URBAN DRAINAGE, 3rd edition,

David Butler and John W Davies

SOLUTIONS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

This solutions manual is made available free of charge. Details of the accompanying textbook Urban Drainage
3rd edition (ISBN 978-0-415-45525-1 hbk; 978-0-415-45526-8 pbk)
are on the website of the publisher www.sponpress.com and can be ordered from Book.orders@tandf.co.uk
or phone: +44 (0) 1264 343071

First edition published 2000 by E & FN Spon

Second edition published 2004 by Spon Press
Third edition published 2010 by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2000, 2004, 2010 David Butler and John W. Davies
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot
accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made.
Publisher's note: This solutions manual has been produced from camera ready copy provided by the authors

CONTENTS
Chapter

Page Number

3 .......................................................................................2
5 .......................................................................................3
6 .......................................................................................3
7 .......................................................................................5
8 .......................................................................................5
9 .......................................................................................7
10 .....................................................................................8
11 .....................................................................................9
13 ...................................................................................11
14 ...................................................................................12
15 ...................................................................................12
16 ...................................................................................13
17 ...................................................................................14
18 ...................................................................................16
22 ...................................................................................17
23 ...................................................................................17
Note: Solutions not provided for all questions, and typically only
for a selection of problems with numerical solutions. In other
cases problems are simply issues to think about, and no solutions
are provided.

CHAPTER 3
3.1

Volumetric concentration, Cv = Vs/V, where Vs is volume of solid and V is

sample volume. So:

Cv =

Vs
= 20 ppm = 20 10 6 m 3 / m 3
V

Density of solid, = M/V, where M is its mass and = 2650 kg/m3. So:

C=

M
= Cv = 2650 20 10 6 kg / m 3 = 53 mg / l
V

3.2
Time (hrs)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Sum
Av

Flow (l/s)

COD (mg/l)

COD (mg/s)

80
170
320
610
670
590
380
220
100
50
3190
319

50
160
380
400
230
130
70
40
20
0

4000
27200
121600
244000
154100
76700
26600
8800
2000
0
665000

148

From equation 3.1:

C av =

QC 665000
=
= 208 mg / l
Qav
3190

Flow (l/s) or COD (mg/l)

800
700
600
500
Flow (l/s)

400

COD (mg/l)

300
200
100
0
0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

Time (hrs)

3.3

Gram atomic weight of N is 14.0 g

gram atomic weight of H is 1.0 g

gram molecular weight of ammonium is 14 + (4 1) = 18 g

From equation 3.2:
35 mgNH 4+ / l = 35

14
= 27 mgNH 4+ N / l
18

So, total N conc = 15 + 27 = 42 mgN / l

3.14

Taken over a 10-year period, there were 11 violations, whereas only up to 10

are permitted, so this water is not in compliance with the standard.

CHAPTER 5

5.2

Ministry of health (equation 5.2):

a
1000
i=
=
= 20.0 mm / h
D + b 30 + 20
Bilham (5.3):
N = 1.25(I / 25.4 + 0.1) 3.55 = 10 = 1.25 0.5 (I / 25.4 + 0.1) 3.55
I = 9.1mm
I
9 .1
i= =
= 18.2 mm / h
D 0 .5
Holland (5.4)
N = D(I / 25.4) 3.14 = 10 = 0.5 (I / 25.4) 3.14
I = 9.8 mm
i = 19.6 mm / h

CHAPTER 6

6.4

From equation 6.2:

ft = fc + (fo fc )e k2t
ft = 1 + 9e t
Time (min)
Time (hour)
ft (mm/h) calc
ft (mm/h) appl
Net rain (mm/h)
Eff rain (mm/h)

0-10
0.167
8.6
0
0

20
0.333
7.4
8.6
9
0.4

30
0.500
6.5
7.4
18
10.6

40
0.667
5.6
6.5
6
0

Assumes Horton infiltration starts when net rain begins.

