I .,,,, .V.

/j/

-~-

.-

NASA

CONTRACTOR REPORT

LoAN

CCJPY: RETURNTO AFWL (WLILB)

##WAND

AFB, N MEX

HYDRODYNAMICS OF TIRE HYDROPLANING

Prepared by GEORGIA Atlanta, Ga. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY \ .y ..;

.-

- .

1. _.:

f Or
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
l

WASHINGTON, D. C.

SEPTEMBER 1966

TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM

NASA CR- 60 1

HYDRODYNAMICS

OF TIRE HYDROPLANING

By C. S. Martin

Distribution of this report is provided in the interest of information exchange. Responsibility for the contents resides in the author or organization that prepared it.

Prepared under Grant No. NGR-11-002-033 by GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Atlanta, Ga. for
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
For sale by the Clearinghouse Springfield, for Federal Scientific and Technical Virginia 22151 - Price $2.50 Information

FmEwoRD This report Georgia Institute of the Langley tration especial was prepared by the School of Civil Engineering of the The personnel

of Technology

under NASA Grant NGR-11402-033. Aeronautics

Research Center of the National advice and assistance

and Space Adminisgrant. Of

gave technical assistance

in the course of this

were Messrs. for Assistant this

W. B. Home and U. T. Joyner. grant was performed under the supervision Engineeering.

The analytical,work of Dr. C. S. Martin, The experimental of the Langley assistance D. L. Whitt

Professor for

in the School of Civil was collected

data presented Research Center.

comparison

by the personnel the

The author

would like

to acknowledge A. E. Cardoso and

of Messrs.

M. M. Aikenhead, of this

A. S. Ardila, report.

in the preparation

iii

. ,, ,

, ..-..--.

...-.-..--.

..--

ABSTRACT The hydrodynamics purely surface motion. coefficient The lift off analytical (tire) of pneumatic Lift for tire hydroplaning are explained from a

standpoint. are obtained

and drag forces fluid

on an assumed planing two-dimensional lift

an ideal

undergoing

For the condition

of incipient

hydroplaning

the theoretical

is found to be 0.8, and drag coefficients The pressure the experimental

compared to a value are shown to decrease distribution results.

of 0.7 from experiment. as the tire lifts further compares

the runway. with

on the pavement from theory

favorably

TABLE.OF CONTENTS

DISCUSSION OF BYDRODYNAMIC VARIABLES. ... ................... THEORY Conformal Solution Representation ....... ..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............

1 6 8 10 27 27 28 31 31 33 34 35 47 53

in Terms of 6 and ln V/U.

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ........... Resulting Shape of Planing Forces. Surface ......

.............. . . ..............
.............. ..............

Comparison of Lift Drag Force .............. pressure Distribution

on the pavement.

.............. .............. .............. .............. .............. ..............

...... CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................ BIBLIOGRAPRY APPENDIX A (ILLUSTRCITIONS). ........ APPENDIX B (ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS) ...... APPENDlXC(COMPUTlQ3PROGRAM) .......

Vii

LIST OF FIGURE3

1. 2.

z-,

or Physical,

Plane.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................

35 35 36

w-,orCompex-Potential,Plane

3.

6-9 or Hodograph, Plane ......................

Plane. ................ ............. for ln V/U in w-Plane

4. Q-9 or Logarithmic-Hodograph 5. Boundary Conditions 6. Boundary Conditions 8.

36 37
3'7

for 6 in w-plane.

...............

7. wl-plane .............................. t-9 or Intermediate,

for Plane. .................... f(cp,), Describing Planing Described Surface. by Sine. . .

38 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 . . 46

9. Relationship
10. 11.
12.

Function,

Hydroplaning (Incipient) for Function(h/D=O.Ok)....................... Hydroplaning (h/D=O.lk)..

Curved Surface

for Curved Surface Described by Sine-Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Described Described Described by Sine-Function by Sine-Function by Sine-Function by Cosine-Function

Hydroplaning for Curved Surface (h/D=O.21)............................ for Curved Surface (h/D=O&)............................

13. Hydroplaning i4.

Hydroplaning for Curved Surface (h/D=O.U)..............*.............

15. Hydroplaning

for Curved Surface.Described (h/D=0.36)............................ (h/D=O.lk)............................

16. Pressure Distribution

17.

on Runway from Theory for Sine-Function

Pressure Distribution on Runway under Center Groove fram Rxperimental Results of Horne (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

viii

INTRODUCTION The planing occasions, tire or skiing of a pneumatic in rather airplane tire has, on numerous This phenomenon of cruising Tire at relatively hydroplaning and pavement

placed pilots

precarious

situations.

hydroplaning

can also

be of concern to motorists highway pavements. developed force

high speeds (50-60 mph) on flooded results surface. from the large

water pressures

between the tire developed

Whenever the total on the tire The tire

hydrodynamic equals the total

from the distributed is carrying,hydro-

water pressure planing skis occurs.

load the tire with

then loses

contact

the pavement and essentially work on tire hydroplaning Aeronautics (1)

on the water.

The comprehensive

experimental

by the personnel

of the Langley Research Center of the National is of a pioneering research tire on tire nature.

and Space Administration summarize recent this investigation

Horne and Dreher

experiment

hydroplaning.

The purpose of of fluid

is to explain Prior Finally

hydroplaning

from a standpoint

theoretical variables existing

hydrodynamics. are discussed. experimental

to developing the theoretical

the theory, results

the pertinent are compared with

results.

ix

DISCUSSION OF HYDRODYNAMIC VARIADIES All discussed of the manifestations by Horne ard Dreher. of the flow, of tire It hydroplaning are comprehensively not only the should be

is quite

obvious though that of the tire

hydrodynamics included part

but also the elasticity In this investigation,

in a general

theory.

only the hydrodynamic will be considered

of the problem is considered. for this initial or lift study. force

The shape of the tire

to be fixed

The hydrodynamic function

exerted flow,

on the tire and fluid

by the water

is a

of the following

geometric,

variables

FL = f (A, D, U, P, Y, a, CL) in which A is a characteristic a function of tire geometry, area on which the water pressure acts ard is

(1)

D is the depth of water on the pavement, U is and p, y, 0, and CLare the mass density, and dynamic viscosity by of the water, re-

the translational specific spectively. weight,

speed of the tire, surface tension,

The lift

force

can be represented

3 FL = CDA +-

(2)

in which CD can be shown from dimensional following variables CL = f'

analysis

to be a function

of the

(NF, NW, NR, Tire

Geometry)

(3) J?roude number,

The quantities

NF, NW, and. NR are the dimensionless

parameters

Weber number, ard Reynolds number, respectively.

Each of these parameters

represents three fluid

the relative properties. present a)

significance The relative hydroplaning

of the mass density significance is discussed

to each of the other fluid

of each of the four in the following.

properties

in tire

Mass density. fluid

The density in tire

of the water becomes an obvious hydroplaning because of the severe of the tire ard the high

significant curvature.

property

of the streamlines

in the vicinity

speeds involved. b) the effect effect Specific weight. into The existence of a free surface introduces tension. The

of gravity

the problem as well patterns

as surface

of gravity

on fluid-flow

can be represented the ratio

by the well-

known Froude number, which is proportionalto force to fluid-weight force, defined as

of fluid-inertia

in which g is the acceleration length. velocity For tire and length hydroplaning

of gravity, the suitable

ati

L is a characteristic of charac;teristic U,

choice

would be the translational

speed of the tire,

an3 the depth of water, hydroplaning normally

D, on the -pavement, respectively. occurs for

Inasmuch as

high speeds 6 40 mph) and at shallowto be quite large, As

water depths the Froude number can be considered discussed well by Rouse (2) gravity-type from analyses on tire flows at large

Froude numbers can be as a variable is absent.

represented

for which gravity hydroplaning and will

The effect icant

of gravity

is believed

to be insignifin the theory.

in the usual

situation,

not be included

c) property existence surface parameter fluid-inertia is defined

Surface

tension. tension

As with

specific

weight,

the liquid-gas because of the The effect of

of surface

is present interface,

as a variable the free

of the liquid-gas tension

surface.

can be represented

by the Weber number, a dimensionless the ratio of

which can be defined force here as to fluid

as being proportionalto surface-tension force.

The Weber number

Nw= &-I
For the hydroplaning speed of the tire, tension affects problem U would logically ard L the depth of water motion for only for small small values be the translational on the pavement, D.

(5)

Surface

of the Weber number and, of the water surface. it is not

more Particularly,

radii

of curvature

Inasmuch as the velocity readily apparent values that

U is large

and the depth D is small be either large

the Weber number will

or small. tension is how-

For large insignificant ever, ati, It that

of the Weber number the effect in analyses.

of surface It

and can be neglected surface tension

is believed,

does not appreciably parameter

affect

the pressure hydroplaning.

consequently, is true,

is not an important that surface the vicinity

for tire

of course, that

tension

is the cause of the breakin the form of a the magnitude

up of the jet spray.

leaves

of the tire however, that

This breakup is not believed, on the tire. that surface The theory tension

to affect

of the lift assumption d)

follows

is based on the

is insignificant. fluids possess viscosity considered. its inclusion The well-known

Viscosity.

