DIGITAL PRINCIPLES & SYSTEM DESIGN

ANNA UNIVERSITY PREVIOUS YEAR

2 MARK

QUESTION WITH ANSWER

Nov 2011
1. Convert the binary (11011.01001)2 into decimal number?
(11011.01001)2 = (1x24) + (1x23) + (0x22) + (1x21) + (1x20) + (0x2-1) + (1x2-2) + (0x2-3) + (0x2-4)+ (1x2-5) = 16+8+0+2+1+0+0.25+0+0+0.03125 = 27.2812510

2. What are the different ways to represent a negative number?

3. Define non weighted codes?

Non weighted codes are codes that are not positionally weighted. That is, each position within the binary number is not assigned a fixed value.

4. Name the types of modeling techniques used in HDL?

1. Gate level modeling using instantiation of primitive gates and user-defined Modules. 2. Data flow modeling, using continuous assignment statements with Keyword assign. 3. Behavioral modeling using procedural assignment with keyword always.

5. Difference between PAL and PLA?

SI.NO 1. 2.

PAL
AND arrays are programmable OR arrays are fixed Cheaper and Simpler

PLA
Both AND and OR arrays are programmable and Complex Costlier than PAL

6. What is meant by data distributer?

i. ii. Demultiplexer is otherwise called as Data distributor. A demultiplexer is a combinational logic circuit with an input line, 2n output lines and n select lines. It routes the information present on the input line to any of the output lines. The output line that gets the information present on the input line is decided by the bit status of the selection lines.

7. How many flip flop are required for designing synchronous MOD 50 counter?
2n N ----> 26 8 Therefore, six flip-flops are required.

8. Distinguish mealy and Moore models?

9. Write the use of implication table?

An implication table is a tool used to facilitate the minimization of states in a state machine. The concept is to start assuming that every state may be able to combine with every other state, and then eliminate combinations that are not possible. When all the impossible combinations have been eliminated, the remaining state combinations are valid, and thus can be combined. The procedure is as follows: 1. List state-combination possibilities in an implication table, 2. Eliminate combinations that are impossible because the states produce different outputs, 3. Eliminate combinations that are impossible because the combination depends on the equivalence of a previously eliminated possibility, 4. Repeat the above steps until no more elimination are possible.

10. Name the diff types of Hazards?

1. Static-0 Hazards, 2. Static-1 Hazards, 3. Dynamic Hazards.

April 2011
1. What is meant by maxterm?
Each individual term in standard POS form is called maxterms.

2. Simplify the following Boolean function?

a) zx +zx` y b) (x+y) (x+y`) = z (x+xy) = z (x+y) = xx+xy+xy+yy = x+xy+xy+0 = x (1+y+y) =x

3. What are the ways to implement the 2`s complements?

1. Positive 2's complement 2. Negative 2's complement

4. Implement the following Boolean function using only AND and

NOT gates F=xy+x`y`+y`z F=xy+x`y`+y`z =0+ y`z [ab+ab=0]=F=yz

5. Give the steps of the design procedure of combinational circuit?

1. Problem description 2. Input/output of the circuit 3. Define truth table 4. Simplification for each output 5. Draw the circuit.

6. List out the various types of modeling used in HDL?

1. Gate level modeling using instantiation of primitive gates and user-defined Modules. 2. Data flow modeling, using continuous assignment statements with keyword assign. 3. Behavioral modeling using procedural assignment with keyword always.

7. Realize the half adder using equal number of OR and AND gates?

8. In what way the don`t care combinations are analyzed?

In some logic circuits certain input conditions never occur, therefore the corresponding output never appears. In such cases the output level is not defined, it can be either high or low. These output levels are indicated by X ord in the truth tables and are called dont care conditions or incompletely specified functions. K-Map way dont care combinational are analyzed.

9. Why the priority encoder is called so?

A priority encoder is an encoder circuit that includes the priority function. In priority encoder, if 2 or more inputs are equal to 1 at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence.

10.Mention any two application of multiplexer?

1. Cell phone systems. 2. Instrumentation.

11.Define the terms with referred to ROM:address,word.

Read only memory is a device that includes both the decoder and the OR gates within a single IC package. In a ROM, each bit combination of the input variable is called on address. Each bit combination that comes out of the output lines is called a word.

