States and Union Territories of India

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Contents
Articles
Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra Bihar West Bengal Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Tamil Nadu Rajasthan Karnataka Gujarat Orissa Kerala Jharkhand Assam Punjab, India Haryana Chhattisgarh Jammu and Kashmir Uttarakhand Himachal Pradesh Tripura Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Goa Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram Sikkim Delhi Pondicherry Chandigarh Andaman and Nicobar Islands Dadra and Nagar Haveli Daman and Diu 1 26 52 83 107 131 148 180 193 215 239 265 303 319 350 368 385 408 423 440 456 468 485 506 517 537 550 564 580 603 610 618 627 634

Lakshadweep

638

References
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Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
U.P.

State

Coat of arms

Location of Uttar Pradesh in India

Uttar Pradesh

Map of Uttar Pradesh Coordinates (Lucknow): 2651N 8055E Country Region Established History Capital Largest City Districts Government Body Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Government of India, Government of Uttar Pradesh Banwari Lal Joshi Akhilesh Yadav (SP) Bicameral (404 + 108 seats) Lucknow Kanpur 70 total India Awadh, Baghelkhand, Braj, Bundelkhand, Purvanchal, RohilKhand, Indo-Gangetic Plain Modern : 1805 (as Ceded and Conquered Provinces. )

Parliamentary constituency 80 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Demonym Time zone UN/LOCODE Vehicle registration HDI [1] 199,581,000 1st Uttarpradeshi, UPite, UPian, North Indian, Uttar Bhartiya IST (UTC+05:30) INUP UP XX XXXX 0.490 (low) 243286km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 5th Allahabad High Court

Uttar Pradesh

3
HDI rank Literacy 32nd (2005) 69.72% (29th) 79.24% (male) 59.26% (female) Hindi, Urdu upgov.nic.in [2]

Official language Website

Uttar Pradesh /trprd/, abbreviation U.P. ("Northern Province"; formerly: United Provinces), is a state located in the north western part of India. It was created on 1 April 1937, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950. The capital city is Lucknow. On 9 November 2000, the Himalayan portion of the state, comprising the Garhwal, Kumaon divisions and Haridwar district, was formed into a new state "Uttaranchal", now renamed as Uttarakhand. Uttar Pradesh is bordered by the Rajasthan to the west, Haryana to the northwest, Uttarakhand and Delhi to the north, Bihar to the east, Jharkhand to the southeast, and Madhya Pradesh to the southwest. State also shares an international border with Nepal. The state covers an area of 93933 square miles (unknown operator: u'strong' km2), or 6.88% of the total geographical area of India. It is the fifth largest Indian state by area. With over 200 million inhabitants (2011), is the first largest state by population, comprising 70 districts. Hindi is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. Uttar Pradesh is the second largest state by economy in India, with a GDP of 103.5 crore (US$18.73 million). Agriculture is a significant part of state's economy. Though long known for sugar production, the economy is now dominated by services. The state's economic progress is exemplified by its advanced telecommunication system. Nevertheless, unemployment, government corruption, and inconsistent electric service remain major problems. The state also has "marked income inequality". With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Uttar Pradesh has also been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient and medieval India, including the Magadha, Nanda, Mauryan, Sunga, Kushan, Gupta, Gurjara, Rashtrakuta, Pala and Mughal empires. State is the birthplace of Hinduism. Two main rivers of the state are Ganga and Yamuna flow eastward gets confluence in Prayag and fall into the Bay of Bengal. In addition, rivers in Uttar Pradesh are categorized in two guise, North flowing and its tributaries (Betwa, Chambal, Dhasan, Jamni, Kanhar, Karmanasa, Ken, Rihand, Sindh, Son, Tamsa or Tons) in north and South flowing its tributaries (Gaula, Ghaghara or Karnali, Gomti, Hindon, Kali, Ramganga, Rohni, Sarayu, Varuna, West Rapti) in the south. Over time, Uttar Pradesh has acquired a number of epithets, most referring to its size and prominent status within the nation. Uttar Pradesh has become the India's largest tourist destination; the state's year-round historical edifices are among the top attractions. Seven Wonders of the World, Taj Mahal is found within the state in Agra. The prominent tourist and historical destinations are Varanasi, Piprahwa, Kaushambi, Ballia, Shravasti, Kushinagar, Lucknow, Chitrakoot, Jhansi, Allahabad, Vrindavan and Meerut.

History
The state has undergone several name changes and territorial demarcations since the early 19th century, when the British East India Company had established it's supremacy in the Gangetic plains. In 1833 the then Bengal Presidency of the Company was divided into two parts, one of which became Presidency of Agra;[3] in 1836 the Agra area was named North-Western Provinces[4] and placed under a Lieutenant Governor by the Company. In 1877, the two provinces of Agra and Oudh (Oudh was occupied by the Company in 1858), were placed under one Colonial administrator of the British Crown; he was called Lieutenant Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh.[5] Later in 1902 the name was changed to United Provinces of Agra and Oudh with Lieutenant Governor of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh as administrator; in 1921 Lieutenant Governorship was elevated to Governorship and the name of the province was changed to United Provinces of British India. On 1

Uttar Pradesh April 1937, the name was shortened to United Provinces.[6] On independence from the British colonial rule in 1947, the princely states of Rampur, Benares and Tehri-Garwal were merged into the United Provinces. In 1950, the name of United Provinces was changed to Uttar Pradesh.[7]

Mughal Empire

Kushan Empire

Archeological finds in Uttar Pradesh confirm the presence of Stone Age Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Chhatarpalia, Mahugarh, Parisdhia, Lalitpur, Nihi and Gopipur,[8][9][10] between 8511 and 728 kyr (thousand years ago) before present (BP); Middle Paleolithic and later the Upper Paleolithic artefacts dated at 2131 kyr BP;[11] Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, around 105509550 BCE; villages, domesticated cattle, sheep or goats and evidence of plants and agriculture as early as 6000 BCE although, most dates range between c. 4000 and 1500 BCE thus initiating a sequence which extends into the Iron Age,[12][13][14] beginning from Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture finds in the Saharanpur division through the Vedic period. The ancient Mahajanapada era kingdom of Kosala in Ayodhya where, according to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned was located here. Krishna another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of Hindu god Vishnu is believed to have been born in the city of Mathura. The aftermath of Mahabharata war is believed to have taken place in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi, (in what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the reign of the Pandava king Yudhishtira. The kingdom of the Kurus[15] corresponds to the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in Northwestern India, around 1000 BCE. The revered Swaminarayan mentioned in the Brahma Purana and Vishwaksena Samhita as the manifestation of God was born in the village of Chhapaiya.[16]

Akbar the Great is widely regarded as the "the powerful Muslim Rajput".

Uttar Pradesh

5 Most of the empire building invasions of North India passed through the Gangetic plains of what today is Uttar Pradesh. Control over this region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the Mauryan (320200 BCE), Kushan (100250CE) and Gupta (350600 CE) Gurjara-Pratihara (6501036 CE) empires. Following the Hun invasions that broke Guptas' empire, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj. During the reign of Harshavardhana (590647 CE), the Kannauj empire was at its zenith; spanning from Punjab and Gujarat to Bengal and Orissa and parts of central India, north of the Narmada River it encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain. Many communities in various parts of India boast of being descendants of migrants from Kannauj, reflecting its glory in the past.[17] Soon after Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, to be invaded and ruled mostly by Gurjar Pratiharass, who also challenged Bengal's mighty Pala Empire's control of the region.[18] [19]

Later, in Mughal times, U.P. became the heartland of their vast empire; they called the place Hindustan, which is used to this day as the name for India in several languages. Mughal rulers Babur and Humanyun had their capital in Delhi. In 1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took the reins of U.P. after defeating Humanyun, the Mughal king, who ran away to Kabul. Sher Shah's son, Islam Shah, ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior.[20] After the death of Islam Shah Suri, his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of U.P., Bihar, MP and western parts of Bengal. He was bestowed the title of Vikramaditya at his coronation or Rajyabhishake at Purana Quila in Delhi and was titled as Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya. Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and U.P. came under Emperor Akbar's rule.[21] Agra and Fatehpur Sikri were the capitals of Emperor Akbar. At its zenith, the Mughal Empire covered almost the entire Indian subcontinent (including present day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Bangladesh), which was ruled at different times from Delhi, Agra and Allahabad.[22]

Rama portrayed as exile in the forest, accompanied by his wife Sita and brother Lakshmana

Geography
Uttar Pradesh is India's fifth largest state, situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal stretching from the Himalayas in the north.[23] The state has a total area of 243290 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi).[24] The plains of the state are distinctly different from the high mountains in the north.[25] The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north; it includes the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the Ganges plains and the Terai.[26] The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in the south.[27] It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills, plains, valleys A part of the Gangetic Plain and plateaus. In addition, the area is fairly arid. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of them, the Ganges, Yamuna, Saraswati, Sarayu, Betwa and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism.[28]

Uttar Pradesh

The prominent peaks in the hill region include Bandarpunch, Mount Kamet, Trisul, Dunagiri, Nanda Devi, Badrinath and Kedarnath.[29] The hill areas are sparsely populated.[30] Cultivation is done under intensive soil.[31] Irrigation facilities are deficient and only a small fraction of the total area is under artificial irrigation.[32] The valley areas have fertile and rich soil which results intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes. The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas, slopes down in to a boulder bed called 'bhadhar'.[33] The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area.[34] It has rich forests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging torrents during the monsoon.

Monsoon clouds over Lucknow

Climate
Uttar Pradesh experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May, the monsoon season between June and September.[35] Climate in general is humid temperate in Himalayan region.[36] Summers are extremes with temperatures fluctuating anywhere from 0 C to 50 C in several parts of the state and cool while winters record frost and snow at higher altitude. The annual rainfall ranges between 1400 to 2000mm.[37] The climate of Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-humid. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650mm (south west comer of the state i.e. Agra and Mathura districts) to 1000mm (eastern and south eastern parts of the state).[38] The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with mean annual rainfall between 10001200mm received mostly during the monsoon season extending from July to September. Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to 38 C (86to 100F). There is low relative humidity of about 20% and dust laden winds flow throughout the season. The state receives 85% of average annual rainfall of 1,025mm.[39]
Climate data for Uttar Pradesh Month Average high C (F) Average low C (F) Precipitation mm (inches) Avg. precipitation days Mean monthly sunshine hours Jan
29.9 11.0 0 (0) 0.1

Feb
31.9 12.1

Mar
35.4 15.8

Apr
37.7 19.9

May
36.9 22.4

Jun
31.7 22.9

Jul
28.4 22.2

Aug
27.4 21.6

Sep
29.4 20.8 155 (6.1) 10.9

Oct
31.4 18.5 68 (2.68) 5.0

Nov
30.1 14.4 28 (1.1) 2.4

Dec
28.9 11.5

Year

3 2 11 40 138 163 129 (0.12) (0.08) (0.43) (1.57) (5.43) (6.42) (5.08) 0.3 0.3 300.7 1.1 303.0 3.3 316.2
[40]

4 741 (0.16) (29.17) 0.3 67.8 2895.9

10.9 186.0

17.0 120.9

16.2

291.4 282.8

111.6 177.0 248.0 270.0 288.3

Source:

Uttar Pradesh

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Uttar Pradesh
State animal Swamp Deer[41] State bird Sarus Crane

State tree

Saal

State flower Palash State Dance Kathak

State Sport

Field hockey

view of the Terai region

The state has an abundant amount of natural resources.[42] After the creation of Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradeshs forest area declined from 52 lakh hectares to 16.9 lakh hectares. As of 2011, recorded forest area in the state is 16583km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) which is 6.88% of the state's geographical area,[43] In spite of rapid deforestation and the poaching of wild-life, a diverse flora and fauna exists. Several species of trees, large and small mammals, reptiles and insects are found in the belt of temperate upper mountainous forests; medicinal plants are also found wild,[44] or are grown on plantations. The Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, including along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish and crabs. Scrubland trees such as the babool and animals such as the chinkara are found in the arid Vindhyas.[45][46]

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus)

Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains, and usually in central eastern and western regions. Trees are mostly deciduous. Since sun-light reaches the ground in abundance, shrubs and grasses also grow here.[47] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cutivation. Tropical Thorny Forests are mostly found in south-western parts of the State.[48] These forests are confined to the areas which have low annual rainfall (50-70 cms), mean annual temperature between 25 degreee to 27 degree centegrade and low humidity (less than 47 percent). These forests contain widely scattered thorny trees, mainly Babool. Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna.[49] The most common birds which are found in the state are Dove, peacock, junglefowl, black partridge, house sparrow, songbird, blue jay, parakeet, quail, bulbul, comb duck, kingfisher, woodpecker, snipe and parrot. The reptiles that are found in the region are lizard, cobra, krait and gharial. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are Mahaseer and trout. Some animal species in Uttar Pradesh have become extinct in recent years. Animals like the lion from the Gangetic Plain and rhinoceros from the terai region have become endangered. Though the animal in the state are subject to poaching despite regulation by the government.[50]

Uttar Pradesh

Regions and Cities

The state of Uttar Pradesh consists of 75 districts, which are grouped into eighteen divisions: Uttar Pradesh has been divided into 75 districts under 18 divisions.[51] The 18 divisions of Uttar Pradesh are as listed below.

Divisions of Uttar Pradesh

Saharanpur Moradabad Bareilly Lucknow Devipatan Basti Meerut Aligarh Agra

Kanpur Faizabad Azamgarh Jhansi Chitrakoot Allahabad Varanasi Mirzapur

Gorakhpur

This Indian state has more metropolitan cities than any other state in India.[52][53] The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4 million, which constitutes the second largest share of urban population of India (11.8%).[54] As per 2011 census, there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000.[55] There are 14 municipal corporations, while Noida is specially administered by a statuary authority.[56]

Demographics

All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad

Uttar Pradesh

Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 60274000 70144000 83849000 105137000 132062000 166198000 199581000 % 16.4% 19.5% 25.4% 25.6% 25.8% 20.1%

Source:Census of India

Uttar Pradesh has both, a high population and high population growth. During 91-01 decade its population increased by over 25.8%.[57] Uttar Pradesh is also the most populous state in India, with a population of 199,581,477million people as of 1 March 2011.[58] The population density is 689 people per km2, which is much higher than that of many other states in the country.[59] The sex ratio as of 2011, at 898 women to 1000 men, is lower than the national figure of 933.[60] As of the 2001 Indian census about 80% of Uttar Pradesh population is Hindu, while Muslims make up around 18.5% of the population. The remainder consists of Sikhs, Buddhists, Christians and Jains.[61]
Population Growth of the Uttar Pradesh over the previous years

Most people in Uttar Pradesh speak a dialect of Hindustani, which in written form is referred to as Urdu and Hindi.[62][63] In addition, large number of other languages exits, which are sometimes referred to as dialects. Traditionally, five distinct dialect regions tend to be identified, which correspond to a particular dialect grouping. In western part of the state, Rohilkhand and the upper Doab is home to the speakers of Khari Boli. The lower Doab which is referred as Braj Bhumi, or the land of Braj, is home to the speakers of Braj Bhasha. Further south, the Bundelkhand region people speaks Bundelkhandi. In central Uttar Pradesh, people cite Awadhi language to communicate. Bhojpuri is spoken in of eastern portion Uttar Pradesh.[64][65]
Largest metropolitan areas in Uttar Pradesh by population (2011 Census) Name Kanpur Province Awadh Population 2,920,067 2,358,525 1,435,113 1,216,719 909,559 703,345 642,381 549,391 Name Lucknow Agra Meerut Bareilly Moradabad Gorakhpur Firozabad Province Awadh Pashchimanchal Pashchimanchal Pashchimanchal Pashchimanchal Purvanchal Pashchimanchal Population 2,901,474 1,746,467 1,424,908 979,933 889,810 692,519 603,797 494,792

Ghaziabad Pashchimanchal Varanasi Allahabad Aligarh Purvanchal Purvanchal Pashchimanchal

Saharanpur Pashchimanchal Noida Jhansi Pashchimanchal Bundelkhand

Muzaffarnagar Pashchimanchal

Uttar Pradesh

10

Government and politics

Since Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of legislators to the national Parliament, it is often considered to be one of the most important states with respect to Indian politics.[66] The state contributes 80 seats to Lok Sabha and 34 seats to Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[67] The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. Uttar Pradesh has been called India's under-achiever, because it has provided India with eight prime ministers while remaining a poor state.[68] The state's legislative body is divided into two significant parts: Uttar Allahabad High Court is the fourth oldest high Pradesh Vidhan Parishad[69] and Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha.[70] The court of India. state is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. The Governor is the head of state and is appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. In the 2012 election, the largest number of seats went to the Samajwadi Party with 224 seats.[71] At the local level, the state has a large number of village councils (panchayats), which are similar to those found in other Indian states. The administration in each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to state services. The Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, also serves the government. Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Public Works Department, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, etc. The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Allahabad, district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluk level.[72]

Crime
The history of crime in Uttar Pradesh is perhaps as old as the history of human civilization.[73] In 2011, alone 4,960 murder cases were registered in Uttar Pradesh along with 2,955 kidnapping and abduction cases. As per the National Crime Records Bureau, the state had a 12.5% share in all kinds of crime across the country last.[74] However, the value of human development index in U.P has increased steadily over the time.[75][76] As of now Uttar Pradesh has the second highest strength of Civil police (107840) accounting for 9.5% of the total civil police in the country.[77]
[78]

Uttar Pradesh

11

Terror attacks
Uttar Pradesh has been the most preferred target for most terrorist organizations, primarily the separatist forces from Pakistan. Over the past few years there have been a series of attacks, including explosions in landmark holy place, court and temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi in India on Tuesday, 7 March 2006. At least 28 people are reported to have been killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[79] The blasts occurred nearly simultaneously shortly after 18:00 IST. The first blast took place at 18:20 at the crowded Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple near the Banaras Hindu University.[80][80] Other blast followed at the Varanasi Cantonment Railway Station It occurred in the waiting area next to the travel office. Initially another blast was reported inside the stationary Shivganga Express bound for Delhi.[81]

Ghat on the Ganges, where 2010 Varanasi bombing had occurred

Later On 23 November 2007 afternoon in a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts rocked Lucknow, Varanasi and Faizabad courts, in which reportedly 28 people were killed and several others injured.[82][83] The blasts came a week after the Uttar Pradesh police along with central security agencies busted a Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorists which planned to abduct Rahul Gandhi. A known group Indian Mujahidin has claimed responsibility of these blasts.[84] This group apparently sent an email to some private TV channels just five minutes before the blasts.[85] The first blast occurred in Varanasi civil court and collectorate premises between 13:05 and 13:07 pm. Two successive blasts occurred in Faizabad district court around 13:12 and 13:15, closely followed by one at Lucknow at 13:32. Bombs were explicitly targeted to the lawyers who were working in courts premises at these cities.[86] On 7 December 2010, another blast had occurred at Sheetla Ghat, adjacent to the main Dashashwamedh Ghat, in which reportedly more than 38 people were killed and several others injured.[87] The blast occurred a day after the anniversary of the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition, in which a mosque was demolished at Ayodhya leading to nationwide religious riots killing over 2,000 people.[88]

Economy

Roadside vendors in a town. A large proportion of residents are employed in informal sector.

Uttar Pradesh

12

Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (200405 Base) figures in crores of Indian Rupees Year 20042005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 Net State Domestic Product 229,074 256,699 294,031 332,352 384,718 453,020

[89]

Agriculture is the leading occupation in Uttar Pradesh. Wheat is the state's principal food crop & Sugarcane is the state's commercial crop. About 70% country sugar is produced from Uttar Pradsh. Rice, potato, jute and sugarcane are the top five crops of the state.[90] In terms net state domestic product (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh holds second largest economy (20092010) status in India, with an NSDP of 453.020 crore (US$82 million), behind Maharashtra ( 817.891 crore (US$148.04 million)).[91] State industries are localised in the Kanpur region, the fertile-rich purvanchal lands and Noida region. The Mughalsarai is home to a number of major locomotives work plants. Manufacturing industries playing an important economic role are engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. Largest number of small-scale industrial units are situated in Uttar Pradesh, with 12 percent of over 2.3 million units. Lucknow the World famous dress-manufacturing centre in the country, with strong auto-mobiles, engineering and chemical industries. Agra is known for its handicrafts, and gold jewellery. Kanpur is the largest shoe-manufacturing centre in the India. Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation abbreviated as "UPFC" was established in the year 1954 under the SFCs Act1951 mainly to develop small & medium scale industries in the state.[92] UPFC provides financial assistance to new/existing units going in for diversification, modernization, expansion for acquisition of fixed assets such as land, building,plant and machinery.[93] Corporation also provide working capital to existing units with sound track record and also to new units under single window scheme.[94] At present due to financial constraints, and directions from State Govt., lending activities have been suspended except for State Government Schemes.[95] In 200910, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8% of the state domestic product compared to 44% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry, tourist) and 11.2% from secondary sector (industrial and [96][97] manufacturing). During the 11th five-year plan (20072012), the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) Corenthum Business Park in Noida growth rate was 7.28%, lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[98][99] The states per capita GSDP at current prices in 200910 was 109.770 crore (US$19.87 million), lower than the national per capita GSDP of 130.2 crore (US$23.57 million).[100] The state's total financial debt stood at 200.009 crore (US$36.2 million) as of 2011.[101] Labour efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. The economy also benefits from the state's tourist industry.[102] The state is attracting foreign direct investment which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields; Noida is becoming a major hub for the Information technology (IT) industry. Sonebhadra, a district in eastern Uttar Pradesh, has large-scale industries; its southern region, known as the "Energy Capital Of India".[103] Notably, many

Uttar Pradesh corporate companies are now headquartered in Noida include Samsung, LG, FIAT, Ford, Zee News, NDTV, TV Today, CNN-IBN, CNBC, newsX, Alstom, Ericsson, United Bank of India, Allahabad Bank, UPRVUNL, Hindalco, Aditya Birla Group. The economy is gearing itself to cater to contemporary Western tastes and the lifestyle of upper-class Uttar Pradeshis; shopping malls are being built in large cities to satisfy their needs.

13

Transportation

An aerial view of the Yamuna Expressway

Lucknow Shatabdi near New Delhi

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.[104] The state is well connected to its nine neighboring states and almost all other parts of India through National Highway which are intended to facilitate medium and long distance inter-city passenger and freight traffic across the country. It boasts 42 National Highways, with a total length of 4,942km (9.6% of the total NH length in India). UPSRTC was established in 1972 to provide an economical, reliable and comfortable transport in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[105] All cities are connected to state highways.The State Highways are supposed to carry the traffic along major centres within the State. Other District Roads and Village Roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means to transport agriculture produce from village to nearby markets. Major District Roads provide the secondary function of linkage between main roads and rural roads.[106] Uttar Pradesh has the seventh-highest road density in India, (1,027km per 1000km2 as of 2002) and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country (50,721km as of 2002). The National Golden Quadrilateral of India is passes through Jhansi, Agra, Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi.[107] With an existing expressway between Lucknow and Kanpur, new expressways are being built between Agra & Noida and between Noida & Ballia, known as Yamuna Expressway and Ganga Expressway respectively.[108] The state has established the Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority to develop seven new expressways.[109] The state has excellent civil aviation infrastructure with six domestic airports located at Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Lucknow and Varanasi including two international airports, Chaudhary Charan Singh international airport, Lucknow and Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport, Varanasi.[110] The state has also proposed to set up Taj international airport in the DelhiNCR region.[111] A stretch of the Ganges from Allahabad to Haldia has been declared as National Waterway (NW)-I; 600km of NW-I flows through Uttar Pradesh.[112] The state has largest railway network in the country. As 0f 2011, the total railway route length in Uttar Pradesh is around 8546km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) and the sixth-largest railway density.[113] Allahabad is the headquarter of North Central Railway.[114] On the other hand, Gorakhpur is the headquarter of another important railway zone called North Eastern Railway.[115][116] Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express is the second fastest shatabdi train that connects the Indian capital New Delhi to Lucknow, the capital of the state. This was the first train

Uttar Pradesh in India to get the new German coaches.[117] The railway stations of Lucknow NR, Kanpur Central, Varanasi JN, Agra Cantt and Mathura JN are included in the list of 50 world-class railway stations by Indian Railways in its annual budget.[118]

14

Sports
Presently, common sports of Uttar Pradesh are of two distinct genre: the Traditional Sports and the modern sports of mainly European origin. State had produced Olympian shooter Nawab Mian, International Volley ball player Sanjiv Balian, International Wrestler Anuj.[119] Traditional sports,now played mostly as a past time, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi and track- or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without use of modern gears; some times, display of martial skills using a sword or Pata (stick) etc. form the basis of sports.[120] Due to lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports are surviving mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Modern sports viz. the indoor, field and track games are popular, especially among the educated class, but the State has yet to attain all-round national standing in most of them. Field hockey is very popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some of the finest players in India.[121][122] Indian Hockey lagend Dhyan Chand was born in Allahabad, United Provinces. In 1936, Adolf Hitler, the Chancellor of Germany, was so The Indian hockey legend Major Dhyan chand impressed by Indian hockey player Dhyan Chand's performance in the Berlin Olympic hockey finals that he purportedly offered to elevate Lance Naik Dhyan Chand to the post of Field Marshal in the German Army, so that he will play at Germanys side. However Chand had declined the offer.[123] Cricket has become more popular than field hockey. Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[124] It can also boast of its 3 or 4 players normally finding a place in the national side. Green Park Stadium, Kanpur is the only one internationally recognised cricket stadium in the state and has witnessed some of India's most famous victories. Faizabad Sports Complex is another sports venue in Uttar Pradesh which includes Faizabad International Sports Stadium.[125] Greater Noida Cricket Stadium is another newly built international cricket stadium.[126] Buddh International Circuit hosted hugely successful Indias inaugural F1 Grand Prix on October 30, 2011.[127] The 5.14km long Circuit has been designed by world-renowned German architect and racetrack designer, Herman Tilke, to compete other world-class race circuits viz. Malaysia, Bahrain, China, Turkey, Indonesia, the UAE, South Africa, South Korea and the US.[128]

Uttar Pradesh

15

Education
Uttar Pradesh has a long tradition of learning, although it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.[129] Sanskrit-based education (learning from the Vedic to the Gupta periods), coupled with the later Pali body of knowledge and a store of ancient-to-medieval learning in Persian and Arabic, had formed the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British power.[130] The present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British colonial administration.[131] Schools in the state are either managed by the government or by private trusts. Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except the schools which are affiliated to the CBSE or Council for ICSE boards.[132] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

Faculty Building, IIT Kanpur

The main building of JRHU with the Indian national flag hoisted

The Literacy rate of the state according to the 2011 Census is 69.70%.[133] With the literacy rate for Males at 79.20%, while it is 59.30% for the Females. While this is still below the national average of 74.04%.[134] In 2001, literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh stood at 56.27% of which male and female were 67.30% and 43.00% literate respectively.[135] Child sex ratio of Uttar Pradesh is 899 females per 1000 males.[136] Uttar Pradesh has more than 30 universities[137] including 4 central universities, 20 state universities, 8 deemed universities, 2 IITs one in Kanpur other in Varanasi, 1 IIM in Lucknow, 1 NIT in Allahabad and several polytechnics, engineering colleges and industrial training institutes.[138] Prestigious institutes like Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur,[139] Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, Indian Institute of Management Lucknow and Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology are known worldwide for their quality education and research in IIT (BHU) Varanasi respective fields.[140] This provides the State with a firm basis for providing opportunities for higher education to its youth.[141][142] Banaras Hindu University, Aligarh Muslim University, University of Allahabad, Indian Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly, IMT Ghaziabad, Gautam Buddha Technical University, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University and King George's Medical University are some of the universities in Uttar Pradesh offering the best courses and research options for students.[143] Besides these, the state also has The Integral University, state level institution established by Uttar Pradesh Government for providing education in different technical, applied sciences and other disciplines.[144] and Central

Uttar Pradesh Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies an autonomous organization under Union Ministry of Culture. These has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university exclusively for the disabled in India and the world.[145][146] A large number of Indian Scholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh. State has produced V. P. Singh, Lakshmi Raj Sharma and Amitabh Bachchan.

16

Tourism

A procession of Akharas marching over a makeshift bridge over the Ganges river, Kumbh Mela at Prayag, 2001.

The Taj Mahal a UNESCO World Heritage Site attracts a large number of tourists from overseas.

Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals.[147] Owing to its rich and varied topography, vibrant culture and captivating festivities, monuments, ancient places of worship and viharas. Uttar Pradesh offers immense tourism delights and an endless array of attractions to visitors coming to the state.The state attracts large number of visitors, both national and international; with more than 71 million domestic tourists.[148] Thousands gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival, which is held on the banks of the Ganges. This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbha Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregateproclaimed as one of the largest gathering of human beings in the world.[149] The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are located not far from Varanasi.[150] Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar; both are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of 80km from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ganges Ghats but also for the Tomb of British potentate Lord Cornwallis, maintained by the Archeological Survey of India. Lucknow, the capital of the state, has several beautiful historical monuments such as Bara Imambara and Chhota Imambara.[151][152] It has also preserved the damaged complex of the Oudh-period British Resident's quarters, which are being restored. Uttar Pradesh gives access to three World Heritage Sites: Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri. Varanasi is widely considered to be the oldest cities in the world. It is famous for its ghats.[153] In order to prepare schemes relating to the development of tourism and to execute them, the Directorate of Tourism was established in the year 1972 of which the Director General is an I.A.S. officer. In 1974 the Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation was established to look after the commercial activities which are a part of development of tourism.[154]

Uttar Pradesh

17

Culture
The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that are native to Uttar Pradesh combined with their long histories have contributed immensely to the varied cultural heritage of the state. The traditional folk arts cover the entire gamut of music, dance, drama, storytelling by itinerant troupes. Minor populations of Tibetan Buddhists and Christians also live in Uttar Pradesh. The state is claimed to the birthplace of Hinduism and its derived Vedic and Buddhist beliefs, UP has been the ancient seat of Hindu religion, learning and culture, and has many important sites of Hindu pilgrimage.[155] The State has several sites important to Buddhism: the Chaukhandi Stupa marks the spot where Buddha met his first disciples, while the Dhamek Stupa in Sarnath commemorates Buddha's first sermon. Also the town of Kushinagar is where Gautama Buddha died. The Mauryans, the Mughals, the British, etc. all brought with them their own cultural traits. Saree is the traditional dress of women in Uttar Pradesh. Dhoti and kurta-pyjama is the traditional attire of men. Shirt, Trousers and Salwar kameez are widely worn in Urban areas. Men also often sport a head-gear like topi or pagri. Sherwani is a more formal male dress and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions. The numerous significant ghats along the Ganges are known generally as the 'Varanasi ghats' and the 'ghats of the Ganges'. Each of the hundred ghats, big and small, is marked by a lingam, and occupies its own special place in the religious geography of the city. Some of the ghats situated in varanasi are Asi Ghat, Kedara Ghat, Chauki Ghat, chausathi Ghat, Dashashwamedha Ghat, Man Mandir Ghat, Lalita Ghat, Manikarnika Ghat, Scindia Ghat, Panchganga Ghat, Adi Keshva Ghat and Vishwanatha Khanda.[156] Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, a euphemism for the mutually participatory co-existence of Hindu and Muslim, which is regarded as a fusion of Hindu and Muslim elements.

Language and Literature

Harivansh Bachchan, poet of Chhayavaad literary movement (romantic upsurge) of early 20th century Hindi literature

Veda Vyasa attributed to have compiled the Vedas

The Hindi language boasts a rich literary heritage in UP. The Vedas are a large body of texts originating in Uttar Pradesh. The texts constitute the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature and the oldest scriptures of Hinduism.[157] State has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the, in the nineteenth and twentieth century, Hindi literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Jaishankar Prasad, Maithili Sharan Gupt, Munshi Premchand, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, Babu Gulabrai, Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya', Rahul Sankrityayan, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Dharamvir Bharati, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi, Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Dushyant Kumar, Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Chandramani Brahmdutt, Acharya Kuber Nath Rai, Bharatendu Harishchandra, Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena, Shivmangal Singh Suman, Mahadevi Varma and Vibhuti Narain Rai among others are well known.[158] The languages of state administration is Hindi, As per the Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act, 1951 and is often referred to as the 'Hindi heartland of India'.[159] Urdu, established by the Amendment to the same in 1989, another native languages of the state.[160] Both language are the common populace as well as the State and Central Governmental authorities. Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central and Eastern zones of the

Uttar Pradesh Indo-Aryan languages, the major native languages of the state being, Awadhi, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khari boli.[161] The state government promotes the native dialects in cultural festivals[162] Bhojpuri is spoken in the east and Bagheli is spoken on the southwestern fringes of the state.[163][164]

18

Music and dance

Uttar Pradesh has a special place in the world of Indian classical music with both Uttar Pradesh(Khyal and Dhrupad) and Carnatic styles finding place in the state.[165] The dance form that originated from the courts of Royals has traversed a long path since its inception. During the eras of Guptas and Harsh Vardhan, Uttar Pradesh was a major centre for musical innovation. Swami Haridas was a great saint-musician who championed Hindustani classical music. Tansen, the great musician in Mughal Emperor Akbar's court, was a disciple of Swami Haridas. The ragas sung by Tansen were believed to be so powerful that they could bring rain, or light a fire, when recited. Uttar Pradesh has produced a number of stalwarts in both styles viz. Anup Jalota, Baba Sehgal, Girija Devi, Gopal Shankar Misra, Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Kishan Maharaj, Naushad Ali, Pandit Ravi Shankar, Shubha Mudgal, Kathak Dancer Richa Jain performing the chakkarwala Siddheshwari Devi, Talat Mehmood, and Ustad Bismillah Khan. tukra. The legendary Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar was also a native of Uttar Pradesh. The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (known and especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine love of Radha and Shri Krishna. The Bhatkhande Music Institute University at Lucknow is named after the great musician Pandit Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande.[166] Other forms of music are Kajari, Sohar, Qawwali, Rasiya, Thumri, Birha, Chaiti, Sawani. Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[167] The dance form is inextricably bound with classical Hindustani music where the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet is accompanied by the Tabla or Pakhawaj.[168] Two prominent schools of this dance form namely, Lucknow Gharana and Benares gharana are situated in Uttar Pradesh.[169][170]

Fairs & Festivals

Rama Navami and Diwali (celebrated between mid-October and mid-December) is the most popular festival in the Uttar Pradesh. Kumbh Mela organized in the month of Maagha (Feb-March) is another important festival held every three years in rotation at Allahabad, Haridwar, Ujjain and Nasik and comes to Allahabad every 12 Years.[171] Lath mar Holi is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. It takes place well before the actual Holi in the town of Barsana near Mathura. Taj Mahotsav that is held annually at Agra is a colorful display of the Arts, Crafts, Culture and Cuisine of the Braj area.[172] Buddha Purnima, which marks Saraswati festival. the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals while Christmas is celebrated by the minority Christian population. Other notable festivals are Vijayadashami, Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami,

Uttar Pradesh Ayudha Puja, Ganga Mahotsava, Janmashtmi, Sardhana Christian Fair, Mahashivratri, Mahavir Jayanti, Moharram, Brah Waf, Eid, Bakreed, Chhath puja, Lucknow Mahotsav, Kabob and Hanuman Jayanti.[173]

19

Cuisine
Uttar Pradesh is divided by cuisines into 3 distinct zones namely Western UP, Oudh and Eastern Utter Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh has a generous platter for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. A formal vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh consists of chapati, roti (flatbread), puri, dal and papad. Most famous cuisines in Oudh are Kebab, Biryani, Keema and Nihari. In the western Uttar Pradesh or Rampur region, the major delicacies are Rampuri Rohu and Zamindoz; both items of fish. The most famous vegetarian dish of Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and this region is Paneer. In the eastern Uttar Pradesh, Tahri and shahi paneer. Reshmi kabobs are very famous. Besides, Murg Musallam is another favorite dish of this region. The most famous vegetarian dishes of eastern Uttar Pradesh is Tahri and Nargishi kofta. Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Hindu and at their social ceremonies. Native residence make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Khurchan, Peda, Gulabjamun, Petha, Makkhan Malai and Chamcham. The Chaat in Lucknow and Banarasi Paan is famous all over India for its taste and ingredients.[174]

Media
A number of periodicals are published in Hindi, English and Urdu. Uttar Pradesh has large number of newspapers published in Hindi, English and Urdu. The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865 by George Allen.[175] Amar Ujala, Dainik Bhaskar and Dainik Jagran, have a wide circulation, with their local editions being published from several important cities. Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu and Punjabi are also read by a select readership. Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Hindi, English, Bengali and Nepali and international channels via cable. Hindi 24-hour television news channels are NDTV India, DD News, Zee News Uttar Pradesh, Jan TV, IBN-7 and ABP News. All India Radio is a public radio station. There are 32 private FM stations are available in all major cities like Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Agra and Noida.[176][177] Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Uninor, Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Tata DoCoMo are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies.[178] Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.[179]

Uttar Pradesh

20

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Uttar Pradesh
[158] "The Indus Valley Civilization" (http:/ / www. hindunet. org/ hindu_history/ ancient/ indus/ indus_civ. html). hindunet.org. . Retrieved Jul 8, 2012. [159] "Three Indian children to attend J8 summit in Rome.:. newkerala.com Online News" (http:/ / www. newkerala. com/ topstory-fullnews-67268. html). Newkerala.com. . Retrieved 21 September 2009. [160] "Uttar Pradesh Legislature" (http:/ / uplegassembly. nic. in/ UPLL. HTML). Uplegassembly.nic.in. . Retrieved 21 September 2009. [161] "Ethnologue report for language code: bfy" (http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ show_language. asp?code=bfy). Ethnologue.com. . Retrieved 21 September 2009. [162] "A treat of devotional bhajans Lucknow City NEWS The Times of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 549508792. cms). The Times of India. 5 December 2001. . Retrieved 21 September 2009. [163] "Official status to Bhojpuri" (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ news/ national/ article3428747. ece). The Hindu. May 17, 2012. . Retrieved 14 July 2012. [164] "BAGHELI: a language of India" (http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ 14/ show_language. asp?code=BFY). ethnologue.comaccessdate=Jul 8, 2012. . [165] "Terms used in u.p music" (http:/ / www. itcsra. org/ sra_glossary_index. html). itcsra.org. . Retrieved 23 June 2012. [166] "The prescribed notes!" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ fr/ 2006/ 02/ 03/ stories/ 2006020302100300. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved 23 June 2012. [167] "Uttar Pradesh Folk Music on Harmonica" (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?gl=US& v=CQAa0F83oRM). You Tube. . Retrieved 23 June 2012. [168] "North Indian: Kathak" (http:/ / www. worldartswest. org/ plm/ guide/ printablepages/ kathak. pdf). DANCE STYLE LOCATOR. . Retrieved 23 June 2012. [169] "Lucknow gharana, developed with Kathak." (http:/ / www. hindustaniclassical. com/ lucknow. asp). hindustaniclassical.com. . Retrieved 23 July 2012. [170] "Benaras Gharana, traditional style and way of teaching and performing Indian classical music." (http:/ / www. benaresmusicacademy. com/ page-1). Benares music academy. . Retrieved 23 June 2012. [171] "Kumbh Mela - India" (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=WqvzEjgYTFA). You Tube. . Retrieved 18 July 2012. [172] "The Braj Holi: Legend in real life" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ News-Feed/ lifestyle/ The-Braj-Holi-Legend-in-real-life/ Article1-675341. aspx). Hindustan Times. March 19, 2011. . Retrieved 13 July 2012. [173] "The glorious traditions and mythological legacy" (http:/ / www. up-tourism. com/ destination/ varanasi/ fair_festival. htm). U.P tourism. . [174] "Banarasi paan or tobacco" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ topic/ Banarasi-paan-or-tobacco). Times of India. 28 Apr 2012. . Retrieved 14 July 2012. [175] Das Gupta, Uma (1977). "The Indian Press 18701880: A Small World of Journalism" (see pages 233234). Modern Asian Studies 11 (2): 213235. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00015092. JSTOR311549. [176] "Radio Stations in Uttar Pradesh, India" (http:/ / www. asiawaves. net/ india/ uttar-pradesh-radio. htm). asiawaves.net. . Retrieved 14 July 2012. [177] "Indian FM Stations Statewise" (http:/ / fmstations. bharatiyamobile. com/ Indian-FM-Stations-Statewise. php?state=Uttar+ Pradesh& location=Aligarh). fmstations.com. . Retrieved 14 July 2012. [178] "Uttar Pradesh (East)" (http:/ / www. india-cellular. com/ UPE-page. html). india-cellular.com. . Retrieved 14 July 2012. [179] "Internet Service Provider" (http:/ / www. datainfocom. in/ services/ isp. htm). datainfocom.in. . Retrieved 14 July 2012.

25

External links
Government Uttar Pradesh Government Website (http://upgov.nic.in/) Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh (http://www.up-tourism.com/) Other Uttar Pradesh travel guide from Wikitravel Uttar Pradesh (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Uttar_Pradesh/) at the Open Directory Project

Maharashtra

26

Maharashtra
Maharashtra
State

From top-left in clockwise direction: the Gateway of India, the Ajanta Caves, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, and a statue of Lord Ganesha

Location of Maharashtra in India

Maharashtra

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Map of Maharashtra Coordinates (Mumbai): 1858N 7249E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Body Governor ChiefMinister Parliamentary constituency High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Sex Ratio Official languages Website [1] 112,372,972 2nd IST (UTC+05:30) IN-MH 0.689 (medium) 12th (2005) 82.9% (6th) 922 (2001) Marathi [2] 307713km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 3rd Government of India, Government of Maharashtra K. Sankaranarayanan Prithviraj Chavan (INC) 48 Bombay High Court India 1 May 1960 (Maharashtra Day) Mumbai Mumbai 35 total

[3][4] [5]

maharashtra.gov.in

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Maharashtra /mhrtr/ [mharar]( listen)) is a state located in India. It is the second most populous state after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India. Maharashtra is the richest state in India, contributing 15% of the country's industrial output and 13.3% of its GDP (20062007 figures).[6] Maharashtra is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Gujarat and the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the northwest, Madhya Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the east, Karnataka to the south, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, and Goa to the southwest. The state covers an area of 307731 km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi) or 9.84% of the total geographical area of India. Mumbai, the capital city of the state, is India's largest city and the financial capital of the nation. Nagpur is the second capital of the state. Marathi is the official language. Maharashtra is the world's second most populous first-level administrative country sub-division. Were it a nation in its own right, Maharashtra would be the world's tenth most populous country ahead of Mexico. In the 17th century, the Marathas rose under the leadership of Chhatrapati Shivaji against the Mughals who ruled a large part of India. By 1760, Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of over 250 million acres (1 million km) or one-third of the Indian sub-continent. After the third Anglo-Maratha war, the empire ended and most of Maharashtra became part of Bombay state under a British Raj. After Indian independence, Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti demanded unification of all Marathi speaking regions under one state. At that time, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was of the opinion that linguistic reorganization of states should be done on a "One state One language" principle and not on a "One language One state" principle. He submitted a memorandum to the reorganization commission stating that a "Single Government can not administer such a huge state as United Maharashtra".[7] The first state reorganization committee created the current Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960 (known as Maharashtra Day). The Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay state, Deccan states and Vidarbha (which was part of Central Provinces and Berar) united, under the agreement known as Nagpur Pact, to form the current state.

Etymology
The etymology of the word "Maharashtra" is uncertain. The various theories include: Maha (Sanskrit for "great") + rashtra, derived from the name of a clan known as rashtrika (rrika) mentioned in some of Ashoka's inscriptions. Rashtrika alludes to a people of the Deccan who were progenitors of the Marathi-speaking people; that the later "Maharashtri Prakrit" is associated with these people Maha (Sanskrit for "great") + rashtra, derived from ratta, supposedly a corruption of Rashtrakuta (the name of a dynasty that held sway over the Deccan from the 8th to 10th centuries). Maha ("great") and rhra ("nation", "dominion") Maha (Sanskrit for "great") + Rathi or Ratha (charioteer) Another fringe theory, mainly propagated by Mahar writers, but rejected by most mainstream scholars is that the word derives from "Mahar" + rashtra (nation of Mahars)[8]

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History
The Nasik Gazetteer states that in 246 BC Maharashtra is mentioned as one of the places to which Mauryan emperor Asoka sent an embassy, and Maharashtraka is recorded in a Chalukyan inscription of 580 CE as including three provinces and 99,000 villages.[9][10] The name Maharashtra also appeared in a 7th century inscription and in the account of a Chinese traveler, Hiuen-Tsang.[9] In 90 AD Vedishri,[11] son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the "Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty", made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. It was also ruled by Kharavela, Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before Yadava rule. In the early 14th century the Yadava dynasty, which ruled most of present-day Maharashtra, was overthrown by the Delhi Sultanate ruler Ala-ud-din Khalji. Later, Muhammad bin Tughluq conquered parts of the Deccan, and temporarily shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad in Maharashtra. After the collapse of the Tughlaqs in 1347, the local Bahmani Sultanate of Gulbarga took over, governing the region for the next 150 years. After the breakup of the Bahamani sultanate, in 1518, Maharashtra split into and was ruled by five Deccan Sultanates: namely Nizamshah of Ahmednagar, Adilshah of Bijapur, Qutubshah of Golkonda, Bidarshah of Bidar and Imadshah of Berar. These kingdoms often fought amongst each other. United, they decisively defeated the Vijayanagara Empire of the south in 1565. Also present area of Mumbai was ruled by Sultanate of Gujarat before capturing by Portugal in 1535 and Faruqi dynasty ruled Khandesh region between 1382 and 1601 before Mughal annexation.

