Variable Speed Control of Single and Two Phase Induction Motors Using a Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter

D.G. Holmes & A. Kotsopoulos

Department of E e t i a and Computer Systems Engineering lcrcl Monash University Wellington Road, Clayton, 3168 AusLralia

Abstract-Single Phase AC Inductlon Motors are one of the most widely used motors In the world, yet relatively llttle work has been done In the application of power electronic converters to these motors to achleve variable speed operation. Where variable speed is requlred, it I s usually achleved either by mechanical throttling, or by swltchlng between two or more flxed winding configurations. This paper proposes a method for using a standard three phase voltage source inverter to achieve wlde range variable speed control of a single phase Induction motor, by connecting the main and auxiliary windings of the motor across the bridge a s an unbalanced three phase load. The motor I s analysed a s an unbalanced two phase system to determine the torque that can be expected under variable frequency control, and a new modulation strategy Is described which achieves the maximum possible converter utlllsatlon for a two phase output voltage (balanced or unbalanced). The theoretlcal basls for the control strategy, simulation a n d full experimental results are presented.

I.

hTRODlJnlON

Single phase induction motors are one of the most widely used types of low power ac motors in the world, especially for domestic or commercial applications where a three phase power supply is not available. However, s p e d modulation of a single phase motor is presently usually achieved either by non-elecmcal means, such as throttling the mechanical output from the motor whilst it continues to run at full speed, or by switching windings to change the number of motor poles as different operating speeds are required. Only a few altematives appear have been reported to the use of variable frequency converters to achieve continuous variable speed single phase motor operation. One of these approaches uses a single phase converter to control the phase angle of the voltage applied to the motor auxiliary winding, while the main winding remains connected 1.0 the ac supply [l]. Other work has rcported the performance of a standard motor when driven from a single phase variable frequency supply [2,3],using an unmodified capacitor run type motor. These investigations have shown that a standard single phase motors has a quite limited performance when driven from a variable frequency supply [2,31, and that whilst

controlling the phase angle of the voltage applied to the auxiliary winding can achieve variable speed operation, it is at the expense of motor derating and torque ripple [l]. Of course, an altemative solution to the development of a single phase variable speed drive system would be to rectify the incoming ac supply to create a dc bus voltage, and to use a three phase motor supplied from a standard Variable Voltage, Variable Frequency (VVVF) inverter drive system. The only variation compared to a conventional three phase drive system would be the reduced dc bus voltage that can be obtained from the single phase ac supply. Nevertheless, there remains some considerable attraction in the concept of a variable speed single phase motor drive system for retrofit situations, where a three phase replacement motor cannot be easily substituted for an existing motor because of mechanical, structural or simply cost constraints. In addition, since a single phase induction motor is most often an unbalanced two phase motor, any single phase motor variable speed controller that was developed would almost certainly be able to control the speed of a balanced two phase motor. This would have application in other areas, such as for small frame motors, where a two phase winding arrangement is sometimes easier to physically realise than a three phase winding set. In this paper, an approach is presented for continuous variable speed control of a single phase induction motor, using a standard three phase Voltage Source Inverter (VSI). Furthermore, since the modulation strategy treats the motor's main and auxiliary windings as a set of unbalanced two phase windings, the approach is equally applicable to a motor with balanced two phase windings. The resultant controller is perhaps not as effective as a three phase motor drive system, since issues such as motor efficiency, torque ripple, converter switch ratings and converter utilisation must all be considered, but it is certainly able to achieve a torque performance at lower speeds which is comparable to that of a single phase motor operated at 50 Hz directly from the mains.
U. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Most single phase motors (excluding shaded pole types which are not relevant to this paper) are constructed with two windings which are physically displaced 90 electrical degrees around the motor stator. The windings are often asymmetrical, in which case the "main" winding will have a higher current rating. Furthermore, the "auxiliary" winding is connected to

