Changes in Matter

Physical Change: is any change not involving a change in the substance's chemical identity. Examples of Physical Change Change in state (such as melting, freezing, deposition, sublimation, condensation and evaporation) Change in shape (such as drawing copper into a wire) Mixing of two substances (may be in two states) (such as salt and water) Breaking of a solid (such as breaking glass) Change in size (expansion, when gas expands)

Phase Changes:
Melting or Fusion: The change from solid to liquid wherein the internal energy is increased Freezing or Solidification: The Change from liquid to solid when cold enough Evaporation: The change from liquid to gas. Usually happens when boiling point is reached Condensation: The change from gas to liquid. Condensation happens when gas is cooled. Deposition or Desublimation: When gas turns into solid without passing through the liquid state Sublimation: When solid turns into gas without passing the liquid state. Chemical Change: a change where in the substance is totally changed. The atoms are rearranged and the reaction is accompanied by an energy change as new products are generated. Several Types of Chemical Change:

Synthesis (something is formed) Decomposition (breaking down of a substance) Single Displacement and Double Displacement (when atoms rearrange and for new substances) Neutralization (acids and bases/metals combine and they form water/gas and salt) Precipitation: (the formation of a solid when 2 liquid substances combine) Combustion: (When heat is involved like burning)

Some examples of Chemical Reactions: Photosynthesis a process in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into sugars by plants

Evidence of Chemical Change:

Cracking heavy hydrocarbons to create lighter hydrocarbons (part of the process of refining oil). Cooking examples are cake, pancakes, and eggs Oxidation examples are rust or tarnishing Ripening examples are bananas, tomatoes AND/OR potatoes Change of odor Change of color (for example, silver to reddish-brown when iron rusts) Change in temperature or energy, such as the production (exothermic) or loss (endothermic) of heat Change of form (for example, burning paper) Light, heat, or sound is given off Formation/Evolution of gases, often appearing as bubbles Formation of precipitate (insoluble particles) The decomposition of organic matter (for example, rotting food) Production of Mechanical Energy: example the force produced in explosions Production of Electrical Energy: In electrical power plants and produced by ions

Classification of Matter
Pure Substances: any material with a definite chemical composition can either be a pure chemical element or a pure chemical compound can also be defined as a form of matter that has both definite composition and distinct properties Element (Chemical Element) is a pure chemical substance that is made up with one type of atom. Like the elements in the periodic table. This could not be further broken down into simpler forms except in special conditions (e.g. radioactivity). Compound (Chemical Compound) is a chemical substance that is composed of a particular set molecules or ions. Two or more elements combined into one substance through a chemical reaction form a chemical compound. All compounds are substances, but not all substances are compounds. Example: Water, Salt, Baking Soda, Fats, Lime, Chalk

Mixture: is a material system made up by two or more different substances which are (mixed) together but are not combined chemically. refers to the physical combination of two or more substances the identities of which are retained. could be separated mechanically e.g. heat, filtration, gravitational sorting, etc

Types of Mixtures:
Homogeneous Mixture: is a mixture wherein it has a uniform composition all throughout. the components are equal all throughout even if divided components are equal. The ratios of the components are always equal. Solution: is a homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. Solute is the substance being dissolved in the solution Solvent is the one dissolving the solute Examples: Air (gas dissolved in gas), Saline solution (Salt dissolved in water) Alloy: is a solid solution where one or more elements are combined and form a substance with a metallic property. Heterogeneous Mixture: could be easily some may stay is a mixture wherein the components are obvious and identified

the components could be uneven, some may stay on top and at the bottom E.g.: rocks, sand and water, cooked food, gravel and sand.

Suspension: is a heterogeneous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Sedimentation is a process where particles settle either on top, sides or at the bottom of the container. The solids will settle when they remain unmoved or agitated E.g.: Flour dissolved in water, Sand in water, some medicine suspensions that requires mixing before use

Colloid:

is a substance microscopically dispersed evenly throughout another one. particles are suspended evenly thus they show a uniform composition particles are not dissolved

Classification of Colloids

Liquid Aerosol (Liquid in Gas) = Examples: Fog, Mists and Clouds

**An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas.

Solid Aerosol (Solid in Gas) = Smoke, Soot and Air Particulates Foam (Gas in Liquid) = Examples: Soap suds, whipped cream Emulsions (Liquid in liquid) = an emulsion is a mixture of two or more immiscible (unblendable) liquids. = Examples: Milk, Mayonnaise, Hand Cream Sol (Solid in liquid) nanometers in size) in = is a colloidal suspension of solid particles (1 500 a liquid = Examples: Pigmented ink, blood Solid Foam (Gas in solid) = Examples: Aerogel, Styrofoam, Pumice

** Aerogel known as frozen smoke is derived from a gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with a gas. They are most notable for its effectiveness as a thermal insulator and its extremely low density. Used in paints and cosmetics as thickening agents

Gel (liquid in solid) = (from the latin gelu freezing, cold, ice or gelatus frozen, immobile) is a solid material that can have properties ranging from soft and weak to hard and tough. = Example: Agar, Jelly, Silica Gel, Opal

Solid Sol (solid in solid)= Example: Cranberry Glass = Cranberry glass is a red glass made by adding gold (III) chloride to molten glass. Tin, in the form of stannic chloride, is sometimes added in tiny amounts as a reducing agent. The glass is used primarily in expensive decorations.