Painting from the Ajanta Caves in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, sixth century

The Maratha Empire in 1758 (orange), without its vassals.

By the early 17th century, Shahaji Bhosale, an ambitious local general in the service of the Mughals and Adil Shah of Bijapur, attempted to establish his independent rule. His son Shivaji succeeded in establishing Maratha Empire which was further expanded by Bhonsle of Nagpur, Gaekwad of Baroda, Holkar of Indore, Scindia of Gwalior & Peshwas (prime ministers). The Marathas defeated the Mughals, and conquered large territories in Northern and Central parts of the Indian subcontinent. After the defeat at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, the Maratha restored their supremacy and ruled central and north India including New Delhi till the end of the eighteen century. The Third Anglo-Maratha war (18171818) led to the end of the Maratha Empire and East India Company ruled the country in 1819.

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The British governed the region as part of the Bombay Presidency, which spanned an area from Karachi in Pakistan to northern Deccan. A number of the Maratha states persisted as princely states, retaining autonomy in return for acknowledging British suzerainty. The largest princely states in the territory of present-day Maharashtra were Nagpur, Satara and Kolhapur; Satara was annexed to Bombay Presidency in 1848, and Nagpur was annexed in 1853 to become Nagpur Province, later part of the Central Provinces. Berar, which had been part of the Nizam of Hyderabad's kingdom, was occupied by the British in 1853 and annexed to the Central Provinces in 1903. However, a large part of present-day Maharashtra, called Marathwada, remained part of the Nizam's Hyderabad State throughout the British period. The British rule was marked by social reforms and an improvement in infrastructure as well as revolts due to their discriminatory policies. At the beginning of the 20th century, the struggle for independence took shape led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the moderates like Justice Mahadev Govind Ranade, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Pherozeshah Mehta and Dadabhai Naoroji. In 1942, the Quit India Movement was called by Gandhi which was marked by a non-violent civil disobedience movement and strikes in the region. After India's independence in 1947, the princely states were integrated into the Union of India. In the case of Hyderabad this was done in 1948 using military force, in Operation Polo.

Maharashtra, as part of the Bombay Presidency in 1909

After India's independence, the Deccan States, including Kolhapur were integrated into Bombay State, which was created from the former Bombay Presidency in 1950. In 1956, the States Reorganisation Act reorganized the Indian states along linguistic lines, and Bombay Presidency State was enlarged by the addition of the predominantly Marathi-speaking regions of Marathwada (Aurangabad Division) from erstwhile Hyderabad state and Vidarbha region from the Central Provinces and Berar. Also, southernmost part of Bombay State was ceded to Mysore one. From 1954-1955 the people of Maharashtra strongly protested against the injustice and Samayukta Maharashtra Samiti was formed. Shri S.M. Joshi, Shri S.A. Dange, Shri P.K. Atre and other leaders fought for a separate state of Maharashtra with Mumbai as its capital. On 1 May 1960, following mass protests and sacrifice of 105 human lives the separate Marathi-speaking state was formed by dividing earlier Bombay State into new states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. The demand of the local people of merging some of the Marathi speaking areas of Karnataka namely Belgaum, Karwar and Nipani is still pending.

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Geography
Maharashtra encompasses an area of 308,000km (119,000mi), and is the third largest state in India. It is bordered by the states of Madhya Pradesh to the north, Chhattisgarh to the east, Andhra Pradesh to the southeast, Karnataka to the south, and Goa to the southwest. The state of Gujarat lies to the northwest, with the Union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli sandwiched in between. The Arabian Sea makes up Maharashtra's west coast. The Western Ghats better known as Sahyadri, are a hilly range running parallel to the coast, at an average elevation of 1,200metres (4,000ft). Kalsubai, a peak in the Sahyadris, near Nashik City is the highest elevated point in Maharashtra. To the west of these hills lie the Konkan coastal plains, 5080kilometres in width. To the east of the Ghats lies the flat Deccan Plateau. The Western Ghats form one of the three watersheds of India, from which many South Indian rivers originate, notable among them being Godavari River, and Krishna, which flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal, forming one of the greatest river basins in India.
Pune is located at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers.

Protected areas
Several wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and Project Tiger reserves have been created in Maharashtra, with the aim of conserving the rich bio-diversity of the region. As of May 2004, India has 92 national parks, of which six are located in Maharashtra. A large percentage of Maharashtra's forests and wildlife lie in the Zadipranta (Forest rich region) of far eastern Maharashtra OR eastern Vidarbha. Navegaon National Park, located near Gonda in the eastern region of Vidarbha is home to birds, deer, bears and leopards.

The Arabian Sea in Mahad

Rajgad, near Pune.

Nagzira wildlife sanctuary lies in Tirora Range of Bhandara Forest Division, in Gondia district of Vidarbha region. The sanctuary consists of a range of hills with small lakes within its boundary. These lakes guarantee a source of water to wildlife throughout the year, and heighten the beauty of the landscape. Tadoba Andhari Tiger Project, a prominent tiger reserve near Chandrapur in Vidarbha. It is 40km away from Chandrapur. Pench National Park, in Nagpur district, extends into Madhya Pradesh as well. It has now been upgraded into a Tiger project. Chandoli National Park, located in Sangli district has a variety of flora and fauna. The Prachitgad Fort and Chandoli dam and scenic water falls can be found around the park. Gugamal National Park, also known as Melghat Tiger Reserve is located in Amravati district. It is 80km away from Amravati. Sanjay Gandhi National Park, also known as Borivali National Park is located in Mumbai and is the world's largest national park within city limits. Sagareshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, a man made wildlife sanctuary situated 30km from Sangli. Ancient temples of Lord Shiva and Jain Temple of Parshwanath located in Sagareshwar are an attraction. Maldhok Sanctuary, situated in Solapur district. Some of its part is in Ahmednagar district. The sanctuary is for the Great Indian Bustard.

Maharashtra Apart from these, Maharashtra has 35 wildlife sanctuaries spread all over the state, listed here.[12] Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary, and the Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary are the important ones. Apart from the above, Matheran, a Hill station near Mumbai has been declared an eco-sensitive zone (protected area) by the Government of India.

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Economy
Year Gross domestic product (millions of ) 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2011 166,310 296,160 664,330 1,578,180 2,386,720 6,759,150 12,076,732
[13]

Favourable economic policies in the 1970s led to Maharashtra becoming India's leading industrial state in the last quarter of 20th century. Over 41% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Maharashtra. Maharashtra's gross state domestic product for 2011 is at $224.12 billion.[14] The state's debt is estimated to be about 209000 crore (US$37.83 billion), i.e. about 17 percent of GDP.[15]

A view of Nariman Point, Mumbai, a prime financial district in Maharashtra

In 2012 Maharashtra reported a revenue surplus of 152.49 crore (US$27.6 million), with a total revenue of 136711.70 crore (US$24.74 billion) and a spending of 136559.21 crore (US$24.72 billion).[16] Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state with urban population of 42% of whole population. The headquarters to the Financial Planning Standards Board India is in Maharashtra. Maharashtra is India's leading industrial state contributing 15% of national industrial output and over 40% of India's national revenue.[17] 64.14% of the people are employed in agriculture and allied activities. Almost 46% of the GSDP is contributed by industry. Major industries in Maharashtra include chemical and allied products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum and allied products. Other important industries include metal products, wine, jewellery, pharmaceuticals, engineering goods, machine tools, steel and iron castings and plastic wares. Food crops include mangoes, grapes, bananas, oranges, wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, and pulses. Cash crops include groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, turmeric, and tobacco. The net irrigated area totals 33,500square kilometres. Mumbai, the capital of Maharashtra and the financial capital of India, houses the headquarters of all major banks, financial institutions, insurance companies in India. India's largest stock exchange Bombay Stock Exchange, the oldest in Asia, is also located in the city. After successes in the information technology in the neighboring states, Maharashtra has set up software parks in Pune, Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Aurangabad, Nagpur and Nashik, Now Maharashtra is the second largest exporter of software with annual exports of 18000 crore (US$3.26 billion) and accounts for more than 30 per cent of the country's software exports, with over 1,200 software units based in the state.[18] Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust in Navi Mumbai is the busiest port in India. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai is the busiest airport in South Asia as per passenger volume.[19] The coast of Maharashtra has been a shipbuilding center for many centuries. Companies operating shipyards in the state include Bharati Shipyard at Ratnagiri and the Rajapur Shipyards at Rajapur, apart from the state owned

Maharashtra Mazagon Dock Limited at Mumbai. Mumbai is home for the world's largest film industry- Bollywood, Hindi filmmaking industry. Maharashtra ranks first nationwide in coal-based thermal electricity as well as nuclear electricity generation with national market shares of over 13% and 17% respectively. Maharashtra is also introducing Jatropha cultivation and has started a project for the identification of suitable sites for Jatropha plantations.[20] Ralegan Siddhi is a village in Ahmednagar District that is considered a model of environmental conservation.[21] An international cargo hub (Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur, MIHAN) is being developed at Nagpur.[22][23] MIHAN will be used for handling heavy cargo coming from South-East Asia and Middle-East Asia. Project will also include 10000 crore (US$1.81 billion) Special Economic Zone (SEZ)[24] for Information Technology (IT) companies. This will be the biggest development project in India so far.[25] Indian and foreign automobile makers in the area include Tata Motors, Mahindra & Mahindra, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Skoda Auto, Fiat and Volkswagen. Pune has become an IT hub with the presence of almost all IT leaders.

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Government
Like all states in India, the nominal head of state is the governor, appointed by the Union Government. The Governor's post is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. Maharashtra's legislature is bicameral, one of the few states in India to have a bicameral type. The Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) is the lower house consisting of directly elected members. The Chief Minister is chosen by the members of the Vidhan Sabha. The Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council) is the upper house, whose members are indirectly Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha election results since 1990 voted through an electoral college. Maharashtra is allocated nineteen seats in the Rajya Sabha and forty-eight in the Lok Sabha, India's national parliament. The capital city Mumbai is home to the Vidhan Sabha the state assembly and Mantralaya, the administrative offices of the government. The legislature convenes its budget and monsoon sessions in Mumbai, and the winter session in Nagpur, which was designated as the state's auxiliary capital. After India's independence, most of Maharashtra's political history was dominated by the Indian National Congress.

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Maharashtra became a bastion of the Congress party producing stalwarts such as Y.B. Chavan, one of its most prominent Chief Ministers. The party enjoyed near unchallenged dominance of the political landscape until 1995 when the right wing Shiv Sena and Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) secured an overwhelming majority in the state to form a coalition. After a split in the Congress party, former chief minister Sharad Pawar formed the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), but formed a coalition with the Congress to keep out the BJP-SS combine. The 2004 elections saw the NCP gaining the largest number of seats to become the state's largest party, eroding much of the Shiv Sena's base. Now new parties emerging in Maharashtra's politics specially Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS)(Marathi: ) based regional political party operating on the motto of "Sons (of)for the Soil"[26] founded on the March 9, 2006 in Mumbai by Raj Thackeray after he left the Shiv Sena .

Prithviraj Chavan is the current Chief Minister of Maharashtra

The 2009 elections saw the Congress-NCP alliance winning with clean sweep to the BJP-Shivsena alliance.

Revenues of government
This is a chart of trend of own tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Maharashtra assessed by the Finance Commissions from time to time with figures in millions of Indian Rupees ( ).[27]
Year Own tax revenues 2000 198,821 2005 532,476

This is a chart of trend of own non-tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Maharashtra assessed by the Finance Commissions from time to time with figures in millions of Indian Rupees ( ).[27]

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Year Own non-tax revenues 2000 26,030 2005 40,536

Judiciary
Mumbai is home to the Bombay High Court which has jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra, Goa, and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with the benches being at Nagpur and Aurangabad in Maharashtra and Panaji, Goa. The Bar Council of Maharashtra and Goa enrolled approximately 90,000 advocates on its roll (2009 data). The Bar Council is represented by 25 elected members from the above territory; the Advocate General of each state is an ex-officio member of the Council. This Bar Council elects one representative to the Bar Council of India as its member and also elects a chairman for the council. The tenure of the entire Council is five years. Harish Salve has served as the Solicitor General of India. Ravindra M. Kadam was the Advocate General of Maharashtra till recently. Darius J. Khambatta is the Additional Solicitor General, (Mumbai)

The Bombay High Court, Mumbai

Education and social development

Maharashtra has good human resource development infrastructure in terms of educational institutions301 engineering/diploma colleges, 616 industrial training institutes and more than 24 universities[28] with a turnout of 160,000 technocrats every year.[29] It is home to institutions like Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) which developed India's supercomputer, Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), Sardar Patel College of Engineering, University Department of Chemical Technology, College of Engineering Pune (COEP), Fergusson College, Pune, Government College of Engineering Aurangabad, Government College of Engineering Amravati, Government College of Engineering Karad, Walchand College of Engineering, Sangli (WCES), Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology Nanded (SGGSIE&T) and top management institutions.[29] 50,000 youth trained to take up self-employment ventures every year by the Maharashtra Centre for Entrepreneurship Development (MCED), Aurangabad.

Maharashtra The literacy rate is well above the national average at 82.9%.[29] University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.[30] The Indian Institute of Technology (Mumbai),[31] Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI),[32] and University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT),[33] which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, and SNDT Women's University are the other autonomous universities in Mumbai.[34] Mumbai is home to Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), S P Jain Institute of Management and Research, K J Somaiya Institute of Management Studies and Research (SIMSR) and several other management schools.[35] Government Law College and Sydenham College, respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai.[36][37] The Sir J. J. School of Art is Mumbai's oldest art institution.[38] College of Engineering Pune, established in 1854 is the third oldest college in Asia. Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC).[39] The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in Trombay.[40] The University of Pune, the National Defence Academy, Film and Television Institute of India, National Film Archives, Armed Forces Medical College and National Chemical Laboratory were established in Pune after the independence of India.

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Rajabai Clock Tower at the University of Mumbai

IIT Mumbai main building

ILS Law College, established by the Indian Law Society is one of the top ten law schools in India. Established medical schools such as the Armed Forces Medical College and Byramjee Jeejeebhoy Medical College train students from all over Maharashtra and India and are amongst the top medical colleges in India. Military Nursing College (affiliated to the AFMC) ranks among the top nursing colleges in the world.[41] The University of Nagpur, established in 1923, one of the oldest universities in India, manages more than 24 engineering colleges, 43 science colleges and many colleges in the Arts and Commerce faculties. Nagpur is the home for Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology (VNIT) (also referred to as NIT, Nagpur, formerly known as Visvesvaraya Regional College of Engineering (VRCE), Nagpur) is one of the first six Regional Engineering Colleges established under the scheme sponsored by Government of India and the Maharashtra State Government and is one of the Institutes of National Importance. The geographical center of India lies at Nagpur, known as Zero Mile Stone. Nagpur is the headquarter for Hindu nationalist organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and an important location for the Dalit Buddhist movement. Nagpur is also the home for National Fire Institution, Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti (promotion of and for spreading the national language, Hindi) and National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC-Western zone). Maharashtra in total, has 50% India's Internet users and 45% of PC penetration in the country.[18][42]

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Demographics
Population growth
Census 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 39554000 50412000 62784000 78937000 96752000 112373000 % 27.5% 24.5% 25.7% 22.6% 16.1% [43]

Source:Census of India

As per the 2001 census, Maharashtra has a population of 96,752,247 inhabitants making it the second most populous state in India, and the second most populous country subdivision in existence, and third ever after the Russian SFSR of the former Soviet Union. The Marathi-speaking population of Maharashtra numbers 72,481,681 according to the 2011 census. Only eleven countries of the world have a population greater than Maharashtra. Its density is 322.5 inhabitants per square kilometre. Males constitute 50.3 million and females, 46.4 million. Maharashtra's urban population stands at 42.4%. Its sex ratio is 922 females to 1000 males. 77.27% of its population is literate, broken into 86.2% males and 67.5% females. Its growth rate between 19912001 was pegged at 22.57% 250 year back Marathi people speak to kannada also. but now Marathi is the official state language. In Mumbai and suburban areas, apart from the native Marathi and [ Kannada language } English, Gujarati is also spoken. In the northwest portion of Maharashtra, a dialect Ahirani is spoken by 2.5 million people. In south Konkan, a dialect known as Malvani is spoken by most of the people. In the Desh (inland) region of the Deccan, a dialect called Deshi is spoken , while in Vidarbha, a dialect known as Varhadi is spoken by most of the people. The Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2008-09 says the percentage of the states population that names Marathi as its mother tongue has declined to 68.8% from 76.5% over the past three decades. The migration of people especially from under developed states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar for earning livelihood is putting lot of pressure on the infrastructure of the State. Outlining migratory trends in the state, the survey highlights the sharp rise in the Hindi-speaking population in the same period. The number of people citing Hindi as their mother tongue rose to 11% from 5% in the same period[44] The total fertility rate in 2001 was 2.23. Hindus - 2.09, Muslims - 4.09, Christians - 1.41, Jains - 1.41, Sikh - 1.57, Buddhist - 2.24, others -2.25, Tribals - 3.14.[45]

Religions
Hinduism
Hindus form 83.2% of total population and Hinduism plays an important role in Maharashtrian people in their day-to-day life. Ganesh is the most popular deity amongst Marathi Hindus, followed by Krishna in the form of Vithal. They also worship the Shiva Family deities such as Shankar and Parvati. The Warkari tradition holds strong grip on local Hindus of Maharastra. The public Ganesh festival started by Lokmanya Tilak in the late 19th century is very popular. Marathi Hindus also revere Bhakti saints of all castes, such as Dnyaneshwar (Deshastha Brahmin), Savata Mali (Mali), Tukaram (Moray Maratahi-Kunbi), Namdev (Shimpi-Artsian,Vaishya) and Chokhamela (Mahar) and Banjara (Laman,Gormati).

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Islam
Islam is the second biggest religion in the state, with more than 11 million adherents comprising over 10% of the population. Eid-ul-Fitr (Ramzan Eid) and Eid-ul-Azha (Bakra Eid) are the most important Muslim festivals in the state. Within Muslims, Sunnis represent an overwhlelming majority with an estimated 98% Muslims adhering to the Sunni Hanafi branch of Islam. Muslims follow Sufi traditions. Visiting the tombs of Sufi saints is very important to this community.

Jains
Jainists are a major group in Maharashtra. Jain community census for 2001 in Maharashtra area was 1,301,843. Cultural roots on Maharashtra for Jainism explain this numbers, as this more than 2,500 year old religion has some ancient temples in Maharashtra.

Christians
Christians account for 1,058,313 of Maharashtra's population. Most of the Christians are Catholics, some Protestants. There are also Goan, Mangalorean, Keralite and Tamilian Christians in the urban pockets of Mumbai and Pune. There are two ethnic Christian communities in Maharashtra: East Indians - Catholics concentrated in Mumbai and in the neighbouring districts of Thane and Raigad. St Bartholomew preached to the natives of this region in the 1st century AD.
Jain temple at Ellora

Marathi Christians - Protestants found specially in Ahmednagar and Solapur. Protestantism was brought to these areas by American and Anglican missionaries during the 18th century. Marathi Christians have largely retained their pre-Christian practices.

Sikhism
Sikhism is India's fourth-largest religion and has existed for over 500 years, beginning with the birth of its founder Guru Nanak Dev ji. The Sikhs are predominantly located in Punjab, however the sikh community has a sizeable presence in Maharashtra. Sikh community census for 2001 in Maharashtra was 215,337.[46] Nanded, the second largest city in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, is an important holy place for the Sikh faith and is famous for the Hazur Sahib Gurudwara. Hazr Shib ("presence of the master"), also spelled Hazoor Sahib, is one of the five takhts (seats of Interior view of Gurdwara Sach-Khand Hazr temporal authority) in Sikhism. Located on the banks of the River Shib Godavari, it is where the 10th guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji breathed his last breath. The Gurudwara within the complex is known Sach-Khand, "Realm of Truth".

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Buddhism
Most Marathi Buddhists are followers of the Dalit Buddhist movement, a 19th and 20th-century Buddhist revival movement in India that received its most substantial impetus from B. R. Ambedkar who called for the conversion of Dalits to Buddhism to escape a caste-based society that considered them to be the lowest in the hierarchy.[47] Buddhism accounts for nearly 6% in Maharastra's total population.

Zoroastrians
There are two Zoroastrian communities in Maharahtra. Parsis, mainly found in Mumbai, have descended from a group of Iranian Zoroastrians who immigrated to Western India during 10th century AD, due to persecution by Muslims in Iran. Iranis, are comparatively recent arrivals, and represent the smaller of the two Indian-Zoroastrian communities. Their descendants culturally and linguistically closer to the Zoroastrians of Iran, in particular to the Zoroastrians of Yazd and Kerman. Consequently, the Dari dialect of the Zoroastrians of those provinces may also be heard amongst the Iranis.

Entrance of the Maneckji Seth Agiary (Fire Temple) in Mumbai

Judaism
The Bene Israel ("Sons of Israel") are a 3,000 strong community of Marathi Jews originally from villages in the Konkan region who migrated in the 19th century to the nearby cities, primarily Mumbai, but also to Pune, and Ahmedabad. Prior to these waves of emigrations and to this day, the Bene Israel formed the largest sector of the subcontinent's Jewish population. The native language of the Bene Israel is Marathi. Most Bene Israel have now emigrated to Israel. Before the migration this community numbered at least 90,000.

Ohel David Synagogue in Pune

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Festivals
Aashadi Ekadashi is one of most important festivals celebrated across Maharashtra. It is also referred to as "WARI" and people from all over Maharashtra, Karnataka and other parts of India walk to Pandharpur from there respective villages. Lord Ganesha's devotion is celebrated by Ganesh Chaturthi in AugustSeptember of every year.[48] Town of Pen in Raigad district is famous for Ganesh Idols made of special Shadu Clay. Dagdusheth Halwai Ganpati, Lalbaugcha Raja, Shri Siddhivinayak Temple, Shri Ashtavinayaka's are the major holy places for Maharashtrians. Popular forms of God are Shiva, Krishna and Ganesha. Lord Shiva's devotion is celebrated by taking part in Maha Shivaratri (Great Night of Shiva) festival. In modern times, the Elephanta island in Mumbai, Lord's Shiva island in local mythology, originated the Elephant Festival. Lord Krishna's devotions are celebrated in the state-wide Gokul Ashtami (or Krishna Janmashtami, Krishna's birthday) whereby many devotees fast on the entire day until midnight. The Dahi-Handi (Matki-fod) is also observed on this day at many places.[49] Lord Krishna's devotion are also celebrated at Kaartik Aamawasya (or Diwali) and at Narak Chaturdashi as the killing of the demon Narakasura. The other festivals celebrated on a large scale are Vijayadashami or Dasara (Marathi: ), Navaratri, Holi, Diwali, Eid (Ramzan Eid). Simollanghan is a ritual performed on Dasara or Viajaya Dashami day in Maharashtra. Simollanghan is crossing the border or frontier of a village or a place. In ancient times, kings used to cross the frontier of their kingdom to fight against their rivals or neighbor kingdoms. They used to perform Ayudha Puja on Dasara and begin the war season. On Dasara, people cross the borders of their places (Seemollanghan) and collect the leaves of Apta tree ( ) and exchange among their friends and relatives as gold ( ).[50] People worship Shami tree and its leaves ( ) on this day.

Ganesha during Ganesh Chaturthi, a popular festival in the state

Image of Hindu Goddess Mahalakhsmi in Mahalakshmi temple Kolhapur

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Saints (Sant)
Maharashtra has produced or been closely associated with many saints throughout its history. These have risen from all across the several castes. Some of the very revered examples of Bhakti saints are Dnyaneshwar, Tukaram, Namdev, sant Gora Kumbhar, Samarth Ramdas, Chokhamela, and Savta Mali. There have also been several other Image of a gopuram of a Pandharpur temple near Vithoba's central temple. The Harijan saints such as Sant Banka Mahar, leftmost panel depicts Tukaram, the central panel depicts Vithoba (standing dark Sant Bhagu, Sant Damaji panth, Sant figure, left) waiting on the brick as Pundalik (centre) serves his parents, the right Kanhopatra, Sant Karmamelam, Sant panel depicts Dnyaneshwar. Nirmala, Sant Sadna, Sant Sakhubai, Sant Satyakam Jabali, Sant Soyarabai, and Sant Eknath. It has also been the birthplace and home of world-reputed saints like Sai Baba of Shirdi, Gajanan Maharaj of shegaon, Swami Shukadas Maharaj, Swami Samarth Maharaj, and Meher Baba, whose tomb-shrine in Meherabad has become a place of world pilgrimage. Maharashtra is also equally famous for ardent devotees (or Bhaktas). For example, Namdev Mahar and his wife Bhagubai from Kharagpur[51] are both devotees of Shirdi Sai Baba. The Sai Baba template in Shirdi is the second richest one in the country,[52][53] a close second after the Lord Tirupati temples at Tirumala, Andhra Pradesh.

Languages
Marathi is the Official language of Maharashtra. According to 2001 census, it is mother tongue of 68.89 % of the population. Other languages which are Mother tongue by more than one percent of the people are as follows[54]
Language Percentage in state Marathi Kannada Urdu Hindi Gujarati Banjara ] 68.89 11.04 7.81 2.50 2.39 1.1

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Divisions and regions

Maharashtra is divided into six revenue divisions, which are further divided into thirty-five districts.[55] These thirty-five districts are further divided into 109 sub-divisions of the districts and 357 Talukas in Maharashtra.[56]

Divisions
The six administrative divisions in Maharashtra state are Amravati Division, Aurangabad Division, Konkan Division, Nagpur Division, Nashik Division, and Pune Division.

Division

Districts

Mumbai (Konkan) Mumbai, Mumbai Suburban (Mumbai Upanagar), Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri, and Sindhudurg Pune Nashik Aurangabad Amravati Nagpur Pune, Satara, Sangli, Solapur, and Kolhapur Nashik, Dhule, Jalgaon, Ahmednagar, and Nandurbar Aurangabad, Jalna, Latur/Lattalur, Nanded, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Hingoli, and Beed Amravati, Akola, Washim, Buldhana and Yavatmal Nagpur, Chandrapur, Wardha, Bhandara, Gondia, and Gadchiroli

Regions
Geographically, historically and according to political sentiments, Maharashtra has five main regions: Vidarbha Region - (Nagpur and Amravati divisions) - (Central Provinces and Old Berar Region) Marathwada Region - (Aurangabad division) Khandesh and Northern Maharashtra Region - (Nashik Division) Desh or Western Maharashtra Region - (Pune division) and Konkan Region - (Konkan Division) - (including, Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban Area).

The state capital Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban Area are the parts of the Konkan Division

Border dispute
Maharashtra has a border dispute with the neighbouring state of Karnataka over the district of Belgaum. Belgaum was incorporated into the newly formed Mysore state (now Karnataka) with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act (1956), which reorganised India's states along linguistic lines despite having about three-fourths of the total population[57] speaking Marathi. Since then, Maharashtra has continued to claim the district. The case is awaiting a verdict in the Supreme Court of India. While the territorial dispute of Belgaum is under adjudication, the Maharashtra Government wants the area to be declared as Union Territory.The Karnataka Government,however, opposes any such move.[58]

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Principal urban agglomerations

Maharashtra has one of the highest level of urbanization of all Indian states.[59] The mountainous topography and soil are not as suitable for intensive agriculture as the plains of North India; therefore, the proportion of the urban population (42.4 per cent) contrasts starkly with the national average of developing metros and many large towns.[60] Mumbai is the state capital with a population of approximately 15.2 million people. The other large cities are Pune, Nagpur, Nashik, Navi Mumbai, Thane, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Amravati, Akola and Solapur. Mumbai: Mumbai (including Thane and Navi Mumbai in its metropolitan area) is the financial and commercial capital of India and is the Administrative Capital of Maharashtra. It has the largest proportion of taxpayers in India and its share markets transact almost 70 per cent of the countrys stocks. It offers a lifestyle that is rich, cosmopolitan and diverse, with a variety of food, entertainment and nightlife. Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) in Mumbai, the Administrative Capital of Maharashtra, is also the financial capital city of Mumbai is the biggest and the second busiest airport in India. The India. new airport, the state of the art Navi Mumbai International Airport coming up at Panvel, Navi Mumbai will have all modern facilities. The city is India's link to the world of telecommunications and the Internet. VSNL (Now Tata Communications Limited) is the terminal point in India for all telephone and internet traffic. Mumbai is India's flagship port destination. It is also home to the Indian Navy's Western Command (INS). The film industry of India Bollywood is associated in Mumbai. Pune: Pune, the second largest city in Maharashtra and the seventh largest in India, is the state's cultural and heritage capital with a population of 4.5 million people. About 170km from Mumbai by road, Pune was the bastion of the Maratha empire. Under the reign of the Peshwas, Pune blossomed into a centre of art and learning. Shaniwarwada, Saras baug, Aga Khan Palace, Parvati Temple, Khadakwasla Dam, Sinhgad are the most visited places by tourists in Pune. 'Ganeshotsav', a festival of Lord Ganesh is celebrated in Pune with lot of enthusiasm and worship. Pune is connected to Mumbai by the Mumbai-Pune Expressway. Pune also has very important military cantonments as well as the HQ of the Southern Command, the National Defence Academy, the Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, CME, and the Indian Air Force base at Lohegaon too. Pune is a major Information Technology hub of India as well as a foremost destination for automobile manufacturing and the component industry. Nagpur is the third largest city in Maharashtra and 13th largest in India. The erstwhile capital of the Nagpur Province since 1853 in British India, in 1861 it was made the capital of Central Province, in 1903 it was made capital of CP & Berar, in 1935 it was made capital of a provincial assembly with same name Central Provinces and Berar providing for an election by, Government of India Act, passed by British Parliament. After Independence of India, the CP & Berar was kept a separate entity with Nagpur as capital.
"Zero Mile Stone" located at Nagpur

Pune is the second largest city in the state

Maharashtra In 1950 Nagpur became the capital of Madhya Pradesh. In 1956, Nagpur and the Marathi-speaking southern region Vidarbha was ceded to Bombay state. Nagpur was recommended as capital of Vidarbha state by Hon. Fazal Ali commission for reorganisation of states. Nagpur was described by the first Prime Minister of India Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru, as the "Heart of India" . Nagpur is the nerve centre of Vidarbha (eastern Maharashtra), Nagpur - the Orange City as it is known - is located in the centre of the country and is a geographical center of India, with a population of about 2.4 million people (2.1 million as per census 2001). It is the second administrative capital of Maharashtra. Nagpur is home of many industries, ranging from food products and chemicals to electrical and transports equipment. An international cargo airport, MIHAN is being builton the outskirts of the Nagpur city which will house number of service industries in its SEZ. The Maintenance Command of Indian Air Force is located in Nagpur. The "Zero Mile Stone" or the geographical center of India is located in Nagpur. Deekshabhoomi, Sitabardi Fort, Ambazari Lake, Seminary Hills, Ramtek Temple, Khindsi Lake, Pench National Park are some of the tourist attractions in and around Nagpur. Nashik is the fourth largest and industrialized city in the Maharashtra. One of the holy cities of the Hindu tradition, Nashik lies on the banks of the sacred river Godavari and has a population of about 1.8 million people. It is believed that Lord Rama, hero of the great Indian epic, the Ramayana, spent a major part of his exile here. Nashik hosts the Kumbhmela once every twelve years. Nashik is the wine capital of India with many vineyards thriving owing to the favorable climate for grapes. Nashik is dubbed the Napa Valley of India.
Nashik

44

Nashik is one of the fastest growing cities in India, with a number of automobile and pharmaceutical industries.Recently declared as 16th fastest growing city in the world with 3.90% average annual report by city mayor reporthttp://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html.Nashik is also an educational hub and the educational and cultural capital of North Maharashtra. Maharashtra's health sciences university, Maharashtra University of Health Sciences (MUHS) is based in Nashik. It is home to Yashvantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University. In agriculture, apart from grapes, Nashik is Asia's leading market for onions and tomatoes.[61] Aurangabad: The city means "built by the throne", once capital of India, named after Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, is a city in Aurangabad district, Maharashtra, India.It is fourth most industrialized city in Maharashtra. The city is a tourist hub, surrounded with historical monuments, including the Ajanta Caves and Ellora Caves, which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, as well as Bibi Ka Maqbara. The administrative headquarters of the Aurangabad Division or Marathwada region, Aurangabad is said to be a 'City of Gates', as one can not miss the strong presence of these while driving through the city. Aurangabad is also one of the fastest growing cities in the world.[62]

Aurangabad is a tourist destination.

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Kolhapur is a princely state and one of the main cities during the Shivaji rule. Even today the royal Chatraptti family resides here, at the New Palace. Attractions are the Mahalaxmi temple, Rankala lake, Shalini Palace, New Palace,jyotiba temple,Panhala fort and much more.The city is situated on the banks of river Panchganga and is known as 'Dakshin Kashi'. It is also famous as "city of palaces".The coastal line (western) is only 75km away from Kolhapur & hence is known as 'Door of Konkan'.Kolhapur is well known for its "kolhapuri saaj"(an ornament),silver jewellery, The New Palace, Kolhapur jaggery, "kolhapuri chappals"(sandals),"kolhapuri pheta"(turban), "wrestling", Kolhapuri Lavangi Mirchi, kolhapuri masala (spices),cuisines, mainly the non-vegetarian variety. "Tamda-pandhara raasa"(red and white curries) and "sukka mutton"(dry meat) are one of the iconic dishes of Kolhapur, alongside "kolhapuri special Misal".Another field that Kolhapur prides itself of is films. In certain circles, Kolhapur was and is still considered the capital of the Marathi film industry.It has been credited as the place where Raja Harishchandra, the first feature film ever produced in India was conceptualised . Kolhapur is not only famous as a tourist place but also it is one of the most important places for "foundry businesses".It has progressed to the status of a very important industrial city, being the centre for textiles, automobile and ancillaries,chemicals in the region.As a growing IT hub, the city is witnessing development of a multitude of IT parks at several locations.Being a multi-dimensional industrial city, Kolhapur has good prospects for investment.

Transport
Roads
Maharashtra has the largest road network in India at 267,452 kilometers.[63] 17 National Highways connect Maharashtra to six neighbouring states.[64] The length of National Highways in Maharashtra is 3688 kilometers.[65] Maharashtra has a large state highway network. 97.5 per cent of the villages in the state were connected by all-weather roads as of March 2010. The Yeshwantrao Chavan Mumbai-Pune Expressway, the first access controlled toll road project in India was made fully operational in April 2002. The Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) has been providing passenger road transport service in the public sector since 1948, linking most of the towns and villages in and around the state with a large The Mumbai Pune Expressway network of operation. These buses, popularly called ST (State Transport), are the preferred mode of transport for much of the populace. In addition to the government run buses, privately run luxury buses also ply between major towns. Other modes of public transport, such as a seven-seater tempo have gained popularity in semi-urban areas.

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46

Railways
The state is well-connected to other parts of the country with a railway network spanning 5,983km between four Railways. The Central Railway and the Western Railway zones of the Indian Railways that are headquartered in Mumbai, at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and Churchgate respectively, The Nanded division of the South Central Railway that caters to the Marathwada region of Maharashtra and The Konkan Railway, a subsidiary of the Indian Railways based in CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai that serves the Konkan coastal region south of Mumbai and continues down the west coast of India. Maharashtra also has suburban railway networks that carry around 6.4 million passengers every day.[66]
A Central Railway Train near Pune

Civil Aviation
The booming Indian economy, growing tourism industry, entry of low cost airlines, liberalization of international bi-lateral agreements and liberalization of civil aviation policy at the centre has resulted in an unprecedented growth in air traffic. Most of the State's airfields are operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI) while Reliance Airport Developers (RADPL), currently operate five non - metro airports at Latur, Nanded, Baramati, Osmanabad and Yavatmal on a 95 year lease.[67] The Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited (MADC) that was set up by the Government in 2002 will take Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport up development of Airports in the state that are not under the AAI or the Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC). MADC is playing the lead role in the planning and implementation of the Multi-modal International Cargo Hub and Airport at Nagpur (MIHAN) project.[68] Maharashtra has three international airports Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (among the busiest airports in India) Pune's civil enclave international airport with flights to Dubai and Frankfurt Nagpur's Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport. Other city airports such as, Aurangabad and Nanded, are served by scheduled domestic services. Additionally, there are smaller airports like those at Akola, Amravati, Baramati, Chandrapur, Dhule, Gondia, Jalgaon, Karad, Kolhapur, Latur, Nashik, Osmanabad, Ratnagiri, Solapur and Yavatmal that do not have any scheduled air services. A Greenfield airport is being built by the MADC at Shirdi and another one by CIDCO at Navi Mumbai is being built for a whopping 9000 crore (US$1.63 billion).[69] The New Pune International Airport is being planned near Pune[70] while plans are afoot for greenfield airports at Boramani (near Solapur) and Gadchiroli,[68]

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Sea Ports
Maharashtra has three major ports at Mumbai (operated by the Mumbai Port Trust), the JNPT lying across the Mumbai harbour in Navi Mumbai, and in Ratnagiri, which handles the export of ores mined in the Maharastra hinterland. Additionally, there are 53 minor ports. Ferryboat services also operate at Mumbai, linking the city to neighbouring coastal towns. Minor ports in the state will be developed by the State government with the participation of the private sector under the Maharashtra Maritime Board. Seven minor ports are being developed in Phase-I.[71]

Culture
Further information: Tourism in MaharashtraandCultural activities of Maharashtra Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra. Maharashtrians take great pride in their language and history, particularly the Maratha Empire, its founder Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj is considered a folk hero across India. About 60% of Maharashtrians are Hindu, and there are significant Muslim, Christian and Buddhist minorities. There are many temples in Maharashtra some of them being hundreds of years old. These temples are constructed in a fusion of architectural styles borrowed from North and South India. The temples also blend themes from Hindu, Buddhist and Jain cultures. A National Geographic[72] edition reads, "The flow between faiths was such that for hundreds of years, almost all Buddhist temples, including the ones at Ajanta, were built under the rule and patronage of Hindu kings." The temple of Vitthal at Pandharpur is the most important temple for the Varkari sect. Other important religious places are the Ashtavinayaka temples of Lord Ganesha, Bhimashankar which is one of the Jyotirling (12 important Shiva temples). Ajanta and Ellora caves near Aurangabad as well as Elephanta Caves near Mumbai are UNESCO World Heritage Sites and famous tourist attractions. Mughal architecture can be seen is the tomb of the wife of Aurangzeb called Bibi Ka Maqbara located at Aurangabad. In 1708, the year following the death of Aurangzeb, Guru Gobind Singh the tenth spiritual leader of the Sikhs came over to Nanded, his permanent abode. He proclaimed himself the last living Guru and established the Guru Granth Sahib as the eternal Guru of the Sikhs. This elevates the reverence of Granth to that of a living Guru. A monument has been constructed at place where he breathed his last. Maharaja Ranjit Singh's endowment saw the construction of a beautiful Gurudwara at Nanded around 1835 AD. The Gurudwara features an imposing golden dome with intricate carvings and a breathtakingly beautiful artwork. It is known as Shri Huzur Abchalnagar Sachkhand Gurudwara. Maharashtra has a large number of hill, land and sea forts. Forts have played an important role in the history of Maharashtra

Kailash Temple in Ellora Caves.

Ajanta Caves

Elephanta Caves

since

the

time

of

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48

the Peshwas. Some of the important forts in Maharashtra are Raigad, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, Pratapgad, Sinhagad. Majority of the forts in Maharashtra are found along the coastal region of Konkan. Maharashtra, like other states of India, has its own folk music. The folk music viz. Gondhal Lavani, Bharud and Powada are popular especially in rural areas, while the common forms of music from the Hindi and Marathi film industry are favoured in urban areas. The earliest instances of Marathi literature is by Sant Jnyaneshwar with his Bhawarthadeepika (popularly known as Jnyaneshwari). The View of Shri Hazoor Sahib Gurudwara compositions written during this period are spiritually inclined. The other compositions are by Sant Tukaram, Sant Namdev, and Sant Gora Kumbhar. The compositions are mostly in poetic form, which are called bhajans. These bhajans by saints are popular and part of day to day life. During same period of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, a great patriotic saint wandered in the soil of Maharashtra, Samarth Ramdas.He wrote many books such as Dasbodh, Atmaram, Manache shlok, and also enriched Marathi liturature by using almost all types of Vruttas like Karunashtake, sawaya,shatakas, ashtakas, manas, purvarambha, panchikarana etcThe modern Marathi literature has been enriched by famous poets and authors like P. L. Deshpande, Kusumagraj, Prahlad Keshav Atre and Vyankatesh Madgulkar. This literature has been passed on to the next generations through the medium of large numbers of books that are published every year in Marathi. The world famous film industry Bollywood is in Maharashtra, located in the economic capital of India, Mumbai. The Marathi film industry was once placed in Kolhapur but now is spread out through Mumbai too. The pioneer of Indian movie industry, Bharat Ratna Shri Dadasaheb Phalke, producer & director V. Shantaram, B.R. Chopra, Shakti Samanta, Raj Kapoor, form a few names of the Hindi film fraternity, while writer, director, and actor P. L. Deshpande, actor Ashok Saraf, actor Laxmikant Berde, actor & producer, Sachin Pilgaonkar, Mahesh Kothare belong to the Marathi film industry. Dada Kondke was the most popular name in Marathi film industry.The early period of Marathi theatre was dominated by playwrights like Kolhatkar, Khadilkar, Deval, Gadkari and Kirloskar who enriched the Marathi theatre for about half a century with excellent musical plays known as Sangeet Naatak. The genre of music used in such plays is known as Natyasangeet. It is during this era of the Marathi theatre that great singer-actors like Bal Gandharva, Keshavrao Bhosle, Bhaurao Kolhatkar and Deenanath Mangeshkar thrived. Some of the popular Marathi television news channels are IBN Lokmat, Star Majha, Zee Talkies, Zee Chovis Taas and entertainment channels areMi Marathi, DD Sahyadri, Zee Marathi, Zee Talkies, ETV Marathi, Star pravah and Saam TV which host shows ranging from soap operas, cooking and travel to political satire and game shows. The cuisine of Maharashtra varies according to the region of Maharashtra. The people of the Konkan region have a chiefly rice based diet with fish being a major component, due the close proximity to the sea. In eastern Maharashtra, the diet is based more on wheat, jowar and bajra. Puran Poli, Bakarwadi, plain simple Varan Bhat (a dish cooked with plain rice and curry),Modak and chivada are a few dishes to name. Chicken and mutton are also widely used for a variety of cuisines. Kolhapuri Mutton is a dish famous for its peculiar spicy nature.

Maharashtra

49 Women traditionally wear a nine yard or five yard sari and men a dhoti or pajama with a shirt. This, however, is changing with women in urban Maharashtra wearing Punjabi dresses, consisting of a Salwar and a Kurta while men wear trousers and a shirt. The cricket craze can be seen throughout Maharashtra, as it is the most widely followed and played sport. Kabaddi and hockey are also played with fervor. Childrens games include Viti-Dandu (Gilli-danda in Hindi) and Pakada-pakadi (tag).