0-78031462-x/93$03.OO 01993IEEE

613

the ac supply through a series capacitor, as shown in Fig. 1, to make its current lead the main winding current by approximately 90 in phase. The time and spatial quadrature currents in the two windings create an unbalanced two phase rotating magnetic field which ensures that some motor torque is generated even at standstill. Single phase motors operate either as "capacitor-run",where the auxiliary winding is permanently energised, or as "capacitor-start", where the auxiliary winding is switched out of circuit by a centrifugal switch as the motor speeds up. The auxiliary winding of a capacitor-start single phase motor is generally not rated for continuous operation, but is connected only at low motor speeds to create a motor starting torque. The series capacitor is ideally chosen so that the main and auxiliary winding currents are time displaced by 90, achieving exact two phase operation except for the unbalanced current magnitudes. However, this optimum condition only occurs for a particular motor speed, since the effective impedanc'e of both windings vary significantly with motor slip. Conventional single phase motors sometimes improve this situation by using two series capacitors, in a capacitorstart/capacitor-run configuration, so that exact quadrature time displacement of the currents can occur at least at standstill and at the motor's normal operating speed. Altematively, some previous work [4] has shown how solid state switches can be used to vary the effective capacitance in series with the auxiliary winding to improve the run-up motor torque, by maintaining the angle between the winding currents at the optimum angle of 90 as the motor gains speed. However, this technique is not appropriate for variable speed control. For wide range variable speed control, the voltages applied to the main and auxiliary windings should be of variable frequency, and of such magnitude and phase orientation a to maintain the winding currents in time quadrature at all times. One approach to achieve this would be to use separate single phase "H" bridges for each winding, and Pulse Width Modulating (PWM) each bridge so as to create the required fundamental ac voltages. However, this would involve the expense of 8 power electronic switches and drive circuitry. An alternative approach is to use a 6 switch three phase VSI bridge, connecting the two motor windings as an unbalanced load between the phascs, as shown in Fig. 2. This is a more cost effective solution, cspecially whcn i t is recognised that 6 element power electronic switches are now available as a single power electronic module for the power levels of interest (less than a few kW). Note however that the

Phase Leg "a"

Phase Leg "b"

Phase Leg "c"

Fig. 2 . Two Winding Single Phase Motor connected to three phase VSI.

switch rating must be increased by 42 compared to the rated motor current, since the centre phase carries the sum of both the winding currents which is not zero (unlike a three phase winding neutral connection). In practice, this will not be a significant limitation for low power motors, given the ratings of present day power electronic switches. In order to control a single phase motor with such a converter configuration, it is necessary to determine how the motor will respond to a variable supply frequency across both windings, and what modulation strategy will most effectively achieve the objective of maintaining quadrature winding currenfs at any fundamental frequency. Alternatively, for a simple controller, i t will probably be easier to modulate for quadrature volfages across the windings, correcting for any difference between the winding impedance angles if this is significant.
in.
UNRALANCED W

O WINDING WDUCIION MOTORMODEL

Single winding single phase motors are most effectively analysed using the Double Revolving, Field Theory, which splits the oscillating single magnetic field produced by a current flowing through the winding into two contra-rotating magnetic fields, each of which can be analysed using normal three phase rotating field theory. The equivalent circuit for a single winding motor under these conditions is shown in Fig. 3 [ 5 ] , where the rotor impedance referred to the stator has been separated into two halves, with one half influenced by the forward rotating field and the other influenced by the backward rotating field. For a two winding motor, with the windings arranged in

o@

Main Winding

AC Mains

Fig. I . Capacitor-RunSingle Phase Induction Molor.

Fig. 3. Equivalent Circuit of Single Winding Single Phase Induction Motor

614

space quadrature on the stator, this analysis can be extended to develop a similar single phase equivalent circuit for each winding, with an additional speed voltage in each winding representing the voltage induced in the winding from the other winding's flux. The total equivalent circuit for this arrangement is shown in Fig 4, for two unbalanced windings with a turns ratio of "1:a" between the main and the auxiliary winding. Note that the parallel branches for each winding equivalent circuit have been converted into equivalent series impedances, in line with the previous work from which this model is taken [ 1 5 1 . The impedances for this equivalent circuit are defined as: Main Winding Resistance and Leakage Reactance. Auxiliary Winding Resistance and Leakage Reactance. Main Winding Magnetising Reactance. Auxiliary Winding Magnetising Reactance. Rotor Resistance and Leakage Reactance referred to Main Winding. Rotor Resistance and Leakage Reactance referred to Auxiliary Winding. Turns ratio between Main and Auxiliary Windings. No attempt has been made to include a core loss representation into the model. Using these definitions, the scries equivalent forward and backward impedances shown in Fig. 4 become:

2
R b = a
S)

1 ( ~ 4 -2 s))2

2.(2
x b = h .