Since all

or exclusion

from a theory

must be seriously

Reynolds number, which is a ratio force, density represents'the and viscosity. relative-

of fluid-inertia

force

to fluid-viscous properties, mass

importance

of the two fluid

The Reynolds number

NR=

PUL . ~
be the spElcing between the occurred. of water The translational is quite low,

(6)

The characteristic tire ard pvement

length

would logically hydroplaning

when total large for

speed U is usually meaning that, will be large.

ard the viscosity very small values of viscosity

except

of L, the Reynolds number for high

The effect

becomes insignificant as a variable. for slightly

Reynolds numbers and can rightly would be expected oily as just after

be neglected

Viscosity damp (and if

to play somewhat of a role a rain) In this

pavements on which slipping case hydroplaning or slipping

from lubrication is greatly that is sig-

can take place. augmented if flooded nificant effect

the tires

are smooth.

On the other

extreme,

pavements, fluid

the density

of the water would be the expected of thin film

property.

These two extremes

and viscosity have been dis-

ard moderate to flooded

depth an3 density

effect

cussed by Horne arii Dreher to some extent. aircraft film

The no-1

situation

for

seems to be one for which the water depth is more than thinis not smooth, but grooved. thereby The grooves allow delaying for

and the tire

escape of the water under high pressure, The mass density only fluid strengthened characteristic property of the water present

hydroplaning. and the is

is assumed to be the significant This assumption If

in the proposed theory. results

by the experimental area of equation

of Horne and Dreher. by the static

the footprint

(2) is represented

area and U by the velocity hydroplaning, Their results

of the vehicle

at the

incipient

condition a constant, tire

of the 0.7.

Horne and Dreher found that are from tests covering

CL is essentially

a range of inflation

pressures

from 24 psi to 150 psi, lift force

of vehicle

speeds from 45 mph to 120 mph, and of to the vehicle for weight force) from

FL (which is equal and opposite Their results

925 lb. the fluid

to 22,000 lb. mass density strongly

prove that, property

the tests

run at least,

is the sole fluid indicate similar that for all

affecting

motion ard, of the follows

furthermore, tire

the flow pattern tests. constant The latter for all

in the vicinity statement tires.

was essentially that

from the fact

CL was essentially

THEORY The foregoing property variables discussion present speeds, on the significance led to the conclusion the fluid density of the various that, for fluid-

moderate water fluid of an ideal

depths and vehicle variable. fluid. if, If further,

is the significant the assumption

Such a condition such an assumption the flow

in essence specifies is justified

no more liberty

would be taken for by

is assumed to be irrotational. The velocity

The conlitions potential is defined

potential

flow are now satisfied.

3 = g&l cp=;cp -a
in which V is the velocity order further this that the useful tool at any point ard cp the velocity potential. the flow is taken with is definitely In is of complex variables may be utilized liberty

(7)

assumed to be two-dimensional.

Considerable

assumption

as the actual flow under ard around a tire

It is obvious that with the results'of caution

three-dimensional. theory actual will

the two-dimensional them to the

have to be interpreted problem. motion

in applying

three-dimensional For two-dimensional

in rectangular

coordinates

the velocity

po-

tential

is defined

as

u=
in which u and v are the horizontal velocity V, in the x- ati as

22
ax

>V=

29 ay
components of the total The stream function

03)

and vertical

y-directions,

respectively.

(I is defined

u=

g,v+

(9)
$

Iaplace's

equation

is satisfied

for

both CP ati

v2v = 23,

+&

ax2

ay2

0,

(10)

and

02) = a2Jr + fi = 0 ax2 aY2

The dynamical equation of Bernoulli

(11)

5 (u2+
in which p is the water pressure which in this by cpand/or lift, instance

v2, + p = PO and p, is the reference field

(12)

at any point

pressure,

is atmospheric.

Once the potential quantities

represented variation,

$ is found the dynamical

such as pressure equation. flow

and drag can be determined The hydroplaning

from Bernoulli's

problem is one of unsteady into

to the stationary by of

observer. changing a jet

The problem can be transformed the axis of reference to the tire.

one of steady motion simply The picture striking now seen is that

of constant

depth D and infinite above or in contact problem is dynamically translating

width with

a curved surface

(tire) 1."

which is slightly This steady-flow planing

a plane surface

as shown in Figure hydro-

identical

to the unsteady-flow

problem of the tire with

at the same speed, U. hydroplaning

When the tire when

is in contact All

the pavement, partial

is said to exist;

illustrations

are in Appendix A.

there

is a space between the tire The theory

and the pavement total the more general is a special in Figure

hydroplaning case of total

is hydro-

said to exist. planing,

here is for hydroplaning

of which partial

case. of free-streamline everywhere

The hydrodynamic flow with a curved

problem depicted

1 is that

boundary.

From Bernoulli's value

theorem the velocity of U as gravity by integrating

on the water surface The lift distribution pressure force

has the constant

is neglected. the pressure from the involving These shape and and the The tire shape tire no

on the tire thereon.

can be determined

The drag force on the tire

can be either

determined

distribution

or from a simple momentum analysis at infinity. on the tire of the tire account. circular

the unknown downstream depth, two quantities tire-position vehicle weight

d, and the angle of the jet and depend solely The elasticity taken into original

are not known a priori relative

to the pavement.

are not explicity

nor directly

is assumed to be flexible but no dynamic balance elasticity, attempt force tire-rotating is made to effect which dictates

and deformed out of its between water pressure, effects, ard tire

air-inflation

pressure, Furthermore, ard vehicle

shape is made. of lift force

a dynamic balance

weight

the clearance The theory for herein

or space between tire is simply

and pavement at the one for which

downstream exit. forces relative

a hydrodynamical

are determined

an assumed shape an3 assumed position

of the shape

to the pavement. - The theory is a useful for of complex variables technique for through the means

Conformal Representation of conforrnal free-streamline so-called representation problems plane,

many two-dimensional The

which irrotational

flow may be assumed.

physical

or z-plane

z=x+iy is depicted Point in Figure 1 for the case of a jet and point striking infinity. Point the curved surface. At points

(13)

A is at minus infinity

B at plus

C anl

E the fluid point.

is assumed to separate point

from the tire.

D is a stagnation G the velocity

Theoretically

F is also at infinity. on the pavement. At points

At point

reaches its is U.

minimum value

A, B, and F the velocity

The complex-potential

plane defined w=cp+i.$

as

(14)
given a value The values of q of 0. The

is shown in Figure stream function ,points

2.

Point

D is arbitrarily a value

Jr is assigned

of 0 on AB.

of the other

in the plane are self-explanatory. The dimensionless complex velocity ldw c=f7:,,=E u-i V Y c--e -i6 u u

(15) 3.
The angle that as the

comprises fluid

the hodograph plane, makes with

as shown in Figure

velocity

the x-axis

is 6, which is defined

6 s tan -lwd In the hcdograph plane lines inasmuch as they are free a slit as G is a point AFE and BC are arcs of a circle for which V = U. of unit radius

(16)

streamlines

The line

AGB forms

of minimum velocity

on the pavement.

Dine CDE is V are or

curved in the halograph changing

plane as both the angle surface. Point

6 and the velocity

on the curved tire

F can be either

in the third

fourth

quadrant, The function

depending

on whether

6F > 1-r/2 or 6F < n/2,

respectively.

rz = ln 5 = In;
constitutes the logarithmic holograph plane, Similarily

- i6

(17)
4. Dines AFE

shown in Figure lines

and BC are straight as 6 = 0.

as In V/U = 0.

AG and GB are straight lines complicates are curved the pro-

On CD and ED, however,

the logarithmic-holograph This fact extremely

as both 6 and In V/U are varying. blem of conformal log-hodograph representation

as the exact shape of lines Furthermore

CD and DE in the

plane are not known 2 priori.

the usual practice because of

of using the Schwartz-Christoffel these non-polygonal lines

transformation

is precluded plane.

in the.log-hodograph

Since the classical eluded two alternatives

approach to free-streamline were considered. numerical techniques. alternative The first

hydrodynamics involved

is pre-

the strictly

head-on approach of direct equations an untried in addition and/or relaxation

analysis,

involving

finite-difference was to use the idea that could

The second alternative was chosen with

approach. to solving

The latter

the immediate problem a possible theory with

contribution

be made to the area of free-streamline Solution the fact respective

curved boundaries. to be used is based on equation in the

in Terms of 6 and In V/U - The technique that all analytic Since functions satisfy

Laplace's

planes.

R = In 5 = In [$ g]

10

is

an analytic it follows

function that

if

only the single-valued

part'of

the In-function

is

used,

P26=
ard

a26 a26 ax2 + -=O aY2

(18)

v2[ln

;I

= a2b

+ a2b

;I

= o

ax2

aY2
problem for 6 ard/or

(19)

These two equations in the z-plane. known a priori blem.

constitute

a boundary-value

In V/U

Inasmuch as the location this

of the free-streamlines does not simplify

are not the proon cp of

change in dependent variables plane,

In the w, or complex-potential, It

however, that,

the boundaries from the theory

and JI are known 2 priori. analytic functions

is also apparent

v2s =

a26 + ad

a26 2 3

(20)

ad

V2[ln

g] =

a2[lng] aT2

+ a2[h$J w2
for

o
(21)

In Figures line

.5 and 6 the boundary conditions

6 and In V/U are shown.

