SENGUNTHAR ENGINEERING COLLEGE Mechanical Engineering Department Tiruchengode-637205, Nammakal (Dist), Tamil Nadu.

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)

A different ride By Differently abled persons [Eye ball Wheel chair]

By, R.RAMESH KRISHNAN, Final Year, meghuramkrish@gmail.com, C.N:9003808741. T.MOHAMMED THARIQ, Final Year, thariq.2011@gmail.com, C.N:9585109876.

ABSTRACT:
To operate the wheel chair of a paralyzed patient using their eyeball movement using embedded system. It is very difficult to understand the emotions of the paralyzed patients, care them and to move them according to their wish. To solve this problem this system is implemented. The system consists of the eyeball sensor, which detects the movement of the eyeball of the paralyzed patient and sends the information to the microcontroller. The microcontroller processes the signals coming from the eyeball sensor and controls the wheel accordingly. The moments of the wheelchair that can be controlled by the microcontroller are forward, right and left. When the eye moves to the left side the wheelchair moves to the left side. When the eye moves to the right side the wheelchair moves to the right side . When the eye looks straight wheelchair moves in forward direction. To control the action of the wheel chair motors are used. The motors are drive by the motor drivers. The motors are coupled with the wheels and the wheels are attached to the wheelchair mechanism.

GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Eyeball Sensor

Microcontroller

Battery

Buffer

Left Side Motor Driver

Right Side Motor Driver

Left Motor

Right Motor

Left Wheel

Right Wheel

Wheel Chain Mechanism

MICRO CONTROLLER:
The between Microprocessor Micro controller Microprocessor and is can difference That is if you want switch ON or OFF a device, you need peripheral ICs to do this work with Micro controller you can directly control the device.

only process with the data, Micro controller can control external device.

INTRODUCTION TO ATMEL MICROCONTROLLER:

SERIES: 89S51 Family, TECHNOLOGY: CMOS The major Features of 8-bit Micro controller ATMEL 89S51: 8 Bit CPU optimized for control applications

Extensive

Boolean

processing

(Single - bit Logic ) Capabilities. On - Chip Flash Program Memory On - Chip Data RAM Bi-directional and Individually Addressable I/O Lines Multiple 16-Bit Timer/Counters Full Duplex UART Multiple Source / Vector / Priority Interrupt Structure On - Chip Oscillator and Clock circuitry. On - Chip EEPROM SPI Serial Bus Interface Watch Dog Timer

ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER:

ADC 0809 analog to digital converter is a successive approximation type analog to digital converter. The successive approximation technique uses a very efficient code search complete strategy to n-bit conversion in just n-clock periods. The circuit uses a successive approximation register to find the required value by trial and error. The data CMOS ADC0809 a monolithic

acquisition component is

device

with

an

8-bit

high impedance chopper stabilized comparator, a 256R and voltage a divider

analog-to-digital converter, multiplexer microprocessor compatible control logic. The converter features a 8-channel and

with analog switch tree successive approximation register.

Fig 5.7 Pin Diagram of ADC0809 OPERATION OF THIS CIRCUIT:

With the arrival of START command, the SAR sets the MSB d1=1 with all other bits to zero so that the trial code is 10000000. The output of the ADC is now compared with analog input. If input is greater than the DAC output then 10000000 is less than the

correct

digital

representation. The MSB is left at 1 and the next lower significant bit is made 1 and further tested. However, if input is less than the DAC output, then 10000000 is greater than the correct digital representation.

+5V

10 u

10 0n

22 0 CQX3 5A

Vc c A N A L O G I/P IN0 IN1 IN2 IN3 IN4 IN5 IN6 IN7 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 11 1

Vref (+) 21 20 19 18 8 15 14 17 6 22 7 9 10 d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 START ALE EOC O/P EN CLK

ADC0809

13 GND

25 24 16 23 Vref (-)

A/D converter Circuit Diagram

ADDRESS

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION:
The output from the filter is given to pin 26 of ADC 0809 shown in fig .The address channels A,B,C are grounded so that channel 1 is enabled. The digitized output from the converter

signals from the ADC are given to port 2 of the microcontroller. This circuit follows the principle of successive approximation method and when the start of conversion goes high, it marks the beginning of the process and high end of conversion marks the end of it.

is given to port 0 of micro controller. The filter capacitors in the circuit remove the low and high frequency control noises. The

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR):

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000 when illuminated 000 ohms, they with but are light or resistance dramatically. A light or resistor photoresistor dependent cadmium drops

sulfide (CdS) cell is a resistor whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It can also be referred to as a photoconductor.