( ~ 2x m ) 2

0)
(4)

( ~ 4 -2

+~

2 . ( + xm) ~ 2
(x2 +

( R 4 2 - s))2 + where: s = motor slip.

xrny

As shown in [ 5 ] , the average motor torque developed using this model is given by:
Tav

& . ([Imain' + (a.Lx)2].(Rr - Rb)

a.Ia,J'+
J(Rf

+ 2.a.Imain.Iaux.(Rf + &).Sin@
2.(a.1main.1aux)2.~0~2~]

with a pulsating torque of:

Zpulsc

=-

- Rb)2 + (xf - X b y ]

where @ is the phase angle between the main and the auxiliary winding current. From ( 5 ) it can be seen that maximum average motor torque will occur when @ = 900,while (6) suggests that the preferable condition of no pulsating torque at any motor slip will occur if:
4

c0s2@= -

L"n

Hence:

(*r

+ ( a J J = -1, 2 .(a.Imain.Iaux)2

@ @

= go"

(7)

+( r h2 =

a Lux

a.Lin

Rf =R&.A (1) which gives: Imain = a.Iaux () 9 2s ( R ~ / S ) ~ ( ~ +2x m y + i.e. the relative magnitude of the winding currents should be the inverse of the winding turns ratio. The ratio of the voltages applied to the windings to achieve (2) (9) is complex, and varies with motor slip [l], but is approximately equal to:
Vaux = a.Vmain (10) which is also consistent from an impedance matching and winding power balance perspective. So, from ( 5 ) and ( ) the optimum control strategy to 9, operate an unbalanced two phase motor under variable speed control is to maintain the winding currents in quadrature, with a ratio between the main and the auxiliary winding currents equal to the turns ratio, and with a given magnitude of currents achieving a given motor torque, irrespective of the motor speed. This is a similar strategy to that used for three phase motors, for which a sub-optimal solution is to apply a constant volts-per-Hem (V/Hz) three phase voltage source to the motor, usually with a low frequency boost voltage to overcome the effects of stator resistance. So, considering also (lo), an appropriate sub-optimal solution for an unbalanced two phase motor would be to apply a constant V/Hz two phase voltage source (i.e. quadrature voltages) to the motor,

Fig. 4. Equivalent Circuit of Unbalanced Two Winding Induction Motor

615

with the magnitude of the main and auxiliary winding voltages maintained according to the winding turns ratio. This control strategy should produce the maximum possible average motor torque with minimum torque ripple at any supply frequrency.

+ O.S.cos(ot + 6) + "dc/* Vb = Vdc/2 + 0.5.cos(wt + 6) vc = -Asin(ot) + O.S.cos(wt + 6) + " d i 2

V.

= Mcos(ut)

(13)

IV. CONVERTER MODUIATIONSTRATEGY

Section 111 has shown that an appropriate converter modulation strategy for an unbalanced two winding induction motor is to create two quadrature voltages which have magnitudes in the same ratio as the turns ratio of the two windings. The absolute magnitude of these voltages are then increased in a "constant-volts-per-Hertz" relationship as the fundamental frequency increases, so as to achieve rated voltage on the main winding at rated frequency e.g. 240V at 50 Hz, for example. The simplest modulation strategy to achieve this objective would be to hold the phase "b"voltage at the midpoint of the dc supply voltage (50% duty cycle), and modulate the other two phases to achieve voltages of:
v. = Mcos(ot) + Vdc/2

The problem then becomes to determine the maximum magnitudes Mmax and Amax that can be achieved with a voltage of OS/h added to the required voltages for phases "a" and "b", such that the resultant total peak-to-peak voltage magnitudes of these phase voltages also do not exceed 1 pu. Mathematically, this objective can be expressed as:
lvajmax

- "'$2

= Mmax+ 0.5/& = 0.5 PU = jAmax+

IVdmax

- ~$2 '

OS/&

I = 0.5 PU

(14)

After some manipulation this gives:

which gives rise to the following modulation limitations: 1. The maximum possible peak voltage whilst the winding voltages remain in quadrature occurs at 6 = -13S0, and has a magnitude of:
(16) = Mmax = ~ m a x Ydz PU i.e. the maximum possible voltage transfer ratio for quadrature output voltages is 0.707 pu. 2. Some trade-offs between the magnitudes of the two phase voltages can be considered if the quadrature constraint is relaxed, or a non-unity ratio between the two voltages is desired. For example if Amax = 0, Mmax can increase to 1 pu as 6 goes to zero, i.e. a maximum voltage transfer ratio of 1.0. Under these conditions, phase legs "a" and "b" act as a single phase bridge, and the voltage across the auxiliary winding reduces to zero. Alternatively, if the winding voltages cease to be in quadrature, and instead are moved together into phase ($ goes to zero), the maximum possible peak voltages can increase to 1.0 pu, with 6 becoming zero. Under this condition, phase legs "a" and "c" become identical.