On a

AGB the angle of the streamline Incidentally, point

6 = 0 whereas ln V/U varies, G does not necessarily

reaching

minimum at G. represented

have to be

as a point

in the subsequent analysis

as the hodograph planes are

11

not used. line

On the free-streamlines

AFE ard BC In V/U = 0 and 6 varies. It should be noted that

On

CDE both 6 ati

In V/U are varying. ati

at D In V/U

approaches leaving

minus infinity

6 has a step discontinuity direction specified than that

of rr as the fluid leaving for E. Either pro-

D for

C has the opposite

6 or In V/U can be arbitrarily blem for 6 and/or

on CDE. The boutiary-value is much simpler

In V/U in the w-plane lines forming

than in the z-plane The

because of the straight boundary-value

the boundaries for BC. 6 on all

on the w-plane. lines

problem can be formulated on lines AFE ati

by use of the in this instance

Cauchy-Riemann equations are

The equations

(22a)
and

(22b)
On lines AFE and l?C In V/U = 0. By the first Cauchy-Riemann equation 6 in the w-plane function. a&/&) =

0 0nAFE and BC. Figure

The boundary-value

problem for

is shown in

6.

On CDE 6 is specified on lines

by an arbitrary

Since the boundary is both Dirichletclassic

conditions

DCB ard DEF are not homogeneous, that are specified

an3 Neumann-type boundary conditions techniques for solving

on the same line,

V26 = 0 in the w-plane

are not very useful. on DCB and DEE can be alleviated which all straight lines

The problem of mixed boundary conditions by transforming have only single the w-plane into another

plane for

boundary conditions.

The transformed

plane will

be called

I.2

the x:-plane, plane,

where w' = cp' + is'. = (pl + iql.

Its

dimensionsless In order that

countelpsrt the wl-plane

is the wlsatisfy the

where wl = w'/(plB it

above condition On line condition three that lines

must have the shape of a rectangle, cotiition is 6 = 0. On lines

as shown in Figure m

7.

AB the Dirichlet of X/&p1

ard DC the Neumann on these

= 0 must be satisfied.

'The boundary conditions

can be obtained

from a theorem of conformal of an analytic 6 = constant function arii ggti 6 varies.

mapping, which states on

under transformation (6) of the type

(n) boundary conditions 6 = 0 remain invariant, The function for

a function Churchill will plane.

(3).

On CDE or EDC, however,

6 on EDC

not remain invariant

under transformation on EDC it

from the w-plane will be specified

Since 6 is to be arbitrary

to the w 1 in terms of (pl

in the wl-plane. The boundary-value problem now becomes one of a solution to

v2s a2s+s.L, = %12ag12

in a rectangle. the solution for The technique arbitrary of Fourier series will be utilized to effect functions of 6 on ETX. Since

(23)

and

w = w(w,),

13

--

. . . .

,.

___.

--...-..

-~~

or

dz=

6e

dw d"l

dwl

The solution

for

6 = 6((p1, 9,)

in the wl-plane

ati

the determination of R as a function

of its of wl.

harmonic conjugate

In V/U.enables w = w(wl)

the determination the derivative

From the transformation Upon integrating z-plane equation

dw/dwl can be obtained. (tire) in the

(24) the shape of the curved surface

can be obtained. the w-plane can be transformed into the wl-plane an inter-

In order that

mediate plane is necessary. the t-plane. the t-plane closed

This plane is depicted transformation

in Figure

8 and it called

The Schwartz-Christoffel to both the w-plane Since there point

can be used to connect two planes are (it is

and the wl-plane

as the latter

polygons.

are a total G as it

of six points

in each plane in either

not necessary wl-plane), points arbitrary respectively.

to include

is not a corner arbitrarily axis

the w- or three The

and three

points

may be located values

in the t-plane, of the t-plane.

have to have variable points

on the real

are chosen to be A, B, ard E, located Point F is located Point

at 0, 1 and infinity,

at - a, where a can take on any value at tc. At point D, t = b, which can transformation

between 0 and m.

C is located

vary from approximately to connect the t-plane

tc to CD. Using the Schwartz-Christoffel with the w-plane dw dt = t(t A(t - b) - 1) (t + a) By using partial fractions

(25)

in which A is a complex constant.

14

dw dt=A

t-b a(1 + a)(t and simplifying

t-b + a 1 + (1 + a)(t

t-b - 1) - at

Upon integrating

w= A

$ lnt

- E

ln(t

- 1)

cm

in which B is a complex constant evaluated at point A to be

of integration..

The constant

A can be

At point

B it

is found that d -=s. a D b b-l l+a can be evaluated to be

(27)

At point

E the constant

of integration

B = (pE +iW

The complex-potential w=yyUD or I UD w = T; lnt

function

becomes

lnt

- E $+

ln(t

- 1) - .$&j

ln(t

+ a) I

+ (pE + iUd

- 7 ln(t Ud

- 1) - U(D ;I d> ln(t

+ a) + cpE+ iUd

(28)

The latter strength

expression

is clearly

the analytic

function

for a source of of strength

UD/n at A, a sink

of strength

Ud/n at B, and a sink

U(D - d>/n at F, all

in the t-plane.

15

By transforming

the t-plane

to the wl-plane

dWl FE-= dmci-

A'

(29)

in which A' is a complex constant. Bowman (4), Jacobian of elliptic it is apparent functions, that if

From the theory tc = l/k2,

of elliptic

functions,

in which k is the modulus of can be integrated in terms

elliptic

the above expression

functions.

From Byrd and Friedman

(5) or Bowman

wl = + sn-I.

c6 1
of the first The inverse kird relationship

(30)
an3 sn is the

in which K is the complete sine-amplitude Jacobian

elliptic

integral function.

elliptic

t = sn2 [Kwl,

k] = sn2 [Kw,]

(31)
from the transformation JI,,, kird. = K'/K in which

In the wl-plane of a rectangle

'plB has been made unity. into the upper half elliptic

It

follows that

of the t-plane integral

K' is the complementary ard K' = K(k'), modulus by

of the first

Since K = K(k) to the

in which k' is the complementary

modulus related

kf2 = 1 - k2,
it follows that by changing The value k the aspect ratio of the rectangle

(32)
in the w 1 can be determined from the

plane changes.

of a ard b in the t-plane

16

location

of points

F a& D in the xl-plane.

a=sn2 (WLF)

Hence

(33)

b=

sn2(K%

+ iK')

1 k2 sn2(Kq,)

(34)

From the differentiation

relationships

for

Jacobian

elliptic

functions

dwl dt=

1
2K[sn(Kwl) cn(Kw1) dn(Kwl)]

(35)

in which cn is the cosine-amplitude three functions are related by sn2(Kwl)

and dn the delta-amplitude

function.

The

+ cn2(Kwl)

= 1

(%a)

and k2sn2(Kwl) + dn*(Kw,) = 1

(36b)
in terms of Jacobian

The relationship elliptic functions

for dw/dwl can be. expressed with Kwl as the argument

entirely

(37)

The solution

for n(w1) is determined

by inspection

once 6 is fourxd from

17

the boundary-value of variables

problem formulated to equation

in the wl-plane. (23) a possible

Applying is

separation

technique

solution

6 = (Cl sinh Bql + c2 cash @l)(c3

in which B is a constant B = O-the separate solution to be determined

sin 8% + c4 cos I3(p,)

(38)
For

from the boundary conditions.

6 = bl
The boundary conditions are AB: $I=0

ql + b2)b3vl

+ b4)

(39)

;&=O

m:
BC:

,,=o

; a6/wl=o

'p, = 1

; a6/a(p1 = 0
6 = f&l)

EDC!: q1 = K'/K;

in which f(cp1) is an arbitrary to a continuous function g(y)

function, by

discontinuous

at D; it

can be related

Cfhp.Jl~

= l-r - B(y?)

boa >

[f((p,)],,
For g = 0 the boundary condition bourxlary condition

- g(yi)
that b b2 = 0.

(4Ob)
The Neumann

on AB requires that

on AFK ard BC requires

3 = 0.

On EDC!

6 = f((q)

= blb4SlmC

= A0

(41)

18

From the theory

of Fourier

series,

Churchill

(6)

A0 =

f(cp,)dv,

= nv,,, -

(42)

For B # 0, the boundary condition condition means that on AFE to be satisfied sin h = 0. series
QI

on AB requires c

that

c2 = 0.

For the boundary

= 0.

On BC the Neumann boundary condition The total solution in

Hence h = m-r; n = l,2,3,....

terms of Fourier

6=A OK $

$1 + c n=l

An sinh nr$l

cos r-n-rql

(43)

The coefficient

An is determined

from the boundary condition

on EDC

1
An sinh(nnK'/K) = 2

f(v,> / 0

~0s nncpldvl (44)

1 =E sin nqU, - 2 / 0 ln V/U = 0 on both AF'E of D in the wlg(q) ~0s nrrcpldvl

It will and BC. plane.

be shown later

that

A0 must be 0 in order that on BC will fix

The boundary condition

the location

The function proper curvature

f(cpl)

must be specified

such that

the boundary EDC has the of a tire. Three separate on

and resembles were tried a hydroplaning

the deformed portion in an attempt tire.

elementary EDC that

functions resembles

to produce a curved boundary relationship for dz is

The final

19

expressed the effect

in terms of the solution of curvature. solution

for

a flat

plate

times

an expression

including in one inclined

Since the effect will

of curvature first.

can be included For a flat plate

term the flat-plate at an angle 8 with

be effected flow

the approaching

CfhQl,
and Cf(cp,)l, function

= l-r - 8
= - 8 8.