6.5

Use the approach summarised in equation 6.8:

Q(1)
Q(2)
Q(3)
Q(4)
Q(5)
Q(6)
Q(7)
Q(8)

=1x0
= 1 x 250
= 1 x 500
= 1 x 375
= 1 x 250
= 1 x 125
=1x0
=1x0

+2x0
+ 2 x 250 + 3 x 0
+ 2 x 500 + 3 x 250 + 0 x 0
+ 2 x 375 + 3 x 500 + 0 x 250 + 1 x 0
+ 2 x 250 + 3 x 375 + 0 x 500 + 1 x 250
+ 2 x 125 + 3 x 250 +.
+ 2 x 0 + 3 x 125 +

=0
= 250
= 1000
= 2125
= 2500
= 2000

Peak = 2500 l/s after 40 mins.

6.7

From equation 6.13a:

t p = ( 1)K = (3 1) 0.2 = 0.4 h = 24 min

From equation 6.13b:

Qp =

1
1

K ( 1)! e

n 1

1 2
1
= 1.35 h
0.2 2! e

The units are h-1 because this is based on an instantaneous inflow of unit
volume. So, actual volume in this case:
V = 10 mm 100,000 m2 [10 ha] = 1000 m3
Qp = 1000 m3/h = 278 l/s
6.10

Based on conditions in Example 6.3.

From equation 6.20:
M s (t ) = M s (0)e k 4it
M s (t ) = 18e 1.9t
From equation 6.22:
k M
0.19 10 3
c= 4 s =
Ms
Ai
15000
Time (min)
Time (hour)
Ms (kg)
C (mg/l)

0-10
0.167
13.1
166

20
0.333
9.6
122

30
0.500
7.0
88

CHAPTER 7

7.2

From co-ordinates, W-E and N-S distance between manholes are 68.114 m
and 22.451 m respectively. From Pythagoras, length of sewer is 71.719 m.
Invert level of MHA (ILA) = 16.438 0.375 = 16.063 m
Change in height along sewer (H) = 71.719 / 258 = 0.278 m
ILB1 (entry invert level) = 16.063 0.278 = 15.785 m
ILB2 (exit) = 15.785 + 0.375 0.45 = 15.710 m
Depth = 18.590 15.710 = 2.88 m

CHAPTER 8

8.1

ks
Q
= 0.002
v = = 1.41 m/s
D
A
vD 1.41 0.3
=
= 371000
Re =

1.14 10 6
from Moody diagram (Fig. 8.4), = 0.024 , transitional

L v 2

0.024 100 1.412

= 0 .8 m
D 2g
0 .3
2g
from Wallingford chart (Fig. 8.5), hydraulic gradient 0.8 in 100
hf =

8.2

Wallingford chart (Fig. 8.5): hydraulic gradient 0.18 in 100 needed for v of
1.0 m/s giving Q of 300 l/s
Fig. 8.8: for

8.3

v
= 0. 8
vf

d
= 0.3 which gives D = 180 mm
D

ks
= 0.0033
D
from Moody diagram (Fig. 8.4), for Re down to 500 000, = 0.026
LE k L
0 .5
=
so LE =
0.45 = 8.7 m
0.026

determine minimum v to ensure R e 500 000

v 0.45
= 500 000 giving v = 1.27 m/s
1.14 10 6

so assumption is valid

8.4

d 150
=
= 0.25
D 600
from Fig. 8.8

and

v
= 0.7 so v = 0.7 2.2 = 1.5 m/s
vf

Q
= 0.13
Qf

Af = 0.283 m2
Pf = 1.885 m

R=

so

Q = 80 l/s

A
= 0.195
Af
P
from Fig. 8.8
= 0.335
Pf
from Fig. 8.8

A 0.055
=
= 0.09 m
P
0.63

a)
b)
c)
d)

8.6

A = 0.055 m2

so

P = 0.63 m

(or determine from Rf and Fig. 8.8)

0 = gRS0 = 1000 9.81 0.09

8.5

so

1
= 4.4 N/m2
200

from Fig. 8.9

1:190
d
from Fig. 8.9 at
= 0.83 giving depth of 250 mm
D
from Fig. 8.9 v would be 0.78 m/s
from Fig. 8.9 for v of 1.0 m/s and Q of 10 l/s gradient must be 1:95

from Fig. 8.5 Qf is 400 l/s

d 100
Q
=
= 0.22 from Fig. 8.8
= 0.12 giving Q 48 l/s
D 450
Qf
dc
0.048 0.506
= 0.567
= 0.33
D
0.451.264
therefore dc > d and so conditions are supercritical
equation (8.28)

