Table 1 Calibration of Calorimeter Net Ionic Thermochemical Equation: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O(l) VNaOH: 10 mL VHCl: 5 mL Trial 1 2 T (C)

1.5 1.5 Limiting Reagent: HCl nLR: 0.005 mol HCl qrxn (J) -0.279 -0.279 qcal (J) 0.279 0.279 Ccal (KJ) 0.186 0.186 Average Ccal (KJ) 0.186 0.056 0.174 0.093 0.116 0.066 0.09443 0.1393

Group No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

In the calibration of a calorimeter, you need a reaction of known H. In the experiment, the formation of H2O(l) ,55.8 KJ of heat evolved. Two trials of the experiment have the same T which was 1.5 C. The heat of reaction produced by the formation of H2O(l) : qrxn = (Hrxn)( nLR) = =

Since the system is adiabatic, the heat of reaction absorbed by the calorimeter is equal to the heat evolved by the system. qcal = -qrxn = -(-0.279KJ = 0.279KJ The calorimeter has its heat capacity measured by the heat of reaction absorbed by the calorimeter divided by the difference in temperature: Ccal = = = 0.183

But since the experiment had two trials with the same change in temperature, the average Ccal is still 0.183 .

Table 2
Determination of Heats of Reaction

Grp No. 1 2 3

Net Ionic Equation NH3(aq) + H+(aq) -> NH4+(aq) + H2O(l) OH-(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) -> CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l)

LR HCl CH3COOH

Trial T (C) nLR (mol) qrxn (J) 1 1 1 2 3.3 5 1.29 2.3 3 6.25 2.5 1 1 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.002057 0.002057 0.000765 0.005 -613.8 -280 -224.46 -400.2 -279 -725 -165 -94.43 -139.3

qcal (J) Hrxn (Kj/mol)Ave Hrxn (Kj/mol) Theo Hrxn (Kj/mol) % Error 613.8 280 224.46 400.2 279 725 165 94.43 139.3 -122.76 -56 -44.892 -80.04 -55.8 -352.495131 -80.2230297 -123.495701 -27.86 -122.76 -56 -62.466 -55.8 -352.4951307 -80.22302975 -123.4957013 -27.86 -338.05 -55.88 -338.09 -55.84 -466.85 -466.93 -218.66 13.07 63.68585 -0.21475 81.52385 0.071633 24.49499 82.81905 43.52159 313.1599

NH3(aq) + CH3COOH(aq) -> NH4+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COOH

4 5 6 7 8 2H
+

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O(l)

(aq)

HNO3 Mg + H2(g) Mg Zn none

1 1 1 1 1

+ Mg(s) -> Mg
2+ (aq)

2+

(aq)

+ H2(g)

2CH3COOH(aq) + Mg(s) -> Mg Ca

2+

2CH3COO-(aq)

Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s) -> Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)

(aq)

CO32-(aq) ->

CaCO3(s)

In determining the enthalpy change for the neutralization reaction of 10ml of 1 M NH3 and 5 ml of 1 M HCl, first we must know the limiting reagent in this reaction: ( ) NH3 ( ) HCl : Limiting Reagent

Then, calculate for the change in the temperature of the reaction. In this experiment, the T is 3.3C. The heat of reaction evolved from this experiment can be calculated by multiplying the negative value for the computed heat capacity of the improvised calorimeter by the T : qrxn = -(Ccal)( T) = = -613.8 J This means that the reaction liberated 613.8 J of heat.

Since the experiment is adiabatic(no heat exchange occurs between the calorimeter and the immediate surroundings), the qcal is the negative value of its qrxn . qcal = - qrxn = 613.8 J

In getting the Hrxn using the constructed calorimeter, divide the computed qrxn with the moles of the limiting reagent.: Hrxn = = = -122760 = -122.76

Another way of getting the Hrxn of the neutralization reaction is by using the formula: Hrxn =

= (HNH4+ + HH2O(l)) (HNH3 + HH+) = (-132.51 + -285.83) ( -80.29 + 0) = -338.05

The percent error in every given experiment can be calculated through the given equation: %error = = = 63.69 % This means that the computed value for the Hrxn using the constructed calorimeter has a percent error of 63.69 %.

The errors on the calculated magnitude of H in the reaction of ammonia and hydrochloric acid could be the following: a) b) c) d) Actual molarity of the acid is greater than the recorded value The cylinder used for measuring the base solution was wet. Closing the lid of the test tube took a long time. The calorimeter was poorly calibrated.

Table 3 Reaction Between Mg and CO2 2Mg(s) + O2(g) -> 2MgO(s) H = + CO2(s) -> C(s) + O2 (g) H = 2Mg(s) + CO2 (g) -> 2MgO(s) + C(s) H = -

When the Mg ribbon was heated and immediately covered by another slab of dry ice, it glowed brilliantly and produced white and black substances. The white substance is the new MgO while the black part is the graphite (C). Since the formation of MgO is a nonspontaneous reaction, it needs a spontaneous one just like the decomposition of CO2 so that the total reaction between the two becomes spontaneous process.