(45a) VW)

In this

case the continuous

g(cp,) is a constant,

The coefficient

(46)
= lTpu> - 0

The coefficient

An is determined

from

%D
An sinh(nnK'/K) = 2rr /0 cos nrxp,dv,20

1 cos nncpldvl

2 = ; sin nntp,

From the theory

of Jacobisn

elliptic

functions

Jacobi's

nome is defined

as

q = exp(-nK'/K) Hence, sinh(nrrK'/K)

; 0 < q < 1

(47)

= ,$ [qmn - q"]

and

sin nrrq+D

(48)

The general

solution

becomes

6=lT$(cp lD
By inspection

-3J11+4

2 qn
n=l conjugate

sin nqmsinh

nn$lcosnrrcpl

(49)

n(l. - 9'")

the harmonic

m In;=-+ ((pm:, y1- 4 c -A.?-- sin n=ln(l - q2n)

On line AFE In V/U is 0. On line BC, however, other words

nrqDcosh

nqlsin

r-h-q

(50)

ln V/U # 0 unless

A0 = 0; in

plD=
This relationship by the magnitude By inspection means that of 8. the logarithmic the location

s l-l
of point D in the wl-plane is related

complex velocity

n=-4

co c --9L n=l nO-qa)

sin nrrcp sin nm 1 ID

(50

The infinite

series

can be expressed

in terms of elliptic

functions,

Hancock

(7),

such that Q = 2r1 [Kwl, Kcpd - 2KwlZ h'd

(52)

21

.... .

. ..- .._.. --.-.

._--

-_- ..--..

in which II is hegendre's is the Jacobian more suitable

incomplete

elliptic

integral

of the third

kind and Z it is

zeta function. to relate

For purposes

of numerical theta functions;

computation

II and Z to Jacobi's

from Hancock

Written

for

inclusion

in equation

(24)

[ e-= ya
For a curved boundary

3
and

(53)

on EDC!g(cp,) is not a constant

1
An = E sin nrrcp

lD

4L
lfor q2n / 0

dcp,) ~0s nqydyl

(54)

The first %D
AO

term is identical vary, depending

to that

the flat-plate

solution

except

that

will

on the expression

g(cp,) and the requirement The expression for

that

= 0 (in

order that

In V/U = 0 on BC).

eBR can be written

for

a curved boundary as

@[KyE(Ipm] + 2 = .m G(wl)
in which

(55)

OD G(wl) c A'n =expn=l

sin nnw 1 1

(56)

and, in which Atn sinh (nrrK'/K)

= - 2 Jl g(cp,) cos nI-ryldql 0

22

For expedient expression and Jacobi's for

calculation

of the Jacobian

elliptic

functions elliptic

in the functions

dw/dwl the relationships eta and theta functions will

between the Jacobian be used. FrcmByrd

and Friedman (5)

H(Ky) sn(Kwl) = or;

>

(57a)

(5n)
and dn(Kwl) = m O1(Kwl) g--(-q -

(57c)

The final

expression

for

dz

(58)
G'y )dwl

For the flat

plate

vu> = e/n and G(wl) on the function

= 1.

The parameter

cpu, and the function

G(w1) depend solely The three cosine-,

g(cp,) describing will

the shape of EDC. to as the sine-,

curved-boundary

functions

be referred

and dn-functions.

For the sine-function

g(cpl) = f [ h - sin $ y1 I

(59)

23

in which o and h are constants. E ana Cis

The angle of the fluid

leaving

EDC at points

6E

= ll(1 - g,,

WW

(6Ob)
The value of o must be greater than two in order 6c is negative, that the fluid h > 1. leaves E in

the second quadrant. A0 = 0

In order that

In order that

The coefficient

Alfi = _ i
(4n2 - 1)(1 - 9'")
and

s" (4n2 - l)(l

- zn)

sin rmw 1

(61)

For the cosine-function

g(y))

= E CA f cos lRpl] ; h >l,

cr > 4

The angles

6E

=ll

l-

0,

(&a)

24

and

The location

of D in wl-plane

The curved-boundary

function

G(wl)

= exp E

2Tr g sin l-w - 0 1 - q2

(63)

Finally,

for

the dn-function

dcp,)

= z ~(Kw,)

u > 2

The angles

= % For point D

; k'

cab)

The expression

for

the effect

of curvature

25

G(wl) = exp { -:[#

+ $:j]]

03)

The curved-boundary functions. o=6andA=L condition

function

f(cpl)

is shown in Figure

9 for

the three

For the sine-function

o = 3 and h = 1.

For the cosine-function The flat-plate

For the dn-function is also displayed for

CJ= 3 and k2 = o-9999.

8 = ~r/3. eta and theta functions if and the numerical the functions are A computer

The computation integration expressed program for is included following.

of Jacobi's

of equation

(58) is greatly series,

facilitated as outlined

in terms of infinite the numerical as Appendix C.

in Appendix B. involved

evaluation The results

of the parameters of the theory

in the theory in the

are discussed

26

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The results force exerted of this investigation surface are discussed with reference to the

on the tire The force

by the water

and the pressure into its

distribution vertical and

on the pavement. horizontal lift occur. force

on the tire

can be resolved lift Ad drag,

components,

commonly called force lifts

respectively.

When the will

equals the weight

transmitted off

to the wheel,

hydroplaning

The amount the tire

the pavement surface

depends on the tire obviously be an for

shape, water depth, equilibrium incipient position

and the speed of the vehicle. of the tire The lift for

There will

each speed greater from this

than that

required

hydroplaning. results

coefficients

study are compared with A comparison is also

experimental

of Horne and Dreher in the following. and measured pressure surface selected first. distribution

made between the theoretical The shape of the planing hydroplaning Resulting the tire tire

on the pavement. portion of a

to simulate

the wetted

is discussed

Shape of Planing

Surface

- The shape of the curved surface development. the wetted Three different portion of a tire. satisfactory

simulating functions They are is the

is assumed in the theoretical

were chosen to produce shapes resembling known as the sine-, dn-function between tire siderable as it cosine-, results

and dn-functions. in very slight

The least

curvature

and too great in a tire adequate.

a clearance having conThe resulting

and pavement.

The cosine-function

results

more curvature

on EDC, but is not entirely water depth,

shape of the tire,

the initial

and the clearance

between the tire For the sinesimulate 14. One

and pavement are most realistic function tire the tire

when the sine-function that

is used.

shapes and flow patterns at various

appear to more closely 10 through

hydroplaning

degrees are shown in Figures

27

pattern variables depth,

resulting for

from the cosine-function presented

is shown in Figure are the clearance the tire

15.

The physical

each situation

in terms of the water E and C, the length a than from

h/D, the angle of the water surface referenced

leaving

at points

of the tire

to the water depth, presented

4,/D, and, to some degree, the ration 4/D is greater

change in tire 4; the ratio

shape.

For the results

h/D was chosen to be less than l/2;

the angle at E was varied greater than -9". modulus, of the tire; jet

109.3" to 150"; and the angle at C was maintained

of the tire varied. is seen to change only slightly does not include resulting clockwise

The shape k, is that leaving of the is,

as the elliptic portion

The theory E.

the unwetted shapes that towards

above point point tire

Hence all severly

showed the water

E and curving

the imagined continuation

shape E were discarded. The resulting shapes do resemble the water-contact essentially incipient area of a hydroplaning as the water depth. becomes more and than those for

tire. leaving Figures

Figure

10 simulates

hydroplaning

under the tire

constitutes

a small fraction

of the initial

11 through

13 show the flow pattern

as the hydroplaning

more severe.

14 the angles 6 and 6E are different C the shapes shown in Figures 10 through 13. For Figure Comparison of Lift to a lift coefficient Forces - The hydrodynamic through equation (2) lift force

can always be related

FL As mentioned in the section

= CLA$

concerning

the various

fluid-property

effects, foot-

Horne and Dreher represented print

the characteristic of the vehicle

area,

A, by the static

area and U by the velocity

at the condition

of incipient

28

hydroplaning.

To an approximation,

then, inflation

the load on the wheel can be equated pressure: The lift coefficient results from

to pi A, in which pi is the tire associated with incipient

hydroplaning

can be computed from test

CLi = ,;;2 As a result value tire. of this definition coefficient of the characteristic associated with incipient area there is only one of a given hydroplaning for

of the lift

hydroplaning Above incipient

Below incipient It

hydroplaning is not apparent,

speeds CL > CLi. however, that

speeds CL < CLi. all tire pressures

CLi should be a cons-k-k obviously depends on

and water depths as the flow pattern

these quantities.

In any case Horne and Dreher found that, pressures from 24 psi to 150 psi,

from tests of vehicle

covering speeds CLi N 0.7. with

a range of tire-inflation

from 45 mph to 120 mph, and of vehicle Their tests covered values

loads from I25 lb to 22,000 lb, than those associated

of water depths greater

the viscous

phenomenon (lubrication). results with those of Horne and Dreher there Since the theory is a

In comparing theoretical question

as to what characteristic flow

area to use.

is based on

two-dimensional area, A. nificant

only one dimension

needs to be chosen for

the characteristic

The water depth, variable

D, is not chosen as it

does not appear to be a sigIt is believed represent that the

in the results in contact with

of Horne and Dreher.

area of the tire footprint unit plate. width

the water would most closely of the experimental results. length by

the tire

area used in the analysis of tire

The area A per of the planing

is thence chosen to be 4, the total coefficient for hydroplaning - FL

w-02

The lift

is defined

CL=

in which FL in this coefficient clearance, vehicle fluid

case is the force for

per unit

width

of tire.

