Exercise 2: Microscope and Cheek Cells

Remember Parts and Functions of the Microscope (not indicated here)

Simple squamous epithelium: Generally, this type of epithelium are found in areas of the body where diffusion would occur in rapid progression. A good example would be the alveoli of lungs. Alveoli are the functioning units of the lungs where gas exchange from air comes into the RBC passing through the thin simple squamous epithelium. Simple Cuboidal: These cells are generally found in areas where absorption and secretion occur such as the stomach to secrete gastric juices to digest food or the kidney where water is taken up in exchange for substances that will form urine. Most glandular cells, if not all, are cuboidal. Simple Columnar: These cells are largely responsible for the absorption of materials/food into the human body. Therefore, these cells can be found in the stomach alongside some cuboidal cells and in the intestines as well. Pseudostratified Columnar: These cells are called pseudo (false) stratified columnar because they give the false impression of being layered. This is as such because of the different arrangements of nuclei within cells. They are usually ciliated which can account for the purpose of protection/filtration. Eg. Cilia prevents foreign particles from entering the lungs by lining the pseudostratified cells of the trachea. Stratified Squamous: This kind of cell is present as several layers (stratification) of squamous epithelium; this arrangement is most useful in areas where abrasion is constant such as skin or the esophagus, etc. Your cheek cell is part of a stratified squamous arrangement since it is in a scenario where abrasion is constant. However, they are still flat individually.

EXERCISE 3: BASIC ANIMAL TISSUES

Cats Trachea

Parts Present: Respiratory Epithelium: Made up of Pseudostratified columnar epithelium indicated by the presence of cilia and the unorganized arrangement of nuclei. The main purpose is to trap foreign particles. Submucosa: Region below the epithelial side the contains connective tissue (B) and blood vessels (A) as well as glands which are cuboidal in shape Artifact: Fancy term for something is wrong with this There is not supposed to be a space there. Processing must have separated the two layers. Hyaline Cartilage: Very smooth appearance located below the submucosa. It is considered connective tissue and serves the function of protection or rigidity for its frame. Those white spaces within the smooth shade of blue (Matrix) are chondrocytes which are responsible for secreting the matrix (They are much like osteoblasts of the bone which produce the bone matrix). Smooth Muscle: Though not shown in the figure, smooth muscles would appear as non-striated, single nucleated, streak-patterned cells that would encompass the trachea allowing the trachea some involuntary movement.

Tongue Adipocytes: Fats (Not important) Cut longitudinally: The muscles of the tongue are skeletal since they involve voluntary movement. Higher magnifications would reveal striations in muscle coming from the protein filament arrangements per fiber. This angle represents a cut wherein you can view the side of the muscle cell. Cut Transversely: From this angle, these muscles cells are actually facing you. Picture a rod where if you look at it from the side, it is longitudinal where as if you look at it from the front, it is transverse

Thus, muscle arrangement is unorganized. This allows your tongue to move in various directions as opposed to other muscles (biceps) that can only contract in one direction.

Spinal Cord

The anterior horn contains motor neurons that affect the axial muscles while the posterior horn receives information regarding touch and sensation. Motor neurons are called Efferent Neurons (Anterior horn) which are neurons that send signals from the brain or spinal cord to the tissue to cause a reaction. Afferent neurons (Posterior Horn) are neurons that gather signals from the tissues to send to the brain. GM (Grey Matter): Gray matter consists of unmyelinated (no myelin sheath which speeds up signal transmission) neurons, called interneurons. Their main duty is to provide communication between the peripheral and central nervous systems. Think of interneurons as a bridge linking two regions together. WM (White Matter): The job of the neurons that make up white matter is to either convey an action potential from a sensory receptor to the central nervous system, or, from the central nervous system out to an effector (such as a muscle or tissue). These neurons are called sensory neurons and motor neurons respectively.

EXERCISE 4: ORGANIZATION OF ANIMAL TISSUES

I will not discuss the trachea, squamous and spinal cord since the above is enough. Human Blood Frog Blood

Human Blood: These are biconcave in shape because they lack a nucleus. Through evolution and small capillary sizes, the red blood cell or erythrocytes nucleus was removed to 1. carry more hemoglobin for oxygen and 2. to fit through tight capillary spaces. Frog Blood: This is only in comparison to the Human Blood. Frogs still have a nucleus because they do not need the extra space for oxygen carriers. As amphibians, they are capable of epithelial respiration or breathing through their skin.

Ground Bone

Frog Stomach Things To Remember: 1. Outer Lining, simple squamous. 2. Smooth muscle 3. Smooth muscle (in different direction 4. Location of connective tissue and blood vessels 7. Can either be cuboidal or columnar. Possess glands for breaking down food such as 9.

Cat Kidney Do not bother with Distal convoluted tubule, Juxtaglomerular complex and afferent arteriole. Bowmans Capsule: notice how it is a simple squamous arrangement surrounding the glomerulus and the filtrate. This is for the diffusion of water into the body and toxic substances out (which will form urine). Bowmans capsule actually holds the glomerulus together Filtrate: region where liquid exchange occurs Glomerulus: notice the different spaces in the glomerulus. This is because it is a very convoluted structure and is the start of kidney filtration of the blood. These tubules are actually connected to the DCT and JC.

Cat Heart Notice how the arrangements of the fibers are quite unorganized. Normally, this would not be so because, unlike the tongue, the heart is a bigger organ and does not move in many directions. This is a possible processing error event. Nevertheless, cardiac muscles appear smooth but with 1 to multinucleated cells. They are involuntary and are joined to each other by intercalated disks which give them strength to allow the heart to keep beating without rupturing or bursting. The figure below shows the disks.