1

ENEL371S2
Power Electronics 1
Lecture 1 Energy Recovery
Department of ECE
University of Canterbury
2012
Course Introduction
Term 3
Dr Keliang Zhou
Room: A512
E-mail: keliang.zhou@canterbury.ac.nz
Phone extn: 6240
Term 4
Dr Alan Wood
Room: A503
E-mail: alan.wood@canterbury.ac.nz
Phone extn: 6406
Lecturers
Course Introduction
Course Aims
After the term course you should be able to sketch waveforms
and calculate circuit performance (average values, rms values,
and ripple components) for the most common dc sourced power
electronic circuits, to use Fourier analysis, RMS and average
integrals, and frequency domain analysis throughout the course.
Course Contents
The content covered in this term are as follows.
Recovery of trapped energy, choppers, PWM
Buck (dc-dc) regulators, boost (dc-dc) regulators
Basic Magnetic Design
Sinusoidal PWM, dc to ac converters
Recovery of trapped energy in transformers
Forward converters, choppers for dc drives
Homework Questions will be given every week
Solutions will be given in the following week
Course Introduction
Assessment
Laboratories: 15%,
Project inspection: 10%
Project report: 15%
Solar Race: 5% (Bonus)
Exam: 60%
Laboratories
There are 7 laboratories for this course: first 4 labs for semester 1 material,
and the remaining 3 labs for semester 2 material. All laboratories are held
in the machines lab. Please book all labs through the online booking
system. at www.elec.canterbury.ac.nz/resources/support.shtml
You must have a hardback exercise book to record and write up the labs.
This book must be for ENEL371 labs only. The postgraduate
demonstrator will mark your lab write up and record your attendance and
the mark.
Project
The solar car project structure is dealt with in a separate hand-out.
Examination
The examination is worth 60% of the final grade. Please check the exam
timetable to confirm the exam date and time.
5
References
Textbook
Mohan, Undeland and Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters,
Applications and Design, Wiley 2003
Recommended Reading
Hart, Daniel W., Introduction to power electronics. Prentice-Hall, 1997.
Rashid, Mohammed H., Power Electronics,. Circuits, Devices and
Applications. Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2003, 3rd ed.
Mohan, Ned., Electric Drives An Integrative Approach. MNPere, 2000.
Web Source
iPES is an Interactive Power Electronics Seminar which can be down
loaded free of charge at http://www.ipes.ethz.ch/ . I recommend this
seminar to you as one way of learning to understand the overall
principles of power electronics.
You can find very useful reading materials on different converters at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page.
Power
Electronics
- Brief Introduction
Read Chapter 1 and Chapter 2, Mohan etc.
7
Whats Power Electronics?
Power Electronics is using
switching (power) electronic
devices to process and
control the electrical energy
conversion of voltages and
currents from one form
(amplitude, frequency, number
of phases) to another form.
System
and
Control
Power
and
Energy
Electronics
and
Devices
Power
Electronics
Switch/Feedback Control, Systems
Electric Drives, Power Supplies,
Energy Processing,
Circuits, Magnetics,
Power Semiconductors
William E. Newells
Interdisciplinary Description
Power + Electronics = Solid-State Power
Conversion = Static Power Conversion
Switching* Electrical
Power Processing
Power Electronic Systems
Source Load
Power Input Power Output
i
i
v
i
i
o
v
o
Control
Signals
Reference
M
e
a
s
u
r
m
e
n
t
s
M
e
a
s
u
r
m
e
n
t
s
Devices:
Switches,
Magnetic
components
Topologies:
Circuits
Control:
Algorithm and
Implementation
Modulation:
Switching
Techniques
9
Electrical Power Processing
Power Conversion
1. DC-DC Converter
(Chopper):
with/without AC link
2. DC-AC Converter
(Inverter):
single-,multi-phase/HF inverter
3. AC-DC Converter
(Rectifier):
single-,multi-phase rectifier
4. AC-AC Converter
(Cycloconverter):
cycloconverter/AC
choppers/DC link
AC: Alternating Current
DC: Direct Current
DC-AC
Conversion
AC-DC
Conversion
Inversion
Rectification
10
Why Switching Conversion?
DC-DC Buck (Step-Down) Converter
Input Source: 100V
Output Load: 50V, 10A, 500W
How to realize such a converter?
11
Dissipative Conversion
1. Linear
Resistive
Voltage
Divider
Controller
2. Linear
Regulator
as
adjustable
resistor
50%
Efficiency
12
Switching Conversion
SPDT switch
LC low pass filter for
removal of switching
harmonics
Controller
Switching Benefits
1. Switching brings high conversion efficiency
2. High switching frequency f
s
yields light and small size L
& C components - high power density
3. Higher reliability, cost effective, fast recovery time, wide
range of conversion
4. Static and quiet operation
Power Loss in Real Switch
Idea Switch
Real Switch
Switching
loss
Conduction
loss
Real elements L and C are dissipative; actual power
switches cannot switch over immediately and its resistance
in the on state is positive (Switching loss, Conduction
loss). The efficiency PE circuits is somewhat lower
Switching Techniques
Hard
Switching
Soft
Switching
Reduce
Switching
Loss
Increase
Switching
frequency
Switch
Low on-state
resistance produces
low conduction loss
High switching
frequency capability
brings better real-time
control and high
power density
Switch and
switching
technique play
critical roles in
power electronics
Power Switch
SiC
device
The break-through and evolution of power electronic devices
(Switches) dominate the history of power electronics.
Partially
Controlled
High Power
High Frequency
Easy Control
Low Loss
Low Cost
Uncontrolled
State-of-the-Art of Switch
There is a trade-off between voltage, current and
frequency for power switches.
Power Electronics Applications
Industrial
Transportation
Utility systems
Commercial
Residential
Aerospace
Telecommunication
Military
.
Power Level of Power Converters
Range from mWto GW
Energy
Recovery
Read Chapter 2, Hart etc.
Chapter 3.1-3.2 Mohan etc.
Power Processing
A power converters is mainly constituted by
1. Power switches
2. Energy storage devices inductors, capacitors,
transformers
Power electronic conversion/processing actually
is to manipulate (trap and recover) the energy in
energy storage devices by switching the power
switches to control the power flow.
Energy Recovery Example
Switch
Actuating Coil
The coil inductor are
energized and de-energized
repeatedly in above circuit by
switching ON/OFF the switch.
v
s
Energy Recovery Issues
In practice, we cant switch
OFF the switch abruptly,
because the inductor
L
L
di
v L
dt
=
If the inductor current i
L
drops
to zero immediately, the
inductor voltage v
L
will
become too large. v
L
will
destroy the switch and the
whole circuit.
s
L
ON
OFF
0 t
1
T
Driving Signal
L L
Energized Inductors cant be (1) discharged with open
circuit; (2) in series connection directly. Switching Restrictions
Dissipative Freewheeling
v
L
+
_
L
v
s
+
_
i
L
R
D
Freewheeling
Path
Switch
ON/OFF
Freewheeling diode + resistor provide a
dissipative path for de-energizing the
inductor.
Diode OFF Diode ON
Circuit Analysis
( )
1
0
0
1
Switch O :
( )
N
L
s L
t
s
L L
t t
di
v v L
dt
v
i t v dt t
L L
s s
= =
= =
}
Switch On Switch Off
L
L
Energy
Trapped in
inductor L
Energy
Dissipated in
Resistor R
Charging Discharging
1
L 1
s
s
s
_
L
Circuit Analysis
( )
( )
1
1
0 0 1 1
, 0
(
Switch
Diode ON
Diode OFF
) , ( )
, ( ) 0
OFF:
L
L L L
R
t t
s
L
L L
L
t t T
di
v i R L i R
dt
v
i t i e i i t t
L
i t