The lift depth as the

should decrease h, is increased. there

a given tire this

shape and water means that increase

Physically

as the speed of the as less Each .of

is increased has to have its

is a subsequent

in the clearance the sme lift force.

momentum changed to provide presented

the tire condition; lift force

shapes and clearances that is, the tire

here simulate particular

an assumed equilibrium clearance by a balance pressure, is only and of

is held at its that

and vehicle It

load for

water depth,

tire-inflation

vehicle indirectly

speed.

should be noted that in the theory depicted by this

the tire-inflation concept

pressure

involved

of equilibrium

condition. to most

The flow pattern closely flowing simulate

by the shape of Figure as there lift

10 is believed

incipient

hydroplaning The theoretical

is a minimal

amount of water 0.8 areas

under the tire.

coefficient

of approximately the characteristic

can only be compared to the experimental in equation wetted length (2) are identical. of the plate It

one of 0.7 if that

is believed

the area based on the the static for footprint reason. is

in the theory

is not unlike results

area used in the analysis

of the experimental

the following

As shown by Horne and Dreher the actual subject footprint tire to significant area. water pressures

effective is a vertical then,

area of the pavement that projection wetted of the static area of the

To an approximation, footprint area. If

the effective

is the static

the wetted

area of the curved surface to the static for theory that footprint

incorporated

in the theory

can be assumed to be similar are similarly exists then it defined

area then the lift If this similarity

coefficients actually (0.8)

and experiment. the lift (0.7) as the

is not surprising than that

coefficient

from theory effect

is greater

from experiment distribution

three-dimensional

precludes

a uniform

pressure

completely

across the tire. Figures hydroplaning. lift coefficient 11 through 13 are considered to simulate a tire undergoing total the

As the clearance

between the tire

and pavement is increased for the same wheel load, for smaller

is seen to decrease,

meaning that,

the vehicle In actuality

speed necesssrily the clearance

has to be greater automatically drag force

than that

clearances.

becomes greater is defined by

as the speed is increased.

Drag Force - The hydrodynamic

in which CD is a drag coefficient, lift width width. planing coefficient coefficient, of tire CL.

depending

on the ssme quantities the drag force width,

as the is per unit

For the theoretical

analysis surface

and A is defined

as the planing in Figures increases has its

4, times the unit the respective surface the drag is

Values of CD are indicated surfaces. As the clearance as less fluid

10 through for

15 for

the planing

decreases

momentum changed. experiment differs

No attempt

made to compare the theoretical

values

of CD with

as the characteristic from the area defined

area used by Horne -- al (9) f or the drag equation et here. Pressure Distribution

on the Pavement - The distribution equation.

of the water pressure It is more significant coefficient

on the pavement can be computed from Bernoulli's to represent the pressure distribution

in terms of a pressure

C P=

P - PO P =1P&2

$I2

(66)

31

Where the pressure

is atmospheric point

Since the only stagnation the pavement. unity

For the condition

C = 0; whereas at a stagnation point C = 1. P P in the flow is on the planing surface C < 1 on P of incipient hydroplaning Cp will approach

somewhere on the pavement. The theoretical pressure surface. distribution on the pavement is shown in Figure experimental in Figure 17. pressure distri16

for

a typical

planing

The corresponding

bution, trations

from Horne (8) is shown as a comparison the horizontal coordinate

In both illusor x/D. that the to The

is in terms of the water depth, and experiment simulates further a tire indicates undergoing

marked similarity planing total actually surface

between theory in effect

essentially

incipient is

hydroplaning.

Figures

16 and 17 were not superposed the horizontal tire. coordinates

as there

no way to reference

of the theoretical

sur-

of C = 0.91 from experiP ment corresponding to a maximum value of C = 0.99 from theory indicates that P the tire actually had a greater clearance than the planing surface displayed in Figure values 16. The planing surfaces h/D, will of Figures 11, 12, and 13, having greater of C on the pavement P of the tire in Figure 17 can not

face to those of the actual

The maximum value

of the clearance,

possess maximum values in front

less than 0.99. be explained

The negative

pressure

by the theory.

32

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The object of this study was to develop tire hydroplaning rests in its surface a theory to demonstrate the

phenomenon of pneumatic The strength It

from the standpoint comparison resulting with

of hydrodynamics. results. exhibits

of any theory that

experimental

is concluded

the planing behavior

fram the theory pneumatic tire

similar force cL

hydrodynamics from theory

as a hydroplaning

as (1) the lift compared with on the distribution. the lift the the

results

in CL = 0.8 at incipient and (2) the theoretical

hydroplaning pressure

= 0.7 from experiment,

distribution

pavement (runway) It

is very similar that,

in shape to the measured pressure

is also concluded for

for moderate water depths and grooved tires, hydroplaning is essentially hydroplaning thin films a constant. is justified

c-oefficient assumption

incipient

Moreover, except for

of an ideal

fluid

for

tire

extreme case of smooth tires For future studies it

and/or

of water

on the pavement. of the tire as well

is recommended that effects

the elasticity

as three-dimensional

hydrodynamic

be considered.

33

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. _ 7. 8. 9. Horne, Walter Hydroplaning," Rouse, H., 1946. Churchill, 1960. B. and Robert C. Dreher, "Phenomena of Pneumatic Tire msA TN ~-2056, 1963, p. 52. Mechanics of Fluids, John Wiley and Sons, New York, McGraw-Hill, New York,

Elementary R. V.,

Complex Variables to Elliptic

and Applications, Functions,

Bowman, F., Introduction New York, 1961. Byrd, P. F. and Friedman, Engineers and Physicists, Churchill, New York, R. V., 1941. Fourier

Dover Publications, for McGraw-Hill,

Integrals M. D., Handbook of Elliptic Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1954. Series and Boundary Value Problems, Functions, John Wiley

Hancock, H., 1910.

Theory of Elliptic

and Sons, New York,

Horne, W. B. (private

communication).

Horne, W. B., Joyner, U. T., and T. J. W. Leland, "Studies of the Retardation Force Developed on an Aircraft Tire Rolling in Slush or Water," NASA TN D-552, September 1960, p. 29.

34

d G h

Figure

1.

z-, or Physical,

Plane.

F D A I I C B I G I w 9

Figure

2.

w--, or Complex-Potential,

Plane.

-v/u

Figure

3.

c-,

or Hodograph,

Plane.

b C

B G< D n A

* hV/lJ

Figure

4.

Q-9 or Logarithmic

Hodograph,

Plane.

36

BOUNDARY

CONDITION

FOR

In V/U InV/U=O

UNKNOWNONCDE

---

.---I

.~

/ InV/U=O ; / z y InV/U=O B F

D A

* d/*[ln V/U1 = 0 / 4

Figure

5.

Boundary Conditions

for

In V/U in w-Plane.

Figure

6.

Boundary Conditions

for

6 in w-Plane.

37

D I

6 = fb$l) / ,C

Figure

7.

wl-Plane.

Figure

8.

t-,

or Intermediate,

Plane.

2.0 1

1.5 .

1.0

zz 2 a* -m

0.5

-0.5

COSINE-FUNCTION Y -1 .o SINE-FUNCTION FLAT PLATE (0 = n/3)

-1.5 t: 0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5 41

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Figure 9.

Relationship

for Function,

f( I$,),

Describing

Planing

Surface.

9.

I -10-a.

+*Fo.9

B~lU,6~-60 SF - 13OO. J/o -7.1

CL - 0.80, CD - 0.u

Figure

10.

Hydroplaning

(Incipient)

for Curved Surface

Described

by Sine-Function

(h/D = 0.04).

Figure 11.

Hydroplaning

for Curved Surface Described by Sine-Function

(h/D = 0.14).

I D c

c I/ b \

Figure

12.

Hydroplaning

for

Curved Surface

Described

by Sine-Function

(h/D = 0.21).

Figure 13.

Hydroplaning

for Curved Surface Described by Sine-Function

(h/D = Cl.43).

Figure

14.

Hydroplaning

for

Curved Surface

Described

by Sine-Function

(h/D = 0.11).

k2 . I - 10-10, EE =lM~,6C-0.2~ SF=129", f/o=

!b2F -0.9

6.6

CL = 0.66, CD = 0.33

C Lh t B

Figure

15.

Hydroplaning

for Curved Surface Described by Cosine-Function

(h/D = 0.36).

Figure

16.

Pressure

Distribution

on Runway from Theory for Sine-Function

(h/D = 0.14). TRNLIMOF EDGE WDER TIRE STATIC COHDITIDNS .

LEADItsOF EC-X TIRE UNDER STATIC cc+m,,,0Ns

Figure

17.

Pressure

Distribution

on Runway Under Center Groove from Experimental

Results

of Horne (8).

APPENDIX B ELLIPTIC FUNCTIONSAND NUMERICALTECHNIQUESOF COMPUTATION The square of the modulus of the Jacobian regarded as the independent variable. elliptic functions, k2, is modulus

The square of the complementary

k12 = 1 - k2
For moderate values Whittaker of k2 Jacobi's nome can be computed from the series,

(67)

and Watson"

9 =e+2s
in which

5 + 15c9 + 15ocl3 + . . .

