I.

Cellular respiration o ATP is the universal currency o Enzymes dont provide energy but they are catalysts and make it more efficient o Glucose is produced through photosynthesis and it builds atp o Cellular respiration (aerobic)- 6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP o Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposites II. Aerobic respiration A. Glycolysis o The energy is used from 2 ATP molecules o 4 ATP are produced, with a net gain of 2 o One molecule of glucose is turned into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid o This step occurs in the cytoplasm and doesnt need oxygen B. Transition step o If oxygen is present, the Pyruvic acid passes into mitochondria and becomes acetic acid and releases CO2 o Acetic acid combines with Coenzymes A to make Acetyl COA o Oxygen must me present but is not used o No ATP is gained C. Krebs (citric acid) cycle o Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria o Citric acid is changed into a 5 carbon molecule and then a 4 carbon o CO2 is given off during this o For every unit of glucose, 2 ATP are produced and the cycle turns twice D. Electron transport chain o The carrier molecule NADH gives up electrons that pass through reactions o The electrons have high energy at the top of the chain and give it up as they pass down o This energy is captured in the molecules of ATP o Takes place in the Christae o 32 ATP are made o O2 serves as an electron acceptor and combines with the H+ to make H2O o Electrons travel through proteins and the lost energy makes ATP III. Anaerobic respiration o Glycolysis takes place but the Pyruvic acid cant transfer into the mitochondria o The hydrogen that was stripped off go back into it and the Pyruvic acid becomes as isomer, lactic acid, through lactic acid fermentation o This occurs in animals, plants, and a few bacteria

o This happens to a runner because they are in oxygen debt and are burning sugar instead of oxygen o After the runner is done, the lactic acid is converted pack to Pyruvic acid and with the presence of oxygen goes into the mitochondria o Plant cells, yeast, fungi, and some bacteria form alcohol instead of lactic acid when oxygen is removed. This anaerobic process makes baking bread and making beer possible IV. Body heat A. Homoeothermic o Homoeothermic is warmblooded and they maintain 98.6 o This is maintained by burning food, some of which goes to ATP, and the rest goes to waste heat o 58% of the available energy in glucose goes to heat o Advantages: Always at peak operating temperature o Disadvantages: Metabolic rate is slowed down when it is cold, which means less heat is produced, which means metabolic rate is slowed Can also catch hypo and hyperthermia. Have to eat a lot B. Endothermic o Advantages: since they arent trying to maintain body heat, energy need are much lower, dont need insulation o Disadvantages: not always at peak operating temperature, hindering flight V. Available energy o The rule of 10s states that only 10% of the available energy gets passed on o If the bear eats out of the first trophic level, it is the most efficient use of the original energy ATP gain Glycolysis Transition Krebs ETC 2 0 1 per turn 32 NADH + H 2 1 3 per turn 0 Location cytoplasm mitochondria matrix christae CO2 0 1 2 per turn 0 End product 2 Pyruvic 2 Ace-CoA 4 carbon mol 32 ATP & h2O