Hindus in Maharashtra follow the Shalivahana Saka era calendar. Gudi Padwa, Diwali, Rangapanchami, Gokulashtami and Ganeshotsav are some of the festivals that are celebrated in Maharashtra. Ganeshotsav is one of the biggest festival of Maharashtra which is celebrated with much reverence and festivity throughout the state and has since some time become popular all over the country. The festival which continues over ten days is in honour of Ganesha, the deva (like guardian angel ) of learning and knowledge under the one supreme lord . A large number of people walk hundreds of kilometers to Pandharpur for the annual pilgrimage in the month of Ashadh.
DY Patil Stadium in Navi Mumbai

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Maharashtra
[21] "A model Indian village- Ralegaon Siddhi" (http:/ / edugreen. teri. res. in/ explore/ renew/ rallegan. htm). . Retrieved 2006-10-30. [22] "Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080510173353/ http:/ / www. madcindia. org/ aboutmadc. htm). www.madcindia.org. www.madcindia.org. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. madcindia. org/ aboutmadc. htm) on May 10, 2008. . Retrieved 2008-05-14. [23] "Maharashtra Airport Development Company Limited" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ archieve/ factsheet/ 2005/ fscivil2005. pdf). Press Information Bureau and Ministry of Civil Aviation. pib.nic.in. . Retrieved 2008-01-29. [24] "Nagpur stakes claim to lead boomtown pack" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ story/ 3713. html). The Indian Express. . Retrieved 2006-06. [25] "Mihan is biggest development" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Nagpur/ Mihan_is_biggest_development_project/ articleshow/ 2065727. cms). timesofindia.indiatimes.com (timesofindia.indiatimes.com). 2007-05-22. . Retrieved 2007-05-22. [26] "MNS planting roots firmly in Mumbai with sons of the soil card - Worldnews.com" (http:/ / article. wn. com/ view/ 2010/ 02/ 22/ MNS_planting_roots_firmly_in_Mumbai_with_sons_of_the_soil_ca/ ). Article.wn.com. 2010-02-22. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [27] "Twelfth Finance Commission" (http:/ / fincomindia. nic. in/ ). Finance Commission of India. . Retrieved 2006-09-19. [28] "Universities Of Maharashtra" (http:/ / www. educationinfoindia. com/ maharashtradir. htm). Educationinfoindia.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [29] "What makes Maharashtra unique?" (http:/ / www. projectsmonitor. com/ detailnews. asp?newsid=2076). Projectsmonitor.com. 1960-05-01. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [30] "History" (http:/ / www. mu. ac. in/ History. html). University of Mumbai. . Retrieved 2009-06-09. [31] "IIT flights return home" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?NewsID=1070723). Daily News and Analysis (DNA). 2006-12-22. . Retrieved 2009-06-09. [32] "About the Institute" (http:/ / www. vjti. ac. in/ home_about. asp). Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI). . Retrieved 2009-06-09. [33] "Admission process for autonomous engg colleges to start today" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ latest-news/ admission-process-for-autonomous-engg-colleges-to-start-today/ 321286/ ). Indian Express Group. 2008-06-11. . Retrieved 2009-06-09. [34] "About University" (http:/ / sndt. digitaluniversity. ac/ Content. aspx?ID=7& ParentMenuID=7). SNDT Women's University. . Retrieved 2009-06-09. [35] Bansal, Rashmi (2004-11-08). "Is the 'IIM' brand invincible?" (http:/ / nmims. edu/ ). Rediff News (Rediff). . Retrieved 2009-06-09. [36] "Sydenham College: Our Profile" (http:/ / www. sydenham. edu/ our_profile. html). Sydenham College. . Retrieved 2009-04-26. [37] "About The Government Law College" (http:/ / www. glc. edu/ incept. asp). Government Law College. . Retrieved 2009-04-26. [38] Martyris, Nina (2002-10-06). "JJ School seeks help from new friends" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 24305727. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 2009-05-13. [39] "University ties up with renowned institutes" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ report. asp?NewsID=1065998). Daily News and Analysis (DNA). 2006-11-24. . Retrieved 2009-06-09. [40] "CIRUS reactor" (http:/ / www. barc. ernet. in/ webpages/ reactors/ cirus. html). Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). . Retrieved 2009-05-12. [41] http:/ / www. indiaeducation. ernet. in/ insitutions/ PROFILENEW. ASP?no=U00565 [42] "Is Maharashtra still numero uno? - Karnataka - Infrastructure Special - Express Computer India" (http:/ / www. expresscomputeronline. com/ 20030428/ infra03. shtml). Expresscomputeronline.com. 2003-04-28. . Retrieved 2010-09-28. [43] "Mahapopulation" (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ ecoSurvey/ ataglanc. pdf) (in Marathi) (PDF). Census of India. www.maharashtra.gov.in. . Retrieved 2008-06-04. [44] "Impact of Immigration" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ mumbai/ report_marathi-population-in-state-falls-to-69pct-in-30-yrs_1261812). . [45] (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ ecoSurvey/ ecoSurvey2005-06/ eng/ cha_3e. p) [46] "Population by Religious communities" (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. . [47] Thomas Pantham, Vrajendra Raj Mehta, Vrajendra Raj Mehta, (2006). Political Ideas in Modern India: thematic explorations (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=KJejtAaonsEC& pg=PA48& lpg=PA48& dq="Self-respect+ movement"). Sage Publications. ISBN0-7619-3420-0. . [48] "Ganesh Chaturthi - Ganpati Festival 2010. Ganesh Chaturthi History" (http:/ / festivals. tajonline. com/ ganesh-chaturthi. php). Festivals.tajonline.com. 2007-04-06. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [49] "Ceremony of Dahi Handi, Krishna Janmashtami Festival, Dahi Handi Celebrations" (http:/ / www. krishnajanmashtami. com/ ceremony-dahi-handi. html). Krishnajanmashtami.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [50] " FAQ - All about Dasara in Maharashtra" (http:/ / sanatanhindudharma. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 10/ blog-post_06. html). Sanatanhindudharma.blogspot.com. 2008-10-06. . Retrieved 2012-03-17. [51] Shepherd, P. 111 Gurus Rediscovered: [52] "Shirdi Sai Baba beats credit crunch to become the 2nd richest temple in the country" (http:/ / us. asiancorrespondent. com/ Indianomics/ 2009/ 01/ 10/ shirdi-sai-baba-beats-credit-crunch-to-become-the-2nd-richest-temple-in-the-country). . [53] "Shirdi Sai Baba Temple, Second richest in country" (http:/ / news. zakhas. com/ 2009/ 01/ shirdi-sai-baba-temple-second-richest-in-country/ ). . [54] "2001 Census" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_Data_Online/ Language/ Statement3. htm). Ministry of Home Affairs, GOI. . Retrieved 2008-10-31. [55] List of districts and divisions (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ mahInfo/ )

50

Maharashtra
[56] Maharashtra - Facts and Figures (http:/ / www. maharashtra. gov. in/ english/ mahInfo/ state. php) [57] Jaishankar Jayaramiah (21 November 2005). "Karnataka caught in language web" (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ fe_full_story. php?content_id=109230). The Financial express. . Retrieved 2006-11-01. [58] "Maharashtra wants Belgaum be declared a UT" (http:/ / zeenews. india. com/ news/ karnataka/ maharashtra-wants-belgaum-be-declared-a-ut_787016. html). 12 July 2012. . [59] Level of Urbanisation (http:/ / www. urbanindia. nic. in/ moud/ urbanscene/ levelofurbanisation/ main. htm) [60] "Major Cities of Maharashtra" (http:/ / www. maharashtraweb. com/ majorcities. asp). Maharashtraweb.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [61] "All towns and agglomerations in Maharashtra of more than 20,000 inhabitants" (http:/ / www. citypopulation. de/ India-Maharashtra. html#Stadt_agglo). Citypopulation.de. . Retrieved 2012-03-17. [62] "11 Indian cities among worlds fastest growing" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ news/ india/ 11-Indian-cities-among-worlds-fastest-growing/ articleshow/ 2481744. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2007-10-23. . Retrieved 2012-03-17. [63] "Table No 2" (http:/ / morth. nic. in/ writereaddata/ sublinkimages/ 251. html). Morth.nic.in. 1996-03-31. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [64] "Maharashtra - Physical Infrastructure, Roads" (http:/ / www. ibef. org/ download/ Maharasthra_271211. pdf). IBEF. November 2011. . Retrieved 31 March 2012. [65] "Statistics" (http:/ / www. mahapwd. com/ statistics/ default. html). Mahapwd.com. 2000-03-31. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [66] "Maharashtra - Physical Infrastructure, Railways" (http:/ / www. ibef. org/ download/ Maharasthra_271211. pdf). IBEF. November 2011. . Retrieved 31 March 2012. [67] "Reliance Airport gets five projects on lease" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2009-08-06/ india-business/ 28178331_1_greenfield-airport-reliance-airport-developers-midc). The Times of India. 6 August 2009. . Retrieved 19 September 2011. [68] "MIDC projects" (http:/ / www. madcindia. org/ projects. html). Maharashtra Airport Development Company. . Retrieved 31 March 2012. [69] "Navi Mumbai International Airport (NMIA)" (http:/ / cidcoindia. com/ cidco/ naviair. as). CIDCO. . Retrieved 31 March 2012. [70] "Airport near Rajgurunagar, Pune" (http:/ / www. madcindia. org/ pune. html). Maharashtra Airport Development Company. . Retrieved 31 March 2012. [71] "Maharashtra - Physical Infrastructure, Ports" (http:/ / www. ibef. org/ download/ Maharasthra_271211. pdf). IBEF. November 2011. . Retrieved 31 March 2012. [72] January 2008, VOL. 213, #1

51

External links
Maharashtra travel guide from Wikitravel Maharashtra (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Maharashtra/) at the Open Directory Project Maharashtra Government Website (http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/Pages/Home.aspx) Department of Tourism, Government of Maharashtra (http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/)

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52

Bihar
Bihar
State

Location of Bihar in India Coordinates (Patna): 2522N 8508E Country Region Division Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Body Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Government of India, Government of Bihar Devanand Konwar Nitish Kumar (JDU) Bicameral (243 + 75 seats) India Angika Region, Bhojpur Region, Magadh Region, Mithila Region Patna, Tirhut, Saran, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Bhagalpur, Munger, Magadha 1912 (as Bihar) Patna Patna 38 total

Parliamentary constituency 40 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank [1] 103,804,637 3rd 94,163km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 12th Patna High Court

Bihar

53
Time zone UN/LOCODE ISO 3166 code Vehicle registration HDI HDI rank Literacy IST (UTC+05:30) INBR IN-BR BR 0.449 (low) 28th (2005) 63.82% (28th) 73.4% (male) 53.3% (female) Hindi, Urdu, Maithili, gov.bih.nic.in [3] [2] Magahi.

Official languages Website

[4][5] Bihar (/bhr/, pronounced[bar]( listen)) is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of 2 geographical size at 38202sqmi (unknown operator: u'strong' km ) and 3rd largest by population. Almost 58% of Biharis are below the age of 25,[6] which is the highest proportion in India.

Bihar lies mid-way between West Bengal in the east and Uttar Pradesh in the west. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Ganges which flows through the middle from west to east.[7] Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14km2,[8] which is 6.8% of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, while the majority of the people speak Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi, Maithili and Bajjika. In 2000, Bihar was divided into 2 parts, the Southern part known as Jharkhand. Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga, Videha/Mithila, Magadha and Vajji/Vrijji) was a centre of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India.[9] From Magadha arose India's first and greatest empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism.[10] Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.[11] Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important centre of Indian civilization.Nalanda and Vikramshila were centres of learning established in the 5th and 8th century respectively in Bihar, and are counted amongst the oldest and truly international universities, where people all over the world came to study. Bihar has distinction of giving the world its first democracy through Lichchivi (modern days Vaishali) during ancient era. Today, Bihar lags behind the other Indian states in human, economic development terms.[12][13][14] Economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the skewed policies of the central government, such as the freight equalization policy,[15][16] its apathy towards Bihar,[6][17][18] lack of Bihari sub-nationalism (resulting in no spokesperson for the state),[16][19][20] and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company.[16] The current state government has however made significant strides in improving governance.[21] The improved governance has led to an economic revival[22] in the state through increased investment in infrastructure, better health care facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a diminution in crime and corruption.[23][24] Indian[25] and global business and economic leaders feel that Bihar now has good opportunity to sustain its growth and thus they have shown interest in investing in the state.[26][27] A recent New York Times article talks about the vastly improved law and order situation in the state and the phenomenal economic growth shown over the course of last 5 years.[28] Another BBC article titled "Where 'backward' Bihar leads India"[29] talked about how the state has made strides in the areas of women empowerment, judicial reforms, tax reforms, and public safety. Between 2003 and 2008, the inflow of foreign tourists saw a near-sixfold rise from 61,000 to 346,000.[30] In 2011, Bihar was identified as the "least corrupt state" in a study by economists Bibek Debroy and Laveesh Bhandari.[31] Bihar is the country's fastest growing state followed by Delhi and Pondicherry for the year 2011-12.Bihar has reported a growth of 13.1% for the year 2011-12 while it was 14.8% for the previous year.[32]

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54

Etymology
The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit and Pali word Vihara (Devanagari: ), which means "abode". The region roughly encompassing the present state was dotted with Buddhist vihara, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods. Medieval writer Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani records in the Tabakat-i-Nasiri that in 1198 AD, Bakhtiyar Khalji committed a massacre in a town now known as Bihar Sharif, about 70km away from Bodh Gaya.[33][34] Later, Bakhtiyar learned that the town was a college, and the word for college is bihar.

The Mahabodhi Temple, among the four holy sites related to the life of the Lord Buddha and UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
Ancient Bihar, known as Magadha, was the center of power, learning, and culture in India for 1000 years. India's first empire, the Maurya empire as well as one of the world's greatest pacifist religion, Buddhism arose from the region that now makes modern Bihar. The Mauryan empire, originated from Magadha in 325 BC, was started by Chandragupta Maurya who was born in Magadha, and had its capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna). The Mauryan Emperor,, who was born in Patliputra (Patna) is believed to be one of the greatest rulers in the history of India and the world.[35][36]

Bihar remained an important place of holi, culture and education during the next 1000 years. The Gupta Empire, which again originated from Magadha in 240 AD, is referred to as the Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion and Indian philosophy. During Gupta Rule, India was called as "Golden Bird". The peace and prosperity created under leadership of Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors as well as very strong powerful global economy. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization. The capital of Gupta empire was Pataliputra, present day Patna. The Vikramshila and Nalanda universities were among the oldest and best centres of education in ancient India. Some writers believe the period between the 400 AD and 1,000 AD saw gains by Hinduism at the expense of Buddhism.[37][38][39][40] The Hindu kings gave much grants to the Buddhist monks for building Brahmaviharas.

A painting depicting Gautama Buddha undertaking extreme ascetic practices before he realised it was not necessary and his enlightenment on the bank of river Falgu in Bodh Gaya, Bihar.

Bihar

55 The Buddhism of Magadha was swept away by the invasion under Muhammad Bin Bakhtiar Khilji, during which many of the viharas and the famed universities of Nalanda and Vikramshila were destroyed, and thousands of Buddhist monks were massacred in 12th [41][42][43][44][45][46] century. In the years 1540 the great Pathan of Bihar, Sher Shah Suri, from Sasaram, Bihar, took the reins of North-India. He was the first person who defeated the Mughals and army of Humayun, making Delhi as his capital. The Mughals had to leave India during his rule. Sher Shah is considered as one of the most progressive emperors during the Mughal era. He made several economic changes, infrastructural improvement, highways (the famous Grand Trunk road), establishment of the Rupiya (current Indian currency), and modern post offices, policing, community and free kitchens. The administrative reforms and social engineering ventures influenced the Mughal mindset of ruling in India under Akbar. Protocols of governance set by Sher Shah (Sher Khan) were to become the standard of governance, which along with exemplary management skills, influenced the future of the Mughal Empire, and were the impetus for Akbar to copy Sher Shah's model of administration, despite the fact that they were rivals.

Kalidasa's Sanskrit play Abhijnakuntala is one of the Legacy of the Gupta Empire.

In a freak accident, while cleaning a gun, Sheh Shah was killed. Sher Shah Suri's nephew Adil Shah Suri had appointed 'Hemu' also known as 'Hemu Vikramaditya' as his prime minister and Army commander. Hemu fought and won twenty-two battles against Afghan rebels and Akbar's forces at Agra and Delhi. Hemu, who was given the title of 'Samrat' at Purana Quila, Delhi was then known as 'Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya'. Hemu lost his life while fighting under Maratha forces in the 'Second Battle of Panipat' against Akbar on 7 November 1556. Marathas were strong and fought three Panipat wars against Mughal, but lost the third of these. Maratha empire was spread up to Atak & Burma under shahuji Maharaj later. Between 15571576, Akbar, the Mughal emperor, annexed Bihar and Bengal.[47] Thus, the medieval period was mostly one of anonymous provincial existence. The tenth and the last Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh was born in Patna. After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the British East India Company obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer, and collect revenue or tax) for Bihar, Bengal and Orissa. The rich resources of fertile land, water and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of Agrio based industries [48] had been started in Bihar by the foreign entrepreneurs. Bihar remained a part the Bengal Presidency of British India until 1912, when the province of Bihar and Orissa was carved out as a separate province. Since 2010, Bihar has celebrated its birthday as Bihar Diwas on 22 March.[49] In 1935, certain portions of Bihar were reorganised into the separate province of Orissa. Babu Kunwar Singh of Jagdishpur and his army, and many others from Bihar, contributed to the Indian rebellion of 1857. Resurgence in the history of Bihar came during the struggle for India's independence. It was from Bihar that Mahatma Gandhi launched his pioneering civil-disobedience movement, Champaran Satyagraha.

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56

Bhumihar Brahmins in Champaran had earlier revolted against indigo cultivation in 1914 (at Pipra) and 1916 (Turkaulia) and Pandit Raj Kumar Shukla took Mahatma Gandhi to Champaran and the Champaran Satyagraha began.[50] Raj Kumar Shukla drew the attention of Mahatma Gandhi to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. Champaran Satyagraha received the spontaneous support from many Bihari nationalists like Rajendra Prasad who became the first President of India and Anugrah Narayan Sinha who ultimately became the first Deputy Chief Minister cum Finance Minister of Bihar.[51] In the northern and central regions of Bihar, peasants movement was an important consequence of the Freedom Movement. The Kisan Sabha movement started in Bihar under the leadership of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who had formed in 1929, the Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha (BPKS), to mobilize peasant grievances against the zamindari attacks on their occupancy rights.[52] Gradually the peasant movement intensified and spread across the rest of India. All these radical developments on the peasant front (Sitting L to R)Dr Rajendra Prasad and Dr Anugrah culminated in the formation of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) at Narayan Sinha during Mahatama Gandhi's 1917 the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936 Champaran Satyagraha with Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President.[53] This movement aimed at overthrowing the feudal (zamindari) system instituted by the British. It was led by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati and his followers Pandit Yamuna Karjee, Rahul Sankrityayan, Pandit Karyanand Sharma, Baba Nagarjun and others. Pandit Yamuna Karjee along with Rahul Sankritayan and a few others started publishing a Hindi weekly Hunkar from Bihar, in 1940. Hunkar later became the mouthpiece of the peasant movement and the agrarian movement in Bihar and was instrumental in spreading it. Freedom fighters such as Brajkishore Prasad, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Sri Krishna Sinha, Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Jagjivan Ram, K. B. Sahay, Mulana Mazharul Haque,, Jayaprakash Narayan, Thakur Jugal Kishore Sinha, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Jagannath Sarkar, Basawon Singh, Rameshwar Prasad Sinha, Yogendra Shukla, Baikuntha Shukla, Sheel Bhadra Yajee, and Pandit Yamuna Karjee were associated with Bihar. Khudiram Bose, Upendra Narayan Jha "Azad", Prafulla Chaki and Baikuntha Shukla were active in revolutionary movement in Bihar. On 15 January 1934, Bihar was devastated by an earthquake of magnitude 8.4. Some 30,000 people were said to have died in the quake. The state of Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar in the year 2000.[54] The 2005 Bihar assembly elections ended 15 years of continuous RJD rule in the state, giving way to NDA led by Nitish Kumar. Bihari migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra, Punjab and Assam.[55][56]

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Geography and climate

River Map of Bihar

Mountain of Ashrams, Near Sena Village, at Buddha Gaya

Flooded farmlands in northern Bihar

Climate
Classification ETh Avg. temperature 27 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) Summer Winter Precipitation 34 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) 10 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) 1200mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in)

. Bihar has a diverse climate.Its temperature is extreme{too hot during summers and too cool during winters} Bihar is a vast stretch of fertile plain. It is drained by the Ganges River, including its northern tributaries Gandak and Koshi, originating in the Nepal Himalayas and the Bagmati originating in the Kathmandu Valley that regularly flood parts of the Bihar plains. The total area covered by the state of Bihar is 94163km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi). the state is located between 21-58'-10" N ~ 27-31'-15" N latitude and between 83-19'-50" E ~ 88-17'-40" E longitude. Its average elevation above sea level is 173 feet (unknown operator: u'strong'm). The Ganges divides Bihar into two unequal halves and flows through the middle from west to east. Other Ganges tributaries are the Son River, Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Falgu. Though the Himalayas begin at the foothills, a short distance inside Nepal and to the north of Bihar, the mountains influence Bihar's landforms, climate, hydrology and culture. Central parts of Bihar have some small hills, for example the Rajgir hills. To the south is the Chota Nagpur plateau, which was part of Bihar until 2000 but now is part of a separate state called Jharkhand. Bihar is mildly cold in the winter, with the lowest temperatures being in the range from 410 C (3950F). Winter months are December and January. It is hot in the summer, with average highs around 3540 C (95104F). April to mid June are the hottest months. The monsoon months of June, July, August, and September see good rainfall. October, November, February, and March have a pleasant climate.

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58

Land division
A reason for the poverty that is found so widely in Bihar are the land divisions. The lands started off as huge farmlands covering several acres, but in due course the area drastically reduced as the land was always divided between all the sons and with the continuous divisions a once-huge farmland is converted into several farms which now have became smaller than an average sized room. Another reason is the mistrust between the farmers. They let weeds to grow in the areas between the farmlands so that a proper boundary is not needed, in India alone this wastes almost a hundred thousand acre of fertile farmland.

Flora and fauna

Bihar has notified forest area of 6764.14km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi), which is 7.1% of its geographical area.[8] The sub Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district are another belt of moist deciduous forests. These also consist of scrub, grass and reeds. Here the rainfall is above 1600 millimetres (unknown operator: u'strong'in) and thus promotes luxuriant Sal forests in the area. The most important trees are Shorea Robusta, Sal Cedrela Toona, Khair, and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the Saharsa and Purnia districts.[57] Shorea Robusta (sal), Diospyros Bauhinia acuminata, locally known as Kachnaar melanoxylon (kendu), Boswellia serrata (salai), Terminalia tomentose (Asan), Terminalia bellayoica (Bahera), Terminalia Arjuna (Arjun), Pterocarpus Marsupium (Paisar), Madhuca indica (Mahua) are the common flora across the forest of Bihar. The Ganges River dolphins, or "sois" are found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra.This river dolphin is the national aquatic animal of India. It is now considered amongst the most endangered mammals of the region. The dolphins range from 2.3 to 2.6 meters in length. They have impaired vision due to the muddy river water but use sonar signals to navigate.Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, near Bhagalpur is set up to ensure the protection of this species. Valmiki National Park, West Champaran district, covering about 800km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) of forest, is the 18th Tiger Reserve of India and is ranked fourth in terms of density of tiger [58] population. It has a diverse landscape, sheltering rich wildlife habitats and floral and faunal composition, along with the prime protected carnivores.
A Bengal tiger in the Tiger Reserve of Valmiki National Park

Demographics

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59

Population growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 29085000 34841000 42126000 52303000 64531000 82999000 103805000 % 19.8% 20.9% 24.2% 23.4% 28.6% 25.1% [59]

Source:Census of India

Bihar was the third most populated state of India with total population of 82,998,509 (43,243,795 male and 39,754,714 female).[1][60] Nearly 85% of Bihar's population lived in rural areas. Almost 58% of Biharis were below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. The density was 881. The sex ratio was 919 females per 1000 males. Since ancient times, Bihar has attracted migrants and settlers including Bengalis, Turks from Central Asia, Persians, Afghans and Punjabi Hindu refugees during the Partition of British India in 1947.[61] Bihar has a total literacy rate of 63.82% (75.7% for males and 55.1% for females).[62] As of 2011 census, the density has surpassed 1,000 per square kilometer, India's densest state, but is still lower than West Java or Banten of Indonesia. Largest cities in Bihar
City 1 Patna District Patna Population 2,405,421 8 City Arrah District Bhojpur Population 261,099

Gaya

Gaya

463,454

Patna

Munger

Munger

188,050

Bhagalpur

Bhagalpur

398,138 Muzzafarpur

10

Chhapra

Saran

179,190

4 5 6 7

Muzaffarpur Biharsarif Darbhanga Purnia

Muzaffarpur Nalanda Darbhanga Purnia [63]

351,838 296,889 294,116 280,547

11 12 13 14

Katihar Danapur Sasaram Dehri

Katihar Patna Rohtas Rohtas

175,199 131,176 141,176 119,007

Source: Census of India 2011

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State symbols of Bihar[64]

Animal

Gaur Bird

India roller Flower

Kanchnar Tree Peepal

Government and administration

The constitutional head of the Government of Bihar is the Governor, who is appointed by the President of India. The real executive power rests with the Chief Minister and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the Government. The head of the bureaucracy of the State is the Chief Secretary. Under this position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service, Indian Police Service, and different wings of the State Civil Services. The judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice. Bihar has a High Court which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, Patna.

Vidhansabha Building, Patna

The state is divided into 09 divisions and 38 districts, for administrative purposes. The various districts included in the divisions Patna, Tirhut, Saran, Darbhanga, Kosi, Purnia, Bhagalpur, Munger and Magadh Division, are as listed below.

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District map of Bihar

Division Bhagalpur

Headquarters Districts Bhagalpur Banka, Bhagalpur Begusarai, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Samastipur Madhepura, Saharsa, Supaul Arwal, Aurangabad, Gaya, Jehanabad, Nawada Jamui, Khagaria, Munger, Lakhisarai, Sheikhpura Bhojpur, Buxar, Kaimur, Patna, Rohtas, Nalanda Araria, Katihar, Kishanganj, Purnia Gopalganj, Saran, Siwan East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Sheohar, Sitamarhi, Vaishali, West Champaran

Darbhanga Darbhanga Kosi Magadh Munger Patna Purnia Saran Tirhut Saharsa Gaya Munger Patna Purnia Chapra Muzaffarpur

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Politics
See also: Political parties in Bihar, Elections in Bihar and List of politicians from Bihar Bihar was an important part of India's struggle for independence. Gandhi became the mass leader only after the Champaran Satyagraha that he launched on the repeated request of a local leader, Raj Kumar Shukla, and Gandhi was supported by Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha and Brajkishore Prasad. The first Bihar governments in 1937 and 1946 were led by two eminent leaders Sri Babu (Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha) and Anugrah Babu (Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha) who were men of unimpeachable integrity and great public spirit.[65] They ran an exemplary government in Bihar.[65] Bihar was rated as the best administered among the states in the country at that time.[66] Even after independence, when India was falling into an autocratic rule during the regime of Indira Gandhi, the main thrust to the movement to hold elections came from Bihar under the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan. The airport of Patna is also named after him. This resulted in two things:

Dr Sri Krishna Sinha (right) with Dr Anugrah Narayan Sinha (left) during swearing-in ceremony of independent Bihar's first government on 15 August 1947

1. Bihar gained an anti-establishment image. The establishment-oriented press often projected the state as prone to low discipline and anarchy. 2. As a result, the identity of Bihar, representing a glorious past, was lost. Its voice often used to get lost in the din of regional clamor of other states, specially the linguistic states like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, etc. Since the regional identity was slowly getting sidelined, its place was taken up by caste based politics, power initially being in the hands of the Bhumihar, Rajput, Kayastha and Brahmin. After independence, the power was shared by the two great Gandhians Dr. Sri Krishna Sinha, who later became the first Chief Minister of Bihar and Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha, who decidedly was next to him in the cabinet and served as the first deputy Chief Minister cum Finance Minister of Bihar. In the late 1960s, the death of Mr. Lalit Narayan Mishra, the Indian Railway minister (who was killed by a hand grenade attack for which Central leadership is blamed most of the time) pronounced the end of indigenous work oriented mass leaders. For two decades, the Congress ruled the state with the help of puppet chief ministries hand in glove with the central government (Indira Gandhi) ignoring the welfare of the people of the state. It was at this time that Chandrashekhar Singh became the Chief Minister. It was the time when a prominent leader like Satyendra Narayan Sinha took sides with the Janata Party and deserted congress from where his political roots originated, following the ideological differences with the congress. Idealism did assert itself in the politics from time to time, viz, 1977 when a wave defeated the entrenched Congress Party and then again in 1989 when Janata Dal came to power on an anti corruption wave. In between, the socialist movement tried to break the stranglehold of the status quoits under the leadership of Mahamaya Prasad Sinha and Karpoori Thakur. Unfortunately, this could not flourish, partly due to the impractical idealism of these leaders and partly due to the machinations of the central leaders of the Congress Party who felt threatened by a large politically aware state. Communist Party in Bihar was formed in 1939. The Communist movement in Bihar was led by veteran communist leaders like the venerable Pandit Karyanand Sharma, Indradeep Sinha, Sunil Mukherjee, Jagannath Sarkar, Rahul Sankrityayan and others.[65] The Communist Party in Bihar was a formidable force, and were in the forefront of all the progressive movements in Bihar. It was the Communist Party of Bihar headed by Jagannath Sarkar which fought against the "total revolution" of Jaya Prakash Narain.

Bihar Janata Dal came to power in the state in 1990 on the back of its victory at the national stage in 1989. Lalu Prasad Yadav became Chief Minister after winning the race of legislative party leadership by a slender margin against Ram Sundar Das, a former chief minister from the Janata Party and close to eminent Janata Party leaders like Chandrashekhar and S N Sinha. Later, Lalu Prasad Yadav gained popularity with the masses through a series of popular and populist measures. The principled socialists, Nitish Kumar included, gradually left him and Lalu Prasad Yadav by 1995, was both Chief Minister as well as the President of his party, Rashtriya Janata Dal. He was a charismatic leader who had the people's support. But he couldn't bring the derailed wagon of development of the state onto the track. When corruption charges got serious, he quit the post of CM but appointed his wife as the CM and ruled through proxy. In this period, the administration deteriorated quickly. By 2004, 14 years after Lalu's victory, The Economist magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronize, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".[67] In 2005, the World Bank believed that issues faced by the state was "enormous" because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".[68] In 2005, as disaffection reached a crescendo among the masses including the middle classes, the RJD was voted out of power and Lalu Prasad Yadav lost an election to a coalition headed by his previous ally and now rival Nitish Kumar. Despite the separation of financially richer Jharkhand, Bihar has actually seen more positive growth in recent years under his leadership. Currently, there are two main political formations: the NDA which comprises Janata Dal, Bharatiya Janata Party and the Rashtriya Janata Dal led coalition which also has the Indian National Congress. There are myriad other political formations. Ram Vilas Paswan led Lok Janshakti Party is a constituent of the UPA at the center. The Communist Party of India had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, but is weakened now. The CPM and Forward Bloc have a minor presence, along with the other extreme Left. In the 2010 state elections Bihar's current Chief Minister Nitish Kumar led government got thunderous support from public and won 206 seats out of 243 seats. Analysts and even Nitish Kumar's political opponents credit Kumar's excellent pro-public governance centered around development, curb on crime and corruption and given importance of all sections of society.[69] In the past 5 years Bihar made fast progress and has implemented many novel ideas, for which it is held in high esteem by other states of India. The recent performance in assembly elections and mature voting by people of Bihar, which also saw for the first time in Indian electorates the highest number of female voting, is being called as something to follow all over India to bring political maturity in the nation and improve the quality of governance and politicians by rightfully exercising the democratic rights in true sense. Bihar is credited to set this example. Also after coming to power again in 2010, the current government immediately started its movement against corruption[70] by confiscating properties of corrupt officials and opening schools in them.[71] Simultaneously they introduced Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.[72]

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Economy

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Year Gross State Domestic Product [73] (millions of Indian Rupees) 1980 73,530 1985 142,950 1990 264,290 1995 244,830 2000 469,430 2005 710,060
[74]

Bihar accounts for 65% of India's annual litchi [75] production.

The economy of Bihar is largely service oriented, but it has a significant agricultural base. The state also has a small industrial sector. As of 2008, agriculture accounted for 35%, industry 9% and service 55% of the economy of the state.[76] Among all the sectors, the manufacturing sector performed very poorly in the state between 20022006, with an average growth rate of 0.38% compared to India's 7.8%. Bihar was the lowest GDP per capita in India, although there are pockets of higher than average per capita income.[77] Between 1999 and 2008, GDP grew by 5.1% a year, which was below the Indian average of 7.3%.[78] More recently, Bihar's state GDP recorded a growth of 18% between 20062007, and stood at 94251 Crores Rupees[79] ($21billion nominal GDP). In the five-year period of 20042009, Bihar's GDP grew at a stunning rate of 11.03%.[80] This makes Bihar the fastest growing major state. In actual terms, Bihar state GDP was ranked second out of 28 states, next only to Gujarat.[80] Corruption is an import hurdle for the government to overcome according to Transparency International India, which highlighted Bihar as the union's most corrupt state in a 2005 report. Despite the recent economic gains, significant challenges remain and the government has also stated that combating corruption is now the biggest challenge the administration is faced with.[81][82] Bihar has emerged as brewery hub with major domestic and foreign firms setting up production units in the state. Three major firms United Breweries Group, Danish Brewery Company Carlsberg Group and Cobra Beer are to set up new units in Patna and Muzaffarpur in 2012.[83]

A village market

Farm workers in Bihar

Bihar has significant levels of production of mango, guava, litchi, pineapple, brinjal, cauliflower, bhindi, and cabbage.[84] Despite the state's leading role in food production, investment in irrigation and other agriculture facilities has been inadequate. Historically, the sugar and vegetable oil industries were flourishing sectors of Bihar. Until the mid-1950s, 25% of India's sugar output was from Bihar. Dalmianagar was a large agro-industrial town. There were attempts to industrialize the state between 1950 and 1980: an oil refinery in Barauni, a motor scooter plant at Fatuha, and a power plant at Muzaffarpur. However, these were forced to shut down due to certain central

Bihar government policies (like the Freight Settlement Policy) which neutralized the strategic advantages of Bihar. Hajipur, near Patna, remains a major industrial town in the state, linked to the capital city through the Ganges bridge and good road infrastructure. The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.[85] The Finance Ministry has given top priority to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like Reliance Industries. Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, the new software park in Patna, and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna registered company called the Security and Intelligence Services (SIS) India Limited[86] took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate, United Technologies Corporation (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.[87] The capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.[88]

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Income distribution: North-south divide

In terms of income, the districts of Patna, Munger and Begusarai were the three best-off out of a total of 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district domestic product of Rs 31,441, Rs 10,087 and Rs 9,312, respectively in 2004-05.[89]

Education
Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the ancient universities of Nalanda (established in 450 CE), Odantapur [90] (established in 550CE) and Vikramshila (established in 783 AD). Unfortunately, that tradition of learning which had its origin from the time of Buddha or perhaps earlier, was lost during the medieval period when it is believed that marauding armies of the Muslim invaders from the Middle East destroyed these centers of learning.[91] The current state of education and research is not satisfactory though the current state government claims big achievements in school education.
IIT Patna Students carrying the Institute Flag at

Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the the annual Inter IIT Sports Meet British rule when they established Patna University (established in 1917) which is the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent.[92] Some other centers of high learning established by the British rule are Patna College (established in 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (established in 1900; now known as National Institute of Technology, Patna), Prince of Wales Medical College (1925; now Patna Medical College and Hospital), Science College, Patna (1928) among others. After independence Bihar lost the pace in terms of establishing a centre of education. Modern Bihar has a grossly inadequate educational infrastructure creating a huge mismatch between demand and supply. This problem further gets compounded by the growing aspirations of the people and an increase in population. The craving for higher education among the general population of Bihar has led to a massive migration of the student community from the state.

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Literacy rate from 1951 to 2001[93]

Year Total Males Females 1961 21.95 35.85 1971 23.17 35.86 1981 32.32 47.11 1991 37.49 51.37 2001 47.53 60.32 2011 63.82 73.39 8.11 9.86 16.61 21.99 33.57 53.33

Bihar, with female literacy at 53.3%, is striving to climb as the government has established educational institutions. At the time of independence, women's literacy in Bihar was 4.22%. Bihar has a National Institute of Technology (NIT) in Patna and an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Patna. A recent survey by Pratham[94] rated the absorption of their teaching by the Bihar children better than those in other states. As on date, there are six engineering colleges for boys and one for girls in public sector and nine others in the private sector in Bihar. The overall annual intake of these technical institutes offering engineering education to students in Bihar is merely 4,559. As it is, the seventh engineering college of the state government would start its first session from July 2012 at Chhapra, while the process to create infrastructure for three new engineering colleges one each at Madhepura, Begusarai and Sitamarhi has started.[95] Bihar established several new education institutes between 2006 and 2008. BIT Mesra started its Patna extension center in September 2006. On 8 August 2008, IIT was inaugurated in Patna with students from all over India.[96] NSIT opened its new college in Bihta, which is now emerging as a new education hub in Bihar, in 2008.[97][98] MIT, Muzaffarpur (1954) is also a prominent engineering college in Bihar.[99] National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)[100] is being set up in Hajipur. On 4 August 2008, National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna was established as ninth such institute in India.[101] Chanakya National Law University a law university and Chandragupt Institute of Management was established in later half of 2008. Steps to revive the ancient Nalanda University as Nalanda International University is being taken; countries like Japan, Korea and China have also taken initiatives. The Aryabhatt Knowledge University in Patna is framed to which all the engineering as well medical colleges are affiliated in Bihar. The A.N. Sinha Institute[102] of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state. Bihar is pioneer in the field of yoga with its internationally renowned institute Bihar School of Yoga in Munger. Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the Government of Bihar have initiated a unique program to establish a center of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a finishing school to equip students with the latest skills and customized short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The center aims to attract every youth of the state to hone up their technical, professional and soft skills and prepare them for the present industry requirement/job market.[103] Bihar also has Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology(CIPET) and Institute of Hotel Management(a Central govt Unit) in Hajipur.

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Culture
Language and literature
Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state (recently Maithili is also included as one of the official languages of the state, although the usage of the language for official purposes is negligible), while the majority of the people speak one of the Bihari languages Maithili, Angika, Magadhi or Bhojpuri . Presently Bihari languages are considered one of the five subgroups of Hindi; however, Maithili was declared a separate language. However, these are considered to be derived from the language of the erstwhile Magadha state Magadhi Prakrit, along with Bengali, Assamese, and Oriya. Bihari Hindi, a slang form of Standard Hindi, is used as a lingua franca and many speak it as their first language throughout the state. A small minority also speak Bengali, mainly in big districts or along the border area with West Bengal. Many Bengali speakers are people from West Bengal or Hindu people from erstwhile East Pakistan who immigrated during the Partition of India in 1947. Though Urdu and Bihari languages may relate to each other, however they are different in many ways. Few words in Bihari language sounds same as they are spoken in Urdu; e.g. Sulf-nazuk in Bihari is Sinf-e-Nazuk in Urdu. Also, masculine and feminine words are often not clear in Bihari language as these are in Urdu. In spite of the large number of speakers of Bihari languages, they have not been constitutionally recognized in India. Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters in Bihar.[104] These languages were legally absorbed under the subordinate label of 'HINDI' in the 1961 Census. Such state and national politics have created conditions for language endangerment.[105] The first success for spreading Hindi occurred in Bihar in 1881, when Hindi displaced Urdu as the sole official language of the province and became the first state of India to adopt Hindi. In this struggle between competing Hindi and Urdu, the potential claims of the three large mother tongues in the region Magahi, Bhojpuri and Maithili were ignored. After independence Hindi was again given the sole official status through the Bihar Official Language Act, 1950.[106] Urdu became the second official language in the undivided State of Bihar on 16 August 1989. The relationship of Maithili community with Bhojpuri and Magahi communities the immediate neighbors have been neither very pleasant nor very hostile. Maithili has been the only one among them which has been trying to constantly deny superimposition of Hindi over her identity. As of now Maithili is a separate language that uses Devanagari as the writing script rather than its own script Mithilakshar due to lack of the development of the printing press and also due to ignorance. The other two have given up their claims and have resigned to accept the status of dialects of Hindi. Bihar has produced a number of writers and scholars, including Mahamahopadhyaya Pandit Ram Avatar Sharma, Dr. Bhagwati Sharan Mishra, R. K. Sinha, Raja Radhika Raman Singh, Shiva Pujan Sahay, Divakar Prasad Vidyarthy, Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar', Ram Briksh Benipuri, Phanishwar Nath 'Renu', Pandit Nalin Vilochan Sharma, Gopal Singh "Nepali", Baba Nagarjun, Mridula Sinha, and Pankaj Rag. Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, the great writer and Buddhist scholar, was born in U.P. but spent his life in the land of Lord Buddha, i.e., Bihar. Hrishikesh Sulabh the short story writer, playwright and theatre critic and novelist Anurag Anand are some of the prominent authors of the current age to have emerged from Bihar. One of Anurag's better known works, The Legend of Amrapali[107] is based around the life of the yesteryear courtesan from the kingdom of Vaishali which had its nerve center in areas that now fall within the boundaries of Bihar state. Arun Kamal and Aalok Dhanwa are the well-known poets. Different regional languages also have produced some prominent poets and authors. Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, who is among the greatest writers in Bengali, resided for some time in Bihar. Of late, the latest Indian writer in English, Upamanyu Chatterjee also hails from Patna in Bihar. Devaki Nandan Khatri, who rose to fame at the beginning of the 20th century on account of his novels such as Chandrakanta and Chandrakanta Santati, was born in Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Vidyapati Thakur is the most renowned poet of Maithili (c. 1415th century).

Bihar Interestingly, the first Indian author in English was a Bihari, Deen Mohammad. Among the contemporary writers in English Amitava Kumar, Tabish Khair, Birbal Jha and Siddharth Choudhary are important names. Siddharth Choudhary has been shortlisted for 2009 Man Asian Literary Prize for his book Day Scholar. Bihar has also made important contributions to Urdu literature. Famous Urdu writers Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Manazir Ahsan Gilani, Jabir Husain, Hussain Ul Haque; Eminent Writer, Critic, Bibliographist, Linguist & Scholar of Urdu language Abdul Qavi Desnavi; Eminent Poets Shad Azimabadai, Nasikh, Jamil Mazhari, Mazhar Imam, Suhail Azimabadi; Short story writers Akhtar Orenivi, Shaukat Hayat, Shamoel Ahmed; and Paigham Afaqui (novel Makaan), Abdus Samad (novel Do Gaz Zameen), Husainul Haque (novel Farat), Ilyas Ahmed Gaddi (novel Fire Area) enjoy special place in global literature. The literary and cultural movement Bhookhi Peedhi, or 'Hungry generation', was launched from Bihar's capital in November 1961 by two brothers, Samir Roychoudhury and Malay Roy Choudhury. The movement impacted most of the Indian languages of the time. Urdu is second government language in Bihar which is the mother tongue of Muslims who form about 17% of state's population. Near 25% people in Bihar read and write Urdu. Bihar has produced many Urdu scholars, such as Shaad Azimabadi, Jamil Maz'hari, Khuda Baksh Khan, Maulana Shabnam Kamali, Bismil Azimabadi (poet known for the patriotic ghazal "Sarfaroshi ki tamanna ab hamare dil mein hai"), Kaif Azimabadi, Rasikh Azimabadi, and in these days, Kalim Aajiz.

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Arts and crafts

Mithila painting is a style of Indian painting practiced in the Mithila Darbhanga,Madhubani region of Bihar, where powdered rice is colored and is stuck. Tradition states that this style of painting originated at the time of the Ramayana, when King Janak commissioned artists to do paintings at the time of marriage of his daughter, Sita, to Lord Ram. The painting was traditionally done on freshly plastered mud wall of huts, but now it is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Mithila painting mostly depict nature and Hindu religious motifs, and the themes generally revolve around Hindu deities like Krishna, Ram, Shiva, Durga, Lakshmi, and Saraswati. Natural objects like the sun, the moon, and religious plants like tulsi are also widely painted, along with scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. Generally no space is left empty. Traditionally, painting was one of the skills that was passed down from generation to generation in the families of the Mithila Region, mainly by women. The painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, and other milestones of the life-cycle such as birth, Upanayanam (Sacred thread ceremony), and marriage.

Mithila painting

Manjusha Kala or Angika Art is an art form of Anga region of Bihar. Notably artist Jahar Dasgupta born in Jamshedpur, Bihar which is presently under state Jharkhand.

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Patna School of Painting or Patna Qalaam, some times also called Company painting, offshoot of the well-known Mughal Miniature School of Painting flourished in Bihar during early 18th to mid-20th century. The practitioners of this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting who facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during late 18th century. They shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters, but unlike them (whose subjects included only royalty and court scenes), the Patna painters also started painting bazaar scenes. The paintings were executed in A painting of the city of Patna, on the River Ganges, Patna School of Painting watercolours on paper and on mica. Favourite subjects were scenes of Indian daily life, local rulers, and sets of festivals and ceremonies. Most successful were the studies of natural life, but the style was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality. It is this school of painting that formed the nucleus for the formation of the Patna Art School under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan. College of Arts and Crafts, Patna is an important centre of fine arts in Bihar. The artisans of Bihar have been very skillful in creating articles using local materials. Baskets, cups and saucers made from bamboo-strips or cane reed are painted in vivid colors are commonly found in Bihari homes. A special container woven out of Sikki Grass in the north, the "pauti", is a sentimental gift that accompanies a bride when she leaves her home after her wedding. The weavers of Bihar have been practicing their trade for centuries. Among their products in common use are the cotton dhurries and curtains. They are produced by artisans in central Bihar, particularly in the Patna and Biharsharif areas. These Artisans selling their work near GPO Patna. colourful sheets, with motifs of Buddhist artifacts, pictures of birds, animals, and/or flowers, gently wafting in the air through doors and windows, blown by a cool summer breeze, used to be one of the most soothing sights as one approached a home or an office. Bhagalpur is well known for its seri-culture, manufacture of silk yarn and weaving them into lovely products. It is known as the tussah or tusser silk.