(68)

(69)
The elliptic integral of the first kind is related to q by

41+2

fi: qn2]2 n=l

(70)

And, by definition

of the nome

(71)
For values series for of k2 near 1 (the largest chosen in this enough. study was 1 - 10-30) the for

q does not converge rapidly

From Byrd and Friedman*,

Whittaker, E. T. and G. N. Watson, A Course of Modern Analysis, University Press, Cambridge, 1944. Byrd, P. F. and M. D. Friedman, Handbook'of and Physicists, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1954. 47 Elliptic Integrals

(.%&ridge

for

Engineers

k2 approaching

unity

the elliptic

parameters

are best determined

by

K = A -I-

$ kf2

[,j - l]

+ &

kf4[A

- $]+

$$

k16 [A - $1

+ . . .

(72)

in which A = Ln j$ K' =$

2 kf4 + s kf6 +

1+$kf2

256

*--

3 )

(73)

and q = exp(-rrK'/K) These two series l-10 give adequate convergence for values of k2 as large as

(74)

-50 .
The rapidly converging infinite for series for the eta and theta calculations functions,

Byrd and Friedman,

are suitable
co

numerical

H(Kwl)

= 2

c n=l

(-l)n-l

l2 q(n- Z)

sin[(n

- $)myl]

(75a)

H~(Kw~)

2 c

q(

cos [(n - $)m$

(75b)

0 (Kwl) and

= 1 + 2

c n=l

(-l)n

qn2 cos nnw1

Ol(Kwl)

con2 cos = 1 + 2 c 9 n=l

nnw1

(75d)

The location

of point

F in the t-plane

depends on the value

of the modulus,

48

k, and the location relations

of F in the wl-plane.

Frapn equation

(33) and the above

O2 iK$,

II 1
is computed from equation

06)

The location

of point

D in the t-plane

(34) to be

O2 (Kc&
b =' H?(Kr+,)

(77)

The actual be determined expressed

geometry of the flow by integrating equation

pattern (58). for

and the shape of the tire The eta and theta each line functions

have to are on the exThe or a of change is deter-

in terms of the infinite is integrated.

series

of the wl-plane in the z-plane parts. rule,

which the equation pression integration numerical in equation

For each streamline real

(58) is reduced to its

by using

and imaginary rule,

is performed integration for

the trapezoidal order,

Simpson's

equation

of higher

depending on the rate The shape of the tire

of the integrand

the conditions equation

specified.

mined by integrating example, on line EDC

(58) from E to C in the wl-plane.

As an

and

49

The function

0 (Kvl)

on EN! is evaluated

from

03 @[(K&C = 1 +
n=l
co

(-n)n

qn2 (qwn + q") cos rn-rr+ (78)

-i

(-p c n=l in equation point

qn2 ( qmn - q"> sin nr[tp,

The other

functions

(58) are evaluated D. The integrand the integrand

similarly. of equation

Caution

has to

be taken at the singular at D. By using L'Hospital's

(58) is indeterminate The inte-

rule

is found to be finite. by numerical

shape of the streamlines gration of equation

AFJ3 and BC can also be determined lines

(58) along the respective on.the force tire

in the wl-plane. from the

The pressure equation pressure (12).

distribution The total

and the runway can be determined can be determined coefficient by integrating

on the tire surface.

distribution

over its

The lift

sA c d(g) CL = -e 9

and the drag coefficient

s CD Ac d($) = -t D
in which Cp is the pressure coefficient, defined as

The drag coefficient analysis to be

can also be computed (as a check) from a simple momentum

cD 2c1- $1b - OS = 6F] 6 D

in which fjF is the angle that F with the positive x-direction. the jet leaving the tire at E finally makes at (55). The angle 6F is computed from equation (27)

The water depth at d is computed from equation d-a --D b The clearance that the trailing b-l l+a

edge of the surface equation

makes with

the pave-

ment, h, is computed by integrating vertical coordinate, y.

(58) from B to C in terms of the

The pressure and (66). grating

distribution

on the pavement is computed fram equations on line AB are referenced to point

(55)

The coordinates from a point

C (or E) by intefrom a point near

near B on BC toward C. of the velocity

By integrating potential,

B on AB having the same value corresponding CDE. The parameters curved-surface $lP point

(p, as that

at the to

on BC the pressure

distribution

on AB can be referenced

in the theory

that

may be varied

for

each of the assumed of F in the wl-plane, o and 1. the square of $2F =

functions

are the modulus, describing

k, the location

and the parameters planing

the curved-boundary are obtained than 0.99.

function, only if

Realistic

surfaces

and clearances greater

the modulus, (K/K' )flF

k2, is considerably

Values chosen for

were 0.7 and 0.9.

The chosen values

of cr and h depended on the

curved-boundary the elliptic Appendix C.

function

used.

The computer program utilized equation

for

evaluating in

functions

and in integrating

(58) is presented

52

APPENDMC DIGI'IXL COMPU'IER PROGRAM

Because of the complexity number of infinite was essential written series that of the relationships in the theory, results involved and the large digital computer

appearing numerical

a high-speed

in order

may be obtained.

The program was

in ALGOL 60 for use by the Burroughs B-5500 of the Rich Electronic Experiment Station. The coordinates of the

Computer Center of the Engineering planing surface, the pressure

distribution

on the runway and the gross quantities of the planing surface surface are the out-

such as lift put. imately

and drag coefficients

and length

The computer time required 250 seconds.

for each planing

assumed was approx-

53

BEGIN LABEL INTEGER REAL

COMMENT SOLUTION fOR CuRvEO PLATE USING SINE FUNCTION LlsL2pL3pL4

PPJ~MDN

UNDERGOING

TOVAL

HYOROPLANING i i J

PF~TPK~~KPK~~EPQ~PPP~~STPPHP~~A~A~A~,A~~B,B~~B~DB~~CP C~~C~PC~PCF,CC~CKPPCK~S~~CFP~~L~CD~D~D~PD~,D~PE~~~~~SUM~

YBCOD~LDDDPL~DPDFPS~PSP,S~~S~PS~~S~PSTIS~PS~DS~O~S~~~S~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~S~B~S~APR~RD~SP~D@S~~D~DELTAFPSUBTRPL,V~PT~~M~~N~~H~~G~ 9S3P~S32pS33pS34pS222 ~S~~,S~~PS~~PXPXYPXYR~XD#YSYDSDYP DXPSHGMA@S~~FPS~~~~S~~~PS~~FOXEDC~D~SURPS~~BPS~~BDS~~B~ I LAMBDAsSS~SSf~XBCpGW3~Cw~XAB~DTBCpDTBAlpPHIB I ARRAy F~TO~~OO~PFXCO~~OO~PCP C 01900 9 D DELTAY I Ol900 3 FILE OUT PRT 6 @pi51 FORMAT~FMTl~2fP4,6bPb)~FMTKP~l0F12o6 / / B / / 1 pFMT262fl4.i )P FMT3(F10,6~~fMT7(7FfOc6)PFMT9~9fl2~6)p KPRIM K fMT ( WMoDULUS SQUARED Q w P x2 / 1 P E C 9 D FHTV t X6 P WL / D YBC / D C c c w P x2 / 1) C fMTKC X7 p w 8 0 x2 / 1 P fMTT( X6 P w IN;-BC INT-EC P x2 9 1 0 fMY6C4f14u6PpP rFMT5~FlO~6p2El4,5/i~~~ INPOUT TIME, 1 FMTIME(Ppw PROCESS TIME = w p15, w SECONDS0 ! 015~ w SECONDS W 3 LIST LST~LOD,YBCoDpLDODpCCpDELTAF,Cf,CFPpCL~CD~Cw>p LSTP( K2 p Qp CK B CKP 3 i ! WRPTECPRTCNDT) t COMMENT BEGIN STATEMENTS i T2 eTIME(29 I T3 +TIME(3) J PI*3014159265 J LAMBDA * lo02 SXGYA + 6 J C + PI / SIGMA 3

wl -I=

COMMENT BEGIN

T + CXCLAHBDA Me 20 ST + 0.0125 R l 6.0125 WRITE C PRT , WRITE C PRY , DETERMINATION FOR J *lo STEP

(2/PI))

FMtT 1 FMyl # ST # R 1 OF ELLIPTIC PARAMETERS 8 UNTIL 18 DO

J ; t 3 i 1 1

* SQRYCClOhyJ1I Kl K2' * 1 - Kj*P K + SQRy(K2) L l LNC4/Kl) CK + I. + ~l/q)x(Kl*2)xCL-l) + (9/64)XCKl*4)x(L~7/6) + (25/256)x(Kl*6)x(Lr37/30) CKP + CP112)~Cl + (1/4)xCK1*2)+ <9i64)~CKl*4) +-(25/256)x CKlr6) + (1225116384jx(Kle8) t (3969/65536)XCKl*lO)) Q t EXPC-CPIxCKp)/CK) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ S21D l 0 f S$D t D j S22B 6 0; S19D + 0 J S23B +- 01 5258 l 0 i ssto I FOR N t 1 STEP 1 UNTIL 40 DO BEGIN EN-0 FOR N + 1 STEP BEGIN S3B * s3B 568 l S6B S7A + S7A S84
l S6A

: f I 3 I J

ss l

~((-l)*N)XNx(Q*(N*l))/C(4~tN*2) 1 UNTIL, M 00

1)x(1

Q*(2xN)))

+ ss1 ;

sP~s9+2x

( N - C 1 /,2 ) ) x C ( -1 ) * ( N -.I cCi*CCN ",C l/ 2 I) * 2 1-l t N x ( Q l C N * 2 1') x SING N x Y 1. t 2.x ( t -1 ) l N ) x' ( fd * ( N * 2' ))X: cOS( N x T 1 ' + ( c -1)*N)xNxCQ+CN*2)1x SIN< N x T 1 c ( '1 1 * N ) x ( Q l ( ( N ( 1 / 1 ) x SING C N - (1/2))xT) t

1 1 xIj I J 2') 1 l .2 J.