8.7

d c = 0.33 0.45 = 0.15 m

1.93

0.15
equation (8.30) Fr 1 =
= 2.19

0 .1
since Fr1 > 1.7 use equation (8.32)
1. 8
dc
0.151.8
d 2 = 0.73 =
= 0.18 m
0.10.73
d1

CHAPTER 9

9.1

dia below 200 mm would not be suitable

so try 200 mm and assume not drowned
water level 1.5 m H = 1.5 0.2 = 1.3 m
0. 2 2
Q = 0.6
2 g 1.3 = 95 l/s
4
water level 1.7 m gives Q of 102 l/s
so 200 mm is the appropriate diameter
check not drowned:
Wallingford chart ks 0.6 mm (Fig 8.5) gives Qf of 140 l/s
Q
d
= 0.73 for this, Fig. 8.8 gives
water level 1.7 m:
= 0.62
Qf
D
D
H min
200
= 0.44 giving
= 1.9 thus Hmin is 0.38 m
Fig. 9.3: 0 =
D 450
Do
H > Hmin so not drowned

9.2

hydraulic gradient is 2.5 m in 25 m or 10 in 100

Wallingford chart for ks 0.6 mm (Fig 8.5) gives Qf of 120 l/s
inlet-controlled? Try orifice equation with H 2.5 m
0 .2 2
Q = 0.6
2 g 2.5 = 132 l/s
4
so not inlet-controlled (in fact H would be less than 2.5 m because the pipe
itself would have a gradient, see Fig. 9.6, but still unlikely to be inlet controlled)
answer yes in the book is an error

9.3

b 2.2 m

P 1.05 m

equation (9.5)

H 0.15 m

C d = 0.602 + 0.0832

0.15
= 0.614
1.05

3
2
Q = 0.614 2.2 2g [0.15 + 0.0012]2 = 0.235 m3/s
3

9.4

From geometry in Figure 9.13:

y=

B 2 .5
=
= 0.0625 m
z 40

From equation 9.9:

C=

1
2
o

1
2

zS
40 0.005
=
= 217.57
n
0.013

From 9.8:
8

Q = 0.31Cy 3 = 0.31 217.57 0.0625 3 = 0.042m 3 / s

CHAPTER 10

10.5

The book refers here to a Problem 10.4 which has been omitted in error.
This Problem 10.4 should have been:

An urban catchment is drained by a separate foul sewer network and has an area of
500 ha and a population density of 75 hd/ha. At the outfall of this catchment,
calculate:
a) the average dry weather flow (in l/s) assuming water consumption is 160 l/hd.d,
trade effluent is 10 m3/ha.d over 10% of the catchment and infiltration is 20 l/hd.d
b) the peak dry weather flow using Babbitts formula.
Solution to this is:
a)

b)

Population = 75 500 = 37, 500

Average domestic flow = 37500 160
Trade flow = 10000 500 0.1
Infiltration = 37500 20
Total
From table 10.4:
PF =

5
P

1
5

37.5

1
5

= 6.0 106 l/d

= 0.5 106 l/d
= 0.75 106 l/d
= 7.25 106 l/d = 84 l/s

= 2.42

Assuming the peak factor is applied to all flows,

Qp = 203 l/s
Solution to 10.5:
a)

Using a Butler-Pinkerton chart gives d/D= 0.65

d = 0.65 500 = 325 mm

b)

Using the same chart gives a flow capacity of 240 l/s at d/D = 0.75.
So solve for P (population) in:
5

(P 1000 )1

P 160 + 0.5 10 6 + P 20
= 240

3600 24

P= 40422
P = 2922

10.8

p = 10/300 = 0.0333

N=5

J=0.999

Using equation 10.5b e.g.

5!
0.0333 0 0.967 5
P (0,5) =
0!5!
And following equation 10.6:
r
0
1
2
3

P(r,N)
0.845
0.989
0.999
.

P(r,N)
0.845
1.44
0.010
.

