ABSTRACT

This project deals with the overall view of 220kv grid substation .This gives the clear view of various equipments involved in the substation. This description involves with the transformers,circuitbreakers,lighting arrestorsisolators,relays,storage batteries,grounding,need for protection and how the communication takes place.In addition ,it includes details of substation and their single line diagrams.while coming to transformers, its operation and how the transformation levels takes place.various transformers are used in it and instrumental transformers are used in determining current and voltage ratings. Circuit breakers plays a dominant role in the substation and it consists of different types with its working principles.Lighting arrestors are used to prevent the high voltage entering the main station.Isolator switch is used to make sure that an electrical circuit can be completely de-energised for service or maintenance and those are found in electrical distribution and industrial applications where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for adjustment or repair. A relay is usually an electromechanical switch that allows a relatively small electrical voltage or current to control a larger voltage or current.In this relays,it gives the detailed description

of its operation in the abnormal conditions.Power line carrier

substations through power lines at high voltages ranging

communication is mainly used for telecommunication teleprotection and telemonitoring between electrical

110kv,220kv,400kv. Grounding is the essential part of the overall electric system.As substation includes huge machinery so there is a need of protection for all equipments.All the above topics gives the detailed information about transformation,distribution and its protecton.

CONTENTS
TOPICS List Of Figures List Of Abbreviations PAGE NO i ii

CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 What is a substation ? About 220KV grid substation Details of substation Single line diagram Main Equipments

1
2 4 5 6 8

CHAPTER - 2
TRANSFORMERS
2.1 Principle of operation 2.2 Transformer action 2.3Current transformer 2.4 Potential transformer 2.5 Safety precautions

9
10 11 14 15 16

CHAPTER - 3
CIRCUIT BREAKERS
3.1 Types of circuit breakers

17
18

CHAPTER - 4
LIGHTING ARRESTORS
4.1 Lighting Arrestors 4.2 Selection of lighting arrestor

22
23 24

CHAPTER - 5
CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT) 25

CHAPTER - 6
ISOLATORS
6.1 Isolator switch

27
28

TOPICS

PAGE NO

CHAPTER - 7
RELAYS
7.1How does a relay works ? 7.2Types of relays

30
31 32

CHAPTER - 8
STORAGE BATTERIES 34

CHAPTER - 9
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION (PLCC)
9.1 Wave trap 9.2 Reactors

37
38 39

CHAPTER - 10
GROUNDING
10.1 Factors influencing the condition of earth 10.2 Factors that change the requirement of earth electrode 10.3 Earthing practices

40
41 42 42

CHAPTER - 11
NEED FOR PROTECTION
11.1 Protection of transformers 11.2 Buchholz relay 11.3 Differential protection 11.4 Protection of feeder 11.5 Over current and earth fault protection

44
45 45 46 47 47

CONCLUSION BIBILOGRAPHY

48 49