Performing arts
Bihar has contributed to the Indian (Hindustani) classical music and has produced musicians like Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan, who later migrated out of Bihar. Dhrupad singers like the Malliks (Darbhanga Gharana) and the Mishras (Bettiah Gharana), who were patronised by the Zamindars of Darbhanga and Bettiah respectively, have produced maestros like Ram Chatur Mallik, Abhay Narayan Mallick, Indra Kishore Mishra. Perhaps, not well acknowledged and commercialised as those from the Dagar school of Dhrupad, they have kept the Dhrupad tradition in perhaps the purest forms. Gaya was another centre of excellence in

Magahi folk singers

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classical music, particularly of the Tappa and Thumri variety. Pandit Govardhan Mishra, son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself, an accomplished singer, is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India today, according to Padmashri Gajendra Narayan Singh, former Chairman of Bihar Sangeet Natak Academy. Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes in his latest book "surile Logon Ki Sangat" that Champanagar, Banaili was another major centre of classical music. Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha of Champanagar Banaili estate was a great patron of music and himself, was one of the finest exponents of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time. Gajendra Narayan Singh in Bharat Ratna Ustad Bismillah Khan, from his other book "Swar Gandh" has written that "Kumar Shyamanand Dumraon, Bihar Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including Kesarbai Kerkar were convinced about his prowess in singing. After listening to Bandishes from Kumar Saheb, Pandit Jasraj was moved to tears and lamented that alas! he could have such ability himself" (free translation of Hindi text). Bihar has a very old tradition of beautiful folk songs, sung during important family occasions, such as marriage, birth ceremonies, festivals, etc. and the most famous folk singer has been Padma Shri Sharda Sinha. They are sung mainly in group settings without the help of many musical instruments like Dholak, Bansuri and occasionally Tabla and Harmonium are used. Bihar also has a tradition of lively Holi songs known as 'Phagua', filled with fun rhythms. During the 19th century, when the condition of Bihar worsened under the British misrule, many Biharis had to migrate as indentured laborers to West Indian islands, Fiji, and Mauritius. During this time many sad plays and songs called biraha became very popular, in the Bhojpur area. Dramas on that theme continue to be popular in the theaters of Patna. Dance forms of Bihar are another expression of rich traditions and ethnic identity. There are several folk dance forms that can keep one enthralled, such as dhobi nach, jhumarnach, manjhi, gondnach, jitiyanach, more morni, dom-domin, bhuiababa, rah baba, kathghorwa nach, jat jatin, launda nach, bamar nach, jharni, jhijhia, natua nach, bidapad nach, sohrai nach, and gond nach. Theatre is another form in which the Bihari culture expresses itself. Some forms of theater with rich traditions are Bidesia, Reshma-Chuharmal, Bihula-Bisahari, Bahura-Gorin, Raja Salhesh, Sama Chakeva, and Dom Kach. These theater forms originate in the Anga region of Bihar.

Cuisine
Bihari society is not significantly vegetarian and eating of meat is common. However, people discourage eating meat daily and many Hindus don't eat meat on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays. The main meat items preferred are fish, chicken and goat meat. Many Hindus and Muslims considers Lamb's Mutton as offensive. In Bihar people generally have boiled rice, daal and sabzi (vegetables) in lunch. Roti is usually served for dinner as against lunch. The traditional cooking medium is mustard oil. Khichdi, a broth of rice and lentils seasoned with spices and served with several accompanying items, constitutes the mid-day meal for most Hindu Biharis on Saturdays. The favourite dish among Biharis is litti-chokha. Litti is made up of dough stuffed with sattu (ground powder coming from roasted brown chickpeas) then boiled in water. It is then fried in oil, but little oil is used since it has been pre-boiled. The other way of cooking Litti is grilling it on red hot coal. Chokha is made of mashed potatoes, fried onions, salt, cilantro, and carrom seeds. Chokha of brinjal is also famous. Litti is also accompanied with ghee and channa (small brown chickpeas with onions and masala). Chitba and Pitthow which are prepared basically from rice, are special foods of the Anga region. Tilba and Chewda of Katarni rice are also special preparations of Anga. Kadhi bari is a popular favorite and consists of fried soft

Bihar dumplings made of besan (gram flour) that are cooked in a spicy gravy of yogurt and besan. This dish goes very well with plain rice. In snacks kachri - bhuja and murhi - kachri - jalebi is famous in most of families. Out of Bihar bhuja is called bhel - puri. kachri is made by mixing besan and onion with spices and chilli, and then fried in oil. Bihar offers a large variety of sweet delicacies which, unlike those from Bengal, are mostly dry. These include Anarasa, Belgrami, Chena Murki, Motichoor ke Laddoo, Kala Jamun, Kesaria Peda, Khaja, Khurma, Khubi ki Lai, Laktho, Parwal ki Mithai, Pua & Mal Pua, Thekua, Murabba and Tilkut. Tilkut and Anarsa from Gaya is quite famous and Lai from Dhanarua is also famous. Gurahi Laddu is also famous from Bhabua. Many of these originate in towns in the vicinity of Patna. Several other traditional salted snacks and savories popular in Bihar are Chiwra, Dhuska, Litti, Makhana and Sattu. Khaja from Silaw, Nalanda is very famous in the state. There is a distinctive Bihari flavor to the non-vegetarian cuisine as well, although some of the names of the dishes may be the same as those found in other parts of North India. Roll is a typical Bihari non-vegetarian dish. These are popular and go by the generic name Roll Bihari in and around Lexington Avenue (South) in New York City. There is a very popular non-vegetarian dish called Tash, made by frying marinated mutton and eaten with Chewra, the flattened rice. This particular dish is popular in Motihari and Bettiah. Fish Curry cooked in mustard paste with Rice (maaach-bhaat) is also a popular dish in non-vegetarian Maithili homes. Islamic culture and food, with Bihari flavor are also part of Bihar's unique confluence of cultures. Famous food items include Biharee Kabab, Shami Kabab, Nargisi Kufte, Shabdeg, Yakhnee Biryanee, Motton Biryani, Shaljum Gosht, Baqer Khani, Kuleecha, Naan Rootee, Sawee ka Zarda, Qemamee Sawee, Gajar ka Halwa and Ande ka Zafrani Halwa among many others. Cuisine of Mithila Region There is a custom of eating Boiled Rice based lunch and Roti based dinner and breakfast. The food culture is both vegetarian and non-vegetarian. People from Mithilanchal enjoy both veg as well as non-veg dishes and cuisine of Mithilanchal area is unique in its own way. Machchak Jhor is a special fish curry made in mustard paste and is a preparation from Mithila. Maus is generally mutton or chicken or squails (tittar/battair) in a spicy gravy and is generally enjoyed with malpuas. Kankorak Chokha is a Mashed preparation of Crab (Kankor) after roasting the crab. Dokak Jhor generally are Oysters stew cooked with Onion gravy. Chitba (a flour and sugar pancake) and Pitthow, which is prepared basically from rice, are special foods of the Anga region. Tilba and (choora) of Katarni rice are also special preparations of Anga. Kadhi bari is a popular favorite and consists of fried soft dumplings made of besan (gram flour) that are cooked in a spicy gravy of yogurt and besan. This dish goes very well with plain rice. People also enjoy eating Chura or Chiwda (beaten rice) with yogurt and sugar. Arikanchanak Tarkari is a preparation of Marinated sun dried Colocasia leaves, steamed and cooked in mustard gravy and is a famous maithil dish,Daail-Jhinguni (Fried Ribbed Gourd cooked with Lentil and cereals), Ramruch is a besan based dish unique to Mithila region,Goidila (a sauce prepared from green peas & flavourings) and is generally had with rice or rotis. The service style of the cuisine has little similarity with that of Tabal d hote (Table of the Host) of French, yet different being all preparations served together in a platter and consumed at once. Since there is no course wise meal practice therefore there is no well defined Gastronomique practice too, and hence people give equal importance to all kind of preparations and take pleasure in enjoying each n every delicacies to the fullest. Unlike others Maithils enjoy both the quality and quantity of the food and this is the characteristics that differentiates the cuisine and people from others. The best manifestation of this seen in any Traditional Maithil wedding (considered to be a very classical marriage ceremony ever in any culture). Maithils always give immense priority to milk products in their food which could perfectly be measured with this old saying Aadi Ghee aur Ant Dahi, oyi Bhojan k Bhojan kahi (A meal is the Meal that starts with Ghee and ends with Yogurt). The meal practice in mithilanchal is as common as the normal food habit of people which is Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner. People also like enjoying some tit bits during evening with a cup of tea. The best breakfast time favorite is Chura Dahi (beaten rice with a thick coating of creamy curd) the table condiments used is salt, green chillies and home made pickles, a spicy mixed vegetable item could

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Bihar also be served along with this item as a side dish. During summer the same Chura is consumed with best quality mango pulp, and the dish is called Chura Aam . Poori Aloo dum is an another breakfast item that people like having along with a sweet dish Jalebi (roundels of deep fried fermented flour batter dipped in sugar syrup). Apart from that there are several other items like Chini wala Roti, Chilha (pan cake made out of flour batter), Suzi k halwa (porridge prepared from semolina), etc. which is preferred for the breakfast. For evening snacks a range of Bhujas are consumed like Chura ka Bhuja (beaten rice shallow fried with sliced onion, chopped green chillies and green peas), Makai ke Lawa (Pop corns), Masalgar Murhi (Rice pops mixed with chopped green chillies, Onion, coriander leaf, salt and few drops of mustard oil) etc. Maithils are also a big time sweet lovers. Varieties of Kheer and other sweet item is prepared as a dessert course. One of the famous among them is Makhanaak Kheer (a sweet dish prepared with Lotus seed, Milk and Dry nuts).and Litti Chokha is also Malpua is another popular sweet item, which is much different from the malpua prepared in north India, both are prepared from the flour batter only but in north India after deep frying malpua is dipped in sugar syrup while in Mithilanchal the batter itself is sweetened and it is a dry preparation which could be stored for 23 days. There are also sweet preservatives made out of fruit pulps like Ammath (layered mango pulp sundried and cut into small chunks), Kumhar ke murabba, Papita ke murabba, Dhatrikak murabba etc. The introduction about Mithila Cuisine would remain incomplete without a reference on Paan (betel leaves). According to an old saying Paan, Maach and Makhan (betel leaves, fish and lotus seed) is not found even in the paradise, so one should enjoy these things on earth only so not to regret later. A sweet betel leaf is flavoured with sweet fennel, cardamom, clove, rose petals, sugar crystal and other seasoning, which is taken after completion of the meal.

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Religion
Religion in Bihar Religion Hinduism Islam Other Percent 83.2% 16.5% .3%

Gautam Buddha attained Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, a town located in the modern day district of Gaya in Bihar. Vardhamana Mahavira, the 24th and the last Tirthankara of Jainism, was born in Vaishali around 6th century BC.[108] A typical Hindu Brahmin household would begin the day with the blowing of a conch shell at dawn. In rural Bihar, religion is the main component of popular culture. Shrines are located everywhere even at the foot of trees, roadsides, etc., religious symbols or images of deities can be found in the most obscure or the most public places. From the dashboard of a dilapidated taxi to the plush office of a top executive, holy symbols or idols have their place.

Buddha's statue at Bodh Gaya's temple

There are many variations on the festival theme. While some are celebrated all over the state, others are observed only in certain areas. However, Bihar is so diverse that different regions and religions have something to celebrate at some time or the other

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during the year. So festivals take place round the year. Many of these are officially recognized by the days on which they take place being proclaimed as government holidays.

Bihar Regiment
One of the battle cry of the Bihar Regiment, consisting of 17 battalions, is "Jai Bajrang Bali" (Victory to Lord Hanuman).[109]

Vishnupadh Temple, Gaya, Bihar

Festivals
Chhath, also called Dala Chhath is an ancient and major festival in Bihar, and is celebrated twice a year: once in the summers, called the Chaiti Chhath, and once around a week after Deepawali, called the Kartik Chhath. The latter is more popular because winters are the usual festive season in North India, and Chhath being an arduous observance requiring the worshippers to fast without water for more than 24 hours, is easier to do in the Indian winters. Chhath is the worship of the Sun God. Wherever people from Bihar have migrated, they have taken with them the tradition of Chhath. This is a ritual bathing festival that follows a period of The Morning Worship Dala Chhath. abstinence and ritual segregation of the worshiper from the main household for two days. On the eve of Chhath, houses are scrupulously cleaned and so are the surroundings. The ritual bathing and worship of the Sun God takes place, performed twice: once in the evening and once on the crack of the dawn, usually on the banks of a flowing river, or a common large water body. The occasion is almost a carnival, and besides every worshipper, usually women, who are mostly the main ladies of the household, there are numerous participants and onlookers, all willing to help and receive the blessings of the worshiper. Ritual rendition of regional folk songs, carried on through oral transmission from mothers and mothers-in-law to daughters and daughters-in-law, are sung on this occasion for several days on the go. These songs are a great mirror of the culture, social structure, mythology and history of Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh. Chhath being celebrated at the crack of the dawn is a beautiful, elating spiritual experience connecting the modern Indian to his ancient cultural roots. Chhath is believed to be started by Karna, the king of Anga Desh (modern Bhagalpur region of Bihar). Among ritual observances, the month-long Shravani Mela, held along a 108-kilometre route linking the towns of Sultanganj and Deoghar (now in Jharkhand state), is of great significance. Shravani Mela is organised every year in the Hindu month of Shravan, that is the lunar month of JulyAugust. Pilgrims, known as Kanwarias, wear saffron

Bihar coloured clothes and collect water from a sacred Ghat (river bank) at Sultanganj, walking the 108km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) stretch barefooted to the town of Deoghar to bathe a sacred ShivaLinga. The observance draws thousands of people to the town of Deoghar from all over India. Teej and Chitragupta Puja are other local festivals celebrated with fervor in Bihar. Bihula-Bishari Puja is celebrated in the Anga region of Bihar. The Sonepur cattle fair is a month long event starting approximately half a month after Deepawali and is considered the largest cattle fair in Asia. It is held on the banks of the Gandak River in the town of Sonepur. The constraints of the changing times and new laws governing the sale of animals and prohibiting the trafficking in exotic birds and beasts have eroded the once-upon-a-time magic of the fair. Apart from Chhath, all major festivals of India are celebrated in Bihar, such as Makar Sankranti, Saraswati Puja, Holi, Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha (often called Eid-ul-Zuha in the Indian Subcontinent), Muharram, Ram Navami, Rath yatra, Rakshabandhan, Maha Shivaratri, Durga Puja is celebrated with a grandeur akin to the neighbouring state of Bengal, Diwali, Kali Puja/Shyama Puja/Nisha Puja is celebrated in the Mithilanchal portion, Kojagra is also celebrated in the Mithilanchal region, Laxmi Puja, Christmas, Mahavir Jayanti, Buddha Purnima, Jivitputrika, Chitragupta Puja, Gurpurab, Bhai Dooj and several other local festivals as well.

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Cinema
Bihar has a robust cinema industry for the Bhojpuri language. There are some small Maithili, Angika and Magadhi film industry. First Bhojpuri Film was Ganga Jamuna released in 1961.[110] "Lagi nahin chute ram" was the all-time superhit Bhojpuri film which was released against "Mugle Azam" but was a superhit in all the eastern and northern sector. Bollywood's Nadiya Ke Paar is among the most famous Bhojpuri language movie. The first Maithili movie was Kanyadan released in 1965,[111] of which a significant portion was made in the Maithili language. Bhaiyaa a Magadhi film was released in 1961.[112] Bhojpuri's history begins in 1962 with the well-received film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.[113] Throughout the following decades, films were produced only in fits and starts. Films such as Bidesiya ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and Ganga ("Ganges", 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to tentatively make up an industry. Films such as Mai ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and Hamar Bhauji ("My Brother's Wife", 1983, directed by Kalpataru) continued to have at least sporadic success at the box office. However, this trend faded out by the end of the decade, and by 1990, the nascent industry seemed to be completely finished.[114] The industry took off again in 2001 with the super hit Saiyyan Hamar ("My Sweetheart", directed by Mohan Prasad), which shot the hero of that film, Ravi Kissan, to superstardom.[115] This success was quickly followed by several other remarkably successful films, including Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and Sasura Bada Paisa Wala ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). In a measure of the Bhojpuri film industry's rise, both of these did much better business in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and both films, made on extremely tight budgets, earned back more than ten times their production costs.[116] Sasura Bada Paisa Wala also introduced Manoj Tiwari, formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of Bhojpuri cinema. In 2008, he and Ravi Kissan are still the leading actors of Bhojpuri films, and their fees increase with their fame. The extremely rapid success of their films has led to dramatic increases in Bhojpuri cinema's visibility, and the industry now supports an awards show[117] and a trade magazine, Bhojpuri City,[118] which chronicles the production and release of what are now over one hundred films per year. Many of the major stars of mainstream Bollywood cinema, including Amitabh Bachchan, have also recently worked in Bhojpuri films.

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Media
Biharbandhu was the first Hindi newspaper published from Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta, a Maharashtrian Brahman settled in Biharsharif.[119] Hindi journalism in Bihar, and specially Patna, could make little headway initially. It was mainly due to lack of respect for Hindi among the people at large. Many Hindi journals took birth and after a lapse of time vanished. Many journals were shelved even in the embryo.[120] But once Hindi enlisted the official support, it started making a dent into the remote areas in Bihar. Hindi journalism also acquired wisdom and maturity and its longevity was prolonged. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.[119][121] Urdu journalism and poetry has a glorious past in Bihar. Many poets belong to Bihar such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and many more. Shanurahman, a world famous radio announcer, is from Bihar. Many Urdu dailies such as Qomi Tanzim and Sahara publish from Bihar at this time. There is a monthly Urdu magazine called "VOICE OF BIHAR" which is the first of its kind and becoming popular among the Urdu speaking people. The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started from Patna in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Patna, Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika.[122] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figures of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of Bihar.[119][123] Magahi Parishad, established in Patna in 1952, pioneered Magadhi journalism in Bihar. It started the monthly journal, Magadhi, which was later renamed Bihan. DD Bihar and ETV Bihar are the television channels dedicated to Bihar. Sahara Samay, Bihar/Jharkhand is the first 24 hour news channel dedicated to Bihar followed by Mahuaa TV, Hamar TV, Sadhna news, Bhojpuria TV, Arya TV and Maurya TV. Full time Maithili Channel, Saubhagya Mithila caters to maithil households in Mithilanchal (India and Nepal).Biharfirst.com is the first 24 hr Internet Infotainment channel launched on Bihar Diwas (100 Years). Hindustan, Dainik Jagran, Aaj, Nayee Baat and Prabhat Khabar are some of the popular Hindi news papers of Bihar. National English dailies like The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Navbharat Times, The Telegraph and The Economic Times have readers in the urban regions.

Transportation
Bihar has two operational airports and one airport are under construction in Bhagalpur City : Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport, Patna, and the Gaya Airport, Gaya. The Patna airport is connected to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Bangaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai, Pune and Ranchi. The Patna airport is categorized as a restricted international airport, with customs facilities to receive international chartered flights. The Gaya Airport is an international airport connected to Colombo, Singapore, Bangkok, Paro and more.
Steamers and dredgers at Gai Ghat, Patna.

Bihar is well-connected by railway lines to the rest of India. Most of the towns are interconnected, and they also are directly connected to Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai. Patna, Gaya, Bhagalpur, Muzaffarpur, Darbhanga, Katihar, Barauni and Chhapra, Dehri On Sone are Bihar's best-connected railway stations. Nepal Railways operates two railway lines: a 6km broad gauge line from Raxaul in India to Sirsiya Inland Container Depot or Dry Port near Birganj in Nepal and a 53km 762mm(2ft6in) narrow gauge line from Jaynagar in India to Bijalpura in Nepal. The

Bihar latter line is composed of two sections: 32km between Jaynagar and Janakpur and 21km from Janakpur to Bijalpura. The Janakpur line is used largely for passengers and the Sirsiya (Birganj) line only for cargo freight. The state has a vast network of National and State highways. East-West corridor goes through the cities of Bihar (Muzaffarpur-Darbhanga-Purnia NH57) 46 lanes. For Buddhist pilgrims, the best option for travel to Bihar is to reach Patna or Gaya, either by air or train, and then travel to Bodh Gaya, Nalanda, Rajgir and Vaishali. Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh also is not very far. The Ganges navigable throughout the year was the principal river highway across the vast north Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period; it served as a conduit for overseas trade, as goods were carried from Pataliputra (later Patna) and Champa (later Bhagalpur) out to the seas and to ports in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links it embraces all the major rivers and streams in both north and south Bihar.[124] In recent times, Inland Waterways Authority of India has declared the Ganges between Allahabad and Haldia to be a national inland waterway and has taken steps to restore its navigability.

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Tourism
Bihar is one of the oldest inhabited places in the world, with a history spanning 3,000 years. The immensely rich culture and heritage of Bihar is evident from the innumerable ancient monuments spread throughout the state. Bihar is visited by scores of tourists from all over the world,[125] with around 6,000,000 (6 million) tourists visiting Bihar every year.[125] In earlier days, tourism in the region was purely based educational tourism, as Bihar was home of some prominent ancient universities like Nalanda University & Vikramala University.[126][127] Bihar is one of the most sacred place for various religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Islam # Roza Sharif of Hazrat Makhdoom Syed Shat Hasan Ali Wali Azli (R.A)at Khwaja Kalan Ghat, Patna city.[128] Mahabodhi Temple, a Buddhist shrine and UNESCO World Heritage Site is also situated in Bihar. Mahatma Gandhi Setu, Patna, is the second longest river bridge in the world.
Remains of the ancient city of Vaishali

Trolley ride in Rajgir

Archaeological sites and Monuments in Bihar

Excavation KumhrarAgam KuanBarabar CavesNalandaVikramsila Ancient Vishnupada Temple Mahabodhi Temple Sasaram Maner Sharif Patliputra Brahmayoni Hill Pretshila Hill Ramshila Hill Forts Rohtasgarh Fort Munger Fort Sasaram Fort Palamu Fort Maner Fort Jalalgarh Fort Rajmahal, Bihar Monuments Golghar Patna Museum Kargil Chowk Mahatma Gandhi Setu

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Pilgrimage sites in Bihar

Hindu Pilgrimage Mahavir Mandir Hariharkshetra, Hajipur. Sitamarhi Madhubani Punausa Buxur West Champaran Munger Jamui Darbhanga Anga Jain Pilgrimage Rajgir Pawapuri Patliputra Arrah Vikramasila Kundalpur Buddhist Pilgrimages Mahabodhi Temple Bodhi Tree Bodh Gaya Gaya Vaishali Pawapuri Nalanda Rajgir Kesariya Vikramshila Areraj Patliputra Sikh Pilgrimage Takht Shri Harmandir Saheb Guru ka Bagh Ghai Ghat Handi Sahib Gobind Ghat Bal Lila MainiTaksali Sangat Guru Bagh Chacha Phaggu Mal Pakki Sangat Bari Sangat Islamic Pilgrimages Sasaram Maner Sharif Bihar Sharif Phulwari Sharif Patna Christian Pilgrimages Padari ki haveli

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[26] PTI (18 February 2008). "Global agencies show interest in Bihar growth" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ Indicators/ Global_agencies_show_interest_in_Bihar_growth/ articleshow/ 2792145. cms). The Economic Times (India). . Retrieved 18 February 2008. [27] Chaudhary, Pranava K (20 October 2007). "Reliance keen to invest in Bihar" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Reliance_keen_to_invest_in_Bihar/ articleshow/ 2475741. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 20 October 2007. [28] Polgreen, Lydia (10 April 2010). "Turnaround of India State Could Serve as a Model" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 04/ 11/ world/ asia/ 11bihar. html). New York Times. . [29] Tewary, Amarnath (9 July 2007). "Where 'backward' Bihar leads India" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 6263984. stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 26 April 2010. [30] "From goons to boom, Bihar is coming of age" (http:/ / business. rediff. com/ slide-show/ 2010/ oct/ 22/ slide-show-1-from-goons-to-boom-bihar-is-coming-of-age. htm). business.rediff.com. . Retrieved 25 October 2010. However a large fraction of people feel that the displayed improvement is media managed, while in actual Bihar is still in bad shape, with poor education and research condition, no major investment in real, no marker improvement in infrastructure and planning beyond roads, no management for electricity to boost industrialization and continued allegation of maladies by several cabinet ministers. Still most of the people agree that condition of Bihar has improved from the previous regime of Lalu Yadav where the state witnessed its nadir. [31] Nalin, Tanvi (9 December 2011). "Bihar wins yet another battle, is now least corrupt state" (http:/ / www. governancenow. com/ news/ regular-story/ bihar-wins-yet-another-battle-now-least-corrupt-state). Governance now. . Retrieved 17 February 2012. [32] "Bihar is country's fastest growing state at 13.1%" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ india/ Bihar-is-countrys-fastest-growing-state-at-13-1/ articleshow/ 13711796. cms). 2 June 2012. . [33] P. 14 Bodh Gaya By Frederick M. Asher Minhaj writes that the inhabitants were 100,000 Brahmins [34] P. 4 The Sikh gurus: their lives and teachings By Kartar Singh Duggal with shaven heads. [35] P. 61 India's perception through Chinese travellers by Rabindra Panth, Nava Nland Mahvihra [36] A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, by Fa-hsien (chapter27) [37] Online BBC News Article: Religion & Ethics Hinduism (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ religion/ religions/ hinduism/ history/ history_2. shtml), BBC News, 2 January 2007 [38] Pathak Prabhu Nath,Society and Culture in Early Bihar, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, pp. 134140 [39] Thakur U.,Studies in Jainism and Buddhism in Mithila, p. 150 [40] Chaudhary R. K.,Bihar the Home-land of Buddhism, Patna, 1956, p. 87 [41] Gopal Ram, Rule Hindu Culture During and After Muslim (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=wVr_f_gXOX4C& pg=PA20& lpg=PA20& dq=Muhammad+ Bin+ Bakhtiar+ Khilji+ Nalanda& source=web& ots=_TrRHU6udw& sig=sA2dXp9hON7KQcfYUrsy51kEqYI& hl=en& sa=X& oi=book_result& resnum=5& ct=result#PPA20,M1), p. 20, "Some invaders, like Bakhtiar Khilji, who did not know the value of books and art objects, destroyed them in large numbers and also the famous Nalanda ..." [42] The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8) [43] Omalley L.S.S., History of Magadha, Veena Publication, Delhi, 2005, p. 35, "The Buddhism of Magadha was finally swept away by the Muhammadan invasion under Bakhtiyar Khilji. In 1197 the capital, Bihar, was seized by a small party of two hundred horsemen, who rushed the postern gate, and sacked the town. The slaughter of the "shaven-headed Brahmans", as the Muslim chronicler calls the Buddhist monks, was so complete that when the victor searched for someone capable of explaining the contents of the monastic libraries, not a living man could be found who was able to do so. "It was discovered", it was said, "that the whole fort and city was a place of study." A similar fate befell the other Buddhist institutions, against which the combined intolerance and rapacity of the invaders was directed. The monasteries were sacked and the monks slain, many of the temples were ruthlessly destroyed or desecrated, and countless idols were broken and trodden under foot. Those monks who escaped the sword fled to Tibet, Nepal and southern India; and Buddhism as a popular religion in Bihar, its last abode in Northern India, was finally destroyed. From then onwards, Patna passed under the Muhammadan rule." [44] Smith V. A., Early history of India [45] Omalley L.S.S., History of Magadha, Veena Publication, Delhi, 2005, p. 36, "Sher Shah on his return from Bengal, in 1541, came to Patna, then a small town dependent on Bihar, which was the seat of the local government. He was standing on the bank of the Ganges, when, after much reflection, he said to those who were standing by 'If a fort were to be built in this place, the waters of the Ganges could never flow far from it, and Patna would become one of the great towns of this country. The fort was completed. Bihar for that time was deserted, and fell to ruin; while Patna became one of the largest cities of the province. In 1620 we find Portuguese merchants at Patna; and Tavernier's account shows that a little more the a century after its foundation it was the great centre of Northern India "the largest town in Bengal and the most famous for trade..." [46] Elliot, History of India, Vol 4 [47] Omalley L.S.S., History of Magadha, Veena Publication, Delhi, 2005, p. 37 [48] http:/ / www. bihargatha. in/ early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships [49] Welcome to Bihar!! | Bihar Diwas 2012 (http:/ / www. bihardiwas. in) [50] Brown, Judith Margaret (1972). Gandhi's Rise to Power, Indian Politics 19151922: Indian Politics 19151922. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press Archive. p.384. ISBN978-0-521-09873-1. [51] Indian Post. "Eminent Gandhian Dr A N Sinha, First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister" (http:/ / www. indianpost. com/ viewstamp. php/ Alpha/ DR. A. N. SINGH). official Website. . Retrieved 20 May 2008. [52] Bandyopdhyya, ekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman. pp.523 (at p 406). ISBN978-81-250-2596-2.

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[53] Bandyopdhyya, ekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. Orient Longman. pp.523 (at p 407). ISBN978-81-250-2596-2. [54] Jharkhand (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 736533/ Jharkhand), Encyclopdia Britannica on-line [55] Kumod Verma (14 February 2008). "Scared Biharis arrive from Mumbai" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ msid-2781266,prtpage-1. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 14 February 2008. [56] WASBIR HUSSAIN. "30 Killed in Northeast Violence in India" (http:/ / www. washingtonpost. com/ wp-dyn/ content/ article/ 2007/ 08/ 11/ AR2007081100464_pf. html). Washington Post. . Retrieved 25 February 2006. [57] "Forest in Bihar" (http:/ / forest. bih. nic. in/ ). Forest Ministry of Bihar. . [58] Valmiki Tiger Reserve (http:/ / projecttiger. nic. in/ valmiki. htm) [59] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . 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"CHANGE IN BIHAR: The Better Man Has Won (Editorial)" (http:/ / www. thestatesman. net/ page. arcview. php?clid=3& id=127905& usrsess=1). The Statesman (India). . Retrieved 2 June 2009. [66] "Bihar was once best administrated state:Nitish Kumar" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ india-news/ patna/ Lot-of-injustice-has-been-done-with-Bihar-Nitish/ Article1-467812. aspx). The Hindustan Times (India). 15 December 2009. . Retrieved 15 December 2009. [67] "Bihar a byword for worst of India: The Economist" (http:/ / www. expressindia. com/ news/ fullstory. php?newsid=28789). . [68] "Bihar Towards a Development Strategy" (http:/ / www. worldbank. org. in/ WBSITE/ EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/ SOUTHASIAEXT/ INDIAEXTN/ 0,,contentMDK:20556842~pagePK:141137~piPK:217854~theSitePK:295584,00. html). World Bank. . [69] Yardley, Jim (23 November 2010). "Nitish Kumar Looks for Victory in Bihar Election" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 11/ 24/ world/ asia/ 24bihar. html). The New York Times. . [70] The buccaneering in Bihar (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ the-buccaneering-in-bihar/ 859591/ 0) [71] Nitish Kumar government orders corrupt officials home to be made into school (http:/ / www. theweekendleader. com/ page. php?cy=Causes& id=420& title=Perfect-justice) [72] Court upholds Bihar Special Court Act [newKerala.com News # 154170] (http:/ / www. newkerala. com/ news/ world/ fullnews-154170. html) [73] estimated (http:/ / mospi. nic. in/ mospi_nad_main. htm), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation [74] "Bihar's economy climbs to $12b by 2005" (http:/ / specials. rediff. com/ money/ 2009/ mar/ 31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states. htm). Specials.rediff.com. 31 March 2009. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [75] "Distressed Delicacy" (http:/ / www. tehelka. com/ story_main39. asp?filename=Bu050708distresseddelicacy. asp). Tehelka. 2008. . Retrieved 29 September 2008. [76] "Slide 1" (http:/ / industries. bih. nic. in/ Slides01/ Presentation. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [77] Aditi Nigam. "For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity" (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ news/ for-bihar-p-stands-for-patna-and-prosperity/ 293289/ ). The Financial Express. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [78] "A special report on India: Ruled by Lakshmi" (http:/ / www. economist. com/ surveys/ displaystory. cfm?story_id=12749719& fsrc=rss). The Economist. 11 December 2008. . [79] Gross State Domestic Product at current prices (http:/ / mospi. nic. in/ 6_gsdp_cur_9394ser. htm) [80] Bihar grew by 11.03%, next only to Gujarat (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ business/ india-business/ Bihar-grew-by-1103-next-only-to-Gujarat/ articleshow/ 5405973. cms) [81] "Doing business the hard way in Bihar" (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ news/ doing-business-the-hard-way-in-bihar/ 274316/ ). The Financial express. 2008. . [82] "CM: Corruption biggest challenge" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Patna/ CM_Corruption_biggest_challenge/ articleshow/ 3829800. cms). Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 13 December 2008. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [83] "Bihar emerging as brewery hub" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ news/ news-by-industry/ cons-products/ liquor/ bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/ articleshow/ 11509175. cms). Economic Times. . Retrieved 16 January 2012. [84] "Industries Department" (http:/ / industries. bih. nic. in/ ). Industries.bih.nic.in. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [85] "Bihar's debt soars to 77% of GDP" (http:/ / specials. rediff. com/ money/ 2009/ mar/ 31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states. htm). Specials.rediff.com. 31 March 2009. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [86] "History" (http:/ / www. sisindia. com/ history. htm). Sisindia.com. 29 July 1993. . Retrieved 15 October 2009.

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[87] "Bihar security firm sets foot in Australia" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Patna/ Bihar_security_firm_sets_foot_in_Australia/ articleshow/ 3401009. cms). The Times of India. 25 August 2008. . Retrieved 25 August 2008. [88] "For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity" (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ news/ For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/ 293289/ ). The Financial Express. 2008. . Retrieved 7 April 2008. [89] For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ news/ For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/ 293289/ ) [90] Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965). Education in Ancient India, Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros. [91] Scott, David (May 1995). "Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons". Numen 42 (2): 141. doi:10.1163/1568527952598657. [92] "Patna University" (http:/ / www. patnauniversity. ac. in/ about_university. htm). Patna University. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [93] "Census Statistics for Bihar" (http:/ / gov. bih. nic. in/ Profile/ CensusStats-03. htm). Gov.bih.nic.in. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [94] Pratham.org | Pratham A Network of Societal Missions to Achieve Universal Primary Education in India (http:/ / www. pratham. org/ aserrep. php) [95] "Shortage of engineering colleges in Bihar" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Shortage-of-engg-colleges-in-state/ articleshow/ 11382866. cms). Times of India. . Retrieved 6 January 2012. [96] Jha, Abhay Mohan (4 August 2008). "Brand new IIT in Patna impresses all" (http:/ / www. ndtv. com/ convergence/ ndtv/ story. aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982). NDTV. . Retrieved 4 August 2008. [97] Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit), Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Address, Admission, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Courses, Ranking... (http:/ / www. studyguideindia. com/ Colleges/ Engineering/ netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit. html) [98] Welcome to NSIT (http:/ / nsit. in/ ) [99] MIT Muzaffarpur (http:/ / mitmuzaffarpur. org/ ) [100] NITPU Chandigarh. "National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar" (http:/ / niper. ac. in). Niper.ac.in. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [101] NIFT starts classes in Patna (http:/ / www. hindustandainik. com/ news/ 7097_2150113,008700010014. htm) [102] "Premier Research Institute: ANSISS" (http:/ / www. ansiss. org/ AboutUs. aspx). Official website. . [103] http:/ / www. biharonline. gov. in/ Site/ BKC/ Default. aspx [104] History of Indian languages (http:/ / www. diehardindian. com/ demogrph/ moredemo/ histlang. htm). "Bihari is actually the name of a group of three related languagesBhojpuri, Maithili, and Magahispoken mainly in northeastern India in Bihar. Despite its large number of speakers, Bihari is not a constitutionally recognized language of India. Even in Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters." [105] Verma, Mahandra K. (1 January 2001). "Language Endangerment and Indian languages: An exploration and a critique" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=tcfJY7kANo8C& pg=PA5& lpg=PA5& dq=awadhi+ and+ magahi+ languages). Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia. ISBN978-81-208-1765-4. . [106] Brass Paul R., The Politics of India Since Independence, Cambridge University Press, p. 183 [107] Amrapali was more than a luscious courtesan - Times Of India (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2012-04-27/ books/ 31281015_1_amrapali-nagarvadhu-gold-coins) [108] Pathak Prabhu Nath,Society and Culture in Early Bihar, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, p. 140 [109] THE BIHAR REGIMENT (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ LAND-FORCES/ Army/ Regiments/ Bihar. html) [110] Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Charaihbo First Bhojpuri language film (http:/ / us. imdb. com/ title/ tt0054910/ ) [111] Kanyadan First Maithili language film (http:/ / us. imdb. com/ title/ tt0236358/ ) [112] Bhaiyaa First Magadhi language film (http:/ / us. imdb. com/ title/ tt0236021/ ) [113] IMDB (http:/ / www. imdb. com/ title/ tt0233774/ ) [114] Tripathy, Ratnakar (2007) 'BHOJPURI CINEMA', South Asian Popular Culture, 5:2, 145165 [115] "For my female audiences, I'll wear a really flimsy dhoti" (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1060414/ asp/ etc/ story_6075200. asp). The Telegraph. Kolkota, India. 14 April 2006. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [116] Move over Bollywood, Here's Bhojpuri (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ go/ pr/ fr/ -/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 4512812. stm), BBC News [117] "Home" (http:/ / www. bhojpurifilmaward. com/ ). Bhojpuri Film Award. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [118] "bhojpuricity.com" (http:/ / www. bhojpuricity. com/ ). bhojpuricity.com. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [119] Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through the ages: Glimpses of History, Society and Economy, Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1988 [120] Rajendra Abhinandan Granth, "Nagri Pracharini Sabha", Arrah, 3 March 1950, pp. 353 [121] Kumar N., Journalism in Bihar, A Supplement to Bihar State Gazette pp. 28 [122] Bihar ki Sahityik Pragati, Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Patna 1956, p. 73 [123] Jayanti Smarak Granth, pp. 583585 [124] Yang, Anand A (1998). Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=D5lQutvzAp4C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Bazaar+ India). Books.google.co.in. ISBN978-0-520-21100-1. . Retrieved 15 October 2009. [125] Statics [[Tourism in Bihar (http:/ / www. tourism. gov. in/ survey/ BIHAR TOURISM ANNUAL STATISTICS REPORT Final. pdf)] on Indian Government's website]

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[126] Wriggins, Sally Hovey. Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road. Westview Press, 1996. Revised and updated as The Silk Road Journey With Xuanzang. Westview Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8133-6599-6. [127] A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline (http:/ / etext. library. adelaide. edu. au/ f/ fa-hien/ f15l/ ). Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965. ISBN 0-486-21344-7 [128] "Tourism in Bihar" (http:/ / www. bihardiary. com). Bihardiary.com. . Retrieved 15 October 2009.

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Further reading
Swami Sahajanand Saraswati Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, Delhi, 2003. Christopher Alan Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 17701870, Cambridge University Press, 1983. Anand A. Yang, Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar, University of California Press, 1999. Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Rachnawali, Rajkamal Prakashan, Delhi. Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941 translated and edited by Walter Hauser along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005). Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005). Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement translated and edited by Walter Hauser (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003). Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma, 1947, Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad. Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore. Indradeep Sinha, 1969, Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna. Indradeep Sinha, Real face of JP's total revolution, Communist Party of India (1974). Indradeep Sinha, Some features of current agrarian situation in India, All India Kisan Sabha, (1987). Indradeep Sinha, The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks, Peoples Publishing House (1980). Indradeep Sinha, Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry, Communist Party of India (1982). Nand Kishore Shukla, The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot, Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, ISBN 81-241-0143-4. Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st Edition, April 2000). Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, Sri Krishna Singh in Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Walter Hauser, 1961, Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 19291942, PhD Thesis, University of Chicago, (Forthcoming publication). Rai, Algu, 1946, A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans, Azamgrah. N. G. Ranga, 1949, Revolutionary Peasants, New Delhi. N. G. Ranga, 1968, Fight For Freedom, New Delhi. Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1943, Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India), in Hindi, Allahabad. Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan, 1957, Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery), in Hindi, Allahabad. Manmath Nath Gupta, Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar, Alekha Prakasana (1981).

Bihar Khagendra Thakur, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar: Vyaktitva aur Krititva, Publications Division, 2008 Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. Vijendra Narayan Singh, Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2005, ISBN 81-260-2142-X. Kumar Vimal, Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna Sanchayan, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi, 2008, ISBN 978-81-260-2627-2. Mishra Shree Govind, History Of Bihar 17401772 (http://books.google.com/books?id=-tO1AAAAIAAJ& q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772&dq=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772&pgis=1), Munshiram Manoharlal, 1970 Verma B S, Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.) (http:// books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&dq=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+ Of+Bihar), Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962 Maitra A, Magahi Culture (http://books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+ Magadh&dq=History+Of+Magadh&pgis=1), Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983 Naipaul V S, India: A Wounded Civilization, Picador, 1977 Trevithick Alan, The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (18111949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple Jannuzi F. Tomasson, Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar (http://books.google.com/ books?id=tTSFAAAAIAAJ&q=Agrarian+Crisis+in+India:+the+Case+of+Bihar&dq=Agrarian+Crisis+in+ India:+the+Case+of+Bihar&pgis=1), University of Texas Press, 1974, ISBN 0-292-76414-6, ISBN 978-0-292-76414-9 Omalley L S S, History Of Magadh, Veena Publication, 2005, ISBN 81-89224-01-8 Shukla Prabhat Kumar, Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 17801917 (http://books.google.com/ books?id=AooQAgAACAAJ&dq=Indigo+And+The+Raj:+Peasant+Protests+In+Bihar+1780-1917), Pragati Publications, 1993, ISBN 81-7307-004-0 Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy (http://books.google. com/books?id=W_J-HgAACAAJ&dq=Patna+Through+The+Ages), Commonwealth Publishers, 1988 Jain B D, Ardha Magadhi Reader, Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923 Crindle John W Mc, Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy (http://books.google.com/ books?id=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy&dq=Ancient+India+As+ Described+By+Ptolemy&pgis=1), Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, ISBN 81-215-0945-9 Patra C, Life In Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya, Punthi Pustak, 1996, ISBN 81-85094-93-4 Hazra Kanai Lal, Buddhism In India As Described By The Chinese Pilgrims AD 399689, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, ISBN 81-215-0132-6 Mccrindle John W, Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian, Munshiram Manoharlal Sastry Harprasad, Magadhan Literature, Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923 Rai Alok, Hindi Nationalism, Orient Longman, 2000, ISBN 81-250-1979-0 Waddell Austine L., Report On The Excavations At Pataliputra (Patna) The Palibothra Of The Greeks, Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903 Das Arvind N., The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes, Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992 Brass Paul R., The politics of India since Independence, Cambridge University Press, 1990 Askari S. H., Mediaeval Bihar: Sultante and Mughal Period, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990 Tayler William, Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007 Taylor P.J.O., "What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 18571859 in India", Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-19-564182-5

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Bihar Pathak Prabhu Nath, Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 600) (http://books.google.com/ books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar& dq=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar&pgis=1), Commonwealth Publishers, 1988 Basham A. L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 1954, ISBN 0-330-43909-X Nambisan Vijay, Bihar in the eye of the beholder, Penguin Books, 2000, ISBN 978-0-14-029449-1 Pathak Mohan, Flood plains and Agricultural occupance, Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, ISBN 81-7100-289-7 D'Souza Rohan, Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India, Oxford University Press, 2006, Ajazi house wikimapiaNehru Museum New Delhi

83

External links
Government Bihar Government Website (http://gov.bih.nic.in/) Department of Tourism, Government of Bihar (http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/) Official Portal of the Government (http://www.biharonline.gov.in/) Other Bihar travel guide from Wikitravel Bihar (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Bihar/) at the Open Directory Project Bihar Social Network (http://www.youbihar.com)

West Bengal
West Bengal
State

Location of West Bengal in India

West Bengal

84

Map of West Bengal Country Region Established Capital Largest city Largest metro Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature M. K. Narayanan Mamata Banerjee (TMC) Unicameral (295 Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy 88752km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 13th [1] 91347736 4th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-WB 0.625 (medium) 19th (2005) 77.08% [2] seats) India East India 1 November 1956 Kolkata Kolkata

19 total

Official languages Bengali English Website westbengal.gov.in [3]

West Bengal

85
294 elected, 1 nominated

West Bengal /bl/ (proposed new English name: Paschim Banga (Bengali: )[4]) is a state in the eastern region of India and is the nation's fourth-most populous.[5] It is also the seventh-most populous sub-national entity in the world, with over 91 million inhabitants.[5] Covering a total area of 34267sqmi (unknown operator: u'strong' km2), it is bordered by the countries of Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, and the Indian states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, Sikkim, and Assam. The state capital is Kolkata (formerly Calcutta). West Bengal encompasses two broad natural regions: the Gangetic Plain in the south and the sub-Himalayan and Himalayan area in the north. In the 3rd century BC, the broader region of Bengal was conquered by the emperor Ashoka. In the 4th century AD, it was absorbed into the Gupta Empire.In 1010 AD the whole Bengal was under Rajendra Chola I of Chola Dynasty. The Cholas influence changed the agriculture and other traditions of the people from Bengal Cholas marched through Burma, Cambodia and conquering till Indonesia[6]. From the 13th century onward, the region was ruled by several sultans, powerful Hindu states and Baro-Bhuyan landlords, until the beginning of British rule in the 18th century. The British East India Company cemented their hold on the region following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, and the city of Calcutta (now known as Kolkata) served for many years as the capital of British India. The early and prolonged exposure to British administration resulted in expansion of Western education, culminating in development in science, institutional education, and social reforms of the region, including what became known as the Bengal Renaissance. A hotbed of the Indian independence movement through the early 20th century, Bengal was divided in 1947 along religious lines into two separate entities: West Bengal a state of India and East Bengal, which initially joined the new nation of Pakistan, before becoming part of modern-day Bangladesh in 1971. A major agricultural producer, West Bengal is the sixth-largest contributor to India's net domestic product.[7] Noted for its political activism, the state was ruled by democratically elected communist government for three decades. West Bengal is noted for its cultural activities, with the state capital Kolkata earning the sobriquet "cultural capital of India". The state's cultural heritage, besides folk culture, ranges from stalwarts in literature including Nobel-laureate Rabindranath Tagore to scores of musicians, film-makers and artist. West Bengal is also distinct from most other Indian states in its appreciation and practice of playing soccer besides the national favourite sport cricket.[8][9][10]

Etymology
The name of Bengal, or Bangla, is of unknown origins. Many theories have been formulated to explain the origin of the word "Bengal" or "Bangla". One theory suggests that the word derives from Dravidian tribes of 1000 B.C present at that time.[11] The word might have been derived from the ancient kingdom of Vanga, or Banga. Although some early Sanskrit literature mentions the name, the region's early history is obscure. The region was part of Mauryan empire under Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.