A photoresistor is made of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give The construction of a dynamic liquid The of exhibit scattering cell. crystal several which optical crystal liquid the bound electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction resulting conduct thereby resistance. band. free The electron electricity, lowering II. I. Dynamic scattering type Field type effect

material may be one components,

(and its hole partner)

properties of a crystal though they remain in liquid form. Liquid crystal with electrodes is layered between glass sheets transparent deposited

LCD DISPLAY:
Liquid crystal cell displays (LCDs) are used in similar applications where LEDs are used. These applications are display of display of numeric in dot matrix and and alphanumeric characters segmental displays. LCDs are of two types:

on the inside faces. When a potential is applied across the cell, charge carriers flowing through the liquid and disrupt the molecular alignment produce

turbulence. When the liquid is not activated, it is transparent. the When the liquid is activated molecular turbulance causes light to be scattered in all directions and the cell appeas to be bright. This phenomenon is called scattering. The construction of a field effect liquid crystal display is similar to that of the dynamic scattering type,with the exception that two thin polarizing optical filters are placed at the inside of each glass sheet. The liquid crystal material in the dyanamic

field effect cell is also of different type from employed dynamic cell. used nemayic actually The is in the scattering material twisted type twists and the

light passing through the cell when the latter is not energised. Liquid crystal cells are of two types: i. Transmittive type ii. type Reflective type In the transmittive cell, both glass sheets are transparent, so that light from a rear source is scattered in the forward direction when the cell is activated.

OVER

ALL

CIRCUIT

DIAGRAM:

OPERATI ON:

LEFT MOMEMEN T:

The person who used that wheel chair should wear the glass, in that glass consist three LDR and two LED. The LED transmits some light in your eyes. Normally the whight color absorb and reflect the light energy, but black color only absorbs the light energy doesnt reflect. If that person see left side means that left LDR gets less intensity compare to other two LDRS,because front of left LDR. According to LDR working principle, the persons eye ball in

analog value at high resistance only.So,that particular analog voltage send to the ADC,that covets analog to digital.Because before that process we set some initial digital values depends on your eye intensity level,how means if that person change position eye the ball display

shows some value. That value has been stored by using the enter switch .Afterwards

make some adjustments by using min and max switch, because avoid the lightening errors. Now the output of ADC and the display setting value both are

I 1/R
Due to less intensity in left LDR that LDR has high resistance LDR value.In the transmits

digital the The

values,

these

two inputs are given to microcontroller. microcontroller the

performs

comparision process it will compare both the values.If the output of ADC coincidence with left value of diplay setting,it produded the output.The output of microcontroller is given to left motor drive because left value is match. Now the the left motor drive output is given rotates to left side motor,so the left wheel backward direction.But the right motor rotates forward direction.So the wheel now moves towards left direction.

two

LED.The

LED

transmits some light in your eyes.Normally the whight colour absorb and reflect the light energy,but black colour only obsorbs the light energy doesnt reflect.If that person see right side means that right LDR gets less intensity compare to other two LDRS,because front of right LDR. According to LDR working principle, the persons eye ball in

I 1/R
Due to less intensity in right LDR that LDR has high resistance LDR value.In the

RIGHT MOMEMENT:
The the person who used that wheel chair should wear the glass, in that glass consist three LDR and

transmits

analog value at high resistance only.So,that particular analog voltage send to the ADC,that covets analog

to

digital.Because

ADC coincidence with right value of diplay setting,it produded the output.The output of microcontroller is given to right motor drive because right value is match. Now the the right motor drive output is given to right side motor,so the right wheel rotates backward direction.But the right motor rotates forward direction.So the wheel now moves towards right direction.

before that process we set some initial digital values depends on your eye intensity change position level,how eye the ball display means if that person

shows some value.That value has been stored by using the enter switch .Afterwards

make some adjesments by using min and max switch,because avoid the lightening errors. Now the output of ADC and the display setting value both are digital values,these two inputs are given to the microcontroller.The microcontroller performs the comparision process it will compare both the values.If the output of

FRONT MOVEMENT:
The person looks straight means middle LDR gets the less intensity,because your eye ball in front of middle LDR.According LDR working principle,

I 1/R

In that the resistance value is high because of less intensity.So that middle LDR only transmits the analog voltage to the ADC,that converts analog digital.Because ADC to the

towards

the

forward

direction without any other movements.

STOP:
The person closed the eyes means no one LDR gets the reflects. So the motor drives also cannot gets the supply.So now the wheel chair is at the stop position.

presetting front value is also digital value.The ADC and the DISPLAY output both are given the input of microcontroller.The microcontroller compares both the ADC and DISPLAY values.If front value is match.So the supply is given to both the left and right motor.The left motor produces as the the right moves torque,the left wheel rotates.Same the wheel finally right motor produces torque,the the rotates.Now

FEATURES:

The cost of this to remote purchase

product is very less compare controlled wheel chair. long . all If it useful for kind of people the change Once this product use life

because easy.

presetting value is very Improve people the self-

disable

confidence,because

they move theirself. No others help. remote wheel chairs. Output is more controlled accuracy compare to

Simple

construction apart from wheelchair additionally we need one circuit board and two DC series motors.

CONCLUSION:
By using our project To operate the wheel chair of a paralyzed patient using their eyeball movement using embedded system.The paralyzed patients, care them and to move them according to their wish. To solve this problem this system is implemented. The system consists of the eyeball sensor, which detects the movement of the eyeball of the paralyzed patient and sends the information to the microcontroller.the microcontroller processes the signals coming from the eyeball sensor and controls the wheel accordingly. The moments of the wheelchair that can be controlled by the microcontroller are forward, right and left.