12. Draw the general block diagram of a PLA ?

13. Differentiate between a latch and flip flop?

Latch is a sequential device that checks all of its inputs continuously and changes its outputs according to any time, independent of a clocking signal. Flip-flop is a sequential device that samples its inputs and changes its outputs only at times determined by clocking signal.

14. Draw the state diagram of JK flip flop?

15. A 4-bit circulating register is initially set to(0001) where`1`is the true output of LSB flip flop. what is the number preset at the end of 15 clock pulse? 0001 16. Signify the switch-tail ring counter?
The Johnson counter is a K-bit switch-tail ring counter with 2k decoding gates to provide outputs for 2k timing signals.

17. What is the effect of unequal delays in asynchronous sequential logic?

When 2 or more binary state variables change their value in response to a change in an input variable, race condition occurs in an asynchronous sequential circuit. In case of unequal delays, a race condition may cause the state variables to change in an unpredictable manner.

18. How two states are said to be compatible?

States Si and Sj said to be compatible states, if and only if for every input sequence that affects the two states, the same output sequence, occurs whenever both outputs are specified and regardless of whether Si on Sj is the initial state.

19. Define hazard in combinational circuit. what is the cause of it?

20. List the elements in the ASM chart.

1. state box, 2. decision box & 3. Conditional output box.

Nov 2010
1. State Demorgans theorem?
De Morgan suggested two theorems that form important part of Boolean algebra. They are, 1) The complement of a product is equal to the sum of the complements. (AB)' = A' + B' 2) The complement of a sum term is equal to the product of the complements. (A + B)' = A'B'

2. Simplify: A+AB+A +B?

A+AB+A+B=1+B+AB=1+AB=1

3. Convert FACE16 into Octal?

FACE16 =1111+1010+1100+1110+0001+0110 =111 110 101 100 111 000 010 110 =765470268

4. What are prime implicants?

The terms remained unchecked are called prime-implicants. They cannot be reduced further.

5. Draw the circuit for Half adder?

6. What are the modelling techniques available to build HDL Module?

1. Gate level modeling using instantiation of primitive gates and user-defined Modules. 2. Data flow modeling, using continuous assignment statements with keyword assign. 3. Behavioral modeling using procedural assignment with keyword always.

7. What is logic Synthesis?

Logic Synthesis is the automatic process of transforming a high level language description such as HDL into an optimized netlist of gates that perform the operations specified by the source code. It is the process of deriving a list of components and their interconnections from the model of a digital system described in HDL.

8. Compare the Combinational and sequential Logic circuits?

9. Draw a 4-bit binary to gray code converter circuits?

10. what is the diff between PLA and PAL?

SI.NO 1. 2.

PAL

PLA
are

AND arrays are programmable Both AND and OR arrays OR arrays are fixed programmable and Complex Cheaper and Simpler Costlier than PAL

11.Define Priority encoder?

A priority encoder is an encoder circuit that includes the priority function. In priority encoder, if 2 or more inputs are equal to 1 at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence.

12.Distinguish between Decoder and Demultiplexer?

13. Give the excitation table for JK flip-flop?

Present State Qn 0 0 1 1

Next State Qn+1 0 1 0 1

J 0 1 X X

Flip Flop Inputs K X X 1 0

14. What is flip flop? Give its types?

"Flip-flop" is the common name given to two-state devices which offer basic memory for sequential logic operations. Flip-flops are heavily used for digital data storage and transfer and are commonly used in banks called "registers" for the storage of binary numerical data. Types: RS flip-flop SR flip-flop D flip-flop JK flip-flop T flip-flop

15. What is meant by the term state Reduction?

In the design of sequential circuits, we need to reduce the number of flip flops and the number of logic gates used in the combinational circuit part. Reduction of the number of flip-flops may result from the reduction of the number of states in the circuit. This is possible if we are interested in the input output relationship of the circuit and not in the outputs of the flip-flops.

16. What is a binary counter?

A counter that follows the binary sequence is called binary counter. An n-bit binary counter consists of n flip-flops and can count in binary from 0 to 2n-1.

17. What is mealy and Moore models?

Mealy Model is a network where the output is a function of both present state and input. Moore Model is a network where the output is function of only present state.

