2) voibuf(2,2) = 0; else voibuf(1,3) = 1; end elseif vs == 7 if (voibuf(1,1)==1) | (voibuf(1,4)==1) | (voice(2,2)>voice(1,1)) voibuf(2,3) = 1; else voibuf(1,2) = 1; end elseif vs == 8 if ot voibuf(2,2) = 0; end elseif vs == 9 if ot voibuf(2,2) = 1; end elseif vs == 10 % DO NOTHING elseif vs == 11 if voice(1,2) < -voice(2,1) voibuf(1,3) = 0; else voibuf(2,2) = 1; end elseif vs == 12 voibuf(2,2) = 1; elseif vs == 13 % DO NOTHING elseif vs == 14

if (voibuf(1,4)==0) & (voice(2,2) < -voice(1,2)) voibuf(2,3) = 0; else voibuf(1,3) = 1; end elseif vs == 15 if ot & (voibuf(1,4)==0) voibuf(1,3) = 0; end else % DO NOTHING end end % NOW UPDATE PARAMETERS % --------------------% DURING UNVOICED HALF-FRAMES, UPDATE THE LOW BAND AND FULL BAND UNVOICED % ENERGY ESTIMATES (LBUE AND FBUE) AND ALSO THE ZERO CROSSING % THRESHOLD (DITHER). (THE INPUT TO THE UNVOICED ENERGY FILTERS IS % RESTRICTED TO BE LESS THAN 10DB ABOVE THE PREVIOUS INPUTS OF THE % FILTERS.) % DURING VOICED HALF-FRAMES, UPDATE THE LOW-PASS (LBVE) AND ALL-PASS % (FBVE) VOICED ENERGY ESTIMATES. */ if voibuf(half,4) == 0 sfbue = round( ((63*sfbue)+(8*min([fbe,3*ofbue]))) / 64.0 ); fbue = fix(sfbue/8); ofbue = fbe; slbue = round( ((63*slbue)+(8*min([lbe,3*olbue]))) / 64.0 ); lbue = fix(slbue/8); olbue = lbe; else lbve = round( ((63*lbve)+lbe) / 64.0 ); fbve = round( ((63*fbve)+fbe) / 64.0 ); end % SET DITHER THRESHOLD TO YIELD PROPER ZERO CROSSING RATES IN THE % PRESENCE OF LOW FREQUENCY NOISE AND LOW LEVEL SIGNAL INPUT. % NOTE: THE DIVISOR IS A FUNCTION OF REF, THE EXPECTED ENERGIES. dither = min( [ max([((64*sqrt(lbue*lbve))/ref),1.0]), 20.0 ] );