such that:
Vmain
Vaux

= Va

- Vb

= Mcos(wt)

= Vc

- V b = - Asin(wt)

where: M = peak value of the main winding voltage, A = peak value of the auxiliary winding voltage. However, under these conditions the maximum peak voltage that can be achieved across either winding is 0.5 pu (i.e. Vdc/2, where Vdc is equal to 1.0 pu, which approximately equals the peak voltage of the ac input waveform, after rectification). This is a relatively poor utilisation of the bridge's capacity, and also significantly decreases the torque that can be obtained from the motor at higher speeds, compared to a direct connection to the mains supply The peak output voltage achievable from the bridge can be usefully increased by including a common mode ac voltage onto all three phase legs (similar to the third harmonic injection technique used for three phase convcrtcrs). The maximum increase in voltage across thc windings that can be achieved by incorporating this common mode term is determined as follows. Consider the phasor diagram in Fig. 5 , where M and A are phasors representing the quadrature (peak) voltages applied to the main and auxiliary windings respectively, and 0.5/5 pu is the maximum ac voltage that can be added to the voltage at phase leg "b" whilst keeping the peak-to-peak voltage within a dc bus voltage of 1 pu. The three phase leg voltages then become:

To achieve a reasonable level of torque output over a wide speed range within these constraints, it is necessary to change the variable frequency modulation strategy depending on the

Fig. 5. Pharor Diagram for Optimum Two Phase Modulation

616

required supply frequency, as follows: For low supply frequencies, the main and auxiliary winding voltages can be maintained in the optimum quadrature relationship, with relative magnitudes equal to the winding turns ratio. The absolute voltage magnitudes can be increased using a constant V/Hz relationship, until the voltage across one winding reaches 0.707 pu. Typically, this will be the voltage across the auxiliary winding, sincc this winding usually has the larger number of turns. Beyond this point, there are four choices, i.c. A. the winding voltages can stay at the same absolute and relative magnitudes, with the supply frequency continuing to increase as required to achieve the target motor speed. This will cause a progressive decrease in motor torque as the motor flux decreases (similar to constant power supersynchronous operation for a three phase drive system) the magnitude ratio of the two winding voltages can be o changed, t allow the main winding voltage to continue to increase to 0.707 pu as the frequency increases, whilst still keeping the two voltages in quadrature. This will cause a pulsating torque to develop, but the average torque should remain more constant with increasing

The operation of a single phase induction motor under the proposed variable speed control strategy has been extensively tested both in simulation and experimentally using a two pole (3000 rpm), 240V,500 W, capacitor-run motor. The parameters of this motor were measured separately for each winding at 50 Hz, and were:

2
x 1

Main Winding

Auxiliary Winding

TABLE 1. MEASURED PARAMETERS OF TEST MOTOR

B.

speed. C. the two voltages can begin to come together in phase,

maintaining the same relative voltage magnitude ratio. This would require more complex modulation control, has limited range of applicability, and may not achieve significant benefits over option B anyway, since the loss of voltage quadrature would reduce thc average torque available. D. Turn the auxiliary winding off complctcly, and drive the machine as a true single phase motor, with the main winding voltage bcing able to incrcasc up to 1.0 pu if 6 is made equal to zero. Once the voltage magnitudes across both windings reach 0.707 pu, they cannot be increased any further in any case whilst still maintaining voltage quadrature (from (16)). Option B then becomes option A if the supply frequency is required t o continue increasing. A further complication arises upon re-examining the equivalent circuit of Fig. 4, bccausc of the spced voltages that are induced in each winding. Simply by consideration of turns ratio, the back-emf in the auxiliary winding will be significantly larger than that in the main winding. Hence under option D, the auxiliary winding will generate a large back-emf, potentially much larger than 1 pu. Even if the auxiliary phase leg switches are tumcd off, this voltage will still regenerate back to the dc bus through the switch antiparallel diodes, and this will cause some loss in motor torque. To explore these alternatives, a complete simulation of the experimental test motor was developed, with motor parameters set equal to measurements taken from the real motor. These simulation results, and comparable experimental results, are presented in the next section.