So r = 2 (max discharging simultaneously)

10.10 150 mm dia pipe @ 1:300 flowing d/D = 0.75 Q = 8 l/s (B-P charts)
From equation 10.7:
8 = 0 .5 N 3 .5
8 = 0.046 N

N = 73
N = 174

CHAPTER 11
2

11.4

a)

1
r = 1 1 = 0.75
2

Equation 11.2:
50

1
r = 1 1 = 1.00
2
p = 1/T = 1/11 = 0.10

b)
c)

r = 1 1
10

d)

11.8

10

= 0.65

Use equation 11.5b (C= 1.0):

Equation 5.2 (MoH rainfall)

Sewer
1.0
2.0
3.0
1.1

L
(m)
180
90
90
90

A
(ha)
0.2
0.6
0.9
0.4

A
(ha)
0.2
0.6
0.9
2.1

Q = 2.78 i Ai

t c = tf + 4
(min)
6
5
5
7

and

i
(mm/h)
46.19
50.0
50.0
44.1

Q
(l/s)
26.1
83.4
125
257

11.11 question should refer to pipe 1.2

2.5

1.1

1.5
A (ha)

1.0
2.0
3.0

SUM

0.5

0
1

Time (min)

The time area diagram shows a tangent (dashed line) can be drawn from t =
6mins, giving A = 20.5 ha. So using the Rational method and MoH rainfall:
2.05
A
Q = 2.78 750
= 267 l / s
= 2.78 750
6 + 10
t + 10

11.12 should be pipe 1.2

Using incremental areas read from time-area diagram:
Q(1)
Q(2)
Q(3)
Q(4)
Q(5)
Q(6)
Q(7)

= 0.05 x 20
= 0.40 x 20
= 0.40 x 20
= 0.40 x 20
= 0.45 x 20
= 0.35 x 20
= 0.05 x 20

+ 0.05 x 28
+ 0.40 x 28 + 0.05 x 64
+ 0.40 x 28 + 0.40 x 64
+ 0.40 x 28 + 0.40 x 64
+ 0.45 x 28 + 0.40 x 64
+ 0.35 x 28 + 0.45 x 64
+ .

=1
= 9.4
= 22.4
= 44.8
= 45.8
= 45.2
= 39.6

Qp = 2.78 45.8 = 127 l/s

10

CHAPTER 13

13.1

Equation 8:10
1.5 10 3
2.51 1.14 10 6
+
v f = 2 2g 0.002 0.75 log10
= 0.493 m 3 / s
3.7 0.75 0.75 2g 0.002 0.75

So, no, there is not sufficient capacity.

Using B-P charts or other Colebrook-White part full pipe flow solution methods
for Q = 15 l/s gives v = 0.44 m/s, so no this would not self cleanse.

13.5

E 2 l/s or 172 800 l/day

DWF = PG + I + E = 5000 180 1.1 + 172800 = 1 162 800 l/day or 13.5 l/s
setting = DWF + 1360P + 2E

= 1162 800 + 1360 5000 + 2 172 800 = 8 308 400 l/day or 96.2 l/s
i.e. 7.1 DWF

13.6

Table 13.1 gives storage of 80P i.e. 400 000 l

or 400 m3

rate storage would fill = 500 96.2 = 403.8 l/s

400 000
time to fill =
= 16.5 minutes
403.8

13.7

Ignore this problem. The table referred to is not in edition 3. This problem
should not have been included.

13.9

D is 0.6 m, which fixes main dimensions: width 1.4 0.6 = 0.84 m

length of weirs 8 0.6 = 4.8 m
etc (as Fig. 13.7)
use Fig.9.11 (all data confirms that this is appropriate)
Bu = Bd = 0.84 m
Qu = 350 l/s

Qu

2
5

= 0.03

L
= 5.7
Bu

gBu
Yu Pu
Fig. 9.11 gives
= 0.06
Bu
so upstream depth relative to weir crest (Yu Pu ) 50 mm
Yd Pd
= 0 .1
Bu
so downstream depth relative to weir crest (Yd Pd ) 80 mm