History
Stone age tools dating back 20,000 years have been excavated in the state.[12] Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back four thousand years,[13] when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and Austro-Asiatic peoples. The region was a part of the Vanga Kingdom, one of ancient kingdoms of Epic India. The kingdom of Magadha was formed in 7th century BC, consisting of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Mahavira and the Buddha, and consisted of several Janapadas.[14] During the rule of Maurya dynasty, the Magadha Empire extended over nearly all of South Asia, including Afghanistan and parts of Persia under Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is a mention of a land named Gangaridai by the Ancient Greeks around 100 BC. The word is speculated to have come from Gangahrd (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal.[15] Bengal had overseas trade relations with Suvarnabhumi (Burma, Lower Thailand, Lower Malay Peninsula, and the Sumatra).[16] According to Mahavamsa, Vijaya Singha, a Vanga prince, conquered

West Bengal Lanka (modern day Sri Lanka) and gave the name "Sinhala" to the country.[17]

86

Pala Empire under Dharmapala Pala Empire under Devapala

From the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire. The first recorded independent king of Bengal was Shashanka, reigning around early 7th century.[18] After a period of anarchy, the Buddhist Pala dynasty ruled the region for four hundred years, followed by a shorter reign of the Hindu Sena dynasty. Islam made its first appearance in Bengal during the 12th century when Sufi missionaries arrived. Later, occasional Muslim raiders reinforced the process of conversion by building mosques, madrassas and Sufi Khanqah. Between 1202 and 1206, Bakhtiar Khilji, a military commander from the Delhi Sultanate, overran Bihar and Bengal as far east as Rangpur, Bogra and the Brahmaputra River. Although he failed to bring Bengal under his control, the expedition managed to defeat Lakshman Sen and his two sons moved to a place then called Vikramapur (present-day Munshiganj District), where their diminished dominion lasted until the late 13th century. During the 14th century, the former kingdom became known as the Sultanate of Bengal, ruled intermittently with the Sultanate of Delhi as well as powerful Hindu states and land-lords-Baro-Bhuyans. The Hindu Deva Kingdom ruled over eastern Bengal after the collapse Sena Empire. The Sultanate of Bengal was interrupted by an uprising by the Hindus under Raja Ganesha. The Ganesha dynasty began in 1414, but his successors converted to Islam. Bengal came once more under the control of Delhi as the Mughals conquered it in 1576. There were several independent Hindu states established in Bengal during the Mughal period like those of Maharaja Pratap Aditya of Jessore and Raja Sitaram Ray of Burdwan. These kingdoms contributed greatly to the economic and cultural landscape of Bengal. Extensive land reclamations in forested and marshy areas were carried out and trade as well as commerce were highly encouraged. These kingdoms also helped introduce new music, painting, dancing and sculpture into Bengali art-forms as well as many temples were constructed during this period. Militarily, they served as bulwarks against Portuguese and Burmese attacks. Koch Bihar Kingdom in the northern Bengal, flourished during the period of 16th and the 17th centuries as well as weathered the Mughals and survived till the advent of the British.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy is widely regarded as the "Father of the Bengal Renaissance".

European traders arrived late in the fifteenth century. Their influence grew until the British East India Company gained taxation rights in Bengal subah, or province, following the Battle of Plassey in 1757, when Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab, was defeated by the British.[19] The Bengal Presidency was established by 1765, eventually including all British territories north of the Central Provinces (now Madhya Pradesh), from the mouths of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra to the Himalayas and the Punjab. The Bengal famine of 1770 claimed millions of lives.[20] Calcutta was named the capital of British India in 1772. The Bengal Renaissance and Brahmo Samaj socio-cultural reform movements had great impact on the cultural and economic life of Bengal. The failed Indian rebellion of 1857 started near Calcutta and resulted in transfer of authority to the British Crown, administered by the Viceroy of India.[21] Between 1905 and 1911, an abortive attempt was made to divide the province of Bengal into

West Bengal two zones.[22] Bengal suffered from the Great Bengal famine in 1943 that claimed 3 million lives.[23] Bengal played a major role in the Indian independence movement, in which revolutionary groups such as Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar were dominant. Armed attempts against the British Raj from Bengal reached a climax when Subhash Chandra Bose led the Indian National Army from Southeast Asia against the British. When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan, giving rise to independent Bangladesh in 1971).[24] Both West and East Bengal suffered from large refugee influx during the partition in 1947, leading to the political unrests later on. The partition of Bengal entailed the greatest exodus of people in Human History. Millions of Hindus migrated from East Pakistan to India and thousands of Muslims too went Subhash Chandra Bose was one of across the borders to East Pakistan. Because of the immigration of the refugees, the most prominent Bengali freedom there occurred the crisis of land and food in West Bengal; and such condition fighters in India's struggle for remained in long duration for more than three decades.The politics of West independence against the British Raj. Bengal since the partition in 1947 developed round the nucleus of refugee problem. Both the Rightists and the Leftists in the Politics of West Bengal have not yet become free from the socio-economic conditions created by the partition of Bengal. These conditions as have remained unresolved in some twisted forms have given birth to local socio-economic, political and ethnic movements.[25] In 1950, the Princely State of Cooch Behar merged with West Bengal after King Jagaddipendra Narayan signed the Instrument of Accession with India.[26] In 1955, the former French enclave of Chandannagar, which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal; portions of Bihar were subsequently merged with West Bengal. During the 1970s and 1980s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist-Naxalite movement damaged much of the state's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation. The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 resulted in the influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.[27] The 1974 smallpox epidemic killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the Left Front won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent Indian National Congress. The Left Front, led by Communist Party of India (Marxist), governed for the state for the subsequent three decades.[28] The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after economic reforms were introduced in the mid-1990s by the central government, aided by the advent of information technology and IT-enabled services. As of 2007, armed activists have been conducting minor terrorist attacks in some parts of the state,[29][30] while clashes with the administration are taking place at several sensitive places over the issue of industrial land acquisition.[31][32] Although the state's GDP has risen significantly since the 1990s, West Bengal has remained affected by political instability and bad governance.[33] The state continues to suffer from regular bandhs (strikes),[34][35] a low Human Development Index level,[36] substandard healthcare services,[37][38] a lack of socio-economic development,[39] poor infrastructure,[40][41] political corruption and civil violence.[42][43]

87

West Bengal

88

Geography and climate

West Bengal is on the eastern bottleneck of India, stretching from the Himalayas in the north to the Bay of Bengal in the south. The state has a total area of 88752 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi).[1] The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the northern extreme of the state belongs to the eastern Himalaya. This region contains Sandakfu (3636 m or unknown operator: u'strong'ft)the highest peak of the state.[44] The narrow Terai region separates this region from the plains, which in turn transitions into the Ganges delta towards the south. The Rarh region intervenes between the Ganges delta in the east and the western plateau and high lands. A small coastal region is on the extreme south, while the Sundarbans mangrove forests form a remarkable geographical landmark at the Ganges delta.

Many areas remain flooded during the heavy rains brought by monsoon

The Ganges is the main river, which divides in West Bengal. One branch enters Bangladesh as the Padma or Pdda, while the other flows through West Bengal as the Bhagirathi River and Hooghly River. The Farakka barrage over Ganges feeds the Hooghly branch of the river by a feeder canal, and its water flow management has been a source of lingering dispute between India and Bangladesh.[45] The Teesta, Torsa, Jaldhaka and Mahananda rivers are in the northern hilly region. The western plateau region has rivers such as the Damodar, Ajay and Kangsabati. The Ganges delta and the Sundarbans area have National Highway 31A winds along the banks of the Teesta River near Kalimpong, in the numerous rivers and creeks. Pollution of the Ganges from Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. indiscriminate waste dumped into the river is a major problem.[46] Damodar, another tributary of the Ganges and once known as the "Sorrow of Bengal" (due to its frequent floods), has several dams under the Damodar Valley Project. At least nine districts in the state suffer from arsenic contamination of groundwater, and an estimated 8.7 million people drink water containing arsenic above the World Health Organisation recommended limit of 10g/L.[47] West Bengal's climate varies from tropical savanna in the southern portions to humid subtropical in the north. The main seasons are summer, rainy season, a short autumn, and winter. While the summer in the delta region is noted for excessive humidity, the western highlands experience a dry summer like northern India, with the highest day temperature ranging from 38 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) to 45 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F).[48] At nights, a cool southerly breeze carries moisture from the Bay of Bengal. In early summer brief squalls and thunderstorms known as Kalbaisakhi, or Nor'westers, often occur.[49] West Bengal receives the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian ocean monsoon that moves in a northwest direction. Monsoons bring rain to the whole state from June to September. Heavy rainfall of above 250cm is observed in the Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Cooch Behar district. During the arrival of the monsoons, low pressure in the Bay of Bengal region often leads to the occurrence of storms in the coastal areas. Winter (DecemberJanuary) is mild over the plains with average minimum temperatures of 15 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F).[48] A cold and dry northern wind blows in the winter, substantially lowering the humidity level. However, the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill region experiences a harsh winter, with occasional snowfall at places.

West Bengal

89

Flora and fauna

State symbols of West Bengal
Union day 18 August (Day of accession to India)

State animal Fishing cat[50] State bird State tree White-throated Kingfisher Devil Tree [50]

State flower

Night-flowering Jasmine

[50]

A Bengal tiger.

Sal trees in the Arabari forest in West Midnapur.

As of 2009, recorded forest area in the state is 11879km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) which is 13.38% of the state's geographical area,[51] compared to the national average of 21.02%.[52][53] Reserves, protected and unclassed forests constitute 59.4%, 31.8% and 8.9%, respectively, of the forest area.[51] Part of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans, is located in southern West Bengal.[54] From a phytogeographic viewpoint, the southern part of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: the Gangetic plain and the littoral mangrove forests of the Sundarbans.[55] The alluvial soil of the Gangetic plain, compounded with favourable rainfall, make this region especially fertile.[55] Much of the vegetation of the western part of the state shares floristic similarities with the plants of the Chota Nagpur plateau in the adjoining state of Jharkhand.[55] The predominant commercial tree species is Shorea robusta, commonly known as the Sal tree. The coastal region of Purba Medinipur exhibits coastal vegetation; the predominant tree is the Casuarina. A notable tree from the Sundarbans is the ubiquitous sundari (Heritiera fomes), from which the forest gets its name.[56] The distribution of vegetation in northern West Bengal is dictated by elevation and precipitation. For example, the foothills of the Himalayas, the Dooars, are densely wooded with Sal and other tropical evergreen trees.[57] However, above an elevation of 1000 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft), the forest becomes predominantly subtropical. In Darjeeling, which is above 1500 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft), temperate-forest trees such as oaks, conifers, and rhododendrons predominate.[57] West Bengal has 3.26% of its geographical area under protected areas comprising 15 wildlife sanctuaries and 5 national parks[51] Sundarbans National Park, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Gorumara National Park, Neora Valley

West Bengal National Park and Singalila National Park. Extant wildlife include Indian rhinoceros, Indian elephant, deer, bison, leopard, gaur, tiger, and crocodiles, as well as many bird species. Migratory birds come to the state during the winter.[58] The high-altitude forests of Singalila National Park shelter barking deer, red panda, chinkara, takin, serow, pangolin, minivet and Kalij pheasants. The Sundarbans are noted for a reserve project conserving the endangered Bengal tiger, although the forest hosts many other endangered species, such as the Gangetic dolphin, river terrapin and estuarine crocodile.[59] The mangrove forest also acts as a natural fish nursery, supporting coastal fishes along the Bay of Bengal.[59] Recognizing its special conservation value, Sundarban area has been declared as a Biosphere Reserve.[51]

90

Government and politics

West Bengal is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are two branches of government. The legislature, the West Bengal Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Calcutta High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority Calcutta High Court is the highest court in West is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, Bengal although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 295 Members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs,[60] including one nominated from the Anglo-Indian community. Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. The state contributes 42 seats to Lok Sabha[61] and 16 seats to Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[62] The main players in the regional politics are the All India Trinamool Congress, the Indian National Congress, the Left Front alliance (led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) or CPI(M)). Following the West Bengal State Assembly Election in 2011, the All India Trinamool Congress and Indian National Congress coalition under Mamata Banerjee of the All India Trinamool Congress was elected to power (getting 225 seats in the legislature).[63] West Bengal was ruled by the Left Front for the 34 years (19772011), making it the world's longest-running democratically elected communist government.[28]

West Bengal

91

Subdivisions
The 19 districts of West Bengal are as listed below.[64]

Districts of West Bengal

Bankura Bardhaman Birbhum Cooch Behar Darjeeling Hooghly Howrah Jalpaiguri Kolkata

Malda Murshidabad Nadia North 24 Parganas Uttar Dinajpur Purulia South 24 Parganas Dakshin Dinajpur West Midnapore

East Midnapore

Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the West Bengal Civil Service.[65] Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities.[64] The capital and largest city of the state is Kolkata the third-largest urban agglomeration[66] and the seventh-largest city[67] in India. Asansol is the second largest city & urban agglomeration in West Bengal after Kolkata.[66] Siliguri is an economically important city, strategically located in the northeastern Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck) of India. Other major cities and towns in West Bengal are Howrah, Durgapur, Raniganj, Haldia, Jalpaiguri, Kharagpur, Burdwan, Darjeeling, Midnapore, and Malda.[67]

West Bengal

92

Economy

Roadside vegetable vendor in a semi-rural area. A large proportion of residents are employed in informal sector.

Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (200405 Base) figures in crores of Indian Rupees Year 20042005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 Net State Domestic Product 190,073 209,642 238,625 272,166 309,799 366,318

[7]

In 200910, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 57.8% of the state domestic product compared to 24% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 18.2% from secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[68]:12 Agriculture is the leading occupation in West Bengal. Rice is the state's principal food crop. Rice, potato, jute, sugarcane and wheat are the top five crops of the state.[68]:14 Tea is produced commercially in northern districts; the region is well known for Darjeeling and other high quality teas.[68]:14 State industries are localised in the Kolkata region, the mineral-rich western highlands, and Haldia port region.[69] The DurgapurAsansol colliery belt is home to a number of major steel plants.[69] Manufacturing industries playing an important economic role are engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment, cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. The Durgapur centre has established a number of industries in the areas of tea, sugar, chemicals and fertilisers. Natural resources like tea and jute in and nearby parts has made West Bengal a major centre for the jute and tea industries. A significant part of the state is economically backward, namely, large parts of six northern districts of Cooch Behar, Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Malda, North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur; three western districts of Purulia, Bankura, Birbhum; and the Sundarbans area.[70] Years after independence, West Bengal was still dependent on the central government for meeting its demands for food; food production remained stagnant and the Indian green revolution bypassed the state. However, there has been a significant spurt in food production since the 1980s, and the state now has a surplus of grains.[70] The state's share of total industrial output in India was 9.8% in 198081, declining to 5% by 199798. However, the service sector has grown at a rate higher than the national rate.[70]

West Bengal

93 In terms net state domestic product (NSDP), West Bengal has the sixth largest economy (20092010) in India, with an NSDP of 366,318 crore Indian rupees, behind Maharashtra (817,891 crores), Uttar Pradesh (453,020 crores), Andhra Pradesh (426,816 crores), Tamil Nadu (417,716 crores), and Gujarat (370,400 crores).[7] In the period 20042005 to 20092010, the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 13.9% (calculated in Indian rupee term), lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[68]:4 The states per capita GSDP at current prices in 200910 was US$ 956.4, improved from US$ 553.7 in 200405,[68]:10but lower than the national per capita GSDP of US$ 1,302.[68]:4 The state's total financial debt stood at 191835 crore (US$34.72 billion) as of 2011.[71]

Freshly sown saplings of paddy; in the background are stacks of jute sticks

The state has promoted foreign direct investment, which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields; Kolkata is becoming a major hub for the Information technology (IT) industry. Rapid industrialisation process has given rise to debate over land acquisition for industry in this agrarian state.[72] NASSCOMGartner ranks West Bengal power infrastructure the best in the country.[73] Notably, many corporate companies are now headquartered in Kolkata include ITC Limited, India Government Mint, Kolkata, Haldia Petrochemicals, Exide Industries, Hindustan Motors, Britannia Industries, Bata India, Birla Corporation, CESC Limited, Coal India Limited, Damodar Valley Corporation, PwC India, Peerless Group, United Bank of India, UCO Bank and Allahabad Bank. In 2010s, events such as adoption of "Look East" policy by the government of India, opening of the Nathu La Pass in Sikkim as a border trade-route with China and immense interest in the South East Asian countries to enter the Indian market and invest have put Kolkata in an advantageous position for development in future, particularly with likes of Myanmar, where India needs oil from military regime.[74][75]

Transport
As of 2011, the total length of surface road in West Bengal is over 92023km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi);[68]:18 national highways comprise 2578km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi)[76] and state highways 2393km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi).[68]:18 As of 2006, the road density of the state is 103.69km per 100km (166.92mi per 100sq mi), higher than the national average of 74.7km per 100km (120mi per 100sq mi).[77] Average speed on state highways varies between 4050km/h (2531mi/h); in villages and Kolkata Suburban Railway caters to the towns, speeds are as low as 2025km/h (1216mi/h) due to the commuters of the populous suburbs of Kolkata substandard quality of road constructions and low maintenance. As of 2011, the total railway route length is around 4481km (unknown [68]:20 operator: u'strong'mi). Kolkata is the headquarters of two divisions of the Indian RailwaysEastern Railway and South Eastern Railway.[78] The Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) plies in the northern parts of the state. The Kolkata metro is the country's first underground railway.[79] The Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, part of NFR, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[80] The state's only international airport is Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport at Dum Dum, Kolkata. Bagdogra airport near Siliguri is another significant airport in the state. Kolkata is a major river-port in eastern India. The Kolkata Port Trust manages both the Kolkata docks and the Haldia docks.[81] There is passenger service to Port Blair on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and cargo ship service to ports in India and abroad, operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Ferry is a principal mode of transport in the southern part of the state, especially in

West Bengal the Sundarbans area. Kolkata is the only city in India to have trams as a mode of transport and these are operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company.[82] Several government-owned organisations operate substandard bus services in the state, including the Calcutta State Transport Corporation, the North Bengal State Transport Corporation, the South Bengal State Transport Corporation, the West Bengal Surface Transport Corporation, and the Calcutta Tramways Company, thus leading to mismanagement. There are also private bus companies. The railway system is a nationalised service without any private investment. Hired forms of transport include metered taxis and auto rickshaws which often ply specific routes in cities. In most of the state, cycle rickshaws, and in Kolkata, hand-pulled rickshaws, are also used for short-distance travel. Large-scale transport accidents in West Bengal are common, particularly the sinking of transport boats and train crashes.[83]

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Demographics

Dakshineswar Kali Temple

Tipu Sultan Mosque

Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 26300000 34926000 44312000 54581000 68078000 80176000 91348000 % 32.8% 26.9% 23.2% 24.7% 17.8% 13.9% [84]

Source:Census of India

According to the provisional results of 2011 national census, West Bengal is the fourth most populous state in India with a population of 91,347,736 (7.55% of India's population).[1] Majority of the population comprises Bengalis.[85] The Marwaris, Bihari and Oriya minority are scattered throughout the state; communities of Sherpas and ethnic Tibetans can be found in Darjeeling Himalayan hill region. Darjeeling district has a large number of Gurkha people of Nepalese origin. West Bengal is home to indigenous tribal Adivasis such as Santals, Kol, Koch-Rajbongshi and

West Bengal Toto tribe. There are a small number of ethnic minorities primarily in the state capital, including Chinese, Tamils, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Punjabis, and Parsis.[86] India's sole Chinatown is in eastern Kolkata.[87]
Religions in West Bengal Religion Hindu Muslim Others
[88]

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Percent 72.5% 25.2% 2.3%

The official language is Bengali and English.[89] Nepali is the official language in three subdivisions of Darjeeling district.[89] As of 2001, in descending order of number of speakers, the languages of the state are: Bengali, Hindi, Santali, Urdu, Nepali, and Oriya.[89] Languages such as Rajbongshi and Ho are used in some parts of the state. As of 2001, Hinduism is the principal religion at 72.5% of the total population, while Muslims comprise 25.2% of the total population , being the second-largest community as also the largest minority group; Sikhism, Christianity and other religions make up the remainder.[88] The state contributes 7.8% of India's population.[90] The state's 20012011 decennial growth rate was 13.93%,[1] lower than 19912001 growth rate of 17.8%,[1] and also lower than the national rate of 17.64%.[91] The gender ratio is 947 females per 1000 males.[91] As of 2011, West Bengal has a population density of 1029 inhabitants per square kilometre (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) making it the second-most densely populated state in India, after Bihar.[91] The literacy rate is 77.08%, higher than the national rate of 74.04%.[92] Data of 19951999 showed the life expectancy in the state was 63.4 years, higher than the national value of 61.7 years.[93] About 72% of people live in rural areas. The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 19992000 was 31.9%.[70] Scheduled Castes and Tribes form 28.6% and 5.8% of the population respectively in rural areas, and 19.9% and 1.5% respectively in urban areas.[70] A study conducted in three districts of West Bengal found that accessing private health services to treat illness had a catastrophic impact on households. This indicates the value of public provision of health services to mitigate against poverty and the impact of illness on poor households.[94] The crime rate in the state in 2004 was 82.6 per 100,000, which was half of the national average.[95] This is the fourth-lowest crime rate among the 32 states and union territories of India.[96] However, the state reported the highest rate of Special and Local Laws (SLL) crimes.[97] In reported crimes against women, the state showed a crime rate of 7.1 compared to the national rate of 14.1.[96] Some estimates state that there are more than 60,000 brothel-based women and girls in prostitution in Kolkata.[98] The population of prostitutes in Sonagachi constitutes mainly of Nepalese, Indians and Bangladeshis.[98] Some sources estimate there are 60,000 women in the brothels of Kolkata.[98] The largest prostitution area in city is Sonagachi.[98] West Bengal was the first Indian state to constitute a Human Rights Commission of its own.[96]

Culture
Literature

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Rabindranath Tagore is Asia's first Nobel laureate and composer of India's national anthem

Swami Vivekananda was a key figure in introducing Vedanta and Yoga in Europe and [] [] USA, raising interfaith awareness and making Hinduism a world religion.

The Bengali language boasts a rich literary heritage, shared with neighbouring Bangladesh. West Bengal has a long tradition in folk literature, evidenced by the Charyapada, Mangalkavya, Shreekrishna Kirtana, Thakurmar Jhuli, and stories related to Gopal Bhar. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, Bengali literature was modernised in the works of authors such as Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam, Sharat Chandra Chattopadhyay, Jibananda Das and Manik Bandyopadhyay. In modern times Jibanananda Das, Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay, Tarashankar Bandopadhyay, Manik Bandopadhyay, Ashapurna Devi, Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay, Buddhadeb Guha, Mahashweta Devi, Samaresh Majumdar, Sanjeev Chattopadhyay and Sunil Gangopadhyay among others are well known.

Music and dance

The Baul tradition is a unique heritage of Bengali folk music, which has also been influenced by regional music traditions.[99] Other folk music forms include Gombhira and Bhawaiya. Folk music in West Bengal is often accompanied by the ektara, a one-stringed instrument. West Bengal also has an heritage in North Indian classical music. "Rabindrasangeet", songs composed and set into tune by Rabindranath Tagore and "Nazrul geeti" (by Kazi Nazrul Islam) are popular. Also prominent are other musical forms like Dwijendralal, Atulprasad and Rajanikanta's songs, and "adhunik" or modern music from films and other composers.
Baul singers at Basanta-Utsab, Shantiniketan

From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence and popularisation of new genres of music, including fusions of Baul and Jazz by several Bangla bands, as well as the emergence of what has been called Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism). Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as the broader Indian dance traditions. Chau dance of Purulia is a rare form of mask dance. State is known for Bengali folk music such as baul and kirtans and gajan, and modern songs including Bengali adhunik songs. From the early 1990s, there has been an emergence of new genres of music, including the emergence of what has been called

Dance with Rabindra Sangeet.

West Bengal Bengali Jeebonmukhi Gaan (a modern genre based on realism) by artists like Anjan Dutt, Kabir Suman, Nachiketa and folk/alternative/rock bands like Moheener Ghoraguli, Chandrabindoo, Bhoomi, Cactus and Fossils. Dutta's songs are influenced by classical music, and especially country music and blues and Bob Dylan and Leonard Cohen which he fused with Bengali tradition of east west, as did Suman. American urban folk and grunge are also an inspiration for this generation.[100]

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Films
Mainstream Hindi films are popular in Bengal, and the state is home to a thriving cinema industry, dubbed "Tollywood". Tollygunj in Kolkata is the location of numerous Bengali movie studios, and the name "Tollywood" (similar to Hollywood and Bollywood) is derived from that name. The Bengali film industry is well known for its art films, and has produced acclaimed directors like Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha and Ritwik Ghatak. Prominent contemporary directors include Buddhadev Dasgupta, Goutam Ghose, Aparna Sen and Rituparno Ghosh.

Fine arts
Bengal had been the harbinger of modernism in fine arts. Abanindranath Tagore, called the father of Modern Indian Art had started the Bengal School of Art which was to create styles of art outside the European realist tradition which was taught in art colleges under the colonial administration of the British Government. The movement had many adherents like Gaganendranath Tagore, Ramkinkar Baij, Jamini Roy and Rabindranath Tagore. After Indian Independence, important groups like the Calcutta Group and the Society of Contemporary Artists were formed in Bengal which dominated the art scene in India.

Reformist heritage
The capital, Kolkata, was the workplace of several social reformers, like Raja Ram Mohan Ray, Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Swami Vivekananda. These social reforms have eventually led to a cultural atmosphere where practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination or untouchability, the evils that crept into the Hindu society, were abolished.

Cuisine
Rice and fish are traditional favourite foods, leading to a saying in Bengali, machhe bhate bangali, that translates as "fish and rice make a Bengali".[101] Bengal's vast repertoire of fish-based dishes includes hilsa preparations, a favourite among Bengalis. There are numerous ways of cooking fish depending on the texture, size, fat content and the bones. Sweets occupy an important place in the diet of Bengalis and at their social ceremonies. It is an ancient custom among both Hindu and Muslim Bengalis to distribute Patisapta A kind of Pitha; which is a popular sweet sweets during festivities. The confectionery industry has dish in West Bengal during winter. flourished because of its close association with social and religious ceremonies. Competition and changing tastes have helped to create many new sweets. Bengalis make distinctive sweetmeats from milk products, including Rshogolla, Chmchm, Kalojam and several kinds of sondesh. Pitha, a kind of sweet cake, bread or dimsum are specialties of winter season. Sweets like coconut-naru, til-naru, moa, payesh, etc. are prepared during the festival of Lakshmi puja. Popular street food includes Aloor Chop, Beguni, Kati roll, and phuchka.[102][103] The variety of fruits and vegetables that Bengal has to offer is incredible. A host of gourds, roots and tubers, leafy greens, succulent stalks, lemons and limes, green and purple eggplants, red onions, plantain, broad beans, okra,

West Bengal banana tree stems and flowers, green jackfruit and red pumpkins are to be found in the markets or anaj bazaar as popularly called. Panta bhat (rice soaked overnight in water)with onion & green chili is a traditional dish consumed in rural areas. Common spices found in a Bengali kitchen are cumin, ajmoda (radhuni), bay leaf, mustard, ginger, green chillies, turmeric, etc. People of erstwhile East Bengal use a lot of ajmoda, coriander leaves, tamarind, coconut and mustard in their cooking; while those aboriginally from West Bengal use a lot of sugar, garam masala and red chilli powder. Vegetarian dishes are mostly without onion and garlic.

98

Costumes
Bengali women commonly wear the shai , often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. In urban areas, many women and men wear Western attire. Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the panjabi with dhuti, often on cultural occasions.
A Murti (representation) of Maa Durga

Festivals
Durga Puja in October is the most popular festival in the West Bengal.[104] Poila Baishakh (the Bengali New Year), Rathayatra, Dolyatra or Basanta-Utsab, Nobanno, Poush Parbon (festival of Poush), Kali Puja, SaraswatiPuja, LaxmiPuja, Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-Adha and Muharram are other major festivals. Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of Gautama Buddha, is one of the most important Hindu/Buddhist festivals while Christmas, called Bodin (Great day) in Bengali is celebrated by the minority Christian population. Poush mela is a popular festival of Shantiniketan, taking place in winter. West Bengal has been home to several famous religious teachers, including Sri Chaitanya, Sri Ramakrishna, Swami Vivekananda, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and Paramahansa Yogananda. The swami is credited with introducing Hinduism to western society and became a religious symbol of the nation in the eyes of the intellectuals of the west.

Education
West Bengal schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Urdu is also used, especially in Central Kolkata. The secondary schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or the West Bengal Board of Secondary Education.[105] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or Medical College Kolkata in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science. Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.

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St. Paul's School, Darjeeling (around 1905)

West Bengal has eighteen universities.[106][107] The University of Calcutta, one of the oldest and largest public universities in India, has more than 200 affiliated colleges. Kolkata has played a pioneering role in the development of the modern education system in India. It is the gateway to the revolution of European education. Sir William Jones (philologist) established the Asiatic Society in 1794 for promoting oriental studies. People like Ram Mohan Roy, David Hare, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and William Carey played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges in the city. The Fort William IIT Kharagpur College was established in 1810. The Hindu College was established in 1817. In 1855 the Hindu College was renamed as the Presidency College.[108] The Bengal Engineering & Science University and Jadavpur University are prestigious technical universities.[109] Visva-Bharati University at Santiniketan is a central university and an institution of national importance.[110] The state has several higher education institutes of national importance including Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Indian Institute of Management Calcutta (the first IIM), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (the first IIT), National Institute of Technology, Durgapur and West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences. After 2003 the state govt supported the creation of West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal State University and Gour Banga University. Besides these, the state also has Kalyani University, The University of Burdwan, Vidyasagar University and North Bengal University-all well established and nationally renowned, to cover the educational needs at the district levels of the state and also an Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata. Also recently Presidency College, Kolkata became a University named Presidency University. Apart from this there is another private university run by Ramakrishna mission named Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda University at Belur Math. IIM Calcutta There are a number of research institutes in kolkata. The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science is the first research institute in Asia. C. V. Raman got Nobel Prize for his discovery (Raman Effect) done in IACS. Also Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Variable Energy Cyclotron Center are most prominent. A large number of Indian Scholars are educated at different universities in Bengal. State has produced likes of Jagadish Chandra Bose, Satyendra Nath Bose and RC Bose.

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Media
West Bengal had 505 published newspapers in 2005,[111] of which 389 were in Bengali.[111] Ananda Bazar Patrika, published from Kolkata with 1,277,801 daily copies, has the largest circulation for a single-edition, regional language newspaper in India.[111] Other major Bengali newspapers are Bartaman, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Jago Bangla, Uttarbanga Sambad and Ganashakti. Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express and Asian Age. Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard are widely circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali Gujarati, Oriya, Urdu and Punjabi are also read by a select readership. Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Bengali, Nepali, Hindi, English and international channels via cable. Bengali 24-hour television news channels include STAR Ananda now (ABP Ananda), Tara Newz, Kolkata TV, News Time, 24 Ghanta, Mahuaa Khobor, Ne Bangla, CTVN Plus, Channel 10 and R Plus.[112][113] All India Radio is a public radio station.[113] Private FM stations are available only in cities like Kolkata, Siliguri and Asansol.[113] Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Uninor, Aircel, MTS India, Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular and Tata DoCoMo are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

Sports
Cricket and football (soccer) are popular sports in the state. West Bengal, unlike most other states of India, is noted for its passion and patronage of football.[8][9][10] Kolkata is one of the major centres for football in India[114] and houses top national clubs such as East Bengal, Mohun Bagan and Mohammedan Sporting Club.[115] Indian sports such as Kho Kho and Kabaddi are also played. Calcutta Polo Club is considered as the oldest polo club of the world,[116] and the Royal Calcutta Golf Club is the oldest of its kind outside Great Britain.[117].Salt Lake Stadium is the world's second largest stadium,and Eden Gardens stadium is the largest cricket stadium in India.

Salt Lake Stadium Yuva Bharati Krirangan, Kolkata

West Bengal has several large stadiumsThe Eden Gardens is one of only two 100,000-seat cricket amphitheaters in the world, although renovations will reduce this figure.[118] Kolkata Knight Riders, East Zone and Bengal play there, and the 1987 World Cup final was there although in 2011 World Cup, Eden Gardens was stripped due to construction incompleteness. Salt Lake Stadiuma multi-use stadiumis the world's second highest-capacity football stadium.[119][120] Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.[121] National and international sports events are also held in Durgapur, Siliguri and Kharagpur.[122] Notable sports persons from West Bengal include former Indian national cricket captain Sourav Ganguly, Pankaj Roy Olympic tennis bronze medallist Leander Paes, and chess grand master Dibyendu Barua. Other major sporting icons over the years include famous football players such as Chuni Goswami, PK Banerjee and Sailen Manna as well as swimmer Mihir Sen and athlete Jyotirmoyee Sikdar (winner of gold medals at the Asian Games).[123]

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Panoramic View of the Eden Gardens Stadium during IPL 2008

Notes
[1] "Area, population, decennial growth rate and density for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ prov_data_products_wb. html). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 26 January 2012. [2] "Sex ratio, 06 age population, literates and literacy rate by sex for 2001 and 2011 at a glance for West Bengal and the districts: provisional population totals paper 1 of 2011: West Bengal" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ prov_data_products_wb. html). Government of India:Ministry of Home Affairs. . Retrieved 29 January 2012. [3] http:/ / www. westbengal. gov. in/ [4] Special correspondent (19 August 2011). "West Bengal may be renamed PaschimBanga" (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ news/ national/ article2373155. ece). The Hindu (Chennai, India). . Retrieved 7 February 2012. [5] "India: Administrative Divisions (population and area)" (http:/ / www. world-gazetteer. com/ wg. php?x=& men=gadm& lng=en& des=wg& geo=-104& srt=npan& col=abcdefghinoq& msz=1500& va=x). Census of India. . Retrieved 17 April 2009. [6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Rajendra_Chola_I#cite_note-sastri165-0 [7] "Net state domestic product at factor coststate-wise (at current prices)" (http:/ / www. rbi. org. in/ scripts/ PublicationsView. aspx?id=13592). Handbook of statistics on Indian economy. Reserve Bank of India. 15 September 2011. . Retrieved 7 February 2012. [8] Dineo, Paul; Mills, James (2001). Soccer in South Asia: empire, nation, diaspora. London: Frank Cass Publishers. p.71. ISBN978-0-7146-8170-2. [9] Bose, Mihir (2006). The magic of Indian cricket: cricket and society in India. Psychology Press. p.240. ISBN978-0-415-35691-6. [10] Das Sharma, Amitabha (2002). "Football and the big fight in Kolkata" (http:/ / www. la84foundation. org/ SportsLibrary/ FootballStudies/ 2002/ FS0502g. pdf) (PDF). Football Studies 5 (2): 57. . Retrieved `5 April 2012. [11] "Bangldesh: early history, 1000B.C.A.D. 1202" (http:/ / memory. loc. gov/ cgi-bin/ query/ r?frd/ cstdy:@field(DOCID+ bd0014)). Bangladesh: A country study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. September 1988. . Retrieved 2 March 2012. "Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal." [12] Sarkar, Sebanti (28 March 2008). "History of Bengal just got a lot older" (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1080328/ jsp/ frontpage/ story_9067406. jsp). The Telegraph (Calcutta, India). . Retrieved 13 September 2010. "Humans walked on Bengals soil 20,000 years ago, archaeologists have found out, pushing the states pre-history back by some 8,000 years." [13] Bharadwaj, G (2003). "The Ancient Period". In Majumdar, RC. History of Bengal. B.R. Publishing Corp. [14] Sultana, Sabiha. "Settlement in Bengal (Early Period)" (http:/ / www. banglapedia. org/ httpdocs/ HT/ S_0221. HTM). Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. . Retrieved 4 March 2012. [15] Chowdhury, AM. "Gangaridai" (http:/ / banglapedia. search. com. bd/ HT/ G_0019. htm). Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. . Retrieved 8 September 2006. [16] Prasad, Prakash Chandra (2003). Foreign trade and commerce in ancient India (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=mFW3sXnzEQ4C& pg=PA231& dq=ancient+ history+ of+ bengal+ trade#v=onepage& q=bengal& f=false). New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p.28. ISBN978-81-7017-053-2. . Retrieved 13 September 2010. [17] Geiger, Wilhelm (2003) [1908]. "Chapter VI: The Coming of Viajaya" (http:/ / lakdiva. org/ mahavamsa/ chap006. html). Mahavamsa: Great Chronicle of Ceylon (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=nX2af3kcregC& printsec=frontcover& dq=wilhelm+ geiger#v=onepage& q& f=false). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp.5154. ISBN81-206-0218-8. . Retrieved 2 March 2012. [18] Bhattacharyya, P.K.. "Shashanka" (http:/ / www. banglapedia. org/ httpdocs/ HT/ S_0122. HTM). Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. . Retrieved 2 March 2012.

West Bengal
[19] Chaudhury, S; Mohsin, KM. "Sirajuddaula" (http:/ / www. banglapedia. org/ httpdocs/ HT/ S_0411. HTM). Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. . Retrieved 2 March 2012. [20] Fiske, John. "The famine of 1770 in Bengal" (http:/ / etext. library. adelaide. edu. au/ f/ fiske/ john/ f54u/ chapter9. html). The Unseen World, and other essays. Adelaide: University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection. . Retrieved 26 October 2006. [21] (Baxter 1997, pp.3032) [22] (Baxter 1997, pp.3940) [23] Wolpert, Stanley (1999). India (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=nHnOERqf-MQC). Berkeley, California, USA: University of California Press. p.14. ISBN978-0-520-22172-7. . Retrieved 2 March 2012. [24] Islam, Sirajul. "Partition of Bengal, 1947" (http:/ / www. banglapedia. org/ httpdocs/ HT/ P_0101. HTM). Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. . Retrieved 3 March 2012. [25] Dr. Sailen Debnath, 'West Bengal in Doldrums'ISBN 978-81-86860-34-2; & Dr. Sailen Debnath ed. 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107

External links
Government Official West Bengal Government Web Portal (http://www.westbengal.gov.in/) Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal (http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/ index) Directorate of Commercial Taxes, Government of West Bengal (http://www.wbcomtax.nic.in/welcome.asp) West Bengal Information Commission (http://wbic.gov.in/) Other West Bengal travel guide from Wikitravel West Bengal (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640088/West-Bengal) Encyclopdia Britannica entry West Bengal (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/West_Bengal/) at the Open Directory Project

Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
State

Clockwise from top left: Charminar, Tirupathi, Prakasam Barrage, Lepakshi Nandi (bull), Kirti torana of Warangal Fort

Seal Nickname(s): Rice Bowl of India

Andhra Pradesh

108

Location of Andhra Pradesh in India

Map of Andhra Pradesh Coordinates (Hyderabad): 172158N 782834E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Body Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Deputy Chief Minister High Court Area Government of India, Government of Andhra Pradesh E. S. L. Narasimhan N. Kiran Kumar Reddy (INC) Bicameral (294 + 90 seats) Damodar Raja Narasimha Andhra Pradesh High Court India 1 November 1956 Hyderabad Hyderabad 23 total

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Total

275045km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 4th [1] 84,655,533 5th IST (UTC+05:30) IN-AP 0.572 (medium) 20th (2005) 67.77% (2011) Telugu (official) Urdu (co-official), English ap.gov.in [2]

Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official language

Website

Andhra Pradesh (/ndrprd/) abbreviation A.P is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh lies between 1241' and 22N latitude and 77 and 8440'E longitude, and is bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Orissa in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west. Andhra Pradesh has the second-longest coastline of 972km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) among the states of India.[3] Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small enclave (30 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi)) of Yanam, a district of Pondicherry, lies in the Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state is separated into three regions: Telangana, Andhra, and Rayalaseema. The primary official language of Andhra Pradesh is Telugu [4] and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada and Oriya.[5] The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh exceeds $100 billion, ranking it third among the states of India.[6] It is historically called the "Rice Bowl of India".[7] Andhra Pradesh's GSDP for 2010 was estimated at $100 billion in current prices and in 2011 it rose to $124,000 billion and $146,000 billion in 2012-13[8] It holds a position in the provinces of the world with more than billion dollar GDP. More than 77% of its crop is rice; Andhra Pradesh produced 17,796,000 tonnes of rice in 2006.[9] On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganization Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State with the already existing Andhra State.[10] The Marathi speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and Kannada speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.

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History
Early History
The first historical records appear in the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya, when what is now the Nizamabad and Adilabad districts of the Telangana region constituted parts of the Assaka Mahajanapada (700300 BCE)[11] An Andhra tribe was mentioned in the Sanskrit epics such as Aitareya Brahmana (800 BCE) and Mahabharata (400 BCE).[12] The Natya Shastra written by Bharatha (1st century BCE) also mentions about the Andhra people.[13] The roots of the Telugu language have been seen on inscriptions found near the Guntur district[14] and from others dating to the rule of Renati Cholas in the 5th century CE.[15] Megasthenes, a Greek traveler and geographer who visited the Court of Chandragupta Maurya (322297 BCE), mentioned that the region had three fortified towns and an army of 100,000 infantry, 200 cavalry, and 1,000 elephants. Buddhist books reveal that Andhras established their huts or tents near the Godavari River at that time.[16] Inscriptional evidence shows that there was an early kingdom in coastal Andhra (Guntur District) ruled first by Kuberaka and then by his son Varun, with Pratipalapura (Bhattiprolu) as the capital. Around the same time, Dhanyakatakam/Dharanikota (present day Amaravati) appears to have been an important place, which was visited by Gautama Buddha. According to the ancient Tibetan scholar Taranatha: "On the full moon of the month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka, the Buddha emanated the mandala of 'The Glorious Lunar Mansions' (Kalachakra)".[17][18] The Mauryans extended the their rule over Andhra in the 4th century BC. With the fall of the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BC, the Satavahanas became independent. After the decline of the Satavahanas in 220 CE, the Ikshvaku dynasty, Pallavas, Ananda Gotrikas, Rashtrakutas, Vishnukundinas, Eastern Chalukyas, and Cholas ruled the land.[19] During this period, Telugu emerged as a popular language, supplanting Prakrit and Sanskrit.[20] Telugu was made the official language by the Vishnukundina kings (5th and 6th centuries), who ruled from their capital city of Vengi. Eastern A pillar at Ahobilam temple in Chalukyas ruled for a long period after the decline of Vishnukundinas; their Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh capital was also Vengi. As early as the 1st century CE, Chalukyas were mentioned as being vassals and chieftains under the Satavahanas and later under the Ikshvakus. The Chalukya ruler Rajaraja Narendra ruled Rajahmundry around 1022 CE.[21]

Kondaveedu

Kakatiya sculpture at Warangal

Andhra Pradesh

111 The battle of Palnadu (1182) resulted in the weakening of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty and led to the emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Kakatiyas were at first vassals of the Rashtrakutas, and ruled over a small territory near Warangal. Eventually all the Telugu lands were united by the Kakatiyas. In 1323 CE, Delhi Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu country and captured Warangal. King Prataparudra was taken prisoner. Musunuri Nayaks recaptured Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate in 1326 CE and ruled for fifty years.

Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam

Modern history
Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires in the history of Andhra Pradesh and India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.[22] In 1347 CE, an independent Muslim state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of the 17th century.[23]
State language Telugu () State symbol State song Poorna kumbham () Maa Telugu Thalliki ( ) by Sri Sankarambadi Sundaraachari State animal State bird State tree State sport State dance State flower Black Buck ( ) Indian Roller ( ) Neem () Kabaddi () Kuchipudi () Water lily ( )

Although Hyderabad was founded less than 500 years ago, archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date back to 500 BC. Approximately over 1000 years ago this region was ruled by Kakatiyas until 1310 AD, and fell under Delhi sultanate from (13101345), when the central sultanate became weak the Bahmani Sultan revolted against the Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluq and established an independent state in Deccan within the Delhi Sultanates southern provinces and ruled until 1518 AD. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, governor of golconda, declared Independence from Bahmani Dynasty, and announced himself a sultan of golconda in the year 1518 AD, and founded the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[24] Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a fifth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (the ruling family of the Golconda Sultanate, previously a feudatory of Bahmani sultanate that declared independence in 1512) founded the city of Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591[20] to relieve a water shortage the dynasty had experienced at its old headquarters at Golconda city (11 kilometers west of Hyderabad city on the other side of Musi). He also ordered the construction of the Charminar. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured kingdom of Golconda including the city of Hyderabad in 1687 and, during this short Mughal rule, Mughal-appointed governors of the city soon gained autonomy.[25]

Andhra Pradesh In 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk ("Governor of the country") by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establish control over kingdom of Golconda renamed it as Hyderabad state. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled Hyderabad State until a year after India's independence from Britain. Asaf Jah's successors ruled as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of Hyderabad city both culturally and economically. Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the kingdom (Hyderabad state) and Golkonda city was almost abandoned. Huge reservoirs, like the Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra, Osman Sagar, and Himayat Sagar, were built. Survey work on Nagarjuna Sagar had also begun during this time; the actual work was completed by the Government of India in 1969. The wealth and grandeur of the Nizams is demonstrated by the fabled Jewels of The Nizams, which is a tourist attraction. The state was the richest and the largest among the princely states of India. The land area of the state was 90,543mi; its population in 1901 was 50,073,759. It enjoyed an estimated revenue of 90,029,000.[26][27] In Colonial India, Northern Circars became part of the British Madras Presidency. Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British which eventually emerged as Rayalaseema region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the liberation of Hyderabad State.[28] Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954.

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Vizag skyline

India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.[29] In an effort to gain an independent state based on the linguistic and protect the interests of the Andhra (Telugu-speaking) people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted until death in 1952. After his death, Andhra attained statehood on 1 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital.[30] On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganization Act merged the Telugu-speaking areas of the former Hyderabad state with the Telugu-speaking areas of the former Madras state to form the state of Vishalandhra, which is named as Andhra Pradesh. The city of Hyderabad, the former capital of the Hyderabad State, was made the capital of the new state. There was a movement to disintegrate Andhra Pradesh into two states viz. Andhra and Telengana in the late 1960. The 1972 Jai Andhra agitation was a huge one.

Ethipothala Falls

On 9 December 2009, it was announced that a separation proposal for Telangana would be introduced to the state assembly.[31] Controversy arose as to the future status of Hyderabad City, part of one of the ten districts of Telangana region.[32] This move was opposed by protesters from Kosta and Rayalaseema regions,however the protests in the state capital Hyderabad was rocked only by pro-bifurcation protests. On 23 December 2009, the government decided to put the decision of bifurcating the state on hold until a consensus is achieved among the different political parties. This agitated supporters of a separate Telangana state.[33] On 5 January 2010, the Central Government represented by Home Minister P Chidambaram conducted a meeting by inviting all the recognised political parties of AP and recorded their stand on the issue. The Government of India appointed a committee, headed by B. N. Srikrishna, to

Andhra Pradesh guide the central government to settle the issue of Telangana amicably.[34] The committee submitted its report on 30 December 2010, a day before its term was to expire.[35]

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Geography and climate

Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is composed of most of the eastern half of the Deccan plateau and the plains to the east of the Eastern Ghats. Andhra Pradesh is divided into three regions. The northern part of the plateau is the Telangana region and the southern part is known as Rayalaseema. These two regions are separated by the River Krishna. The third region is Coastal Andhra.[36] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern coastal plains. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local names. The Kadapa Basin[37] formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a mineral rich area. The coastal plains are for the most part delta regions formed by the Godavari, Krishna, and Penner rivers. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the state's geography. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme north of the coast. The Eastern Ghat region is home to dense tropical forests, while the vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub vegetation is more common. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use. The west and southwest parts of Andhra Pradesh have semi-arid conditions. Indian Space Research Organisation's Satish Dhawan Space Centre is located at the Barrier Island of Sriharikota, in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.

The Mouth of the Godavari River (East) emptying into the Bay of Bengal

Greater Flamingoes (Phoenicopterus roseus) taking off Pocharam lake

The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region. Monsoons play a major role in determining the climate of the state. Summers last from March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 C and 41 C.[38] July to September is the seasons for tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh. The state receives heavy rainfall from Southwest Monsoon during these months. About one third of the total rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by the Northeast Monsoon. October and November see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with the Northeast Monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state. November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh. Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter temperature is generally 12 C to 30 C.[38] Hyderabad is the capital and, along with the adjoining twin city Secunderabad, is the largest city in the state.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh's main seaport, is the second largest city and is home to the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command. Due to its location and proximity to major rail and road routes, Vijayawada is a major trading center and is the third largest city of the state, Warangal is the fourth largest city of the state, followed by Guntur, Nellore, Rajamundry, Kurnool, Tirupati, Nizamabad. Other important places of the state are Kakinada, Karimnagar, Kadapa, Khammam and Ramagundam.

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Demographics
Population Trend
Census 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 35983000 43503000 53550000 66508000 75727000 84655533 % 20.9% 23.1% 24.2% 13.9% 11.8% [39]

Source:Census of India

Languages of Andhra Pradesh in 2010[40] Telugu (83.88%) Urdu (8.63%) Hindi (3.23%) Kannada (1.01%) Telugu is the official language of the state, spoken by 83.88% followed by Urdu 8.63% of the population. Major linguistic minority groups are Hindi (3.23%), and Kannada (1.02%). Other languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh by less than 1% each are Tamil (0.80%), Marathi (0.74%), and Oriya (0.44%). Languages spoken by less than 0.2% of the population include Malayalam (0.08%), Gujarati (0.06%), Bengali (0.05%), Gorkhali/Nepali (0.03%), Punjabi (0.01%) and Sindhi(0.01%).[41] The main ethnic group of Andhra Pradesh is the Telugu people, who are primarily Dravidians. Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth compared to all Indian States in the Human Development Index scores[42] with a score of 0.416. The National Council of Applied Economic Research district analysis in 2001 reveals that Khammam, Krishna, West Godavari, Chittoor, and Medak are the five districts with the highest Human Development Indexscores in ascending order in rural AP. The data show that the poor make up 16.3 per cent of the total population in rural AP and expenditure on consumption is around 13.5 per cent of the total consumption expenditure. The female literacy rate is 0.66 compared to male literacy rate in rural AP. The district-wise variations for poverty ratio are high and low for the ratio of female/male literacy rate.[43]

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Religions
The state is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important figure is Saint Yogi Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami. He was born in the Vishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste and had Brahmin and Dalit disciples.[44] Fisherman Raghu was a Shudra saint.[45] Saint Kakkayya was a chura (sweeper) Harijan saint.

Tirumala Temple entrance

Religion in Andhra Pradesh Percent Hinduism Islam Christianity Jainism Sikhism Others 79.88% 9.16% 10.7% 0.05% 0.04% 0.17%

Several important Hindu modern-day saints are from Andhra Pradesh. These include Sri Sathya Sai Baba, Sri Sivabala Yogi Maharaj who advocates religious unity in worship; Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji of the Aurobindo Mission; and Brahmarshi Subhash Patri, founder of the pyramid spiritual societies movement.Islam in Hyderabad, with historical patronizing by the rulers, has a strong Sufi influence, with various moments active in the last two decades. Hyderabad has also produced many renowned religious scholars of representing different Islamic sects and trends, including Abul Ala Maududi, Turab-ul-Haq Qadri, and Allamah Rasheed Turabi.[46] Most Telugu Christians are Protestant belonging to major Indian Protestant denominations such as the Church of South India, the Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church, the Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches and several others.

Economy

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Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 [47]

GSDP

State Rank

3,364,813 3 4,267,850 3 4,904,110 3 5,889,630 3 6,762,340 2

Andhra Pradesh's GSDP for 2010 was estimated at $100 billion in current prices and in 2011 it rose to $123.560 billion and $145.854 billion in 2012-13[8] placing Andhra pradesh in second place in India in GDP.It holds a position in the Provinces of the world with more than billion dollar GDP. The state ranks second in terms of overall Gross State Product among all the states of the Indian Union.[48] In terms of per capita GSDP the state compares very favorably with other large states. In the 2010 list by Forbes Magazine, there are Seven from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians. Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. Andhra Pradesh is an exporter of many agricultural products. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari, Krishna, Penna, and Thungabhadra flow through the state, providing irrigation. Rice, sugarcane, cotton, Chili pepper, mango, and tobacco are the local crops. Recently, crops used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.[50][51]
Aerial view of Visakhapatnam

[49]

port

The service sector of the state accounts for 43% of the gross state domestic product (GSDP) and employs 20% of the work force.[51] Andhra Pradesh economy has registered over 5.5% annual economic growth rate during the last two decades. The state is ranked fifth industrially developed states in India. Andhra Pradesh ranks second in India in terms of mineral wealth. The state has about one third of India's limestone reserves, estimated at about 30billion tonnes. The Tumalappalli Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that it could hold reserves totalling three times its current size, The Times of Srisailam Dam - Hydro Electric Power Source India quoted Srikumar Banerjee as saying. The mine's proven reserve is enough to support a 8,000 mega watts nuclear power plant for 40 years, the report added. The Krishna Godavari Basin has huge reserves of natural gas and petroleum. The state has a large amount of coal reserves.[51] The state ranks first nationwide in hydro electricity generation, with a national market share of over 11%. Andhra Pradesh has the fourth largest power generating utility in the country, with an installed capacity of around 10,650 MW. The two cheapest sources of thermal power generation coal and natural gas are in abundance.

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In 20042005, Andhra Pradesh was at the second position in the list of top information technology exporting states of India. The IT sector is expanding at a rate of 52.3% every year. The IT exports reached 19,000 crores ($4.5billion) in 20062007, contributed to 14 per cent of total IT exports of the nation and ranked fourth in India.[52] Other key sectors include, Biopharmaceuticals, Power, Automobile, Tourism, Textiles, Retail, Leather, Mining and Religious tourism.

Administration
Andhra Pradesh has a Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly, lower house) of 294 seats, and a Vidhan Parishad (legislative council, upper house) of 90 members. 31 members are elected from local bodies, 31 members are elected from the assembly, eight members are elected from teachers, eight members are elected from graduates, and 12 members are nominated by the Governor. In the Parliament of India Andhra Pradesh has 18 in the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House, and 42 in the Lok Sabha, the Lower House.[53][54]

Cyber Towers in Hyderabad

Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed by Indian The Andhra Pradesh State Legislative Assembly National Congress (INC) Party until 1982.Nandamuri Taraka Rama in the centre of Hyderabad City. Rao is the founder of Telugu Desam party and served as the first chief minister from the party. N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for the longest serving chief minister (1995 to 2004). P. V. Narasimha Rao served as the chief minister of the state from 1971 to 1973, and went on to become the Prime Minister of India in 1991. The first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later served as President of India. The Congress chief ministers of the state are Damodaram Sanjivayya, Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, P. V. Narasimha Rao, Jalagam Vengala Rao, Marri Chenna Reddy, Tanguturi Anjaiah, Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy, Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao, Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy, Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, Konijeti Rosaiah and N. Kiran Kumar Reddy. Until 1962, the CPI, along with socialist parties, played an important role as opposition parties. Parties namely Praja Socialist Party and Krishi Lok Party played important role in 1950's. In the 1967 state assembly elections all socialist parties were eliminated and CPI lost opposition party status. N.G. Ranga's Swatantra Party became the Opposition Party. They also failed to hold control later and became defunct. In 1978 Jalagam Vengal Rao and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy formed the Reddy Congress and contested against INC but lost.

Andhra Pradesh High Court at Hyderabad, the main judicial body for the State

In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao (NTR) became the chief minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long time single party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from 1956 until 1982. A few months after the election, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao usurped power when NTR was away in the United States for medical treatment. After coming back, NTR campaigned for a comeback by demonstrating the support of the majority of the elected MLAs. The governor Thakur Ram Lal was ousted by Indira Gandhi and in his place she appointed Shankar Dayal Sharma. NTR was reinstated as chief minister. Within a month NTR recommended the dissolution of the assembly and called for fresh elections. Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 by her Sikh bodyguard and Rajiv Gandhi was made Prime Minister by President Giani Zail Singh. In the ensuing elections for Lok Sabha and the AP Assembly, the Telugu Desam Party won in Andhra Pradesh and NTR came back to power.

Andhra Pradesh The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR, with the INC party returning to power with Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and NTR became the chief minister again. Nara Chandrababu Naidu, the son-in-law of NTR, usurped power with the backing of a majority of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in 1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. There was an assassination attempt on Naidu in 2003 in Tirupathi; he survived the attack. In the ensuing elections the party lost power to a resurgent INC and its allies. Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the Chief Minister. Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the CM again by fending off the Praja Rajyam Party and a major alliance of TDP, TRS, CPI and CPM. He died on 2 September 2009 in a helicopter crash. Konijeti Rosaiah, a senior statesman and former state finance minister, became the Chief Minister on 3 September 2009. On 24 November 2010, Rosaiah submitted his resignation on the grounds of increased work pressure. Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy was sworn in as the new Chief Minister on the following day.[55]

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Tourism
Andhra Pradesh is promoted by its tourism department as the "Koh-i-Noor of India." Andhra Pradesh is the home of many religious pilgrim centres. Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in Tirupati is according to believers the abode of Hindu god Venkateswara. Srisailam, nestled in the Nallamala Hills is the abode of Mallikarjuna and is one of twelve Jyothirlingas in India. Amaravati's Shiva temple is one of the Pancharamams, as is Yadagirigutta, the abode of an avatara of Vishnu, Lakshmi Narasimha. The Ramappa temple and Thousand Pillars temple in Warangal are famous for their temple carvings. The state has numerous Buddhist centres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda, Bhattiprolu, Ghantasala, Nelakondapalli, Dhulikatta, Bavikonda, Thotlakonda, Shalihundam, Pavuralakonda, Bojjannakonda(Sankaram), Phanigiri and Kolanpaka.[56] The Vijayanagara Empire built number of monuments, including the Srisailam temple and Lepakshi temples.

Belum Caves

Kuntala Waterfall

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Borra Caves (stalagmites and stalactites)

The golden beaches at Visakhapatnam, the one-million-year-old limestone caves at Borra, picturesque Araku Valley, hill resorts of Horsley Hills, river Godavari racing through a narrow gorge at Papi Kondalu, waterfalls at Ettipotala, Kuntala and rich bio-diversity at Talakona are some of the natural attractions of the state. Kailashagiri is a park near the sea in Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam is home to other tourist attractions such as the INS Kursura S20 Submarine museum (the only one of its kind in India), the longest beach road in India, Yarada Beach, Araku Valley, and Indira Gandhi Zoological Gardens. The Borra Caves are located in the Anatagiri Hills of the Eastern Ghats, near Vishakapatnam. They are at an altitude of about 800 to 1300 metres and are famous for million-year-old stalactite and stalagmite formations. They were discovered by British geologist William King George in 1807. The caves get their name from a formation inside the caves that looks like the human brain, which in the local language, Telugu, is known as burra. The Belum caves were formed due to erosion in limestone deposits in the area by the weakly acidic water of the Chitravati River millions of years ago.
Araku Valley

The Papi Hills are located in Khammam district, near Bhadrachalam. Boat cruises are available on the river Godavari. The Belum Caves in Kurnool District have a length of 3229 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft), making them the second largest natural caves on the Indian subcontinent. The Belum Caves derive their name from Bilum, the Sanskrit word for caves. In Telugu, the caves are known as Guhalu. The caves have long passages, spacious chambers, freshwater galleries, and siphons. The caves' deepest point is 120 feet (unknown operator: u'strong'm) from the entrance and is known asPatalganaga. Horsley Hills, elevation 1265 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft), is a summer hill resort in Andhra Pradesh, about 160km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Bangalore and144km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Tirupati. The town of Madanapalle lies nearby. Major tourist attractions include the Mallamma temple and the Rishi Valley School. Horsely Hills is the departure point for the Koundinya Wildlife Sanctuary at a distance of 87km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi). Nirmal is famous for its handicrafts and paintings. Kuntala waterfall, at 45 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft), is the biggest in the state. Charminar, Golconda Fort, Chandragiri Fort, Chowmahalla Palace, and Falaknuma Palace are some of the monuments in the state. Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada in Krishna district, Venkateswara Temple in Dwaraka Tirumala, West Godavari District, and Surya temple in Arasavelli in Srikakulam District are also places to see in Andhra Pradesh. The Annavaram Satayannarayana Swami temple is in East Godavari, near Kakinada.Konaseema is another place in East Godavari for nature lovers with scenic greenery of lush paddy fields and coconut groves. All along the banks of river Godavari and its canals.

Andhra Pradesh Religious tourism Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in the town of Tirumala in Chittoor district is a very important pilgrimage site for Hindus throughout India. It is the second richest pilgrimage city of any religious faith in the world after Padmanabhaswamy Temple in the Indian state of Kerala.[57] Its main temple is dedicated to the god Venkateswara. In 1517 Vijayanagara ruler Sri Krishna Deva Raya, on one of his many visits to the temple, donated gold and jewels, enabling the Vimana (inner shrine) roofing to be gilded. Statues of Sri Krishna Deva Raya and his spouse stand in the premises of the temple. The five ancient Hindu temples of Lord Shiva, known as Pancharama Kshetras, are located at - Amararama, Draksharama, Somarama, Ksheerarama and Kumararama. The Sivalingas at these temples are made from a single Sivalinga. Simhachalam is another popular pilgrimage site of national importance located on a hill 20 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) north of the Visakhapatnam city centre. Simhachalam is said to be the abode of the savior-god Narasimha, who rescued Prahlada from his abusive father Hiranyakashipu. One of the most exquisitely sculpted shrines of Andhra Pradesh, it has a beautifully carved 16-pillared Natya mantapa and a 96-pillared Kalyana mantapa. The temple was built in 11th century by Kullotunga chola. Engaged couples go to this temple as a ritual just before marriage. It is one of the most crowded temples of Andhra Pradesh. Srisailam temple in Kurnool district is a very famous Shiva temple, and is one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines. Lord Rama himself installed the Sahasralinga, while the Pandavas lodged the Panchapandava lingas in the temple courtyard. The Skanda Purana, an ancient religious text, has a chapter called "Srisaila Kandam" dedicated to this temple, which points to its ancient origin. It is said that Adi Shankara (c. 788821 CE) visited this temple at the time that he composed his Sivananda Lahiri. Srisailam is located in Kurnool district. Bhadrachalam Temple is a temple to Lord Rama in the town of Bhadrachalam in Khammam district. It is situated on the banks of the river Godavari. This is the place where Kancherla Gopanna (16201680) wrote his devotional songs dedicated to lord Rama. It was believed that lord Rama spent some years on the banks of river Godavari here in Treta Yuga. Kancherla Gopanna raised the funds and constructed the temple during the reign of Tanisha in the 17th century. Sri Rama Navami, a celebration of the Marriage of Lord Rama and sita, is celebrated here every year. Government of Andhra Pradesh sends pearls for the event.

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Birla Mandir Hindu temple

Diguva Mangalagiri Temple

Durga Temple in Vijayawada

Ramappa Temple

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Kanaka Durga Temple is a temple to the goddess Durga situated on the Indrakeeladri Hill in the city of Vijayawada on the banks of Krishna River. Special pujas are performed during Dasara, also called Navratri. The most significant are Saraswati puja and Theppotsavam. The festival of Dasara for the Goddess Durga is celebrated there every year. A large number of pilgrims attend the colourful celebrations and take a holy dip in the Krishna River. Mahayana Buddhism Scholars have suggested that the Prajpramit Sutras, the earliest Mahayana Sutras,[58][59] developed among the Mahsghika along the Krishna River in Andhra country.[60] A.K. Warder holds that "the Mahyna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."[61] Sree Padma and Anthony Barber note that "historians of Buddhist thought have Malluru Ugra Narasimha Swamy Temple at Mangapet of Warangal been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important Mahayana Buddhist District Andhra Pradesh, India thinkers as Ngrjuna, Dignaga, Candrakrti, Aryadeva, and Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist communities in Andhra."[62] They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna Valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."[62] The Dzogchen, Mahamudra and Lamdr masters Sri Singha, Savari, Maitripa and Virupa lived and taught in the Andhra region for some portion of their lives or were in some cases permanent residents.[63] Temples and pilgrimage sites Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basara is a temple to the goddess Saraswati, goddess of education. Basara is located in Adilabad district 50 kilometers from Nirmal. Yaganti Caves and Mahanandi are pilgrimage centres in Kurnool District. Kailasagiri Temple Hill, in Visakhapatnam. Birla Mandir, in Hyderabad. Sanghi Temple, at Hayathnagar, in Hyderabad. Chilukur Balaji Temple, on the banks of Osman Sagar Lake. Ramappa Temple, constructed in 1213, is located 77km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Warangal. Mecca Masjid in Hyderabad. Buddha statue that was erected in 1992 on the Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad. Srikalahasti Temple is an ancient Shiva temple located on the banks of river Swarnamukhi in Chittoor district. Talakona is located in Nerabailu Village in Yerravaripalem Mandal of Chittoor District Annavaram Satyanarayana Swamy temple in East Godavari district. Vemulavada Sri Raja Rajeshwara temple in Karimnagar district . Venkateswara Temple in Chinna Tirupathi (Dwaraka Tirumala) near to Tadepalligudem and Eluru. Sri Kanakadurga temple at Vijayawada in Krishna district Veerabhadra temple at Lepakshi in Ananthapur district. Sri Viswa Viznana Vidya Adhyatmika Peetham is situated in Pithapuram, East Godavari district. Sri Surya Narayana Swamy Temple, Arasavilli near Srikakulam Sree Rama Temple, Badrachalam. Sri Lakshmi NarasimhaSwamy Temple, Dharmapuri, KarimNagar [District]. Sri KaleswaraMuktheeswara temple, Kaleswaram, KarimNagar [District]. Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Mattapalli, Nalgonda [District], situated on the banks of river Krishna.

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Culture
Bapu's paintings, Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao's Yenki Paatalu (Songs about a washerwoman called Yenki), mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya's songs, Aavakaaya (a variant of mango pickle in which the kernel of mango is retained), Gongura (a chutney from Roselle plant), Atla Taddi (a seasonal festival predominantly for teenage girls), the banks of river Godavari, and the Dudu basavanna (the ceremonial ox decorated for door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival Sankranthi) have long defined Telugu culture. The village of Durgi is known for stone craft, producing carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering. Kalamkari is an ancient textile art form dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Andhra Pradesh is famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, dry grass, and lightweight metal alloys. Tirupathi is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for mud toys with rich colors. The village of Etikoppaka, located in Visakhapatnam district, produces lacquered toys. Nirmal paintings are expressive and are usually painted over a black background. Story telling in Andhra Pradesh is an art form in itself. Folk dances unique to Andhra Pradesh include Yaksha ganam, Burra katha (usually done by three people, telling stories using three different musical instruments), Jangama kathalu, Hari kathalu, Chekka bajana, Urumula natyam (usually done at festivals, where a group of people dance in circles with loud music), and Ghata natyam (performances done with earthen pots over one's head). Andhra Pradesh has many museums, the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, which features a varied collection of sculptures, paintings, and religious artifacts, including the Archaeological Museum[64] at Amaravati near Guntur City that features relics of nearby ancient sites, and the Visakha Museum, in Visakhapatnam, which displays the history of the pre-Independence and thotla konda which depicts the age old budhist stupa's and cultural style, Madras Presidency in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow.[65] Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada has a good collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery and inscriptions. Other ancient sites include dozens of ancient Buddhist stupas in Nagarjunakonda which is now an island in Nagarjuna Sagar, an artificial lake that formed after the construction of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam. The Island has a large museum that houses many Buddhist relics.[66] Just like in other parts of the country, many festivals are celebrated in Andhra Pradesh, which include - Ugadi, Sankranthi, Dasara, Varalakshmi Vratham, Vinayaka Chavithi, Deepavali, Batukamma, Rakhi poornima, Christmas, Sri Rama Navami, Bonalu, Maha Shivaratri, Nagula Chaviti, Holi, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-zuha, Muharram, Milad-un-Nabi etc.

Cuisine
The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is one of the spiciest of all Indian cuisines. There are many variations to the cuisine based on geographical regions, caste and traditions. Rice is the staple food and is used in a wide varieties of dishes. Typically, rice is either boiled and eaten with curry or made into a batter for use in a crepe-like dish called attu (pesarattu is made of a mixture of this batter and mung beans) or dosas, a crepe filled with black beans or lentils. Pickles and chutneys, Traditional Andhra Pradesh meal served on a locally known as thoku and pachadi in Telugu, are popular in Andhra banana leaf Pradesh, many varieties of pickle and chutney are unique to the State. Chutneys are made from practically every vegetable including tomatoes, brinjals (eggplant), and roselle (Gongura). Avaakaya (mango pickle) is probably the best known of the Andhra Pradesh pickles. Meat, vegetables and greens are prepared with different spices (masala) into a variety of strongly flavored dishes such as Hyderabadi Biryani, fish curry, brinjal curry and Gongura pachadi are the most popular dish of the state. The coastal region is even more well versed with the varieties in sea food specially known for Chapala Pulusu,

Andhra Pradesh Bommidala pulusu, Koramenu kura. Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced by the Muslims who arrived in Telangana in the 14th century. Much of the cuisine is mainly prepared of meat. It is rich and aromatic, with a liberal use of exotic spices and ghee (clarified butter). Lamb, chicken and fish are the most widely used meats in the non-vegetarian dishes.

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Dance
Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; women tend to learn it more often. Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical dance form. The various dance forms that existed through the state's history are Bonalu, Dappu, Chenchu Bhagotham, Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha, Veeranatyam, Butta bommalu, Tappeta Gullu, Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, and Chindu. Jaanapadam theenmar is a popular folk dance. Jayapa Senani was the first person to write about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.[67] Both Desi and Margi forms of dances are included in his Sanskrit treatise Nrutya Ratnavali.

Literature
Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great Kuchipudi, dance by Yamini Reddy Sanskrit epic Mahabharata into Telugu. Pothana is the poet who composed the classic SriMad Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatham, authored by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. Nannayya (c. 11th century AD), the earliest known Telugu author, was patronized by the king Rajaraja Narendra who ruled from Rajamahendravaram (now Rajahmundry). The Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Vemana, a native of Kadapa, is notable for his philosophical poems. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam (18481919) is termed modern literature. Known as Gadya Tikkana, Satyavathi Charitam was the author Telugu-language social novel, Satyavathi Charitam. Jnanpith Award winners include Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy. The Andhra Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into Telugu literature. Other modern writers include Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, the only person nominated from India for a Nobel prize in literature since Rabindranath Tagore. The West Bengal Government conferred on him the title Rashtrendu ("Moon of the Nation"). Telugu University awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Literature in 1994. He received the Kalidas Samman award from the Madhya Pradhesh government, and he won the Central Sahitya Akademi fellowship in 1999. Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu is one of the scholarly poets of Telugu literature. He wrote the books Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam. Other notable writers from Andhra Pradesh include Srirangam Sreenivasarao, Gurram Jashuva, Chinnaya Suri, Viswanatha Satyanarayana.

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Cinema
In the early 1980s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted its base to Hyderabad from Madras. The Telugu film culture (or, "Tollywood") is the second-largest film industry in India.[68] Hyderabad houses the Prasads IMAX theatre, which was the biggest 3D IMAX screen in the world when it was built in 2007.[69] It is also home to Ramoji Film City which is the worlds largest integrated film studio complex at over 2000 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'ha) of land.[70] Prolific film producer from the state, D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for the most number of films produced by a person.[71] Andhra Pradesh has around 5500 cinema halls. The state produces about 200 films a year. It has around 40% (330 out of 930) of the Dolby Digital theatres in India. The Telugu language film industry, being the second largest in India, in terms of A western street replica at Ramoji market capitalization and infrastructure, holds a memorandum of understanding Film City with Motion Picture Association of America to combat video piracy.[1] [2] [3] As per the CBFC report of 2010, the industry stood third in India, in terms of films produced yearly.[4] The industry holds the Guinness World Record for the largest film production facility in the world

Music
Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Tyagaraja, Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers like Ghantasala and Sri M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P. Balasubrahmanyam. Telugus have a large number of folk dances. Folk songs are popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.[72]

Sports

The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, is the governing body which looks after the infrastructure development in Cricket, Field hockey, Association Football, Olympic weightlifting, Chess, Water Sports, Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Cycling etc. Sports like kho kho, kabaddi, chinni daandu and goli (marbles) are played mostly in coastal Andhra & Telangana areas. One of the most popular sports in Andhra pradesh is cricket. The Hyderabad Cricket Association nurtures potential international players. The Hyderabad cricket team has won the Ranji Trophy twice. The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in Hyderabad and ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam, regularly host international matches. The Deccan Chargers, an Indian Premier League franchise, is based in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam. Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh, include C. K. Nayudu, Maharajkumar of Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, Mohammad Azharuddin, M. S. K. Prasad, V.V.S. Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Paul Valthaty, Venkatapathy Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao etc. Other accomplished sports-persons include, A. Ramana Rao, Karnam Malleswari, Pullela Gopichand, Sania Mirza, Saina Nehwal, Sharath Kamal, Chetan Anand (Badminton), Pradeep (Volley Ball), Mukesh Kumar (Hockey), Abdul

Balamuralikrishna during a concert in Kuwait on 29 March 2006, accompanied by Mavelikkara Sathees Chandran (violin), Perunna G. Harikumar (mridangom), Manjoor Unnikrishnan (ghatam)

Andhra Pradesh Najeeb Qureshi, Jwala Gutta, Raman Subbarao, Kamineni Eswara Rao, etc. Grandmasters in Chess like, Koneru Humpy, Pendyala Harikrishna, Dronavalli Harika and Gogineni Rohit hail from the state.

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Education and research

Andhra Pradesh is served by more than 20 institutes of higher education. All major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business, and veterinary science are offered, with first degrees and postgraduate awards available. Advanced research is conducted in all major areas.
Indian School of Business Andhra Pradesh has 1,330 arts, science and commerce colleges; 1,000 MBA and MCA colleges; 847 engineering colleges; 53 medical colleges, and one Indian Institute of Technology (in Hyderabad). The student to teacher ratio in higher education is 19:1. According to the 2001 census, Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 61.11% (as per Andhra pradesh Govt's official website). The male literacy rate is 70.3% and the female literacy rate is 67.4%.

Andhra Pradesh is the home to Osmania University, it is one of the oldest modern universities in India. It is one of the largest university systems in the subcontinent with over 300,000 students on its various campuses and affiliated colleges.[73] The Government of Andhra Pradesh has established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT)[74]</ref> in 2008 to cater to the educational needs of the gifted rural youth of Andhra Pradesh. The Institute specializes in teaching and research in Information Technology and other emerging disciplines under the control of a common university Governing Council and following a common syllabus. The state has recently made strides in setting up several institutes. Andhra Pradesh is home to the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (Hyderabad Campus), Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad,[75] Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad,[76] International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIIT-H),[77] National Institute of Technology NIT Warangal,[78] the Nalsar University of Law, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, University of Hyderabad, School of Planning and School children in an elementary school in Architecture, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies[79] Andhra Pradesh and the Indian School of Business (ISB). The National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) and The Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition are also located in Hyderabad. Also Georgia Institute of Technology,[80] is in the process of setting up their campus in Hyderabad. Apart from this Andhra Pradesh is home to many more top class universities like English and Foreign Languages University, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,[81] Osmania University,[82] Andhra University,[83] Nagarjuna University,[84] Kakatiya University,[85] Sri Venkateswara University,[86] Sri Krishnadevaraya University,[87] Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University,[88] Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Telangana University Nizamabad, Mahathma Gandhi University Nalgonda, Palamur University Mahaboobnagar, Rayalaseema university, Kurnool,[89] Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University(SVVU)(www.svvu.edu.in) and private engineering colleges like Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology, Vasavi College of Engineering, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, RVR & JC College of Engineering, MVSR Engineering College, GRIET, Narasaraopeta Engineering College, to serve their people across

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh. The Government of Andhra Pradesh has established the first University of Health Sciences, fulfilling the recommendations of several committees. The Andhra Pradesh University of Health Sciences was established by Act.No. 6 of the Andhra Pradesh legislature and was inaugurated in 1986 by the late Sri N.T. Rama Rao, then Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. After the death of its founder Sri N.T. Rama Rao the University was named after him as NTR University of Health Sciences, Andhra Pradesh.

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Transport
Road: A total of 146954 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) of roads are maintained by the State, of which State Highways comprise 42511km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi), National Highways 2949km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi), and District Roads 101484 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi). The growth rate for vehicle ownership in Andhra Pradesh is the highest in the country at 16%.[90] Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public transport corporation owned by the government of Andhra Pradesh that connects all the cities and villages. APSRTC is in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the largest fleet of vehicles (approximately 21,000), and the longest distance covered daily.Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station[M.G.B.S] in Hyderabad and Nehru Bus stand in Vijayawada are among the largest bus stands in the state.[91] Thousands of private operators also run buses connecting major cities and towns. Private vehicles like cars, motorised scooters, and bicycles occupy a major share of the local transport in the cities and adjoining villages.

Major road links of Andhra Pradesh

The railroad bridge between Rajahmundry and Kovvur

Rail: Railways are a major means of transport connecting all major cities and towns. The history of railways in Andhra Pradesh dates back to the time of Nizam of Hyderabad. Most of Andhra Pradesh falls under the auspices of the South Central Railway, founded in 1966 with its headquarters at Secunderabad. The East Coast Railway serves Srikakulam, Vizianagaram District, and part of Visakhapatnam district including Visakhapatnam City. Vijayawada Railway Station is one of the busiest railway junctions in India. Second largest & busiest Railway station in Asia. Air: Hyderabad International Airport, also known as Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, is the international airport for the city of
The Secunderabad Railway Station, headquarters of the South Central Railway

Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad. It has won WORLD NO 1 Airport award twice(2009,2010) in 5 - 15 million passenger category. It is the largest airport in the state and one of the busiest airports nationwide. Visakhapatnam Airport, the other international airport in the state is the second largest serving close to 1 million passengers annually. Other airports in the state are Vijayawada Airport, Rajahmundry Airport, and Tirupati Airport. The government also has plans to start airports in eight other cities: Guntur, Ongole, Nellore, Warangal, Kadapa, Tadepalligudem, Kurnool, Karimnagar, Ramagundam and Kothagudem.

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Visakhapatnam seaport

Sea: Andhra Pradesh has two of the major ports of India at Visakhapatnam and Kakinada and three minor ports at Krishnapatnam (Nellore), Machilipatnam, and Nizampatnam (Guntur). A private port is being developed at Gangavaram, near Visakhapatnam. This deep seaport can accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000250,000 DWT.Andhra Pradesh having largest sea coastal area in India with 950km.

Newspapers and journals

Telugu Eenadu Andhra Jyothi Andhra Bhoomi Andhra Prabha Prajasakti Suryaa Vaartha Sakshi Namaste Telangana Visaalandhra

Urdu Awam Etemaad daily The Munsif Daily The Siasat Daily Blitz

English Deccan Chronicle The Hindu Hindustan Times The Business Line The Economic Times The New Indian Express The Times of India The Hans India

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References
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Retrieved 8 October 2011. [6] "State Domestic Product of India 2010-11 | State-Wise GDP 2010 | District GDP of India | State-wise Population 2011 | VMW Analytic Services" (http:/ / unidow. com/ india home eng/ statewise_gdp. html). Unidow.com. . Retrieved 8 October 2011. [7] "The rice bowl of India may see a crop holiday on bumper harvest - Economy and Politics" (http:/ / www. livemint. com/ 2011/ 08/ 22234611/ The-rice-bowl-of-India-may-see. html). livemint.com. 22 August 2011. . Retrieved 8 July 2012. [8] Kaustuvmoni (17 February 2012). "Andhra Pradesh Finance Min presents Rs 1.45 lakh cr budget" (http:/ / news. oneindia. in/ 2012/ 02/ 17/ andhra-finance-minister-presents-rs-1-45-lakh-cr-budget. html). News.oneindia.in. . Retrieved 8 July 2012. [9] "Rough rice production (000 t) in India, by state, 19612006" (http:/ / www. irri. org/ science/ ricestat/ data/ may2008/ WRS2008-Table07. pdf). International Rice Research Institute. May 2008. . Retrieved 25 August 2009. 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The natural history of Pliny, volume 3 (http:/ / perseus. mpiwg-berlin. mpg. de/ cgi-bin/ ptext?lookup=Plin. + Nat. + 6. 21). London, H. G. Bohn. ISBN0030100482972. . Retrieved 22 July 2012. [17] Helmutt Hoffmann, "Buddha's Preaching of the Kalachakra Tantra at the Stupa of Dhanyakataka," German Scholars on India, Vol. I. PP. 136140. (Varanasi, 1973) [18] "Kalacakra.org" (http:/ / www. kalacakra. org/ history/ khistor2. htm). Kalacakra.org. 8 August 2010. . Retrieved 7 March 2011. [19] G. Durga Prasad, History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D., P.G. Publishers, Guntur, p. 116 [20] Epigraphica Indica, 27: 220228 [21] "1000+ Years History (Since 919A.D)" (http:/ / www. rajahmundry. net/ history. aspx). History of Rajahmundry. Rajahmundry.net. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20081014151224/ http:/ / www. rajahmundry. net/ history. aspx) from the original on 14 October 2008. . Retrieved 22 October 2008. 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External links
Andhra Pradesh travel guide from Wikitravel Andhra Pradesh (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Andhra_Pradesh/) at the Open Directory Project STD Codes of Andhra Pradesh (http://std-codes.in/stdcodes-of-Andhra-Pradesh.html) Government Andhra Pradesh Government Website (http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/index.asp) Department of Tourism, Government of Andhra Pradesh (http://www.aptourism.in/)

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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
State

Seal

Location of Madhya Pradesh in India Coordinates (madhya pradesh): 2225N 7232E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Time zone ISO 3166 code 72,697,565 6th IST (UTC+05:30) IN-MP 308252km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 2nd Ram Naresh Yadav Shivraj Singh Chouhan (BJP) India 1956-11-01 Bhopal Indore 50

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HDI HDI rank Literacy 0.488 (medium) 26th (2005) 76.5% (8th)

Official languages Hindi Website mp.gov.in [1]

Madhya Pradesh /mdyprd/, abbreviated MP, often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and the largest city is Indore.[2] Madhya Pradesh is the second largest state by area and with over 75 million inhabitants the sixth largest state in India by population. It borders the states of Uttar Pradesh to the northeast, Chhattisgarh to the southeast, Maharashtra to the south, Gujarat to the west, and Rajasthan to the northwest. The city of Ujjain (also known as Avanti) arose as a major center in the second wave of Indian urbanization in the sixth century BC, and served as the chief city of the kingdom of Malwa or Avanti. Further east, the kingdom of Chedi lie in Bundelkhand. Chandragupta Maurya united northern India c. 320 BC, establishing the Maurya empire (321 to 185 BC), which included all of modern-day Madhya Pradesh. King Ashoka's wife was said to come from Vidisha- a town north of today's Bhopal. The Maurya empire went into decline after the death of Asoka the Great, and Central India was contested among the Sakas, Kushanas, and local dynasties during the 3rd to 1st centuries BCE. Ujjain emerged as the predominant commercial center of western India from the first century BCE, located on the trade routes between the Ganges plain and India's Arabian Sea ports. It was also an important Hindu and Buddhist center. The Satavahana dynasty of the northern Deccan and the Saka dynasty of the Western Satraps fought for the control of Madhya Pradesh during the 1st to 3rd centuries CE. Northern India was conquered by the Gupta empire in the 4th and 5th centuries, which became known as India's "classical age". The Vakataka dynasty were the southern neighbors of the Guptas, ruling the northern Deccan plateau from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal. These empires collapsed towards the end of the 5th century.

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Western Satraps

Medieval
The attacks of the Hephthalites or White Huns brought about the collapse of the Gupta empire, and India broke up into smaller states. A king Yasodharman of Malwa defeated the Huns in 528, ending their expansion. King Harsha of Thanesar reunited northern India for a few decades before his death in 647. The Medieval period saw the rise of the Rajput clans, including the Paramaras of Malwa and the Chandelas of Bundelkhand. The Paramara king Bhoja (c. 10101060) was a brilliant polymath and prolific writer. The Chandelas created the temple city of Khajuraho between c. 950 and c. 1050. Gond kingdoms emerged in Gondwana and Mahakoshal. Northern Madhya Pradesh was conquered by the Muslim Delhi Sultanate in the 13th century. After the collapse of the Delhi Sultanate at the end of the 14th century, independent regional kingdoms reemerged, including the Tomara Rajput kingdom of Gwalior and the Muslim Sultanate of Malwa, with its capital at Mandu. The Malwa Sultanate was conquered by the Sultanate of Gujarat in 1531. Sher Shah Suri, the Afghan king took the reins of the area in Khajuraho was the cultural capital of the Chandela Rajputs 1540 after defeating Humanyun. Hemu, the Hindu General of Afghans shifted the capital of Afghans from Delhi to Gwalior in 1552. Islam Shah, the son of Sher shah Suri appointed Hemu, as the Prime Minister-cum-Chief of Army of his regime in the Gwalior Fort and Hemu launched several attacks from Gwalior fort on the Afghan rebels. In all Hemu won 22 battles throughout North India in between 155356. Hemu also launched an attack on Akbar's forces in Agra and Delhi and

Madhya Pradesh defeated his army, thus winning Delhi and established native Vedic Sanskriti oriented 'Hindu Raj' in North India. He was bestowed with the title of 'Vikramaditya' king on his victory in Delhi over Akbar at his 'Rajyabhishake' or coronation ceremony in Purana Quila in Delhi. Hemu lost his life in the Second Battle of Panipat in Nov. 1556 to Akbar, and most of Madhya Pradesh came under Mughal rule during the reign of the emperor Akbar (15561605). Gondwana and Mahakoshal remained under the control of Gond kings, who acknowledged Mughal supremacy but enjoyed virtual autonomy. After the death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 Mughal control began to weaken, and the Marathas began to expand from their base in central Maharashtra. Between 1720 and 1760 the Marathas took control of most of Madhya Pradesh, and Maratha clans were established semi-autonomous states under the nominal control of the Maratha Peshwa. The Holkars of Indore ruled much of Malwa, and the Bhonsles of Nagpur dominated Mahakoshal and Gondwana as well as Vidarbha in Maharashtra. Jhansi was founded by a Maratha general. Bhopal was ruled by a Muslim dynasty descended from Dost Mohammed Khan, an Afghan General in the Mughal army.

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Modern
The British were expanding their Indian dominions from bases in Bengal, Bombay, and Madras, and the three Anglo-Maratha Wars were fought between 1775 and 1818. The Third Anglo-Maratha War left the British supreme in India. Most of Madhya Pradesh, including the large states of Indore, Gwalior, Nagpur, Rewa, and dozens of smaller states, became princely states of British India, and the Mahakoshal region became a British province, the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories. In 1853 the British annexed the state of Nagpur, which included southeastern Madhya Pradesh, eastern Maharashtra and most of Chhattisgarh, which were combined with the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories to form the Central Provinces in 1861. The princely states of northern Madhya Pradesh were governed by the Central India Agency.

After Indian independence

Madhya Pradesh was created in 1950 from the former British Central Provinces and Berar and the princely states of Makrai and Chhattisgarh, with Nagpur as the capital of the state. The new states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were formed out of the Central India Agency. In 1956, the states of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal were merged into Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathi-speaking southern region Vidarbha, which included Nagpur, was ceded to Bombay state. Bhopal became the new capital of the state. Madhya Pradesh, in its present form, came into existence on 1 November 2000, following its bifurcation to create a new state of Chhattisgarh. The undivided Madhya Pradesh was founded on 1 November 1956. Madhya Pradesh, because of its central location in India, has remained a crucible of historical currents from North, South, East and West.

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Government and politics

The constitutional head of the state is the governor, appointed by the President of India. The current governor is Ram Naresh Yadav. Madhya Pradesh has a 230-seat state Legislative Assembly. The state also sends 40 members to the Parliament of India: 29 are elected to the Lok Sabha (Lower House) and 11 to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House). The dominant political parties in the state are the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress. Unlike many of its neighbours, Madhya Pradesh has largely a two-party system with small or regional parties not having had much success in recent elections.