s s
+ = + =
= = =
=
Switch On Switch Off
L
L
Energy
Trapped in
inductor L
Energy
Dissipated in
Resistor R
Charging Discharging
1
L 1
s
s
Diode ON Diode OFF
Power Computation
( )
( )
1
0
1
( ) ( ) ( ), ( )
ON :
1
0 ( ) ( )
( F : 0 OF )
s s s s
t
s
s L L
s
p t v t i t v t v
v
t t i t i t v dt t
L L
t t T i t
= =
s s = = =
s s =
}
Whats the average power supplied by the
source (assume discontinuous conduction) ?
Instantaneous Power:
Average Power:
1
2 2
1
0 0
1 1
( ) 0
2
t
T T
s s
av s s
t
v t v t
P p t dt v dt v dt
T T L TL
(
= = + =
(

} } }
Power is
dissipated in the
resistor in the
freewheeling
path
Regenerative Freewheeling
v
L
+
_
L
v
s
+
_
i
L
D
1
D
2
Efficiency is important how to unload the
inductor energy back into the power supply ?
Diodes ON
Diodes OFF
Circuit Analysis
( )
1
0
0
1
Switch O :
( )
N
L
s L
t
s
L L
t t
di
v v L
dt
v
i t v dt t
L L
s s
= =
= =
}
Switch On Switch Off
v
L
i
L
Energy
Trapped in
inductor L
Energy
Feedback to
Supply
Charging Feedback
0
t
1 T
i
s
v
s
2t
1
0
-v
s
Note: Average power is zero. It is non-dissipative !!!
Circuit Analysis
( )
( )
( )
1
1
0 1 0 1 1
Diode ON
Diode OFF
Switch OFF:
2 ,
( ) , ( )
, ( ) 0
L
s L
s s
L L
L
t t T
di
t t v v L
dt
v v
i t i t t i i t t
L L
i t


s s
s = =
= = =
=
Switch On Switch Off
v
L
i
L
Energy
Trapped in
inductor L
Energy
Feedback to
Supply
Charging Feedback
0
t
1 T
i
s
v
s
2t
1
0
-v
s
Note: Average power is zero. It is non-dissipative !!!
Diodes ON
Diodes OFF
Energy Recovery in Capacitors
1
2
1 2
In duality, energized capacitors cant be
(1) Discharged with short circuit
(2) In parallel connection directly
(3) Connected with power supply directly
Switching Restrictions
Homework and Others
Download homework questions for
Lecture 1 from Learn/ENEL371
Find additional readings for Lecture 1
from Learn/ENEL371
32
Contact Information:
Dr. Keliang Zhou
Office: Electrical A512
Email: keliang.zhou@canterbury.ac.nz
Phone: 3642240 Ext.6240