St80

CC-()* l - Sl8D + C Q * C -N 1 * 0 * N 1 X C c,OS CC-l)* Sl9D * Sl9D + C Q * C -N J - Q * N 1 x C SIN S2lD t, S2lD + N x C C -1 1 * N

N ( N C
l

1 * C 2KNxT 1 X C 2xNxT
N )

Q * 1) Q * 3)
l

C N * 2 ) C N * 2 I)

1 X J X J
J
i I

) x C 0

C N *, 2 1 1 X:
J J J

C Q * C lN
END WRITE C PRT t WRITE C PRT , FOR PF * 0.99 BEGIN FMT ) FMT~ 0 LSTP STEP 0,005

) UNTIL

0.996

DO

S3F * 0 J S4F + 0 J StF+ 0 J S8F FOR N * 1 STEP 1 UNTIL H DO EEGIN S3F S4F StF S8F END SSF * 0 J FOR N + 1 STEP BEGIN SSF + t4/PI)sCCO*C-NxPF3 - Q~CN)))) CQ*C-N) END + S3F + s4F + S7F
l

+ 0 J

u cn

S~F

+ C C -1 ) * C N I 1 ) 1 x C Q * C C *2))xC(O*(~PFx~CN-(l/2)))) -CG*CPFxCN -,c 1 / 2 ))-I + ( Q * C N * 2 ) ) x C,C -1 ) * N 1 ( C Q * C -PF x N ) ).+ C 0 l C PF + c C -I 1 +- N 1 x c Q * C N * 2 I I xCG*(-pFxN)+G*CPFxN))~ + c C -)*N)x(Q*(N*~))xSINCN~~T) x C Q * C -PF x N ) - 4 * C PF X N

N .C
1)

1 / 2. 1)
J I) ) J ) J J J

x
x-N

x COSC N x-f
) )

1 UNTIL

80

DD Q+<NxpF))/(C4xCN*2) + SSF 1)~

COMMENT

A t C S~F * 2 1 / C K x CC 1 + S4F) + 2 I) B + CC 1 + StA 1 * 2 ) / C K x C S9 * 2 I) WRITE C PRT , FMTK ) WRITE C PRT , FMTl c ABB ) SUMMATION OF SERIES FOR INTEGRATION ON LINEBC

Ito
FOR P * 0 STEP ST UNTIL 1 + C ST / 2 ) DO

F?F_G!:N Sl t 0 : S2+O;t3+0 FOR N + 1 STr9 : lJNTIL nFGTN i q4tO M DO J s5+OJ SI$+O i

Sl+Sl+
52 t 53 t

C o*( N*2 O+~NXPll

S2 + C Q *((.N c N - ( 11 s3 + ( Q *(( N tN-

1 Ix

C Q*

C -NxP

I+ i

(1/2)l*2)~x~o*c~~x

2) 11 + Q * (P x C N - ( 1 / 2 >I>); C 1 / 3 1 1 * 2 ) ) x C Q * C -P x
)x N ) lx
1

(l/2)))

0 *

(P -P C
-P

x (N

c I

2 1))) ,;
,;

s4ts4+ sStS5+

x ( ( -lI*(Y-l~) (0 cN*2) x t ( -1 I* C 04 (N*2)

x c3sc Y x 1

.
.
.

(O( (O*

x N ) + Q + ( ?xY
x N ) t 0 l ( Bx%

S~~S~+(~*(N*~))X(~*~-PXN)-Q*~~~~~~; x SXN( N x T 1

END N3tO J FOR N + 1 STFP REGTN N3 t

FND

i i DD + N3
;

1 ~JNTIL

80

(-4/PI)x~(~~-1~+N~x(O~C-NxP) (0*(-N) - Q*tNll))

O*(NxP))l/(C4x~N*2)

ilx
l

IF P XY

< ( ST / ? ) THEN GO TO Li J t ( 4 x it x CKP x Ax (C 9 x K x (( 1 + Sll l 2 1) s2 * 2 1 x ( 1 + 51 1 x c 1 + 54 I I/ ( PI x R x CC Ax Y x CC 1 + Sl ) * 2 )) + 52 * 2 1 x 52 x 53 I + Xy x ( S6 x (

l 2 1) 1 + SS 1 X COS C C X N3 1 C C (l+SS I*2 I-S6*2

x (CC 1 + S5 I * ? ) + 56
FY C I

J IX
J IX . ; -

(1/2)X
PX C I I t

SIN C C x N3 I 1 x EXP C C x M3 > Xy x c-S6 X C 1 + SS 1 X SIN C C X N3 1 f I/? 1 xc (( 1 +s5 I+3 l-56*2 CgS ( C x N3 1 1 x ExP C C x Y3 1 (( R x K x CC 1 + sll

Ll

8XYR

GO TO L? 4 ( 4 x K x CYP x Ax

* 2 1)

s2 + 2. I x c 1 + Sl

L2l END COMMENT

1 x c 1 + 54 1.1 / C PI x B x C( Ax K x CC 1 + Sl ) l - 2 I) + 52 l 2 ) x S2 .x. S3B J X. CCC 1 + S5 1 * 2.1 C, S6 *, 2 1 ) FY C I J + XyBx C s6Bx C 1 + S5 1 XCOS ( c x N3 ) J C1/2)X(C1 +-S5)*2)x(-4/PI)xCxSS) I * I + 1
J INTEGRATION ON LINE BC, YBCOD + o FOR I .+. o STEP 4 UNTIL Cl/ST1 YBCDD t. YBCDD

J
3 + CSTt29 -. 4 DO

HEGIN

+ cc2xSTDq7~P~CIl + 32xFYCI+ll-+ + 3$xFYCI+JJ + 7XFYCI+41))/45 1 UNTILl/ST.,+ ST/2 -7 1 DO

12xFYII+21

END XBC.* FOR I 0 J +, 1 STEP

J J

BEGIN
w 03

XBC,* XBC +((FXC13 +~FXtI+l~~/2vcST HRITECPRT~FMT~~XBCIFXCII) END BEGIN COMMENT LABEL L3rL4rDT10Ts SUMMATION FOR SER,IES FOR PRESSURE:

J
J

J J
OISTRIBUTION ON LINE; A& J J J

I e.0
R t. l/318 FOR PHI1 BEGIN

* 1 - R STEP -R

UNTIL

R/2

DO!

s22.
BEGIN S22

ti23 l 0 J FOR N + l,STEP t 522

t 0, J 524 t 0 J 1 UNTIL M DO

S25 t 0 J S26 + 0 J S27 t. OJ

J

+ ~XC(-~~*N~~~O*CN*~~~XC~J~CNXPIXPHI~)

S23 + 523 + 2xc(-l1*CN-l~~x(O*~(N-~l/2~*2~~xSIN(CN-l~2~x~Ix PHI13 S24 t 524 + 2xCo+CCN-1/2)i2))xCoSCCN-l/2)xPIxPHIl) S25*.525 + ~~C~~CN*~)~~COS(N~PI~PHI~~ S26,t S26 + ~~~CC-~~*N)~~O*CN*~)~XCOSCN~XPIXPHI~ S27 t,S27 + ~XCC-~~*N~XCQ~(N*~~~XC~SCNXPIXPHI~

J
J + NXT) - NXT) : I

END

GM3 l 0 FOR N t 1 STEP BEGIN GM3 t END COMMENT

1 UNTIL

80

DO -, 1)x

GM3 + (C-8/SIGMA3x(Q*N)xSINCNxPIxPHIl~1/CC4xCN*23

Cl - O*C~xNl)l
DETERMINATION OF P.RESSURE DISTRIBUTION VDU t C(~+S~~)~EXP(-G~~))/C~+S~~) CPtIl + I - vDU*2 FXIII t (2/PI)"KxCKxCA/Blx(((BxKxC(ltS22)+2) ON LINE AB

1
J : J S23*21xCl+S22) J

x(l+S25)x(l+S26~)/CCAxK~CCl+S22)*2~
Cl+S27)))xEXpCGH3)

t 523*2jxS23xS24x J J

I
END

I + 1
Cl/R) AB + (R/2) 6 DO

cn t 0 J
COMMENT BEGIN FOR I t 0 STEP 4 UNTIL PRESSURE FORCE DN LINE Cw * CM J + 32xFXcI+lyxCP~rI+l1 +32xFXtI+31xCPtI+33 + +. J J R/2 3 DO ;

+ cc2xR)xc7xFXCI]xCPrI1 12xFX11+21xCP~I+21 7xFXtI+4lxCPCI+4I))/45

END XAB t0 : FOR I t D STEP 1 UNTIL, l/R,+ COORDINATES DN LINE AB XAB l END DTBC t (KlxCKPxST)*2 DTBC t ABSCDTBC) DTBAl l ABSCDTBC) PHIB t-(Cl/CK)xLNCC1/4)xC MRITE(PRTIFMT~~PHIB~DTBC~DTBA~) SUMMATION OF SERIES FOR INTEGRATION