From these tests, the turns ratio was determined to be between 1.4 and 1.5. A value of 1 4 was used for all . simulations and experiments. A simulation of this motor was developed using the MATLAB program on a PC, using the model topology shown in Fig. 4, but with all reactances replaced with equivalent inductance values, to allow the effects of the variable supply frequency to be investigated. The experimental work was done with a 10 KVA, three phase IGBT-based laboratory inverter, which is directly switched by a dedicated microprocessor. Special software was written for this project to create the two phase modulated waveforms of (13) with fully variable absolute and relative magnitudes of each phase voltage, ramping up from zero Hz to a given target frequency along a constant V/Hz uajectory. Initially, the simulation was verified by selecting a number of operating points of interest, and comparing the simulated currents with the experimental performance. In all cases the match was very close, which validated the software model, and in turn verified the operation of the variable speed control concept. These results are shown in Figs. 6 through 1 . 2 Figs. 6 and 7 show the simulated and experimental motor winding currents operating as a conventional capacitor run single phase motor from a 50 Hz supply. The main difference between the two results is the distorted experimental auxiliary winding current. This is obviously due to saturation, which was not included in the simulation model. Nevertheless, both sets of currents have an almost identical phase and magnitude relationship. Figs 8 and 9 show the simulated and experimental winding currents for 50 Hz two phase quadrature voltages with equal magnitudes of 0.707 pu. Under these conditions the auxiliary winding current is no longer in quadrature, and has a very small magnitude. This is because the larger back-emf developed in the auxiliary winding prevents a useful winding current flowing when the applied phase voltage magnitude is too low. In this situation, the motor is essentially operating as a single winding machine. Figs. 10 and 11 show the simulated and experimental winding currents for a single 50 Hz voltage of 1.0 pu applied

617

to the main winding only, with supposedly zero auxiliary winding current. However, the auxiliary winding is still connected to the dc bus through the phase leg "c" anti-parallel diodes, and conducts back into the bus when the back emf exceeds the dc supply voltage. This causes the peaked auxiliary winding current shown in Fig. 11. This situation was incorporated into the simulation by supplying the winding from an ac voltage with a magnitude equivalent to the fundamental of a square wave whose step height equals Vdc. The result is a sinusoidal current of similar magnitude and phase orientation as the experimental result, which was presumed to have much the same cffcct on the simulated motor torque. Note for both simulation and experiment, the auxiliary winding is regenerating back into the dc supply, causing a torque loss in the motor. Figs. 12 and 13 show the simulated and experimental winding currents for 25 Hz quadrature winding voltages with constant V/Hz magnitudes scaled as per the winding turns ratio, i.e. Vmain = 0.5 pu, Vaux = 0.7 pu. The winding currents are clearly almost exactly in quadrature, with magnitudes scaled according to the required inverse turns ratio. Once the simulation model was validatcd, it was used to investigate the torque-speed characteristics of the induction motor under the modulation strategy alternatives A to D discussed in section IV above. The results are shown in Figs. 14 and 15. Fig. 14 shows the simulated and experimental torque speed characteristics for three operating regimes, viz: - Standard 50 Hz capacitor-runconfiguration - Quadrature 50 Hz phase voltages of equal 0.7 pu magnitude. - Quadrature 25 Hz phase voltages of turns ratio scaled magnitude (0.5 pu and 0.7 pu as bcforc) At 50 Hz, the simulated and experimental results agree closely, and it can be seen that the quadrature 0.7 pu phase voltages cause a significant drop in the available torque (as would be expected with a 30% drop in applied voltage). At 25 Hz, the ratioed quadrature phase voltages produce a simulated torque characteristic which is even larger than the capacitor-run configuration. The experimental results show a somewhat reduced torque characteristic compared to the simulation, largely because of simulation errors caused by using 50 Hz measured motor parameters at lower frequencies, but rated torque output (1.5 Nm) is still readily achieved. Fig. 15 shows the result of the torque performance that can be expected from the various modulation stratcgies that have been discussed, at a number of diffcrent supply frcquencics. In particular, it can be seen that thc torque available at 50 Hz from 1.0 pu voltage applied to the main winding only is almost as much as is available from thc capacitor-run configuration, even allowing for the regeneration losses back through the auxiliary winding anti-parallel diodes. At lower supply frequencies, such as 25 Hz and 10 Hz,the quadrature voltages applied to the two windings can obviously produce rated torque from the motor without difficulty, although a voltage boost at very low frequencies (e.g. below 10 Hz) may be required to compensate for the effecLs of stator resistance, as is done with three phase drive systems.

