Final Study guide!

Chapter 1 (pg. 2-29) 1. Survey - May the physical remains of human activity 2. In situ archaeological material is considered to be in situ when it is found in the place where it was originally deposited 3. Methods of remote sensing, including aerial and satellite photography, play a critical role both discovering sites and in orienting exploration 4. Geographical information system (GIS) software applications that allow spatial data to be brought together and consolidated 5. Intrasite having to do with contexts within a single site for example, an analysis comparing the sizes and contents of different houses to try to determine the social structure of a society 6. Intersite comparisons b/w two or more sites for example, an analysis comparing the number of houses between sites in a region 7. Catal Hoyuk well known for spectacular frescoes discovered in earlier excavations Chapter 2 (30-49) 1. Early states societies are Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China. 2. Three-age system a system developed by Danish antiquarian Christian Jurgensen Thomsen that catalogues artifacts into relics of three periods a. The stone age, the bronze age, and the iron age based on the material of manufacture 3. Thomsens stone age into two periods a. Neolithic (new stone age) polished stone tools b. Paleolithic (old stone age) humans lived with now extinct animals. Includes stone tools and art objects 4. Gordon Childe a. Two revolutions i. Neolithic revolution emergence of settled villages practicing agriculture ii. Urban revolution appearance of cities and government 5. Star Carr found by Graham Clark, hunter-gatherer site in Yorkshire, England 6. New Archaeology/Processual archaeology movement by Lewis Bindford an approach to archaeology based firmly on scientific method and supported by concerted effort aimed at the development of theory 7. Faunal analysts study animal bones found on archaeological sites 8. Etic outside perspective 9. Emic inside perspective Chapter 3 (50-57) 1. Hominoids superfamily includes human, great apes, and gibbons

2. Aegyptopithecus earliest ancestors of monkeys, might be ancestral to old world monkeys 3. Miocene era (23-5 mya) explosion in the number of hominoid species 4. Jean Baptiste Lamarck inheritance of acquired characteristic (WRONG); ex. Giraffes have long necks a. Correct traits acquired during life are not transmitted genetically to the next generation Chapter 3 (58-83) 1. Hominins include all members of the human lineage after it split with the chimps a. Tool use, adaptation, and social organization b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis 7mya, possible first hominin c. Ardipithecus 4.5 mya, ARDI 2. Radiation (4-2 mya) a. Kentanthropus i. 3.5 mya -wtf b. Austrilopithecus i. A. afarensis LUCY, evidence of bipedality ii. Laetoli footprints mary leakey c. Paranthropus i. Robust groupings ii. Massive molars and muscles for chewing 2.5-1.4 mya d. Homo i. H. habilis large brains, 2.5-1.6 mya. ii. H. Erectus 1.9-1.5 mya, East Africa, South Africa and some in Europe 1. H. ergaster? 2. First homo species outside of Africa 3. East African rift valley richest context for the recovery of early hominin archaeological sites a. Olduvai gorge Louis and mary leaky 4. Lower Paleolithic the period when hominins began producing stone tools a. Oldowan 1.9-1.15 mya; rounded stone and strikes a series of flakes off one edge; both flakes and choppers were used b. Acheulian 1.7-1.5 mya; h. erectus & h. habilis; bifaces, handaxes, cleavers 5. Hadar site with the earliest known stone tools, australopithecine, and other important fossils; 2.9-2.3 mya 6. Lokalalei 2.3 mya, 2000 stone tools 7. Early hominins hunter small animals 8. Chesowanja Kenya, 1.4 mya, use of fire 9. Dmanisi the oldest known archaeological site outside of Africa, located in the Republic of Georgia and dated between 1.7 and 1.8 million years ago; mostly flake tools Chapter 4 (pg 84-111)

