Principles of Animal Physiology

Principles of Animal Physiology
Introduction
What is LIFE?
LIFE
Things organized to use energy and raw materials from their environment, maintain their integrity and reproduce.

Introduction
What is PHYSIOLOGY?
PHYSIOLOGY is FUNCTION!!! PHYSIOLOGY is an INTEGRATIVE science
Uses Anatomy, Physics, Chemistry . . .
SUBDISCIPLINES of Animal Physiology

Comparative; Environmental; Evolutionary; Development; Cell ...

Introduction
Why study Animal Physiology?
Curiosity - I just want to know. Applications - I want to profit from what I know. Insights - Now what do I do with what I know?
Human Physiology share: The same fundamental biological processes. A common set of laws of physics and chemistry. The same principles and mechanisms of genetics. A linked evolutionary history.
August Krogh principle:

For a large number of physiological problems, there will be some animal on which it can be most conveniently studied.

Introduction
A physician and medical researcher who understands physiology - both its potential contributions and limitations -is better equipped to make intelligent and perceptive decisions about the body.

Introduction Physiological processes arise through evolution
Natural selection - process by which traits that enhance a species survival are able to produce more surviving members than others not having those characteristics
Mechanistic (proximate) explanation
How does it work? Process by which events occur. Traditional core of the physiological sciences
Evolutionary explanation
How did it evolve to be the way it is?
Teleological approach
Why does it work? Purpose for the event/system. Sometimes assumes that features are always logically evolved

Introduction
The Hypotheticodeductive Method (Scientific Method) Science is a way of thinking. Science is a logical way to investigate the universe.
Observation
And ask questions
Experimentation Hypothesis
testable and falsifiable
Control Data
Analysis

Use of Animals in Research
Animal Rights vs Animal Welfare

Animal Welfare - have changed drastically over the years Physiologists accept certain moral responsibilities
Animals are used only for worthwhile experiments All necessary steps are taken to minimize pain and distress All possible alternatives to the use of animals are considered
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee Animals rights - Animals have the same legal and moral rights as humans do

Levels of Organization
To understand how the body functions and coordinates its activities, we will first examine its components. Organizational levels Know and define these levels up to the organism

Basic cell functions include:

Self-organization: Using resources from the environment to create the cell Self-regulation: Maintain self-integrity in the face of disturbances Self-support and movement: Having structrures that give specific form to the cell and to move materials within the cell or to move the cell itself Self-replication: Reproducing to carry on the species, and to repair damage

Four primary tissue types:

Skeletal, cardiac and smooth
Muscular tissue - specialized for contraction and force generation
Nervous tissue - specialized for initiation and transmission of electrical impulses Epithelial tissue - specialized in the exchange of materials
Sheets and secretory glands
Connective tissue - have relatively few cells dispersed within an abundance of extracellualar material that they secrete

Homeostasis
Most cells are NOT in contact with the external environment Most cells CANNOT function without other cells Most cells are in contact with the internal environment The internal environment consists of material outside the cell, but inside the body Define ExtraCellular Fluid (ECF) Define IntraCellular Fluid (ICF) Define InterStitial Fluid (ISF)

Homeostasis
Components of the ExtraCellular Fluid (fig 1-5)

Homeostasis
Cells can live and function only when they are bathed by ECF that is compatible with their survival The cell must obtain nutrients and discharge waste to the ECF Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
Le milieu interieur
Walter B. Canon (1871-1945)

Coined the term Homeostasis

Homeostasis
Homeostasis
Maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the internal environment and in other body states

Homeostasis
Interdependent relationship of cells, body systems and homeostasis (Fig 1-6)

Homeostasis
Factors affecting Homeostasis

Amount of energy-rich molecule - fuel O2 & CO2 concentration - for chemical reactions Waste products - toxcicity pH - acid/base balance, enzymatic activity Water, salt & electrocytes - cell size Volume & pressure Temperature - narrow range Social parameters - social insects (termites)

Homeostasis
Feedback-Control Systems
Conformers - animals internal changes parallel the external conditions
e.g. starfish - salinity; annelid worms O2
Regulators - animal defend a relatively constant state Avoiders - minimize internal variations by avoiding environmental disturbances
Some fish avoid temperature changes by changing location
Enantiostasis (allostasis) - change in one physiological variable to conteract a change in another

Blue crabs - change blood pH to increase O2 binding when in brachish

Homeostasis
Comparisons of negative feedback control systems (Fig 1-8)
a -components of a basic feedback b - control of room system temperature c - control of mammalian body temperature

Homeostasis
Feedback effectors
Antagonistic control: Opposes change in the variable
Temperature falls -> effectors produce change to increase temperature (thermostatic effect)
Behaviors as effectors: Animal seeks out a different location (Avoiders)

Migration of Monarch butterflies to avoid the cold north Killifish seeks out water to keep its internal salinity about 35 to 45% that of normal seawater

Homeostasis
Enhancement & expansion of basic negative feedback systems (Fig 1-9)

Antagonistic effectors Feedforward control

Homeostasis
Flaws of Negative Feedback Systems

It must first suffer a disturbance before it can act Delayed response Overshoots the set point
Flaws Overcome by:

Feedforward system (Anticipation)
Predicts results of a disturbance Prevents overshooting of the set point
e.g. increased insuling secretion while meal is still in digestive tract
Acclimatization systems

Homeostasis
Adaptation, Acclimatization and Acclimation

Adaptation - evolution by natural selection Acclimatization - physiological, biochemical, or anatomical change within an individual from chronic exposure to a new environment Acclimation - same as above, but induced experimentally

Homeostasis
Other Controlled Systems

Rheostasis - non-homeostatic regulation
Reset system - changes the setpoint temporarily, permamently or cyclically
Fever Sex hormone concentrations - at puberty Reproductive cycle - menstrual cycle
Positive feedback system

Creates rapid change Reinforces the change in the same direction e.g. neuron action potentials, lactation, blood clotting, orgasms . . .

Mechanisms for regulated change
Homeostasis

Mechanisms for regulated change, contd
Homeostasis

Ten Physiological Organ Systems
Circulatory: transports gases, nutrients & wastes Digestive: obtains nutrients, water & electrolytes Endocrine: regulates processes for duration Immune: defends against foreign invaders Integumentary: proctective barrier Musculoskeletal: support, protect & movement Nervous: controls rapid response of body Reproduction: perpetuation of the species Respiratory: O2 and CO2, regulates pH

Principles of Animal Physiology

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