The Vidhan Sabha is the seat of Madhya Pradesh's Legislative assembly

In the November 2008 state elections, the BJP won an absolute majority of 143 seats, defeating Congress who won just 71 seats. Other parties in the state legislature include the Bahujan Samaj Party with seven seats. The current chief minister is Shivraj Singh Chouhan, who succeeded Babulal Gaur and Uma Bharti. Before the BJP won in 2003, the longtime Congress Chief Minister was Digvijay Singh. In the 2004 General Election the BJP swept the state by winning 25 of the 29 seats, while the Congress won the remaining four.

Geography
Madhya Pradesh in Hindi can be translated to Central Province, and it is located in the geographic heart of India. The state straddles the Narmada River, which runs east and west between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges; these ranges and the Narmada are the traditional boundary between the north and south of India. The state is bordered on the west by Gujarat, on the northwest by Rajasthan, on the northeast by Uttar Pradesh, on the east by Chhattisgarh, and on the south by Maharashtra.
Satpura Range at Pachmarhi

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Rivers
Madhya Pradesh represents great river basins and the watershed of a number of rivers. Catchments of many rivers of India lie in Madhya Pradesh. The Narmada (originating from Amarkantak) and Tapti (originating from Multai of Betul District) rivers and their basins divide the state in two, with the northern part draining largely into the Ganges basin and the southern part into the Godavari and Mahanadi systems. The Vindhyas form the southern boundary of the Ganges basin, with the western part of the Ganges basin draining into the The Bansagar Dam on Sone River Yamuna and the eastern part directly into the Ganges itself. All the rivers, which drain into the Ganges, flow from south to north, with the Chambal, Shipra, Kali Sindh, Parbati, Kuno, Sind, Betwa, Dhasan and Ken rivers being the main tributaries of the Yamuna. The land drained by these rivers is agriculturally rich, with the natural vegetation largely consisting of grass and dry deciduous forest types, largely thorny. The eastern part of the Ganges basin consists of the Son, the Tons and the Rihand Rivers, with the Son being the major tributary. This is also the junction point of the Satpura and the Vindhya ranges, with the Maikal Hills and Kaimur Hills being the fulcrum. The forests here are much richer than the thorn forests of the northwestern part of Madhya View from Sharda Temple Maihar Pradesh. The Son is of great significance in that it is the largest tributary going into the Ganges on the south bank and arising out of the hills of Madhya Pradesh rather than from the Himalayas. This river and its tributaries contribute the bulk of the monsoon flow into the Ganges, because the north bank tributaries are all snow fed. The major tributary of the Ganges, the Son, arises in one of the most important watersheds in India, the Maikal hills around Amarkantak. Three of the great rivers of India, Narmada, Mahanadi and Son, are given birth to by these hills. This is also one of the few ranges in the State having a north south configuration. The Mahanadi itself, together with its tributaries such as Hasdeo, Mand and Kharun flows southeast into Orissa and converts that State into a green rice bowl. The upper Mahanadi catchment contains some of the finest forests in the State, ranging from mixed deciduous to teak, bamboo and sal. Just as the Mahanadi flows east from the Maikal hills and the Son flows north, the mighty Narmada charts a westerly course from these very hills. The Narmada flows through a rift valley, with the Vindhyas marching along its northern bank and the Satpuras along the southern. Its tributaries include the Banjar, the Tawa, the Machna, the Denwa and the Sonbhardra rivers. Taken in combination with its parallel sister river, the Tapi, which also flows through a rift valley, the NarmadaTapi systems carry and enormous volume of water and provide drainage for almost a quarter of the land area of Madhya Pradesh. The Satpuras (Pansemal), in the Gawilgarh and Mahadeo Hills, also contain a watershed, which is south facing. The Indrawati, the Wainganga, the Wardha, the Pench, the Kanhan and Penganga rivers, discharge an enormous volume of water into the Godavari system. The Godavari is the lifeline of Andhra Pradesh, but the water which feeds it is a gift of the Central India watershed. Some of the finest sub-tropical, semi moist forests in India are to be found in the Godavari basin, mainly in the valley of the Indrawati. There are very few virgin forests left in the country, but very fine examples of these are to be found in Bastar area along the Indrawati and in the Kanger valley in Chhattisgarh. The importance of Central India watershed was first noted by Captain Forsyth and remarked upon in his book, "The Highlands of Central India", first published in 1889. This is what he has to state in the introductory chapter to his book, "Yet in the very center of India there exists a considerable region to which the term highlands is strictly applicable; and in which are enormous peaks and ranges, for which the term mountain would, in any other country,

Madhya Pradesh be used. Several of the great rivers of India have their first source in this elevated region. And pour their water into the sea on either side of the peninsula to the north the Son commingling with the Ganges, to the east the Mahanadi, flowing independently to the Bay of Bengal, to the south some of the principal feeders of the Godavari, and to the west the Narmada and the Tapi, Basli Dam Gohad (Bhind) taking parallel courses to the Arabian Sea. There are many important multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects.

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Climate
Madhya Pradesh has a subtropical climate. Like most of north India, it has a hot dry summer(AprilJune) followed by monsoon rains (JulySeptember) and a cool and relatively dry winter. The average rainfall is about 1370mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in). It decreases from east to west because monsoon wind moves from east to west and drained clouds in eastern part takes less quantity of water vapours with them to western part. The south-eastern districts have the heaviest rainfall, some places receiving as much as 2150mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in), while the western and north-western districts receive 1000mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in) or less.

Soils
In Madhya Pradesh following type of soils are found : Black Soil, most predominantly in Malwa region. Red and yellow soil, in Baghelkhand region Alluvial Soil, in Northern Madhya Pradesh Laterite Soil, in highland areas; Mixed Soil, in parts of Gwalior and chambal division.

Flora and fauna

Forest
Madhya Pradesh is endowed with rich and diverse forest resources. Lying between lat. 2104'N and long. 7402' and 8249' E, it is a reservoir of biodiversity. The geographical area of the state is 308252 km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi) which constitutes 9.38% of the land area of the country. The forest area of the state is 94689km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi) constituting 30.72% of the geographical area of the state and 12.30% of the forest area of the country. Legally this area has been classified into "Reserved Mixed forests at Amarkantak Forest, Protected Forest and Unclassified Forest", which constitute 65.3%, 32.84% and 0.18% of the forest area respectively. Per capita forest area is 2400m2 (unknown operator: u'strong' acres) as against the national average of 700m2 (unknown operator: u'strong' acres). Central, eastern and southern parts of the state are rich, whereas northern and western parts are deficient in forest. Variability in climatic and edaphic conditions brings about significant difference in the forest types of the state.

Madhya Pradesh There are four important forest types viz. Tropical Moist, Tropical Dry, Tropical Thorn, Subtropical broadleaved Hill forests. The forest area can also be classified based on the composition of forest and terrain of the area. Based on composition, there are three important forest formations namely teak, sal and miscellaneous forests. Bamboo-bearing areas are widely distributed in the state. To obviate pressure on the natural forests, plantations have been undertaken in forest and non forest areas to supplement the availability of fuel wood, small timber, fodder, etc. MP lost a good amount of forest recently when Chattisgarh was carved out of it, as that region was the richest reserve of forests in MP. The total growing stock (volume of timber wood) is 50,000,000m3 valued worth 2.5 lakh Crores.

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National parks
Madhya Pradesh is home to 9 National Parks, including Bandhavgarh National Park, Kanha National Park, Satpura National Park, Sanjay National Park, Madhav National Park, Van Vihar National Park, Mandla Plant Fossils National Park, Panna National Park, and Pench National Park. There are also a number of natural preserves, including Amarkantak, Bagh Caves, Balaghat, Bori Natural Reserve, Ken Gharial, Ghatigaon, Kuno Palpur, Narwar, Chambal, Kukdeshwar, Narsinghgarh, Nora Dehi, Pachmarhi, Panpatha, Shikarganj, Patalkot and Tamia.

Bandhavgarh National Park

Biosphere reserve
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve in Satpura Range and Amarkantak biosphere reserve are two of the 17 Biosphere reserves in India.

Economy
Between 1999 and 2008, the annualized growth rate was very low 3.5%.[3] According to the India State Hunger Index compiled by the International Food Policy Research Institute, the malnutrition situation in Madhya Pradesh is "extremely alarming", receiving a severity rating between Ethiopia and Chad.[4] Madhya Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $32 billion in current prices. After partition, the new Madhya Pradesh state produces about 70% of the output of the old Madhya Pradesh state the rest is produced by Chattisgarh. Between 1980 and 2000 the gross domestic product grew from 77,880 million rupees to 737,150 million rupees. MFP from the forests, such as Tendu leaves used to roll bidi, Sal seed, teak seed, and lak are major contributors to the rural economy of the state.

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Divisions
Districts
Madhya Pradesh state is made up of districts, which are grouped into 10 divisions: Indore, Bhopal, Jabalpur, Gwalior, Ujjain, Rewa, Sagar, Chambal, Shahdol and Hoshangabad. Districts: Anuppur, Alirajpur, Ashoknagar, Balaghat, Barwani, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Dindori, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Katni, Khandwa, Khargone, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Neemuch, Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Sidhi, Singrauli, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Umaria, Vidisha.

Agro-climatic zones
Madhya Pradesh is divided into following agro-climatic zones: Kaimur Plateau and Satpura Hills Vindhyan Plateau (Hills) Narmada valley Wainganga valley Gird (Gwalior) Region Bundelkhand Region Satpura Plateau (Hills) Malwa Plateau Nimar Plateau Jhabua Hills

The major crops of Madhya Pradesh are wheat, rice, pulses, soy beans, and mustard.

Transport
Madhya Pradesh, being surrounded by land, has Road, Rail and Air transport facilities. An extensive rail network criss-crosses the state, with Jabalpur serving as headquarters for the West Central Railway Zone of the Indian Railways. The state has a total of 20 major railway junctions. Bus and train services cover most of Madhya Pradesh. Extensive road networks are also being developed. Madhya Pradesh leads the nation in implementing the Gramin Sadak Nirman Pariyojna, a central government aided programme aimed at developing rural road networks. Jabalpur, Indore and Bhopal have inter-state bus termini. More than 2000 buses are conducted daily from these three cities. The state's five domestic/internatonal airports are Devi Ahilyabai Holkar International Airport, Indore, Raja Bhoj International Airport, Bhopal Jabalpur- Jabalpur Airport Gwalior Airport and Khajuraho Airport

Other Air strips are located at Ujjain, Khandwa, Satna and Rewa.

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Demographics

Children in Raisen district, Bhil tribe

Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 18615000 23218000 30017000 38169000 48566000 60348000 72598000 % 24.7% 29.3% 27.2% 27.2% 24.3% 20.3% [5]

Source:Census of India

Madhya Pradesh is a medley of ethnic groups and tribes, castes and communities. The population of Madhya Pradesh includes indigenous people and migrants from other states. According to census of 2000, 92% followed Hindu religion while others are Muslim (6%), Jain (0.9%), Christians (0.30%), Buddhists (0.30%), and Sikhs (0.20%), Hindu caste like Gurjars, Rajputs, Scindhia, Ahirs, Jats etc. and ...[6] The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes constitute a significant portion of the population of the State. The scheduled castes are 13.14% while scheduled tribes were 20.63%.[7] Tribals in Madhya Pradesh include Baiga, Bhariya, Bhils, Gondi people, Kaul, Korku, Malto people, Mariya, and Sahariya.

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Tribals
Madhya Pradesh has a substantial Tribal population. The differences in the tribal community, spread over in various parts of the state, is clearly seen not only on the basis of their heredity, lifestyle and cultural traditions, but also from their social, economic structure, religious beliefs and their language and speech. Due to the different linguistic, cultural and geographical environment, and its peculiar complications, the diverse tribal world of Madhya Pradesh has been largely cut-off from the mainstream of development. Veteran social activist and freedom fighter Guru Radha Kishan lived between tribals in East Nimar and learned Korku to work between them to improve the conditions of widespread poverty and exploitations by moneylenders and shrewd traders. Being aware of this primarily cultivators community and their concerns with numerous socio-economic challenges in the day-to-day life he encouraged these innocent people to earn their livelihood through agriculture or even as seasonally employed agricultural labourers so that the community can be in the mainstream of the nation.[8] The population of Tribals in Madhya Pradesh is 122.33 lakh constituting 20.27% of the total population of Madhya Pradesh (603.85 Lakh), according to the 2001 census. There were 46 recognized Scheduled Tribes and three of them have been identified as "Special Primitive Tribal Groups" in the State.[8]

Bhil tribal girls in Jhabua

A family from Baiga tribal, the

third largest tribal in the state. The main tribal groups in Madhya Pradesh are Gond, Bhil, Baiga, Korku, Bhadia, Halba, Kaul, Mariya, and Sahariya. Dhar, Jhabua and Mandla districts have more than 50 percent tribal population. In Khargone, Chhindwara, Seoni, Sidhi and Shahdol districts 30 to 50 percent population is of tribes. Maximum population is that of Gond tribes.

Languages
The predominant language of the region is Hindi. In addition to standard Hindi, several regional variants are spoken, which are considered by some to be dialects of Hindi, and by others to be distinct but related languages. Among these languages are Malvi in Malwa, Nimadi in Nimar, Bundeli in Bundelkhand, and Bagheli in Bagelkhand and the southeast. Each of these languages or dialects has dialects of its own. Other languages include Telugu, Bhilodi (Bhili), Gondi, Korku, Kalto (Nahali), and Nihali (Nahali), all spoken by tribal groups. Due to rule of Marathas, Marathi is spoken by a substantial number of people. Gujarati is spoken by a large amount of people due to the state's proximity to Gujarat.

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Culture
Heritage and architecture
Several cities in Madhya Pradesh are extraordinary for their architecture and or scenic beauty. Three sites in Madhya Pradesh have been declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO: the Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) including Devi Jagadambi temple, REWA, Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989) and the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003). Other architecturally significant or scenic sites include Ajaigarh, Amarkantak, Asirgarh, Bandhavgarh, Bawangaja, A man playing flute in Orchha, with a white tilak Bhopal, Chanderi, Chitrakuta, Dhar, Gwalior, Indore, Burhanpur, on his forehead, and holy saffron-coloured Maheshwar, Mandleshwar, Mandu, Omkareshwar, Orchha, Pachmarhi, clothes. Shivpuri, Sonagiri, Mandla and Ujjain. MP being very large geographically, and the history being spread over several millennia, developing a comprehensive picture of heritage and architecture is a monumental task.

Music
MP is rich in both classical and Folk Music. Madhya Pradesh has a prominent role in classical music.

Gwalior gharana
The Gwalior Gharana is one of the oldest Khayal Gharanas and one to which most classical Indian musicians can trace the origin of their style. The rise of the Gwalior Gharana started with the reign of the great Mughal emperor Akbar (15421605). The favorite singers of this patron of the arts, such as Miyan Tansen, first amongst the vocalists at the court, came from the town of Gwalior. Gwalior has an important role in the journey of music in India, so that every year Tansen Festival is celebrated at the tomb of Tansen in Gwalior.

Dhrupad
Dhrupad (Hindi: ) is a vocal genre in Hindustani classical music, said to be the oldest still in use in that musical tradition.Its name is derived from the words "dhruva" (fixed) and "pada" (words). The term may denote both the verse form of the poetry and the style in which it is sung. Raja Man Singh Tomar The king of Gwalior [during 1486 A.D.-1516 A.D.]was parton of Dhrupad.

Folk music
Madhya Pradesh(MP) is also rich in Folk music(Lok gayan). In MP some style of folk singing are still alive which are- Faga, Bhartahari, Sanja geet, Bhopa, kal belia, Bhat/bhand/charan, vasdeva, videsia, Kalgi turra, Nirgunia, Alha, Pandwani gayan, Garba Garbi Govalan,

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Dance
Main folk dances of MP are Badhai, Rai, Saira, Jawara, Sher, Akhara, Shaitan, baredi, karma, kathi, Sua, Saila, Mauni, Dhimrai, kanara, Bhagoria, Dashera, dadariya, Duldul Ghodi, Lehgi ghodi, Fefriya, Mandlya, danda, Ada-khada, dadel, Matki, birha, Ahirai, pardhauni, Vilma, Dadar, kalsa.

Education
According to the 2011 census, Madhya Pradesh had a literacy rate of 70.60%. The state is home to some of the premier educational and research institutions of India such as the Indian Institute of Technology Indore, premier technology institute Indian Institute of Information Technology, Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur and Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior, school of planning and architecture, Bhopal, Madhav Institute of National Law Institute University, one of the Technology and Science, Gwalior Indian Institute of premier Law institutes of India located in Bhopal. Management Indore, Indian Institute of Forest Management,, National Law Institute University Bhopal, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Indian Institute of Hotel Management Bhopal, Samrat Ashok Technological Institute Vidisha, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education (LNIPE) Gwalior, Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science Indore, Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education (Deemed University),Gwalior, Makhanlal Chaturvedi National Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, in Bhopal. University of Journalism & Communication, Bhopal. Madhya Pradesh also has a University of music, Raja Mansingh Tomar Sangeet Vishvavidyalaya, Gwalior. Madhya Pradesh has the second oldest engineering college in India the JEC (Jabalpur Engineering College) and one of the oldest medical colleges in India Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Medical College, Shri Govindram Seksaria College, Jabalpur. Jabalpur being a British established city has got a number of mission colleges, engineering colleges and schools.

Madhya Pradesh

144 There are 500 degree colleges affiliated with one of the universities in the state, viz. Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University, Madhya Pradesh Veterinary Sciences University, Madhya Pradesh Medical University, Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Barkatullah University, Devi Ahilya University, Rani Durgavati University, Vikram University, Jiwaji University Gwalior etc.

Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Gwalior (Hindi: , , IIITM Gwalior), also known as ABV-IIITM (ABV standing for Atal Bihari Vajpayee) School children at a primary school in a village in Madhya Pradesh. is a higher education institute located in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India. Established in 1997, the institute obtained the status of Deemed University in the year 2001. The IIITM was established by Government of India in 1997 as a part of a series of IIITs, to foster the higher education in Information Technology. IIITM was declared institute of national importance and was provided autonomy to choose its courses and curriculum. Institution Of Secondary Distance Education, Private Non-Governmental Board of School Education The All India Council for Technical Education established a working group in 1995 consisting of professionals, academics and others in the areas of IT, management and communications to deliberate on the issues relating to IT and prepare a Theme paper. This group prepared a document underlining the need for the establishment of a National Centre in the area of IT and hence the IIITs were started in country. The Indian Institute of Management Indore is a state-funded management institute in Indore. Instituted in 1998, IIM Indore is the sixth addition to the prestigious IIM family. Known as "Prabandh Shikhar" or "Peak of Management", the scenic 193 acre (781,000 m) campus is located atop a small hill on the outskirts of Indore. It is about 20 kilometres from the Railway station and almost 25 Kilometres from the airport. It is among the top ten B-schools of India. The Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramoday VishwavidyalayaThe University receives inspiration for rural development in consonance with the vision of Mahatma Gandhi. The University is mandated to evolve, promote and impart higher education so as to take up emerging challenges for transformation of rural areas. It undertakes academic, research, extension and training programmes for the empowerment of the people with a view to ensure free flow of knowledge, techniques and technologies as a twoway process for betterment of rural life. It provides training facilities to personnel engaged in rural development in collaboration with the state government. The University provides consultancy in all aspects of rural development. The University undertakes monitoring and evaluation of national and state-level development programmes, shares ideas and experiences in rural development work. The Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) (founded 1982) is an autonomous institution located at Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh, established by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India with financial assistance from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and course assistance from the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad. It is the only Forest Management Institute in India. The Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal (IISERB) is an autonomous institute of higher education for research and education in science established by the federal Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2008. Professor Vinod K Singh is the founder Director of IISER Bhopal. The Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology, Guna, AKS University, Satna one of the premier Indian Engineering University is acting as a center of excellence for higher education in field of technology. It is well

Madhya Pradesh known for its academics, infrastructure and placements all over India. Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior (DRDE) is an Indian defense laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation. Located in Gwalior, it is primarily involved in the research and development of detection and protection against toxic chemical and biological agents. The Daly College, Indore is one of the best school's of India and is ranked as the country's 5th best school. It is a very well-known school which is a part of the G20 schools of the world along with The Doon School, Dehra Doon from India. It is also a part of the Round Square. The Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, established in 2009, is part of this mega-project that envisages India as a Global Technology Leader.

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Media
LN STAR, aachran, rastriya hindi mail. Nava Bharat, Raj Express, BPN Times, Nai Duniya, Patrika, Rajsthan Patrika, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran and Mahakaushal Samay Chakra are the leading Hindi Newspapers. It is first ever news paper exclusively for Youth of MP, Akbar Times are prominent Hindi newspapers. Various other local newspapers are also published in various cities. In English, Times of India, Hindustan Times, Central Chronicle and Free Press have editions from Bhopal. Urdu journals is common in Bhopal. Nadeem, the oldest Urdu newspaper of the state, is published from Bhopal. Urdu Action and Haq-o-Insaf are also published. Farz, a Sindhi daily is published from Bhopal is the only Sindhi newspaper in State. The Madhya Pradesh government has gone live with its MP Online portal,a joint venture with Tata Consultancy Services. The State has tied up with Bajaj Allianz, Tata Aig and LIC, to enable their customers to payinsurance premiums online. Citizens can also recharge their mobile prepaid accounts online for Airtel, Tata Docomo, Tata Indicom and BSNL Phones. They can also book private tours of state national parks like Kanha and Bandavgarh online. Victims of Bhopal gas tragedy can apply for free medical facilities, state incentives online.[9]

Sports
Cricket, football, basketball, volleyball, cycling, swimming, tracking, badminton, table tennis, lawn tennis are common games. Some traditional games that are played in rural areas include Kho kho, Gulli Danda, and Pittu. Aishbagh Stadium, Bhopal is the home ground for World Series Hockey team Bhopal Badshahs Madhya Pradesh football teamit represents Madhya Pradesh in the Santosh Trophy.Honorary Captain Shankar Laxman Was captain of the Indian Hockey team in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Lived in Mhow till his death on Apr 29 2006. Madhya Pradesh has got Ranji cricket team and three International cricket stadiums in state Nehru Stadium, Indore, Roop Singh Stadium, Gwalior and Maharani Usharaje Trust Cricket Ground, Indore. Nehru Stadium is not used nowadays.

Best performances in Ranji Trophy

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Year

Position

199899 Runner-up 195455 Runner-up 195354 Runner-up 195253 Winner 195152 Runner-up 195051 Winner 194950 Runner-up 194748 Winner 194647 Runner-up 194546 Winner 194445 Runner-up 194748 Winner

Mushtaq Ali and Hiralal Gaekwad played for Madhya Pradesh in the early years after Holkar ceased to exist. Three other players who were predominantly Madhya Pradesh cricketers have represented India in Test cricket. Off-spinner Chandu Sarwate represented India nine times between 1946 and 195152. He played for Madhya Pradesh between 195859 and 196768, but the Test appearances had come during his time with Holkar. Rajesh Chauhan took 47 wickets for India in his 21 appearances and played a significant role in India's home victories in the 1990s. Narendra Hirwani, who was originally from Uttar Pradesh, spent twenty years in the Madhya Pradesh team and took more than four hundred first class wickets for them. Amay Khurasiya made a few appearances for the Indian one day side at the turn of the 2000s. Sandeep Patil and Chandrakant Pandit, professional cricketers from Bombay, captained the team between 1988 and 2001. It was under Pandit that MP reached the 1999 final. Naman Ojha made his ODI debut on 5 June 2010 vs Sri Lanka. He got out scoring only 1 run in that game and has not played for India since then.

Famous Players And Personalities born In Madhya Pradesh

Hockey
Aslam Sher Khan, former India hockey player Shivendra Singh, Current Indian hockey player

Cricket
Colonel C.K. Nayudu The first man to captain India in Test cricket. Captain Mushtaq Ali Colonel Nayudu's teammate in the Holkar team and in the Indian team. Chandu Sarwate Former India cricketer. Amay Khurasiya Former India cricketer. Narendra Hirwani Former India cricketer. Rahul Dravid Indian cricketer -Born in Indore.

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Athletics
Paan Singh Tomar National steeplechase champion.

Film Stars
Salman Khan Born in Indore Salim Khan Acclaimed film writer. Born in Indore

References
[1] http:/ / www. mp. gov. in [2] "Largest cities of India" (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Template:Largest_cities_of_India). wikipedia. . Retrieved 17 July 2012. [3] A special report on India: Ruled by Lakshmi 11 Dec 2008 from The Economist print edition (http:/ / www. economist. com/ surveys/ displaystory. cfm?story_id=12749719& fsrc=rss) [4] "Hunger in India states 'alarming'" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 7669152. stm). BBC. 14 October 2008. . Retrieved 12 May 2010. [5] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [6] 2001 Indian Census Data (http:/ / www. censusindia. net/ religiondata/ ) [7] Encyclopedia of India and her States, V.Grover and R. Arora(Eds), Vol 6, D&D Publishers, New Delhi, 1996. [8] Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribe Welfare Department, Government of Madhya Pradesh (http:/ / www. mp. gov. in/ tribal/ ) [9] Harsimran Julka (Jun 30, 2010). "All government services to be at your mouse-tip soon" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 6109024. cms). The Times Of India. .

Further reading
Gyanendra Singh. Farm Mechanization in Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal: Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, 2000. Madhya Pradesh (India). The Madhya Pradesh Human Development Report 2002: Using the Power of Democracy for Development. [Bhopal: Govt. of Madhya Pradesh, 2002]. Guru Radha Kishan Swatantrata Sangraam Senani from Madhya Pradesh: Archives Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi. Rag, Pankaj. Vintage, Madhya Pradesh: A Collection of Old Photographs. Bhopal: Madhya Pradesh Madhyam jointly with the Directorate of Archaeology, Archives, and Museums, 2005. ISBN 81-902702-7-3 Parmar, Shyam. Folk Tales of Madhya Pradesh. Folk tales of India series, 12". New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1973. Rag, Pankaj, and O. P. Misra. Masterpieces of Madhya Pradesh. Bhopal: Directorate of Archaeology, Archives & Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh, 2005. Sampath, M. D., H. V. Trivedi, and Mandan Trivedi. Epigraphs of Madhya Pradesh. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India, 2001. Sati, Vishwambhar Prasad. Madhya Pradesh, a Geo-Economic Appraisal. Delhi: Abhijeet, 2004. ISBN 81-88683-43-4 Shah, Shampa, and Aashi Manohar. Tribal Arts and Crafts of Madhya Pradesh. Living traditions of India. Ahmedabad: Mapin Pub./in Association with Vanya Prakashan, Bhopal, 1996. ISBN 0-944142-71-0 Shrivastava, Divya. The Development of Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh. New Delhi: Gyan Pub. House, 2000. ISBN 81-212-0698-7 Singh, R. V. Dairy Co-Operatives and Development: A Study of Tribal Dairy Co-Operatives in Madhya Pradesh. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications, 2006. ISBN 81-7835-331-8 Chishti, Rta Kapur, Martand Singh, and Amba Sanyal. Saris of India: Madhya Pradesh. New Delhi: Wiley Eastern & Amr Vastra Kosh, 1989. ISBN 81-224-0187-2

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External links
Madhya Pradesh Maps (http://www.indiamapatlas.com/madhya-pradesh/district/ madhya-pradesh-district-map.html/) MP Government Portal (http://www.mp.gov.in) Madhya Pradesh travel guide from Wikitravel Institution Of Secondary Distance Education (http://www.mpisde.org) Madhya Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (http://www.mptourism.com) A Tourist's Guide to Madhya Pradesh from IndiaTravelCompanion (http://www.indiatravelcompanion.com/ madhya_pradesh) Madhya Pradesh State INDUSTRIAL Development Corporation Ltd. (http://www.mpSIDC.GOV.IN)

Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu
State

Tamil Nadu Emblem Motto: Truth alone Triumphs Anthem: Invocation to Goddess Tamil

Location of Tamil Nadu in India

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Map of Tamil Nadu Coordinates: 1305N 8016E Country Established Capital Largest cities Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Chief Justice Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website [1] 72,138,958 7th IST (UTC+05:30) IN-TN 0.736 (high) 10th (2006) 90.3% Tamil tn.gov.in [3] [4] [2] 130058km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 11th Konijeti Rosaiah Jayalalithaa (AIADMK) Unicameral (234 seats) M. Yusuf Eqbal India 26 January 1950 Chennai Chennai,Madurai,Coimbatore 32 total

Established in 1773; Madras State was formed in 1950 and renamed as Tamil Nadu on 14 January 1969

Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu /tmlnd/ (Tami Nu Tamil pronunciation:[tam na]( listen)) is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital is Chennai, the largest city. Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by the union territory of Pondicherry, and the states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh. It is bound by the Eastern Ghats in the north, the Nilgiri, the Anamalai Hills, and Palakkad on the west, by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait in the south east, and by the Indian Ocean in the south. Tamil Nadu is the eleventh largest state in India by area and the seventh most populous state. It is the second largest state economy in India as of 2012,[5][6] after overtaking Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh in the two years since 2010 when it was the fourth largest[7] contributor to India's GDP. The state ranked among the top 5 states in India in Human Development Index as of 2006.[2] Tamil Nadu is also the most urbanised state in India.[8] The state has the highest number (10.56%) of business enterprises and stands second in total employment (9.97%) in India,[9] compared to the population share of about 6%. The region has been the home of the Tamil people since at least 500 BCE. Its official language Tamil has been in use in inscriptions and literature for over 2000 years.[10] Tamil Nadu is home to many natural resources, Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture, hill stations, beach resorts, multi-religious pilgrimage sites and eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[11][12]

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History
Prehistory
Tamil Nadu's history dates back to pre-historic times. Archaeological evidence points to this area (In places like Adhichanallur,Tirunelveli) being one of the longest continuous habitations in India.[13] In Adichanallur, 24km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Tirunelveli, archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India unearthed 169 clay urns containing human skulls, skeletons and bones, plus husks and grains of rice, charred rice and Neolithic celts, giving evidence confirming them to be of the Neolithic period, 3800 years ago.[14] The ASI archaeologists have proposed that the script used at that site is "very rudimentary" Tamil Brahmi.[15] Adichanallur has been announced as an archaeological site for further excavation and studies.[16] About 60% of the total epigraphical inscriptions found by ASI in India are from Tamil Nadu and most of which are in Tamil language.[17] Geologists have discovered hundreds of fossilised dinosaur eggs, perhaps 65 million years old, underneath a stream in a tiny village in Ariyalur district.[18] Researchers from the Salem-based Periyar University believe that the clusters of eggs belonged to the aggressive Carnosaur and the leaf-eating Sauropoda.[19]

Early History (Sangam Period- 300BCE-300AD)

Early history of people and rulers of Tamil Nadu spotlighted by Tamil literature known as Sangam literature. Numismatic, archaeological and literature sources corroborate that Sangam period lasted for about six centuries spanning 300 BCE 300 CE. Three dynasties namely Chera, Chola and Pandya ruled the whole of present day Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Chera ruled the whole of present day Kerala and parts of western Tamil Nadu comprising Coimbatore, Karur, Salem and Erode districts from the capital of Vanchi Muthur (thought to be modern day Karur). Chola dynasty ruled the northern and central parts of Tamil Nadu from Uraiyur as capital and Pandya dynasty ruled the southern Tamil Nadu

Roman pottery excavated in Arikamedu (1st century AD, Guimet Museum)

from

Korkai

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and Madurai as capital. All three dynasties had extensive trade relationship with then known ancient kingdoms of Rome, Greece, Egypt, Ceylon, Phoenicia, Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia. Trade flourished with commodities like spices, ivory, pearls, beads and gems. Chera traded extensively from Muziris in the west coast, Chola from Arikamedu and Puhar and Pandya through Korkai port. The greeko-roman trade and travel document Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (c. 60100 CE) gives an elaborate description of the Tamil country and its ports. The Kalabhras, invaded and displaced the three Tamil kingdoms and ruled between the third and the seventh centuries CE of the Sangam period. This is referred to as the Dark Age in Tamil history. They were expelled by the Pallavas and the Pandyas in sixth century.

Medieval Period (6001300)

During Kalabhras' rule Jainism flourished in the land of the Shiva Nataraja, the Lord of the Dance. Tamil Nadu, Chola Tamils. The didactic work Naaladiyar was composed during Dynasty, India their reign. It consists of moral sayings in the venpa meter, 400 in number in 40 chapters, each by one Jain ascetic, according to tradition. Following in the tradition of Jainism, Naaladiyar emphasises virtues such as control of the senses, asceticism, renunciation, and other desirable social qualities. During the forth to eighth centuries century CE, Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the Pallavas under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I and his uncle Bodhidharma.[20] Pallavas ruled a large portion of South India with Kanchipuram as their capital. Dravidian architecture reached its peak during the Pallava rule. Narasimhavarman II built the Shore Temple which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Pallavas were replaced by the Cholas as the dominant kingdom in the 10th century C.E. and they in turn were Shore Temple built by the Pallavas at replaced by Pandyas in the 13th century C.E. The Pandyan capital Mamallapuram (c. eighth century C.E.) Madurai was in the deep south away from the coast. They had UNESCO World Heritage Site. extensive trade links with the Southeast Asian maritime empires of Srivijaya and their successors, as well as contacts, even formal diplomatic contacts, reaching as far as the Roman Empire. During the 13th century C.E. Marco Polo mentioned the Pandyas as the richest empire in existence. Temples such as the Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai and Nellaiappar Temple at Tirunelveli are the best examples of Pandyan temple architecture.[21][22] The Pandyas excelled in both trade and literature. They controlled the pearl fisheries along the South Indian coast, between Sri Lanka and India, which produced some of the finest pearls in the known ancient world. The Cholas who were very active during the Sangam age were entirely absent during the first few centuries.[23] The period started with the rivalry between the Pandyas and the Pallavas, which in turn caused the revival of the Cholas. The Cholas went on to becoming a great power and built some of the most imposing religious structures in their lifetime and they also renovated temples and buildings of the Pallavas acknowledging their common socio-religious and cultural heritage. The celebrated Nataraja temple at Chidambaram and the Sri Ranganathaswami Temple at Srirangam held special significance for the Cholas which have been mentioned in their inscriptions as their tutelary

Tamil Nadu deities. The Their decline saw the brief resurgence of the Pandyas. This period was also that of the re-invigorated Hinduism during which temple building and religious literature were at their best.[24] Chola Empire By the 9th century, during the times of the second Chola monarch Aditya I, his son Parantaka I, Parantaka Chola II itself the Chola empire had expanded into what is now interior Andhra Pradesh and coastal Karnataka, while under the great Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola, the Cholas rose as a notable power in south Asia. The Chola Empire stretched as far as Bengal. At its peak, the empire spanned almost 3600000 km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi). Rajaraja Chola conquered all of peninsular South India and parts of the Sri Lanka. Rajendra Chola's navies went even further, occupying coasts from Burma (now Myanmar) to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Sumatra, Java, Malaya in South East Asia and Pegu islands. He defeated Mahipala, the king of the Bengal, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital and named it Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Nearby this chola capital an sculptural carving temple is located at Melakadambur, which is supposedly the only Karakkoil in Tamil Nadu.

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Chola Empire under Rajendra Chola c. 1030 C.E.

A sculpture at Airavatesvara Temple, Darasuram, built by Tamil Chola Kings. The group of monuments are UNESCO World Heritage sites

The Chola kings ruled from AD (8481280) and included Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola who built temples such as the Brihadeshvara Temple of Thanjavur and Brihadeshvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the Airavatesvara Temple of Darasuram and the Sarabeswara (Shiva )Temple, also called the Kampahareswarar Temple at Thirubhuvanam, the last two temples being located near Kumbakonam. The first three among the above four temples are titled Great Living Chola Temples among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Brihadeeswara Temple built by Raja Raja Chola I

The Cholas were prolific temple builders right from the times of the in 1010 A.D. first king Vijayalaya Chola after whom the eclectic chain of Vijayalaya Chozhisvaram temple near Narttamalai exists. These are the earliest specimen of Dravidian temples under the Cholas. His son Aditya I built several temples around the Kanchi and Kumbakonam regions. Temple building received great impetus from the conquests and the genius of Aditya I, Parantaka I, Sundara Chola, Rajaraja Chola and his son Rajendra Chola I. The maturity and grandeur to which the Chola architecture had evolved found expression in the two temples of Tanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram. In a small portion of the Kaveri belt between Tiruchy-Tanjore-Kumbakonam, at the height of their power, the Cholas have left over 2300 temples, with the Tiruchy-Thanjavur belt itself boasting of more than 1500 temples. The magnificent Siva temple of Thanjavur built by Raja Raja I in 1009 as well as the Brihadisvara Temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram, completed around

Tamil Nadu 1030, are both fitting memorials to the material and military achievements of the time of the two Chola emperors. The largest and tallest of all Indian temples of its time, the Tanjore Brihadisvara is at the apex of South Indian architecture.[25] In fact, two succeeding Chola kings Raja Raja II and Kulothunga III built the Airavatesvara Temple at Darasuram and the Kampahareswarar Siva Temple at Tribhuvanam respectively, both temples being on the outskirts of Kumbakonam around AD 1160 and AD 1200. All the four temples were built over a period of nearly 200 years reflecting the glory, prosperity and stability under the Chola emperors. Contrary to popular impression, the Chola emperors patronized and promoted construction of a large number of temples that were spread over most parts of the Chola empire. These include 40 of the 108 Vaishnava Divya Desams out of which 77 are found spread most of South India and others in Andhra and North India. In fact, the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple in Srirangam, which is the biggest temple in India and the Chidambaram Natarajar Temple (though originally built by the Pallavas but possibly seized from the Cholas of the pre-Christian era when they ruled from Kanchi) were two of the most important temples patronized and expanded by the Cholas and from the times of the second Chola King Aditya I, these two temples have been hailed in inscriptions as the tutelary deities of the Chola Kings. Of course, the two Brihadisvara Temples at Thanjavur and Gangaikonda Cholapuram as well as the other two Siva temples, namely the Airavatesvara Temple of Darasuram and the Sarabeswara (Shiva )Temple which is also popular as the Kampahareswarar Temple at Thirubhuvanam, both on the outskirts of Kumbakonam were the royal temples of the Cholas to commemorate their innumerable conquests and subjugation of their rivals from other parts of South India, Deccan Ilangai or Sri Lanka and the Narmada-Mahanadi-Gangetic belts. But the Chola emperors underlined their non-partisan approach to religious iconography and faith by treating the presiding deities of their other two peerless creations, namely the Ranganathaswamy Temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu at Srirangam and the Nataraja Temple at Chidambaram which actually is home to the twin deities of Siva and Vishnu (as the reclining Govindarajar) to be their 'Kuladheivams' or tutelary (or family) deities. The Cholas also preferred to call only these two temples which home their tutelary or family deities as Koil or the 'Temple', which denotes the most important places of worship for them, underlining their eq. The above-named temples are being proposed to be included among the UNESCO World Heritage Sites, which will elevate them to the exacting and exalting standards of the Great Living Chola Temples. The temple of Gangaikondacholapuram, the creation of Rajendra Chola I, was intended to exceed its predecessor in every way. Completed around 1030, only two decades after the temple at Thanjavur and in much the same style, the greater elaboration in its appearance attests the more affluent state of the Chola Empire under Rajendra.[26] This temple has a larger Siva linga than the one at Thanjavur but the Vimana of this temple is smaller in height than the Thanjavur vimana. The Chola period is also remarkable for its sculptures and bronzes all over the world. Among the existing specimens in museums around the world and in the temples of South India may be seen many fine figures of Siva in various forms, such as Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi, and the Siva saints. Though conforming generally to the iconographic conventions established by long tradition, the sculptors worked with great freedom in the 11th and the 12th centuries to achieve a classic grace and grandeur. The best example of this can be seen in the form of Nataraja the Divine Dancer.[27] With the decline of the Cholas between 1230 and 1280 CE, the Pandyas rose to prominence once again, under Maravarman Sundara Pandya and his younger brother, the celebrated Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan. This revival was short-lived as the Pandya capital of Madurai itself was sacked by Alauddin Khilji's troops under General Malik Kafur in 1316. The Muslim invasion led to the establishment of the short lived Madurai Sultanate.[28]

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Vijayanagar and Nayak period (13361646)

These Muslim invasions triggered the establishment of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire in the Deccan. It eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by c. 1370 CE which ruled for almost two centuries till the defeat at the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates. Subsequently, as the Vijayanagara Empire went into decline after mid-16th century, many local kings succeeded to the throne of Vijayanagara with the result that its grip loosened over its feudatories among whom the Nayaks of Madurai and Tanjore were among the first to declare their independence, despite initially maintaining loose links with the Vijayanagara kingdom."[21] The Nayaks of Madurai and Nayaks of Thanjavur were most prominent of them all in the 17th century. They reconstructed some of the wel known temples in the country such as the Meenakshi Temple.

Rule of Nawabs and Nizams (16921801)

In the early 18th century, the eastern parts of Tamil Nadu came under the dominions of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Nawab of the Carnatic. While Wallajah was supported by the English, Chanda Shahib was supported by the French by the middle of the 18th century. In the late 18th century, the western parts of Tamil Nadu, came under the dominions of Hyder Ali and later Tipu Sultan, particularly with their victory in the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

Thirumalai Nayak Mahal at Madurai.

European rule (18011947)

Around 1609, the Dutch established a settlement in Pulicat, while the Danish had their establishment in Tranquebar (Tharangambadi). In 1639, the British, under the British East India Company, established a settlement further south of Pulicat, in present day Chennai. In the late 18th century, the British fought and reduced the French dominions in India to Pondicherry. Nizams of Hyderabad and the Nawabs of the Carnatic bestowed tax revenue collection rights on the East India Company for defeating the Kingdom of Mysore. After winning the Polygar wars, the East India Company consolidated most of southern India into the Madras Presidency coterminous with the dominions of Nizam of Hyderabad. Pudukkottai remained as a princely state.

Fort Dansborg at Tharangambadi built by the Danish

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Tamil Nadu in independent India (1947 -)

When India became independent in 1947, Madras Presidency became Madras State, comprising present day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh up to Ganjam district in Orissa, South Canara district Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning Tamil country.

Geography
Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130058 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi), and is the eleventh largest state in India. The bordering states are Kerala to the west, Karnataka to the northwest and Andhra Pradesh to the north. To the east is the Bay of Bengal and the union territory of Pondicherry. The southernmost tip of the Indian Peninsula is located in Tamil Nadu. At this point is the town of Kanyakumari which is the meeting point of the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean. The western, southern and the north-western parts are hilly and rich in vegetation. The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats and they both Topographic map of Tamil Nadu meet at the Nilgiri hills.[29] The Western Ghats dominate the entire western border with Kerala, effectively blocking much of the rain bearing clouds of the South West Monsoon from entering the state. The eastern parts are fertile coastal plains and the northern parts are a mix of hills and plains. The central and the south central regions are arid plains and receive less rainfall than the other regions. Tamil Nadu has a coastline of about 1076 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) which is the countrys third longest coastline. Tamil Nadu's coastline bore the brunt of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami when it hit India, which caused 7,793 direct deaths in the state.[30] Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II & III. Historically, parts of this region have experienced seismic activity in the M5.0 range.[31]

Flora and fauna

Wildlife of Tamil Nadu, List of birds of Tamil Nadu There are about 2000 species of wildlife that are native to Tamil Nadu. Protected areas provide safe habitat for large mammals including elephants, tigers, leopards, wild dogs, sloth bears, gaurs, lion-tailed macaques, Nilgiri Langurs, Nilgiri Tahrs, Grizzled Giant Squirrels and Sambar deer, resident and migratory birds such as cormorants, darters, herons, egrets, Open-billed storks, Spoonbills and White Ibises, Little Grebes, Indian Moorhen, Black-winged Stilts, a few migratory Ducks and occasionally Grey pelicans, marine species such as the Dugongs, turtles, dolphins and Balanoglossus and a wide variety of fish and insects.