1. The la chapelle fossil was the most complete skeleton of a Neanderthal ever recorded 2. Pleistocene 1.8 mya; glacial and interglacial eras a. Last two glacial advances are the Illinoian and the Wisconsin b. In the last 700 k years, there have been 8 full glacial cycles 3. Atapuerca system of caves in north-central Spain 4. The earliest date for an Acheulian industry anywhere outside of Africa is at the site of Bose, China; handaxes have been uncovered 5. Gesher Benot Yaakov, Isreal acheulian site 780 kya; fire and the cracking of nuts 6. Eurasia Acheulian handaxes and retouches flakes a. Boxgrove, England 500 kya, hard and soft hammers b. Clactonian, England simple flake tools 7. Zhoukoudian caves in China, 40 h. erectus, 100 k stone tools; 500-300 kya 8. Biache-Saint-Vaast oldest Neanderthal fossil, northern france 9. Middle Paleolithic period in which Neanderthals occupied Europe a. Prepared-core technology technique in which the person making the tools carefully shaped the core to control the form of the flakes produced b. Frinson effect due to reshaping, the process through which the shape of stone tools changes during their use-life c. Levallios prepared-core technology ised during the middle paleolithic that can often be recognized on the basis of tortoise-shaped cores 10. Did Neanderthal hunt? a. La cotte de st. Brelade remains of 20 mammoths and 5 rhinos that stampeded over a cliff where butchered by Neanderthals b. Tools found on most MP sites c. Meat eaters; 97% of their diet d. Kebara Cave, Israel 50 kya, use of hearths 11. Neanderthal treatment of the dead a. Amud cave, isreal infant found with upper jaw of a red deer b. Some evidence of cannibalism 12. Neanderthal artwork a. None found b. Possible bone flute 13. Lived in small groups, with lots of activity Chapter 5 (pg 112-139) 1. Modern humans homo sapiens a. Large brain b. Globular braincase c. Vertical forehead d. Reduced brow ridges e. Pronounced chin

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f. Smaller teeth African sites a. Herto site 160-154 kya b. Klasies River mouth and Border Cave 70-120kya c. African middle stone age i. 40 kya earliest modern humans d. Aterian north African stone tool industry found in central and east africa points with pronounced tangs e. Sangoan/Lupemban middle stone age industry found in Central and east Africa, crude heavy duty tools f. Howiesons Poort cresent-shaped implements known as microliths g. Katanda democratic republic of congo, bone tools h. Pinnacle Point evidence of mollusks were part of the diet as early as 160 kya i. Blombos cave two pieces of ochre with incised designs 77kya; symbolic behavior? j. Qafzeh Cave Israel where modern human skeletons were found in a middle paleolithic context k. Skhul Cave Mediterranean coast where modern human skeletons have been found; this and Qafzeh 120-80 kya 40 kya Neanderthals became extinct Upper paleolithic first occupation of Europe by AMH a. out Africa hypothesis 40-30 kya b. hybridization influx of modern humans into Europe; Neanderthals disappeared from interbreeding with humans c. multiregional hypothesis continuous gene flow b/w pop, cutting off Neanderthals fossil record a. pester cu oase cave jawbone b. abrigo lagar valho hybrid skeleton? c. Chtelperrionian france and northern spain; best documented transitional industry 4035 kya d. Last Neanderthals Zafarraya Cave and Vindija Cave Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherer societies that lived in Europe 40-26 kya a. Human burials b. Triple burial, famous c. Artwork 40-36 kya lion-headed man d. Venus figurines e. Bone flutes f. Chauvet cave pictures of animals 38-33kya g. Hunting magic, fertility magic, and shamans and trances h. Mythograms i. Body ornamentation animal beads j. Evidence of huts k. Hunters

Chapter 6 (140-167) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Debates on human occupation of Australia and the Americas H. erectus possibly to Java around 1.8 mya and established in china by 1.6 mya Sahul connected Australia, Tasmania, and new guinea Sunda connected southeast asia Wallace line runs through Wallacea, separates Australia and southeast asia H. floreisnsis 38-18kya tiny hobbit people a. Used flakes as cores 7. Megafauna extinction hunted by amh 8. Aboriginal fire stick farming 9. New world a. Pre-clovis model ppredates 13 kya i. Meadowcroft rockshelter 23-15.5 kya stone tools ii. Monte verde tip of SA, 15 kya, 1.5 k older than clovis stone tools, projectile points, traces of meat b. Clovis first human occupation around 13.5-12.5 kya i. Use of hearths ii. Beringia land bridge iii. Ice-free corridor c. Early arrival model more than 30 kya i. 50 kya- oxygen isotope stage 3 d. Solutrean hypothesis origin of the clovis people was not Siberia but rather wester Europe not widely accepted e. All American skeletons are h. sapiens i. Big game hunters ii. Storage of meat for later consumption iii. Mass kill sites/butchery Chapter 7 (168-177) 1. Agriculture 2. Neolithic revolution described by Gordon childe to for transition to agriculture that affected every aspect of human society a. Technology and community Chapter 7 pt. 2 (178-201) 1. Fertile crescent dry summers and winter rains with enough precipitation to support vegetation 2. Domestication a. Natufian earliest stone buildings, no domestication evidence i. Bladlest called lunates ii. Younger dryas little ice age