COMMENT BEGIN

XAB +C(FXCIl +- FXCI+l1)/2)xR WRITECPR~,FM~~~XABIC~~I+~~)

1
J J J J i DTBAl + Cl/2)xCK1*2))))/21 EDC : J J ON LINE

COMMENT

Ito
R t 0.0125

FOR PHI1 REGIN

STEP

R UNTIL

+ C R/2

1 DO

SIO t 0 J St1 t0 J S12 *O J 5134 0 J Sl4t 0 J S15 t 0 f Sl6 t D J sl7 t 0 ; SIB t 0 J sl9 + 0 J S20 + OJ S21 + OJ FOR N l 1 STEP 1 UNTIL M DO BEGIN

Slo t (C-l)* N I x C Q * ( N * 2)) x C N I x CDSC N X PP X PHI1 ) Sll t Sll t (C-l)* N 1 x C 0 + C N * 2 1 1 x 0 * N ) x SIN< N X PI X PHI1 ) sl2 t S12 +e(-l)*CN-1)1x C a * (C N - C 1 12 112) 3 >+O*CN-C1/2)))X c 0 *C- t N .C 1 SING ( N - P 1 / 2 1.1 X PP x PHI1 S13 l 513 +CC-f)*CN-111~ ( o * c C N - C l/2 (o*c-(N-~1~2)j)-~*(N-<l/2))~)~ ) COSC t N - C 1 / 2 ) 1 K PP x PHIi Sl4tS14te Q* C C Nc I /2 )1*2) eP/2)1)+-o*eN-e1i22),)~ xeO*(-eNCOSC C N - ( 1 / 2 1 ) X PI x PHI1 ) s15ts15+ e fhe 4 N-C 182)) *2 3
Q l

910 t

, C -N
l 1 l

I +J

C 0
3

C -N

1 J

2 1 I x
;

I ) 2.2
3

1 I x
J

)
J J

x(0*(-CN.Cl/2)))-Q*CN-Cl/2)1)X SINC C N - ( 1 / 2 ) ) X PI X PHI1 Sl6tS16+~Q~~N~2~)xCO*~C-N~+O*N)~~ COSC N x PI x PHI1 )

Sl7+Sl7t

) C -N) -O*N )X

SINC
SIB

Q *
S19 Q * S20 0 *

s21
0 * END

e o* C N*2)) x C o* N x PI x PHI1 P t 518 9 (C-l)* N 1 X C Q * c N * N ) x COS( N X PI X C PwIl t C T t S19 t (C-l)* N 1 X C 0 + ( N + N ) x SIN< N X fs X ( PHII + ( T NJ x C 0 * c N * 2 t 520 +((-I)* N I x Cost N X PI X C PHIi - C T t-S21 +cC-I)* N) x c 0 l e N * 2 N ) x SIN< N X PI X ( PHII - ( T J H3+0 J I STEP 1 UNTIL

2 ) ) X C 0 * C -N / PI ) ) ) 2 ) 1.X ( 0 * C -N
/ PI ) ) 1

1 +
J

) I

x C Q * < -N / PI ) ) ) ) 1 x c 0 *, c -N
/ PI ) ) 1

1,)

1 t I I -,
3 J

G3*0 FOR N *

80

DO

BEGIN 63 t (-4/PIlx(CO*(-NJ SINCNxPIxPHIl) t 63 H3 t c-4/PI)xCli(4x(N*2) END COMMENT

+ O+N)/((4xCN*2) -

l)xCO*C-N) t H3

- O*Nlll~

: I PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON LINE EDC J SQRTC(CC 1 + S20 )xC 1 t S18 ) + SIP x S21) vou * /CCC 1 t Sl8 )* 2 1 t SIP * 2 1 1+2 + ec SIP xc 1 + 520 I - e I + Sl8 lx S21 I /CCC 1 + Sl8 1 J )*2)xEXP(-CxG3) *2 I +s19*2 1 - 71 * OeOOOl THEN GO TO l.3 IF ABSCPIxPHyl J Al t (BxKxc(ql+S10)*2)-Sll*2))'512*2+Sl3*2 J A2 * (AxKxCCe1+S10~*2~-s11*2~1+!512*2-s1~*2 J Bl t -2XBXKxSllx(l+SlO) - 2xSl2xSl3 J 82 t -2xAxKxSllxel+SlOl + 2xSl2xSl3 J CI 6 cl+slo)xel+sl~)-s~lxsl~ J C2 t Sl2xSl4 + Sf3XSl5 J Dl t -Sl~xCltSlb)-. Sl7xcltStO~ J
02 t Sl3xSl4 - S12XSl5 1 A3 + CAlxA2 + BlxB2 83 t CA2rtBl . AlxB2 1 C3 t CClxC2 + 01x02 9 I 03 t CC2xDI . ClxD2 E3 tccl+Sl8~xcl+S2Ol t 3

- ~)lxCOSCNxPIxPHIl)

/ CA2*2 0 B2*2) / (A2*2 t B2*2) 1 C C2*2 + D2*2)

/ C C2*2 + D2*2 3

J J J
3

~3:

Sl9XS21 )/ CCCl+S201*2) t-s21*2) J F3 t(S2lxcltSl8) - Sl9xCl+S20))/ CCCltS201*2) + S21*2) 3 t((2xKxCK xA)PfPIxBl)xcCA3xC3 - B3xD31xE3 X tB3xC3 + A3xD3JxF3) J t ( ( 2 x,K x CK x A I / C PI x B 1-I X Y ) X E3 I J C t A3 x C3 - 83 x 03 ) X F3 t ( 83 X C3 +-A3 x-03 FX C I J t EXP C C x 63 I tit X x COS P C x H3 1 0, Y x SIN C C X H3 1 1 1 FY C I 1 t.EXP C C x 63 I xc Y x CDS C C x H3 1 + J X * SIN C C x H3 P 1 GO Tb L4 J t. (' 4xCCK*2)xCl - BxK2~xAxSl9D~/CCPI~2~ltiCA~~+~ BlxBx x0 J S21DI - Bxj(2)XAx(i t- S1801)/ 4xCCK*2)xCl YD +c

CCPI*29xBxCA + fx c 1 1 + EXP YDX fy t 1 1 t EXP XDX L4r END fl; r.", ;

89x52109 ( CIX Q3 9 x( XDx SIN ( c x H3 9'9 ( c-x 03 9 x( YDx SIN C c X H3 99

I COS C C x H3 COS C C,x'HS 9 J 9 + I J

I +, 1
CD * 0 4 CL h,O J XEDCOD +-0 J t i DN LINE EDC STEP 1 UNTIL

COMMENT REGIN

SUI3TR + 0 YEDCOD * 0 COORDINATES FOR I 6.0

J
(i/R9 + (R/29 1 DO

YEDCOD l YEDcOD + ~~Rx~fYtI~+FYtI+BI~~12~ XEDCOD t XEDcOD,+ ((RxWXLI}+FXCI+~ll99/29 WRITE C PRT , FHT2 l XEDCOD,YEDEDD9 t YEDCOD * SUBiR DY t XEDCOD - SUB DX LOD t SQRT ( DY +!2 + Dx * 2 9 + LDD SUB t XEDCDD SUBTR t YEDCDD END COMMENT BEGIN STEP 8 UNTIL (f/R9 + CR/29 - 8 DO FOR I a- o DETERMINATION OF LIFT AND DRAG COEFFSCIENTS BY INTEGRAT1ON CD t CD + (~~~R9xC989~FY(IJxCPtIl + 5888xFYtI+llxCpCI+i~ --

: i J i : I J

928xfYt1+2lx~PtI+21 + 10496xFYtI+33xCP11+31 -454OxFYfI+4lx cPtI+41 + 10496~fYCI+!5~xCPCI+Sl - 928xFYCI+6~XCPtI+61 4588$XfYII+7IxCPtI*71 + 989~~~tI+83xCPC1+6199~14~7!! CL:t. CL + CC4~R~~C989xFX[IlxCP[Il + 5888xFXCI+ll~~p~1+I~ -* 928xfX11+2lxcPtI+21 + 10496xfXtI+3IxCPtI+~31 4540xFXtI+4lx~
cp[I+4] +.10496xFXtIt59xCpt~+~1 - 928xFXtI+63xCPtI+61 5886xFXCI+7JxCPCIt79 + 989xFX[1+89xCPtIt819)/14175 END CD t -CD/LOD J CfP t SQRT C CD * CL *,CL/LDD 2 + CL * 2 9 +.

J : I,

LDOD l C A x ( B - 199/(Bx(l+A99 DELTAF t ARCTANC C -2 x ( 1 + S7F 1 x S8F 9 / ( C C 1 + s7F 9 * 2 ) - S8F + 2 9 9 - CxSSF IF DELTAF ( D THEN DELTAF + DELTAF + PI cf t 2 x C ( ( 1 - LDDD 9 x ( 1 - COSC DELTAF CC t LDCID / ( LDDD + YBCOD ) WRITE C. PRT , FMTV 9 9 WRITE ( PRT , FMTKP B LST END END T2 t CTIMEC29 - ~29160 T3 t (TIMEC~J - ~39160 MRITE(PRTIFMTIME,T~~T~~ END END .

i i 9 9 9 /(LOD99 : J J 1 J I I ) J ;