Fig. 9.11 gives

11

57
= 15%
380
for total efficiency of 40% Table 13.3 gives K of 1.28
equation (13.1) Dmin = KQ 0.4 = 1.28 0.38 0.4 = 0.87 m
so make diameter of inflow pipe 900 mm
from Fig. 13.8:
length inlet to scumboard
7D
6.3 m
width of chamber
2.5D
2.25 m
height of weir crest above inlet invert
1.2D
1.08 m

13.11 Flow ratio =

CHAPTER 14

14.1
Storm duration
D (minutes)
8
12
16

14.2

Intensity
I (mm/h)
41.7
34.1
28.8

VI (iAiD)
(m3)
100.1
122.8
138.2

VO (QOD)
(m3)
33.6
50.4
67.2

S (VI - VO)
(m3)
66.5
72.4
71

2
O = 0.63 1.5 2g H 1.5 = 2.79 H 1.5
3
H

(m)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

(m3/s)
0
0.088
0.25
0.458
0.706
0.986

(25 4 H)
(m3)
0
10
20
30
40
50

S O
+
t 2
(m3/s)
0
0.127
0.292
0.479
0.686
0.910

S O
+
against O
t 2
follow procedure in Table 14.3
plot

CHAPTER 15

15.1

plot pump characteristic against system characteristic (static lift + losses)

at operating point: flow-rate 0.105 m3/s head 19 m efficiency 55%
g 0.105 19
power supplied =
= 36 kW
0.55
in rising main, v = 2.1 m/s, which comfortably exceeds 0.75 m/s so OK

12

15.2

plot characteristic for pumps in parallel (as Figs 15.5 and 15.6)
at operating point: flow-rate 0.14 m3/s head 23 m
efficiency for each pump (flow-rate 0.07 m3/s) is 49%
g 0.14 23
power supplied =
= 64 kW
0.49
one pump is more efficient

15.4

equation (15.4) outflow rate should be 60 l/s

900 0.06
i) equation (15.5)
V=
= 9 m3
6
900 0.06
ii) V =
= 4 . 5 m3
12
4 .5
operating (emptying)
= 2.5 minutes
0.06 0.03
4 .5
idle (filling)
= 2.5 minutes
0.03

CHAPTER 16

16.2

DN 450 OD is 550 mm
from Table 16.5 min trench width is OD + 0.7 giving 1.25 m
depth of 2 m wont affect this (Table 16.6)
DN 200 OD is 244 mm
Table 16.5 gives min trench width is OD + 0.4 giving 0.644 m
however Table 16.6 (for depth 2 m) gives 0.9 m so this is minimum

16.3

from Table 16.4, the lower of the values for backfill and soil:
K = 0.13
minimum trench width:
Table 16.5 gives OD + 0.5 so 0.78 m; Table 16.6 gives 0.9 m
so Bd = 0.9 m
20.133

equation (16.3)
equation (16.2)

16.4

0. 9
1 e
Cd =
= 2.23
2 0.13
Wc = 2.23 19.6 0.9 2 = 35.4 kN/m

from Table 16.4: K = 0.19

Bc is outside diameter of pipe, 0.28 m
for complete projection, equation (16.5)
Cc =

20.193

0.28

= 152
2 0.19
for incomplete projection (Table 16.2)
3
Cc = 1.59
0.09 = 16.9
so use Cc = 16.9 (incomplete projection)
0.28

13

equation (16.4) Wc = 16.9 19.6 0.28 2 = 26 kN/m

the lower value of Wc should be used wide trench
16.5

Fig. 16.6, light road, for H of 3 m, Ps is 10 kN/m2

equation (16.6) Wcsu = 10 0.28 = 2.8 kN/m
0.225 2
Ww = 0.75 1000g
= 0.3 kN/m
4
We = 26 + 2.8 + 0.3 = 29.1 kN/m

equation (16.7)
equation (16.1)

Wt Fm We Fse so Wt Fm 29.1 1.25

equation (16.8)
so

Wt (kN/m)

Fm

Appropriate bedding

28
36
48

1.3
1.0
0.76

Class F
Class D

CHAPTER 17

17.7

Using data from table 17.4:

Type

Depth
(mm)

Vol
(m3/m)