18. What is a critical race? Why should it be avoided?

Race exists in synchronous sequential circuits when two or more binary state variables charge during a state transition. A race becomes critical if the correct next value in not reached during a state transition. For the proper operation of the circuits, the critical races must be avoided.

19.What are the basic elements in ASM chart?

State box, decision box & Conditional output box.

20. Define a Primitive flow table?

It is defined as a flow table which has exactly one stable state for each row in the table. The design process begins with the construction of primitive flow table.

MAY /JUNE 2010

1. Convert (1010.011)2 to decimal?
1010.011 = (1x23)+ (0x22)+ (1x21)+ (0x20)+ (0x2-1)+ (1x2-2)+ (1x2-3)+ = 8+0+2+0+0+0.25+0.125 = 10.37510

2. Using 10`s complements subtract 3250-72532?

99999-72532=27467+1=27468+3250=(- 30718) 99999-30718=69281+1=69282

3. Write distributive law?

The Distributive Law means that you get the same answer when you multiply a number by a group of numbers added together as when you do each multiplication separately. Distributive Law (a) A (B + C) = A B + A C (b) A + (B C) = (A + B) (A + C)

4. List two universal gates?

The NAND and NOR gates are called as the universal gates. These gates are used to perform any type of logic application.

5. Draw the combinational circuit for Half adder.

6.What is PAL?
PAL is Programmable Array Logic. PAL consists of a programmable AND array and a fixed OR array with output logic.

7. Write De-Morgans Theorem?

De Morgan suggested two theorems that form important part of Boolean algebra. They are, 1) The complement of a product is equal to the sum of the complements. (AB)' = A' + B' 2) The complement of a sum term is equal to the product of the complements. (A + B)' = A'B'

8. Draw the truth table for XOR gate?

9. Define fan-in and fan out?

Fan in is the number of inputs connected to the gate without any degradation in the Voltage level. Fan out specifies the number of standard loads that the output of the gate can drive without impairment of its normal operation.

10.What is HDL?
In electronics, a hardware description language or HDL is any language from a class of computer languages, specification languages, or modeling languages for formal description and design of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic. It can describe the circuit's operation, its design and organization, and tests to verify its operation by means of simulation.

11. What is flip flop?

"Flip-flop" is the common name given to two-state devices which offer basic memory for sequential logic operations. Flip-flops are heavily used for digital data storage and transfer and are commonly used in banks called "registers" for the storage of binary numerical data.

12. Which flip flop is used as register?

D Flip -Flop

13. What is Multiplexer?

Multiplexer is a digital switch. If allows digital information from several sources to be routed onto a single output line.

14. List types of ROM?

Masked ROM. Programmable Read only Memory Erasable Programmable Read only memory. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read only Memory.

15. What is diff between Moores` model and Mealy Model?

16. Explain state reduction?

In the design of sequential circuits, we need to reduce the number of flip flops and the number of logic gates used in the combinational circuit part. Reduction of the number of flip-flops may result from the reduction of the number of states in the circuit. This is possible if we are interested in the input output relationship of the circuit and not in the outputs of the flip-flops.

17. Ripple counter is also called as ASYNCHRONOUS counter. 18. List error correction codes.
1. Parity 2. Hamming.

19. what is ASM?

Just as flow charts are useful in software design, flow charts are useful in the hardware design of digital systems. These flow charts are called as State Machine Flow Charts or SM charts. SM charts are also called as ASMC (Algorithmic State machine chart). ASM chart describes the sequential operation in a digital system. Elements: State box, decision box & Conditional output box

20. What are races?

When 2 or more binary state variables change their value in response to a change in an input variable, race condition occurs in an asynchronous sequential circuit. In case of unequal delays, a race condition may cause the state variables to change in an unpredictable manner.

Dec 2009
1. Define : positive logic and negative binary logic system?
When high voltage or more positive voltage level is associated with binary 10 and while the low or less positive level is associated with binary 01 then the system adhering to this is called positive logic. When high voltage level is associated with binary 01 and while the low level is associated with binary10 then the system adhering to this is called negative logic .

2.Write notes on minterms and maxterms?