iii. Domesticated or tamed dogs b. Mallaha small villages c. Abu hureyra possible plant remains, domesticated gazelle bones d. Jericho tower earliest known large scale piece of architexture in the middle east 3. Plastered skulls plugged recesses 4. Catalhoyuk late Neolithic, ritual, country of turkey, animal frecoes, shrine or temples? Chapter 9 (224-245) 1. 2. 3. 4. Sahara desert human occupation 14.5-4.5 kya Nabta playa Egyptian western desert, pottery and storage Pastoral societies10-8 kya New guinea a. Sahul, pigs and sweet potatoes, social hieryarchy b. Human occupation 40 kya, no domestication evidenct c. Polished stone axes, but no pottery 5. Andes a. Humboldt current b. Guitarro cave peru, domesticated beans c. Domestication of llamas and alpacas d. 7000 years ago camelids e. Paloma a preagricultural village site on the coast of peru f. Cotton preceramic 5.7 kya when sites with monumental architecture flourished on the coast of peru g. El nino severe reversal of the Humboldt current, began 6kya Ch. 10 (pp. 256-262) 1. Stongehenge Salisbury plain, England, early Neolithic and ending in the early bronze age a. Phase 1 round ditch, wooden posts b. Phase 2 burials and timber structures c. Phase 3 bluestones from wales, six subphases i. Bluestones ii. Sarsen circle iii. Arranging and digging holes 2. Early bronze age when the avenue was made, might predate Stonehenge 3. Durrington walls, series of houses that appear to be part of a village dating to the late Neolithic Ch. 8 (pp. 202-223) 1. Shell middens sites built up with large accumulations of discarded shells 2. Poverty point late archaic period, Louisiana, six concentric embankments 3. Adena period of intensive mound building in the ohio river valley; it corresponds to the early woodland culture

4. Hopewell intensive mound building in the ohio river valley; correspond to the middle woodland cultures Chap. 10 (pp. 270-273) 1. Cahokia monks mound fucking huge a. Grand plaza series of small clusters b. Feasting Chazan pp. 246-253 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Egalitarian societies Ranked society Stratified societies States Urban society Empires

Chazan Ch. 11 (pp. 280-291) 1. Mesopotamia along tigris and Euphrates, centered in modern Iraq a. Very fertile b. Uruk period 4-3.2 kya c. Early dynastic period series of city states d. Uruk oldest known city in the world, located in southern Iraq e. Ziggurat f. Bevel-rimmed bowls grain rations were distributed to workers g. Royal tombs of ur h. Cuneiforms i. cylinder seals j. habuba kebira uruk colony. Trading post Chazan Ch. 11 (pp. 292-307) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. nile valley upper and lower Egypt namer palette combination of upper and lower Egypt, signified by hat first dynasty based on hierakonpolis and Abydos in upper Egypt maat combines justice and balance pyramids a. giza cheops, cepheren, and mycerinus b. sphinx c. city-state

Chazan Ch. 12 (pp. 319-323)

1. indus valley 2. harappan period period b/w 2.6 kya and 1.9 kya during which urban centers developed in indus valley a. Harappa b. Mohenjo-daro c. No fancy burials or palaces Chazan Ch. 13 (pp. 332-359) 1. Olmec a. Teotihuacn i. Avenue of the dead ii. Pyramid of the sun/moon b. Ciudadela i. Temple of the feathered serpent ii. Necklaces made of human jaws 2. Maya a. State societies, complex writing systems b. Pre, classic, post periods c. Cpan two large pyramids and ball court d. Tikal ball games/warfare & written stair case e. Popol vuh hero twin myth 3. Aztecs a. Temple mayor b. Impregnated by ball of feathers Chazan Ch. 14 (360-381) 1. Chavin de huntar major ceremonial center in the Andean highlands constructed around 800 bc 2. Moche culture that developed around the pacific coast of peru and that flourishes beginning 2kya 3. Huace del sol 4. Huaca de luna sacrificial victims, various states of dismemberment 5. Handled vessels 6. Inca empire a. Chile to equador 12 million people, rules for over a century b. Macho pichu