A
C
Total

0-300
300-320

0.252
0.024

Bulk
density
(kg/m3)
1720
1170

BOD
(g/kg)

Unit BOD
(g/m length)

BOD
(kg)

3.1
5.4

1344
152

2016
228
2244

COD
(g/kg)

Unit COD
(g/m length)

COD
(kg)

16.9
20.5

7325
576

10988
863
11851

Volume of storm:
V
=
2.2 30 60 = 3960 m3
BOD (conc) = 2244/3960 = 567 mg/l

Type

Depth
(mm)

Vol
(m3/m)

A
C
Total

0-300
300-320

0.252
0.024

Bulk
density
(kg/m3)
1720
1170

COD = 2993 mg/l

14

17.10 A bed roughness of 1.2 mm can be used to estimate bed friction factor from
equation 17.10. Pipe runs half full so

b =

k
4 log10 b
3.7D

1. 2

4 log10

3.7 1000

= 0.0205

Equation 17.9:
vf =

8 b

82
= 0.88 m / s
1000 0.0205

For kb = 50 mm , b = 0.0716 (from equation 17.10). Then rearranging 17.9

gives:

b =

bv 2
8

1000 0.0716 0.88 2

= 6 .9 N / m 2
8

17.12 Pot sediment accumulation rate can be calculated from equation 17.17:
Note one sweep per month is 0.0125 sweeps per week
e=

br
bs + br

0.65 14 0.05
= 7.28 g / m 2 .wk
0.0125 + 0.05

From equation 17.18:

(hmax Ap )Sd ' 0.090 1400 10 3 0.70
=
= 48 wk
Tc =
Ai e
250 7.28
17.13 Equation 17.19 can be rearranged to determine Q directly:
2
2
3 2
2
1 gd ' D p (SG 1) 1
0.60g (0.5 10 ) 0.45 (2.65 1)
Q = 1
=
1
72
72 10 6

0.90
= 2 .2 l / s

17.14 Using equations 17.14 and 17.15 applied to current conditions:

f
0.25
b = br + s = 0.06 +
= 0.085 wk 1
10
10
Equation 17.13:

5
Xu = =
= 58.8 g / m 2
b 0.085
Now for the new situation of quadrupled sediment supply:

20
b=
=
= 0.34 wk 1
X u 58.8
fs = 10(b br ) = 10(0.34 0.06) = 2.8 wk 1

15

CHAPTER 18

18.8

Calculate hydraulic properties from equations 8.17 table 8.5

2d
2 240
1
= 2 cos 1
= 4.429 rad
D
300

2
D2
( sin ) = 0.30 (4.429 sin 4.429 ) = 0.061m 2
A=
8
8
D 0.30 4.429
P=
=
= 0.66 m
2
2
A
R = = 0.091m
P

B = D sin = 0.24 m
2

= 2 cos 1 1

So from Mannings equation (8.23):

vn
So = 2
3
R

0.75 0.012

=
2
= 0.0020

0.0913

Q = vA = 0.75 0.061 = 46 l / s
Given EBOD = 750 1.0710 = 1475 mg / l , from equation 18.4:
Z=

3(EBOD ) P
3(1475 ) 0.66
=
7600
1
1
1
1
B
0
.
24
So2 Q 3
0.20 2 46 3

16

CHAPTER 22

22.4

Follow procedure in example 22.2, calculating L from equations (22.2) to

(22.4), based on the worst case infiltration of 25 mm/h:
D
(h)
0.083
0.166
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
6
10
24
48

i
(mm/h)
112.8
80.4
62
38.2
24.8
14.9
8.6
6.1
4
2
1.1

L
(m)
3.73
5.27
6.06
7.30
9.09
10.09
10.10
9.46
8.32
5.80
3.50

The critical case is 10.1 m at 4h.

CHAPTER 23

23.8

For this cross section, A = 2.5 d2 and R = 0.5d. So from continuity:

Q = vA = 0.3 = 1.0 2.5d2
d = 0.346 m
From Mannings equation (8.23):

vn
So =
2

3
0.5d

1.0 0.025

2
=

(0.5 0.346)

= 0.0065 1:150

17