Each individual term in standard SOP form is called minterms. The products of Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once in complement or uncomplement variables are called Minterm. Each individual term in standard POS form is called maxterms. A sum terms in a Boolean expression where all possible variables appear once, in complement or uncomplement form are called Maxterm.

3.State principle of duality.

Duality property states that every algebraic expression deducible from the postulates of Boolean algebra remains valid if the operators and identity elements are interchanged. If the dual of an algebraic expression is desired, we simply interchange OR and AND operators and replace 1's by 0's and 0's by 1's.

4.Simplify the following Boolean function:

a) AB+A`D+BD = AB + AD+ ABD + ABD = AB(1 + D) + AD(1 + B) = AB+ AD

b) (A+B)(A+ B`)
= A+ BB =A

5.What is magnitude comparator?

A Magnitude Comparator is a combinational circuit that compares two numbers, A and B and determines their relative magnitudes.

6.What you mean by BCD addition its differ from Decimal addition?
BCD represents each of the digits of an unsigned decimal as the 4-bit binary equivalents.

7.What is carry look ahead principle in parallel adder?

the principle of carry look-ahead solves this problem by calculating the carry signals in advance, based on the input signals. This type of adder circuit is called as carry look-ahead adder (CLA adder). It is based on the fact that a carry signal will be generated in two cases: (1) when both bits Ai and Bi are 1, or (2) when one of the two bits is 1 and the carry-in (carry of the previous stage) is 1.

8.Write gate level description of a 2 to 4 decoder?

// Gate-level description of a 2-to-4-line decoder module decoder_g1(|A,B,E,D); input A,B,E; output [0:3]D; wire Anot, Bnot, Enot; not n1 (Anot, A),

n2 (Bnot, B), n3 (Enot, E); nand n4 (D[0], Anot, Bnot, Enot), n5 (D[1], Anot, B, Enot), n6 (D[2], A, Bnot, Enot), n7 (D[3], A, B, Enot), endmodule

9.Write down a design procedure of combinational logic circuit.

1. Problem description 2. Input/output of the circuit 3. Define truth table 4. Simplification for each output 5. Draw the circuit

10.What is three state logic gate and its applications?

o AND gate

o OR gate
o NOT gate APPLICATIONS:

VLSI. (Very large scale integration) Their application is for logic control. The output is dependant on various inputs. They can be arranged, to hard wire a fixed response for any number of inputs.They can act at very high speed so can analyse wave forms and clock signals for digital signal processing.

11.What a truth table of 4 input priority encoder?

A priority encoder is an encoder that includes the priority function. The operation of the priority encoder is such that if two or more inputs are equal to 1 at the same time, the input having the highest priority will take precedence.

12.What is meant by the term edge triggered?

The problem of race around condition can solved by edge triggering flip flop. The term edge triggering means that the flip-flop changes state either at the positive edge or negative edge of the clock pulse and it is sensitive to its inputs only at this transition of the clock.

13.What are mealy and Moore machines?

Mealy circuit is a network where the output is a function of both present state and input. Moore circuit is a network where the output is function of only present state.

14.Distinguish between PLA and PAL?

SI.NO 1. 2.

PAL AND arrays are programmable OR arrays are fixed Cheaper and Simpler

PLA Both AND and OR arrays are programmable and Complex Costlier than PAL

15. Derive the characteristic equation of a JK flip-flop?

Characteristic Equation: Qn+1= JQ+ KQ.

16. What are the application of Shift register?

A serial-in-serial-out shift register can be used to introduce time delay in digital signals. A serial-in-parallel-out shift register can be used to convert data in the serial form to the parallel form. A parallel-in-serial-out shift register can be used to convert data in the parallel form to the serial form. A shift register can also be used as a counter.

17.What is meant by race?

When two or more binary state variables change their value in response to achange in an input variable, race condition occurs in asynchronous sequential circuits. In case of unequal delays, a race condition may cause the state variables to change in an unpredictable manner.

18.State that fundamental mode?

The input is allowed to charge after the steady state condition. Here the inputs are levels and not pulses.

19.What is a static 1 Hazard?

In a combinational circuit, if output goes momentarily 0 when it should remain a 1, the hazard is known as static-1 hazard.

20.How to detect and eliminate hazards from an asynchronous network?

Hazards can be eliminated by enclosing two minterms or maxterms.