The final modulation strategy proposed as optimum from all these studies is as follows: For target supply frequencies up to the region where a constant V/Hz relationship requires an auxiliary winding voltage of 0.707 pu, modulate both phase voltages in quadrature with relative magnitudes equal to the winding tums ratio (option "A" from section IV). For further increasing supply frequencies up to the point where the main winding voltage is required to be 0.707 pu, maintain the two phase voltages in quadrature but relax the relative magnitude ratio requirement, so that the two voltage magnitudes become 0.707 pu at a frequency of 0.707 pu (35 Hz for a 50 Hz system). This is option "B" from section IV). For supply frequencies between 0.707 pu and 1.0 pu, turn the auxiliary winding phase leg off, and run the machine as a single winding single phase motor maintaining the main winding voltage magnitude at constant V/Hz up to 1.0 pu. There will be relatively little loss of torque in this region compared to the capacitor-run standard motor configuration, although some regeneration through the auxiliary winding phase leg anti-parallel diodes is to be expected.
CONCLUSION

This paper proposes a method for modulating a three phase VSI bridge to achieve wide range variable speed operation of a balanced or unbalanced two winding induction motor. It investigates motor operation under these conditions, and considers limitations inherent in the technique. From these investigations, a precise modulation strategy is proposed for supply frequencies ranging from zero to motor rated frequency, so that rated torque can be achieve from the motor at any speed with the motor operating at a small slip. The strategy has been fully verified both in simulation and experimentally.
REFERENCES

"Single Phase Induction Motor Adjustable Speed Drive: Direct Phase Angle Control of the Auxiliary Winding Supply", E.R. Collins Jr., H.B. Puttgen, W.E. Sayle 11, IEEE IAS-88, Pittsburgh, 1988, pp246252. "Torque and Slip Behaviour of Single-phase Induction Motors Driven from Variable Speed Supplies", EX. Collins Jr., IEEE IAS-90, Seattle, 1990, pp61-66. "Operating Characteristics of Single-phase Capacitor Motors Driven from Variable Speed Supplies", E.R. Collins Jr., R.E. Ashley, IEEE IAS-91, Detroit, 1991, ~~52-57 "Adjustable AC Capacitor for a Single Phase induction Motor", E. Muljadi, Y. Zhao, T.H. Liu, T.A. Lipo, IEEE IAS-91, Detroit, 1991, pp185-190 "The Revolving Theory of the Capacitor Motor", W.J. Morrill, AIEE Winter Convention, New York, 1929, pp6 14-633.
618

_ _ _ - _ 2
I

_ _ _ _ . I-

_ - - - - _ - - -

Fig. 7. Experimental Main and Auxiliary Motor Winding Currents 240 V (lpu) ,50 Hz Capacitor Run Motor Operation.

4-

_ I _

- -

- - 1

- - - - - '-

- - -'- - - - -

Fig. 9. Experimental Main and Auxiliary Motor Winding Currents 50 Hz Matched 0.7 pu Quadrature Voltages.

0.02

0.04

Sean&

0.08

Fig. 10. Simulated Main and Auxiliary Motor Winding Currents 50 Hz 1.O pu Main Winding Voltage only.

Fig. 11. Experimental Main and Auxiliary Motor Winding Currents 50 Hz 1.O pu Main Winding Voltage only.

619

48

0.02

- -

_ I _

- ..

- - - -

_ I _

- - - -

0.04

0.08

Fig. 13. Experimental Main and Auxiliary Motor Winding Currents 25Hz 0.5pu Main Winding and 0.7 Auxiliary Winding Voltage.
10

r
I

10

20

30

40

IO

20

30

40

Supply Frequency ( lz) l

Fig. 14. Variable Frequency Motor Torque Speed Characteristics Simulation v e m s Experimenral Results.

Fig. 15. Variable Frequency Simulated Motor Torque Speed Characteristics Alternative Modulation Strategies at various Supply Frequencies.

Supply F ~ M C Y ) W

620