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Indian Angiosperm diversity comprises 17,672 species with Tamil Nadu leading all states in the country, with 5640 species accounting for 1/3 of the total flora of India. This includes 1559 species of medicinal plants, 533 endemic species, 260 species of wild relatives of cultivated plants and 230 red-listed species. The Gymnosperm diversity of the country is 64 species of which Tamil Nadu has four indigenous species and about 60 introduced species. The Pteridophytes diversity of India includes 1022 species of which Tamil Nadu has about 184 species. Vast numbers of bryophytes, lichen, fungi, algae and bacteria are among the wild plant diversity of Tamil Nadu. Common plant species include the state tree: Palmyra Palm, Eucalyptus, Rubber, Cinchona, Clumping Bamboos (Bambusa Arundinacea), Common teak, Anogeissus latifolia, Indian Laurel, Grewia, and blooming trees like Indian labumusum, Ardisia, and Solanaceae. Rare and unique plant life includes Combretum ovalifolium [32], Ebony (Diospyros nilagrica), Habenaria rariflora (Orchid), Alsophila, Impatiens elegans, Ranunculus reniformis, and Royal fern.[33]
A Bengal tiger in the Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary

National and State Parks

Tamil Nadu includes a wide range of Biomes, extending east from the South Western Ghats montane rain forests in the Western Ghats through the South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests and Deccan thorn scrub forests to tropical dry broadleaf forests and then to the beaches, estuaries, salt marshes, mangroves, and coral reefs of the Bay of Bengal.
Endangered Lion-tailed Macaque

The state has a range of flora and fauna with many species and habitats. To protect this diversity of wildlife there are Protected areas of Tamil Nadu as well as biospheres which protect larger areas of natural habitat often include one or more National Parks. The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve established in 1986 is a marine ecosystem with seaweed and sea grass communities, coral reefs, salt marshes and mangrove forests. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve located in the The Emerald Lake in the Nilgiris. Western Ghats and Nilgiri Hills comprises part of adjoining states of Kerala and Karnataka. The Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve is in the south west of the state bordering Kerala in the Western Ghats. Tamil Nadu is home to five declared National parks located in Annamalai, Mudumalai, Mukurithi, Gulf of Mannar and Guindy located in the center of Chennai city. Besides these bioreserves, there are many state and central run wild life sanctuaries for tiger, elephant and birds.

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Mudumalai forest

Climate
Tamil Nadu is heavily dependent on monsoon rains, and thereby is prone to droughts when the monsoons fail. The climate of the state ranges from dry sub-humid to semi-arid. The state has three distinct periods of rainfall: advancing monsoon period, South West monsoon from June to September, with strong southwest winds; North East monsoon from October to December, with dominant northeast winds; dry season from January to May. The normal annual rainfall of the state is about 945mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in) of which 48% is through the North East monsoon, and 32% through the South West monsoon. Since the state is entirely dependent on rains for recharging its water resources, monsoon failures lead to acute water scarcity and severe drought.[34]
A semi-arid wasteland near Tirunelveli. Monsoon clouds pour torrents of rain on windward-facing Kerala, but are prevented from reaching Tirunelveli by the Agasthyamalai Range of the Western Ghats (background).

Tamil Nadu is classified into seven agro-climatic zones: north-east, north-west, west, southern, high rainfall, high altitude hilly, and Cauvery Delta (the most fertile agricultural zone). The table below shows the maximum and minimum temperatures that the state experiences in the plains and hills.[35]

Governance and administration

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State symbols of Tamil Nadu[36]

Dance

Bharathanattiyam Animal

Nilgiri Tahr Bird

Emerald Dove Flower

Gloriosa Lily Tree

Palm Tree Sport

Kabaddi

The Governor is the constitutional head of the state while the Chief Minister is the head of the government and the head of the council of ministers. The Chief Justice of the Madras High Court is the head of the judiciary. The present Governor, Chief Minister and the Chief Justice are Konijeti Rosaiah, J.Jayalalitha and M. Y. Eqbal respectively. Administratively the state is divided into 32 districts. It has 10 city corporations, 152 municipalities, 562 town panchayats and 12,618 village panchayats.[37][38] Chennai (formerly known as Madras) is the state capital. It is the fourth largest city in India and is also one of the eight Metropolitan cities of India. The state comprises 39 Lok Sabha constituencies and 234 Legislative Assembly constituencies. Tamil Nadu had a bicameral legislature until 1986, when it was replaced with a unicameral legislature, like most other states in India. The term length of the government is 5 years, as is elsewhere in India. The present government run by the AIADMK led alliance came to power in 2011 and consists of a council of 33 ministers, headed by the Chief Minister J. Jayalalitha. The Tamil Nadu legislative assembly is housed at the Fort St. George in Chennai. The state had come under the President's rule rule on four occasions first from 1976 to 1977, next for a short period in 1980, then from 1988 to 1989 and the latest in 1991. The local administration is divided into revenue administration and developmental administration. Revenue Divisions of Tamil Nadu provides the Revenue divisions and Taluks of Tamil Nadu. These administrative units are

Tamil Nadu classified based on the district. Each of the 32 districts in Tamil Nadu is divided into divisions, which are further divided to Taluks.[39] Each of these Taluks have a list of revenue villages under them. Tahsildar is the head of these Taluks. Developmental administration, in contrast, is carried out by Panchayat Unions (called blocks) in rural areas. These panchayat unions have a set of panchayat villages under them. In urban areas, the governance is done by municipal corporations, municipalities or town panchayats based on the size of the town.[39] Tamil Nadu has 10 municipal corporations: Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem, Vellore, Tirunelveli, Erode, Tirupur and Thoothukudi. Tamil Nadu has been a pioneering state of E-Governance initiatives in India. A large part of the government records like land ownership records are digitised and all major offices of the state government like Urban Local Bodies all the corporations and municipal office activities revenue collection, land registration offices, and transport offices have been computerised. Tamil Nadu is one of the states where law and order has been maintained largely successfully.[40] The Tamil Nadu Police Force is over 140 years old. It is the fifth largest state police force in India and has the largest strength of women police personnel in the country.[41] As of 2003, the state had a total police population ratio of 1:668, higher than the national average of 1:717. The current Director General of Police (law and order) of Tamil Nadu is K. Ramanujan.[42]

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Districts
The 32 districts of Tamil Nadu are listed below with the numbers corresponding to those in the image at right.

Districts of Tamil Nadu

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Chennai with Chennai Central railway station (top), Bharata Natyam dancer in center left, Marina beach in center right, San Thome Basilica in bottom left and Kapaleeshwarar Temple in bottom right.

District

Headquarters

Area

Population Pop density (2011) 752481 4681087 3472578 2600880 1502900 2161367 2259608 3990897 1863174 1076588 1883731 3041038 1614069 1721179 735071 564511 1618725 1337560 387 /km 26903 /km 748 /km 702 /km 332 /km 357 /km 397 /km 927 /km 1106 /km 371 /km 370 /km 823 /km 668 /km 506 /km 288 /km 323 /km 348 /km 320 /km

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Ariyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kanchipuram Kanyakumari

Ariyalur Chennai Coimbatore Cuddalore Dharmapuri Dindigul Erode Kanchipuram Nagercoil Karur Krishnagiri Madurai Nagapattinam Namakkal Udagamandalam Perambalur Pudukkottai

1944 km 174 km 4642 km 3705 km 4527 km 6054 km 5692 km 4305 km 1685 km 2902 km 5091 km 3695 km 2416 km 3402 km 2552 km 1748 km 4652 km

10 Karur 11 Krishnagiri 12 Madurai 13 Nagapattinam 14 Namakkal 15 Nilgiris 16 Perambalur 17 Pudukkottai

18 Ramanathapuram Ramanathapuram 4180 km

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19 Salem 20 Sivaganga 21 Thanjavur 22 Theni 23 Thoothukudi 24 Tiruchirappalli 25 Tirunelveli 26 Tirupur 27 Tiruvallur 28 Tiruvannamalai 29 Tiruvarur 30 Vellore 31 Viluppuram 32 Virudhunagar Salem Sivaganga Thanjavur Theni Thoothukudi Tiruchirappalli Tirunelveli Tirupur Tiruvallur Tiruvannamalai Tiruvarur Vellore Viluppuram Virudhunagar 5249 km 4140 km 3477 km 2872 km 4599 km 4508 km 6709 km 5192 km 3552 km 6188 km 2379 km 6081 km 7185 km 4280 km 3480008 1341250 2402781 1243684 1738376 2713858 3072880 2471222 3725697 3468965 1268094 3928106 3463284 1943309 663 /km 324 /km 691 /km 433 /km 378 /km 602 /km 458 /km 476 /km 1049 /km 654 /km 533 /km 646 /km 482 /km 454 /km

Politics
Political Alliance AIADMK+ DMK+ Independent/Other Assembly (2011) 203 31 0 Lok Sabha (2009) 12 27 0
[43][44]

Source: Election Commission of India.

Prior to Indian independence Tamil Nadu was under British colonial rule as part of the Madras Presidency. The main party in Tamil Nadu at that time was the Indian National Congress (INC). Regional parties have dominated state politics since 1916. One of the earliest regional parties, the South Indian Welfare Association, a forerunner to Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu, was started in 1916. The party was called after its English organ, Justice Party, by it opponents. Later, South Indian Liberal Federation was adopted as its official name. The reason for victory of the Justice Party in elections was the Fort St. George, Chief Secretariat, Govt. of Tamil non-participation of the INC, demanding complete independence of Nadu India. The Indian Independence movement saw great leaders like Muthuramalinga Thevar, K. Kamaraj, Subramanya Bharathi, Subramania Siva, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Tiruppur Kumaran, Rajagopalachariar (Rajaji) and Sathyamurthi. The Justice Party which was under E.V.Ramaswamy was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam (DK for short) in 1944. DK was a non-political party which demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its two leaders EVR and C.N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter politics in 1956. In the 19th century, western scholars discovered that the Dravidian languages dominating South India formed a different linguistic group than the Indo-Aryan languages predominant in North India. They also classified Indians

Tamil Nadu into distinct Aryan and Dravidian races. It was proposed that the generally darker-skinned Dravidians constituted a distinct race. This concept has affected thinking in India about racial and regional differences and had an impact on aspects of Tamil nationalism, which has appropriated the claim that Dravidians are the earliest inhabitants of India, and the Aryan population were oppressive interlopers from whom Dravidians should liberate themselves.[45] Re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethnic basis has moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for separation from the Indian Union. The Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s made the DMK more popular and a more powerful political force in the state. The DMK routed the INC in the 1967 elections and took control of the state government, ending INC's stronghold in Tamil Nadu. C.N. Annadurai became the DMK's first Chief Minister. Muthuvel Karunanidhi took over as Chief Minister and party leader after Annadurai's death in 1969. Karunanidhi's leadership was soon challenged by M.G. Ramachandran, popularly known as MGR. In 1972, he split from DMK and formed the Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK) and later renamed the party as All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam. He was the Chief Minister of the state from 1977 until his death in 1987. After the death of MGR, AIADMK was defeated in 1989 assembly polls because of the split of the party into two factions headed by Janaki (wife of MGR) and Jayalalithaa. Later on J. Jayalalithaa took control of the party. She was elected as the General Secretary of the unified AIADMK. There have been several splits in both the DMK and the AIADMK, but since 1967 one of those two parties has held power in the state.

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Demographics
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 30119000 33687000 41199000 48408000 55859000 62406000 72138958 % 11.8% 22.3% 17.5% 15.4% 11.7% 15.6% [46]

Source:Census of India

Tamil Nadu is the seventh most populous state in India with a population of 72,138,958 (5.96% of India's population; census 2011 fig.). It is the seventh most densely populated state in India with a population density of 555 persons per square kilometre as of 2011, having increased from 429 in 1991, significantly higher than the Indian average of 382 persons per square kilometre. 44% of the state's population live in urban areas, the highest among large states in India.[47] Tamil Nadu's population grew by 15.6% between 2001 and 2011, the sixth lowest rate for that period amongst populous states (states whose population exceeded 20 million in 2011). Although its decadal rate of population growth has declined since 1971, the population growth during the last decade (20012011) has increased. The state has registered the lowest fertiliy rate along with Andhra Pradesh and Goa in India in year 200506 with 1.8 children born for each woman, lower than required for population sustainability.[48][49]

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Religion
Religions in Tamil Nadu Religion Hinduism Christianity Islam Others
[50]

Percent 88.34% 6.08% 5.57% 0.26%

About 89% of the population are Hindus and Tamil Nadu is the home of the core schools of medieval and modern Hinduism as well as several non-mainstream Hindu movements. These include Saiva Siddhanta, Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita, Alvars' Sri Vaishnavism, and Nayanmars Saivisim. Several important Hindu Tamil figures became important figures for Hinduism as a whole (e.g.Ramanuja.) In modern times, well known figures for Hinduism in the state include Ramana Maharishi and the Kanchi Paramacharya. Murugan, Thirumal (Vishnu), Sivan, Sakthi in various forms and a large number of village deities are also worshiped by Hindus in Tamil Nadu.

Meenakshi Amman Temple complex in Madurai, one of the grandest Hindu temples in India

Christians and Muslims together form over 11% of the population. Christians are mainly concentrated in the southern districts of Kanyakumari (44% of the population, 2001), Thoothukudi (17%, 2001) and Tirunelveli (11%,2001). St. Thomas Mount in Chennai, the place where St. Thomas, one of the disciples of Jesus, was believed to have been martyred, is an important pilgrimage site for Indian Christians. The Santhome Basilica, widely believed by Christians in India to have been built atop the tomb of St. Thomas, and the Vailankanni Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health are churches revered by Christians in India. The Church of South India and the Pentecostal Mission Church are headquartered in Chennai. Muslims are mainly concentrated in areas such as Adirampattinam, Kayalpatnam, Kilakarai, Pernambut, Ambur, Vaniyambadi, Madurai, Nagore, and Melapalayam, with the state capital Chennai also home to a number of Muslims. Among Muslims, 97.5% are Sunni and the rest are Shias. The Sunnis adhere to either Hanafi or Shafi schools of thought. Erwadi in Ramanathapuram district and Nagore in Nagapattinam district are important pilgrimage sites for Muslims. Kazimar Big Mosque in Kazimar Street, Madurai and Karpudaiyar masjid in Kayalpatnam are one of the earlier mosques in Tamil Nadu. Samanars or Tamil Jains have a legacy dating back 250 BC. They made significant contributions to Tamil literature. According to Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health at Velankanni, a the 2001 census there were 83,359 Jains in Tamil Nadu. There is a Christian pilgrimage centre popular atheist movement in the 1940s as well.Jains make up 0.13% of the population. Scheduled castes and Scheduled tribes comprise 19% and 1% of the population respectively.[51][52]

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Erwadi dargah in Ramanathapuram District, a major pilgrimage center of Muslims in Tamil Nadu.

Language
Languages in Tamil Nadu Language Tamil Telugu Kannada Urdu Others Percent 89.43% 5.65% 1.68% 1.51% 1.73%

Tamil is the only official language of Tamil Nadu. English is also in common usage as an official language of India. When India adopted national standards, Tamil was the very first language to be recognised as a classical language of India.[53] The Tamil people regard their language a very important part of their cultural identity. Tamil is spoken as the first language by 89.43% of the population. Minority languages include Telugu (5.65%), Kannada (1.68%), Urdu (1.51%), Malayalam (0.89%), Gujarati / Saurashtri (0.32%), Hindi (0.30%) and Marathi (0.10%).[54] Tamil is the official and the principal spoken language of the state. As of the 2001 Census, Tamil is spoken as the first language by 89.43% of the population followed by Telugu at 5.66%, Kannada at 1.68%, Urdu at 1.51% and Malayalam at 0.89%.[55]

Education

Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India.[56] Tamil Nadu has performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth during the decade 20012011. A survey conducted by the Industry body Assocham ranks Tamil Nadu top among Indian states with about 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in primary and upper primary education.[57] One of the basic limitations for improvement in education in the state is the rate of absence of teachers in public schools, which at 21.4% is significant.[58] The analysis of primary school education in the state by Pratham shows a low drop-off rate but poor quality of state education compared to other states.[59][60] Tamil Nadu has 37 universities,[61] 455 engineering colleges, 449 Polytechnic Colleges[62] and 566 arts and science colleges, 34335 elementary schools, 5167 high schools, 5054 higher secondary schools and 5000 hospitals. Some of the notable educational institutes present in Tamil Nadu are, College of Engineering, Guindy, IIT Madras, NIT Tiruchi, University of Madras, Government College of Technology, Coimbatore, Vellore Institute of Technology, SRM University, SASTRA University, PSG College of Technology, Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Ethiraj College for Women, Madras Christian College, Thanjavur Medical College, Madras Medical College, Loyola College, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, American College etc.

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District level literacy (2011 data)

The statue of C.N. Annadurai at the CEG campus of Anna University

India has a human development index calculated as 0.619, while the corresponding figure for Tamil Nadu is 0.736, placing it among the top states in the country.[63][64] The life expectancy at birth for males is 65.2 years and for females it is 67.6 years.[65] However, it has a high level of poverty especially in the rural areas. As of 20042005, the poverty line was set at 351.86/month for rural areas and 547.42/month for urban areas. Poverty in the state dropped from 51.7% in 1983 to 21.1% in 2001[66] For the period 20042005, the Trend in Incidence of Poverty in the state was 22.5% compared with the national figure of 27.5%. The World Bank is currently assisting the state in reducing poverty, High drop-out and low completion of secondary schools continue to hinder the quality of training in the population. Other problems include class, gender, inter-district and urban-rural disparities. Based on URP Consumption for the period 20042005, percentage of the state's population Below Poverty Line was 27.5%. The Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative ranks Tamil Nadu to have a Multidimensional Poverty Index of 0.141, which is in the level of Ghana among the developing countries.[67] Corruption is a major problem in the state with Transparency International ranking it the second most corrupt among the states of India.[68] Tamil Nadu now has 69% reservation in educational institutions for socially backward section fo the society, the highest among all Indian states.[69] The Midday Meal Scheme program in Tamil Nadu, initiated by Kamaraj, was expanded considerably during the rule of the AIADMK in 1983, although the state is among the 12 states in India that have an alarming level of hunger, according to the 2008 Global Hunger Index.[70][71]

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Culture
Tamil Nadu has a long tradition of venerable culture. Tamil Nadu is known for its rich tradition of literature, music and dance which continue to flourish today. Unique cultural features like Bharatanatyam (dance), Tanjore painting, and Tamil architecture were developed and continue to be practised in Tamil Nadu.

Literature
Most early Tamil literary works are in verse form, with prose not becoming more common until later periods. Throughout its history, Tamil literature has sought to inform and inspire, educate and entertain.
-( 400) 'Learning is a wealth that none could destroy Nothing else gives genuine joy' (Tirukkural 400)

Kolam a Traditional art form of the Tamil people

Notable examples of Tamil poetry include the Tirukkural, written during the Tamil Sangams period. The poem encompasses a universal outlook, as the author, Tiruvalluvar, does not mention his religion, land, or the audience for his work. He is often portrayed as a holy saint of Tamil Nadu today. Ancient Tamil literature is predominantly secular and deals with everyday life in the Tamil Context.[72] The first Tamil printing press was established at Tarangambadi by the Danish missionaries. During the Indian freedom struggle, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts among the common man, notably Subramanya Bharathy and Bharathidasan. Even today, Tamil Nadu is home to creative writers like Vairamuthu.

Festivals and Traditions

Pongal, also called as Tamizhar Thirunaal (festival of Tamils) or Makara Sankranti elsewhere in India, a four-day harvest festival is one of the most widely celebrated festivals throughout Tamil Nadu. The Tamil language saying Thai Pirandhal Vazhi Pirakkum literally meaning, the birth of the month of Thai will pave way for new opportunities is often quoted with reference to this festival. The first day, Bhogi Pongal, is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old Overflowing during cooking of Pongal indicates clothes and materials by setting them on fire to mark the end of the old overflowing of joy and prosperity and emergence of the new. The second day, Surya Pongal, is the main day which falls on the first day of the tenth Tamil month Thai (14 January or 15 January in western calendar). The third day, Maattu Pongal, is meant to offer thanks to the cattle, as they provide milk and are used to plough the lands. Jallikattu, a bull taming contest, marks the main event of this day. During this final day, Kaanum Pongal the word "kaanum", means 'to view' in Tamil. In 2011 the Madras High Court Bench ordered the cockfight at Santhapadi and Modakoor Melbegam villages permitted during the Pongal festival while disposing of a petition filed attempting to ban the cockfight.[73]

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The first month in the Tamil calendar is Chitterai and the first day of this month in mid-April is celebrated as Tamil New Year. Thiruvalluvar Calendar is 31 years ahead of Gregorian Calendar, that is 2000 AD in Gregorian calendar is represented as 2031 in Thiruvalluvar Calendar. Aadi Perukku is celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month Aadi, which celebrates the rising of the water level in the river Cauvery. Apart from these major festivals, in every village and town of Tamil Nadu, the inhabitants celebrate festivals for the local gods once a year and the time varies from place to place. Most of these festivals are related to the goddess Maariyamman, the mother goddess of rain. Other major Hindu festivals including Deepavali (Death of Narakasura), Ayudha Poojai, Saraswathi Poojai (Dasara), Krishna Jayanthi and Vinayaka Chathurthi are also celebrated. Ayya Vaikunda Avataram, is celebrated predominantly in the southern districts.[74] In addition, Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Easter and Bakrid are celebrated by Christians and Muslims in the state.

Music
The Kings of ancient Thamizhagam created sangams for Iyal Isai Nadagam (Literature, Music and Drama). Music played a major role in sangams. Music in Tamil Nadu had different forms. In villages where farming was the primary occupation, women who worked in the fields used to sing kulavai songs. Odhuvars, Sthanikars or Kattalaiyars offer short musical programmes in the Nadhaswaram and Thavil players temples by singing the devotional Thevaram songs. In sharp contrast with the restrained and intellectual nature of Carnatic music, Tamil folk music tends to be much more exuberant. Popular forms of Tamil folk music include the Villuppu, a form of music performed with a bow, and the Nuppurappu, ballads that convey folklore and folk history. Some of the leading Tamil folk artists in the early 21st century are Pushpuvanam Kuppuswamy, Dr. Vijayalakshmi Navaneethakrishnan, Chinnaponnu, Paravai muniammal etc. Carnatic music is the classical music form of Southern India. This is one of the world's oldest & richest musical traditions.[75] The Trinity of Carnatic music Tyagaraja, Muthuswami Dikshitar and Syama Sastri were from Tamil Nadu. Thyagarajar Aaradhanai (worship) takes place every year in the month of Marghazhi in Thiruvaiyaru all carnatic musicians render their obesiance to Saint Thyagarajar by singing his compositions.[76] The composers belonging to the Tamil Trinity, namely Muthu Thandavar (?1560 ?1640), Arunachala Kavi (17121779) and Marimutthu Pillai (17171787) composed hundreds of devotional songs in Tamil and helped in the evolution of Carnatic music. Chennai hosts a large cultural event, the annual Madras Music Season during DecemberJanuary, which includes performances by hundreds of artists all over the city. In terms of modern cine-music, Ilaiyaraaja was a prominent composer of film music in Tamil cinema during the late 1970s and 1980s. His work highlighted Tamil folk lyricism and introduced broader Western musical sensibilities to the South Indian musical mainstream. Tamil Nadu is also the home of the double Oscar Winner A.R. Rahman[77][78][79] who has composed film music in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi films, English and Chinese films, was once referred to by Time magazine as "The Mozart of Madras".

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Arts and Dance

Tamils have a large number of folk dances. These are performed for every possible occasion, to celebrate the arrival of seasons, birth of a child, weddings and festivals. Tamil dance is closely intertwined with the Tamil theatrical tradition. The most celebrated of these is karakattam. In its religious form, the dance is performed in front of an image of the goddess Mariamman. The dancer bears on his or her head a brass pot filled with uncooked rice, decorated with flowers and surrounded by a bamboo frame, and tumbles and leaps to the rhythm of a song without spilling a grain. Karakattam is usually performed to a special type of song known as temmanguppu or thevar pu, a folk song in the mode of a lover speaking to his beloved, to the accompaniment of a nadaswaram and melam. Other Tamil folk dances include mayilam, where the dancers tie a string of peacock feathers around their waist; yilttam, danced in a circle while waving small pieces of cloth of various colours; poikkal kuthiraiyaaam, where the dancers use dummy horses; manattam, where the dancers imitate the graceful leaping of deer; paraiyam, a dance to the sound of rhythmical drumbeats, and thppandam, a dance involving playing with burning wooden torches.

A Bharatanatyam dancer

Bharatanatyam is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu. Prior to the colonial perriod, it used to be performed in Hindu temples by Devadasis. In this form, it as also been called sadir or chinna melam. Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata Natyam dance postures. Bharatanatyam is a traditional dance-form known for its grace, purity, tenderness, and sculpturesque poses. It continues to be a popular dance style at present times and is practised by male and female dancers all over India. Terukkuttu or Kattaikkuttu is a traditional form of Tamil street theatre folk dance/drama.

Film industry
Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry. It is known for being the second largest film industry in terms of revenue and worldwide distribution, in India.[80] It is based at Kodambakkam in Chennai city.

Cuisine
Tamil cuisine is basically South Indian cuisine, where rice and rice-derived dishes form the major portion of a diet (see rice and curry). There are regional sub-varieties namely Chettinadu, Kongunadu, Madurai, Tirunelveli varieties etc. Traditionally, food is served on a banana leaf instead of a plate and eaten with the right hand. Rice is the staple food of Tamils and is typically eaten mixed with coconut chutney sambhar (with or without ghee), vegetarian or non-vegetarian kulambu, rasam, curd and buttermilk. This is accompanied with various vegetarian and/or non-vegetarian dishes like kootu, aviyal, poriyal, appalam,

Idly and Vadai served with Sambar

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169 varuval, peratal, kothsu, varieties of pickles and chicken, mutton, or fish fry. Breakfast and snack items include dosai, Adai, idly, vadai, pongal, appam (aappam), paniyaram, puttu, uppumavu (uppuma), santhakai (a sort of noodles), idiyappam and uthappam. These items are eaten along with sambar, varieties of chatni and podi. Traditionally prepared filter coffee is unique in taste and popular all over the state. The Chettinad region is famous for its spicy non-vegetarian cuisine, while Ambur, Dindigal and Sankarankoil are known for their Biriyani. Sweet items that are native to Tamil Nadu and prepared at homes are Athirasam, Chakkarai Pongal (prepared during Pongal) and Kuli Paniyaram. Tirunelveli is known for its unique wheat Halwa and Palani is renowned for its Panchamirtham. North Indian, Western, Chinese and fast food culture are also popular in Tamil Nadu.

Traditional Tamil lunch served in banana leaf

Economy
Gross State Domestic Product in Crores at Constant Prices[81]
Year GSDP Growth Rate Share in India 7.62% 7.09% 6.95% 6.79% 7.37% 7.67% 8.07% 7.83% 7.70% 7.77% 8.01% 8.20%

200001 142,065 5.87% 200102 139,842 -1.56% 200203 142,295 1.75% 200304 150,815 5.99% 200405 219,003 11.45% 200506 249,567 13.96% 200607 287,530 15.21% 200708 305,157 6.13% 200809 320,085 4.89% 200910 350,258 9.43% 201011 391,372 11.74% 201112 428,109 9.39%

Tamil Nadu is the second largest contributor to India's GDP. Tamil Nadu's gross state domestic product for the year 2011-2012 was 4.28 lakh crore or $145,868 Million. The state has shown a growth of 9.4% in the year 2011-2012.[82] Tamil Nadu is the most industrialised state in India.[83] It ranks third in foreign direct investment (FDI) approvals (cumulative 19912002) of 225,826 million ($5,000 million), next only to Maharashtra and Delhi constituting 9.12% of the total FDI in the country.[84] The per capita income in 20072008 for the state was 72,993 ranking third among states with a population over 10 million and has steadily been above the national average.[85] According to the 2011 Census, Tamil Nadu is the most urbanised state in India(49%), accounting for 9.6% of the urban population while only comprising 6% of Indias total population and .[86] and is the most urbanised state in India.[8] Services contributes to 45% of the economic activity in the state, followed by manufacturing at 34% and

Tamil Nadu agriculture at 21%. Government is the major investor in the state with 51% of total investments, followed by private Indian investors at 29.9% and foreign private investors at 14.9%. Tamil Nadu has a network of about 113 industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure.[87] According to the publications of the Tamil Nadu government the Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Prices (Base year 20042005) for the year 20112012 is 428,109 crores,[88] an increase of 9.39% over the previous year. The per capita income at current price is 72,993.

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Agriculture
Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state and is a leading producer of agricultural products in India. In 2008, Tamil Nadu was India's fifth biggest producer of Rice. The total cultivated area in the State was 5.60 million hectares in 200910.[89] The Cauvery delta region is known as the Rice Bowl of South India. In terms of production, Tamil Nadu accounts for 10% in fruits and 6% in vegetables, in India.[90] Annual food grains production in the year 200708 was 100.35 lakh mt.[89] Mango and banana are the leading fruit crops in Tamil Nadu accounting for over 87% of the total fruit production. The main vegetables grown are tapioca, tomato, onion, brinjal (eggplant), and drumstick. Tamil Nadu is also a leading state in the production of flowers with the total production of horticultural crops standing at 99.47 Lakhs during 200304. The main flowers grown in Tamil Nadu are jasmine, mullai, chrysanthemum, marigold and rose. The state is the largest producer of bananas, flowers,[91] tapioca,[91] the second largest producer of mango,[91] natural rubber,[92] coconut, groundnut and the third largest producer of coffee,[93] sapota,[91] Tea[94] and Sugarcane. Tamil Nadu's sugarcane yield per hectare is the highest in India. The state has 17,000 hectares of land under oil palm cultivation, the second highest in India.[95] Tamil Nadu is the home to Dr M.S. Swaminathan, known as the "father of the Green Revolution" Paddy fields at Nagercoil in India.[96] Tamil Nadu Agricultural University with its seven colleges and thirty two research stations spread over the entire state contributes to evolving new crop varieties and technologies and disseminating through various extension agencies. Among states in India, Tamil Nadu is one of the leaders in livestock, poultry and fisheries production. Tamil Nadu had the second largest number of poultry amongst all the states and accounted for 17.7% of the total poultry population in India.[97] In 20032004, Tamil Nadu had produced 37,836 lakhs of eggs, which was the second highest in India representing 9.37% of the total egg production in the country.[98] With the third longest coastline in India, Tamil Nadu represented 27.54% of the total value of fish and fishery products exported by India in 2006.

Textiles
Textile mills and engineering industries are present around the city of Coimbatore. It is home to textile, automotive spare parts and motor pump manufacturing units. Cities of Tirupur and Erode are the country's largest exporters of knitwear.[99] They are well known for textile manufacturing industries and exports to such extent that the districts of Coimbatore, Tirupur, Karur, Erode, Namakkal and Salem . The region around Coimbatore, Tirupur, Karur and Erode is referred to as the "Textile Valley of India" with the export from the Tirupur 50,000 million ($1,000 million) and Karur generates around 35,500 million ($750 million) an year in foreign exchange.. 56% of India's total knitwear exports come from Tirupur & Karur make above 60% of India's Home Textiles. Gobichettipalayam, Pollachi, Theni and Vedasandur are known for its cotton mills. Rajapalayam is famous for its cotton market. Kanchipuram and Arani are world famous for their pure zari silk sarees and handloom silk weaving industries. Aruppukottai, Salem, Sathiyamangalam are also famous for Art-Silk sarees. Andipatti, Tiruchengodu, Paramakudi, Kurinjipadi are major handloom centres. Negamam, Cinnalapatti, Woraiyur, Pochampalli are famous for its soft cotton saree weavings. Madurai is well known for its Chungidi cotton saree.

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Automobiles
Tamil Nadu has seen major investments in the automobile industry over many decades manufacturing cars, railway coaches, battle-tanks, tractors, motorcycles, automobile spare parts and accessories, tyres and heavy vehicles. Major global automobile companies including BMW, Ford, Renault-Nissan, Caterpillar, Hyundai, Mitsubishi Motors and Michelin as well as local automobile majors like Ashok Leyland, Hindustan Motors, TVS Motors, Irizar-TVS, Royal Enfield, MRF, Apollo Tyres, TAFE Tractors, DaimlerChrysler AG Company also invested ( ) 4 billion for establishing new plant in Tamil Nadu[100] have manufacturing operations in Tamil Nadu. Karur is a hub for Bus body building industries. Namakkal is the major source of Heavy Vehicle and lorry body building. Recently India Yamaha, Yamaha Motor Corporation's Indian subsidiary, has decided to set up a new factory in Tamil Nadu.[101]

Heavy industries
Tamil Nadu is one of the highly industrialised states in India. Over 11.2% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Tamil Nadu. Many heavy engineering and manufacturing companies are located in and around the suburbs of Chennai. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, one of India's largest electrical equipment manufacturing company, has manufacturing plants at Tiruchirapalli and Ranipet. India's leading steel producer, SAIL has a steel plant in Salem. Sterlite Industries has their copper smelter plant in Tuticorin and aluminium plant in Mettur. The state government owns the Tamil Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited at Nadu Newsprint and Papers Ltd. (TNPL),[102] the world's biggest Tiruchirapalli(Trichy) bagasse based Paper mills in Karur, as well as the world's sixth largest manufacturer of watches together with TATA at Hosur, under the brand name of "Titan". Number of large Cement factories such as Chettinad cements, Ramco cements, Tancem, Dalmia cements, Vajram cements, ACC are present across the state. Ariyalur is termed as the land of cement industries in the state.

Others
Namakkal is also one of the main source of Egg production in India. Karur is also the major manufacturer of Nylon nets (HDPE) Filaments over 65% of India. Sivakasi is a major centre of fireworks and safety match production and offset printing in India, over 60% of firework production is contributed from sivakasi.

Electronics and software

Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu, with many telecommunications giants like Nokia, Flextronics, Motorola, Sony-Ericsson, Foxconn, Samsung, Cisco, Moser Baer and Dell having chosen Chennai as their South Asian manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone handsets.[103] Tamil Nadu is the second largest software exporter by value in India, second only to Karnataka. Software exports from Tamil Nadu grew from 76 billion ($1.6 billion) in 200304 to 207 billion {$5 billion} by 200607 according to NASSCOM[104] and to 366 billion in 200809 which shows 29% growth in software exports according to

Infosys' campus at Mahindra World City near Chennai

Tamil Nadu STPI.[105] Major national and global IT Companies such as Syntel, Infosys, Wipro, HCL, Tata Consultancy Services, Mahindra Satyam, Verizon, Hewlett-Packard, Amazon.com, Paypal, IBM, Accenture, Ramco Systems, Computer Sciences Corporation, Cognizant Technology solutions, Tech Mahindra, Polaris, Aricent, MphasiS, MindTree, BBM info 24/7 Customers, and many others have offices in Tamil Nadu.

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Leather industry
The state accounts for 70 per cent of leather tanning capacity in India and 38 per cent of leather footwear and components. The exports from Tamil Nadu are valued at about US $ 762 million, which accounts for 42 per cent of Indian leather exports. Hundreds of leather and tannery industries are located around Vellore, Dindigul and Erode its nearby towns such as Ranipet, Ambur, Perundurai, Nilakottai and Vaniyambadi. The Vellore district is the top exporter of finished leather goods in the country. That leather accounts for more than 37% [106] of the country's Export of Leather and Leather related products such as finished leathers, shoes, garments, gloves and so on. The tanning industry in India has a total installed capacity of 225 million pieces of hide and skins of which Tamil Nadu alone contributes to an inspiring 70%. Leather industry occupies a pride of place in the industrial map of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu enjoys a leading position with 40% share in India 's export. It currently employs about 2.5 million persons Leather exports by the end of the year 20002001 were Rs. 9000 [107] crores.

Infrastructure
Tamil Nadu has a transportation system that connects all parts of the state. Tamil Nadu is served by an extensive road network, providing links between urban centres, agricultural market-places and rural areas. There are 28 national highways in the state, covering a total distance of 5036km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi).[108] The state is also a terminus for the Golden Quadrilateral project. The state has a total road length of 167000 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi), of which 60628km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) are maintained by Highways Department. This is nearly 2.5 times higher than the density of all-India road network.[109] The major road junctions are Chennai, Trichy, Madurai, Coimbatore, Salem, Karur, Krishnagiri, Dindigul, Kanniyakumari.

Pamban road (left) and rail (right) bridges, connecting the Indian mainland with the Pamban Island. The rail bridge was opened to traffic in 1914, and was considered an engineering marvel in its time

Tamil Nadu has a well-developed rail network as part of Southern Railway. Headquartered at Chennai, the Southern Railway network extends over a large area of India's Southern Peninsula, covering the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry, a small portion of Karnataka and a small portion of Andhra Pradesh. Tamil Nadu has a total railway track length of 5952km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) and there are 532 railway stations in the state. The system connects it with most major cities in India. Main rail junctions in the state include Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Salem, Tiruchirapalli (Trichy) and Erode. Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network and is in the process of developing a metro. Tamil Nadu has a major international airport, Chennai International Airport, that is connected with 19 countries with more than 169 direct flights every week. This is the third largest airport in India after Mumbai and Delhi and has a passenger growth of 18%. Other international airports present in the state are Coimbatore International Airport, and Tiruchirapalli International Airport. The Madurai Airport, Salem Airport and Tuticorin Airport are domestic airports which connect their respective cities to other parts of the country. Increased industrial activity has given rise to an increase in passenger traffic as well as freight movement which has been growing at over 18 per cent per year.

Tamil Nadu

173

Tamil Nadu has three major seaports at Chennai, Ennore and Tuticorin, as well as one intermediate port, at Nagapattinam (Seven other minor ports including Cuddalore and Nagapattinam).[89] Chennai Port is an artificial harbour situated on the Coromandel Coast in South-East India and it is the second principal port in the country for handling containers. Ennore Port handles all the coal and ore traffic in Tamil Nadu. The volume of cargo in the ports grew by 13 per cent during 2005.[110] As of 2005, Tamil Nadu is one of the few Indian states with surplus MRTS Train station in Chennai Electricity generation capacity, enabling the electrical authority to sell it to neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh & Karnataka. The Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Plant, Neyveli Lignite Power Plant, many hydroelectric plants including Mettur and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources of Tamil Nadu's electricity. It is presently adding the Koodankulam Nuclear Power Plant to its energy grid, which on completion would be the largest atomic power plant in the country, in terms of capacity.[111] The total installed capacity for electricity in the State is 8,249 MW. The installed capacity of State Sector is 5,288 MW, and that of Private Sector is 1,058 MW. Apart from this, 1,903 MW is available as share from Central Sector.[89] Tamil Nadu is a significant proportion of its power needs from renewable sources with wind power installed capacity at over 3600 MW[112] or over 40% of the maximum peak demand. Tamil Nadu ranks first nationwide in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with a national market share of over 34%.[113] 55% of all wind-generated electricity in India is created by windmills in Tamil Nadu. Renowned Danish wind power company NEG Micon has established its manufacturing unit in Chennai.

Sports
Kabaddi, also known locally as Sadugudu, is the state game of Tamil Nadu. But the most popular game just like rest of India is Cricket. M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai is an international cricketing arena with a capacity of 50,000 and houses the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association. The Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu (SDAT) is the government body that is vested with the responsibility of developing sports and related infrastructure in the state.[114] The SDAT owns and operates world class stadiums and organises sporting events.[115] It also accommodates sporting events, both at domestic and international level, organised by other sports associations at its venues. It has national racing tracks like Irungattukottai Race Track in Sriperumpudur near Kanchipuram district, where national level Bike and Car races were conducted.[116] The YMCA College of Physical Education at Nandanam in Chennai was established in 1920 and was the first college for physical education in Asia.[117] Cricket contests between local clubs, franchises and teams are also popular across the state. Chennai, the capital of state is also one of the Nine Indian cities to be featured in the nation level Twenty-20 Cricket competition, the Indian Premier League. The team, owned by the cement manufacturers, India Cements, is called Chennai Super Kings.[118] The MRF Pace Foundation in Chennai is a much sought after fast bowling academy by pace bowlers all over the world. The state game of Kabaddi, and Silambam, are sports played in the rural areas. The ATP Chennai Open tournament held in Chennai every January is the biggest Tennis event in South Asia.[119]

Tamil Nadu

174 Tamil Nadu has a long standing motor sports culture. The sport was pioneered by Sundaram Karivardhan in its early days. Notable sports persons from Tamil Nadu in the field are Narain Karthikeyan, the first Indian to participate in F1 racing, and Karun Chandhok. Motor racing events are held at the Irungattukottai track (near Sriperumbudur), Sholavaram track and Kari Motorspeedway near Coimbatore.

Kari Motor Speedway in Coimbatore

The Tamil Nadu Hockey Association is the governing body of Hockey in the state. Vasudevan Baskaran was the captain of the Indian team that won gold medal in 1980 Olympics at Moscow. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium in Chennai hosts international hockey events and is regarded by the International Hockey Federation as one of the best in the world for its infrastructure.[120] Chennai hosted the SAF Games in 1995. Anju Bobby George, a world renowned athlete, represents Tamil Nadu in the national arena.[121] The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium in Chennai is a multi-purpose stadium hosting Football and Track & Field events. The Indian Triathlon Federation and the Volleyball Federation of India are headquartered in Chennai. Chennai hosted Indias first ever International Beach Volleyball Championship in 2008.[122]

Viswanathan Anand, the world chess champion

World Chess champion and Indian Grand Master Viswanathan Anand and Arjuna Awardee and two-time world carrom champion Maria Irudayam hail from Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu boasts of total of 8 Grand Masters and numerous International Masters.[123] Snooker was invented by General Sir Frederick Roberts at the Ooty Club in Ooty, a hill station in the state.[124][125] The SDAT TNSRA Squash Academy in Chennai, one of the very few modern squash facilities in South Asia, hosts international squash events. Tamil Nadu has six 18-hole Golf courses,[126] the most popular of which are Kodaikanal Golf Club, established in 1895, Ooty Golf Course, established in 1896, and Gymkhana Club, Chennai. The Madras Boat Club, set up in 1867, hosts regular rowing races on the Adyar River. The 232-year-old Guindy race course in Chennai is a horse racing venue. Adventure sports have gained popularity, especially amongst the tourists visiting the state.[127]

Tourism
Tamil Nadu's tourism industry is the second largest in India, with an annual growth rate of 16%. Tourism in Tamil Nadu is promoted by Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation (TTDC), a Government of Tamil Nadu undertaking. The tagline adopted for promoting tourism in Tamil Nadu is Enchanting Tamil Nadu. Approximately 2,804,687 foreign and 111,637,104 domestic tourists visited the state in 2010.[128] Tamil Nadu is a land of varied beauty. It boasts some of the grandest Hindu temples of Dravidian architecture. These temples are of a distinct style renowned for their towering Gopurams. The Brihadishwara Temple in Thanjavur, built by the Cholas, the Airavateswara temple in Darasuram and the Shore Temple,

Hogenakkal Falls on Kaveri river, Dharmapuri district

Tamil Nadu along with the collection of other monuments in Mahabalipuram also called as Mamallapuram have been declared as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.[129][130] The Nellaiappar Temple situated in the heart of Tirunelveli city. Madurai is home to one of the grandest Hindu temples in the World Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam is the largest functioning temple in the world, Tiruchirappalli where the famous Rockfort Temple is located, Rameshwaram whose temple walk-ways corridor (Praagarams) are the longest [1.2km] of all Indian temples in the world, Kanchipuram and Palani are important pilgrimage sites for Hindus. Other popular temples in Tamil Nadu include those in Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Chidambaram, Thiruvannaamalai, Tiruttani, Kumbakonam, Karur, Bhavani, Srivilliputhur, Namakkal, Tiruchendur, Tiruvarur, Vellore, Coimbatore, Kanniyakumari. Tamil Nadu is also home to beautiful hill stations. Popular among them are Udhagamandalam (Ooty), Kodaikanal, Yercaud, Coonoor, Topslip, Valparai, Yelagiri and Manjolai. The Nilgiri hills, Palani hills, Shevaroy hills, Kolli Hills and Cardamom hills are all abodes of thick forests and wildlife.

175

Dolphin's Nose at Kodaikanal

Temple in Vellore Fort

Mukurthi National Park & Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve are the two tiger reserves in the state. Tamil Nadu has many National Parks, Biosphere Reserves, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Elephant and Bird Sanctuaries, Reserved Forests, Zoos and Crocodile farms. Prominent among them are Mudumalai National Park, The Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve, Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, Vedanthangal Bird Sanctuary and Arignar Anna Zoological Park. The mangrove forests at Pichavaram are also eco-tourism spots of importance. Kanyakumari, the southern most tip of peninsular India, is Sunrise in Kanyakumari with Vivekananda Rock famous for its beautiful sunrise, Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Memorial and Thiruvalluvar statue in the Thiruvalluvar's statue built off the coastline. Marina Beach in Chennai foreground. is one of the longest beaches in the world.[131] The stretch of beaches from Chennai to Mahabalipuram are home to many resorts, theme parks and eateries. The prominent waterfalls in the state are Courtallam, Hogenakal, Papanasam, Manimuthar, Thirparappu, Pykara and Silver Cascade. The Chettinad

Tamil Nadu region of the state is renowned for its Palatial houses and cuisine. With medical care in Chennai, Vellore, Coimbatore and Madurai, Tamil Nadu has the largest numbers in Medical tourism in India.

176

Notes
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[90] National Horticulture Mission Action Plan for Tamil Nadu (http:/ / nhm. nic. in/ ActionPlan/ ActionPlan_TamilNadu. pdf). [91] National Horticulture Mission Action Plan for Tamil Nadu (http:/ / nhm. nic. in/ ActionPlan/ ActionPlan_TamilNadu. pdf). [92] "Rubber Statistical News" (http:/ / www. rubberboard. org. in/ RSN/ RSNEWSOCT06. pdf) Rubber Board. [93] ": Coffee Board of India Coffee Data:" (http:/ / indiacoffee. org/ indiacoffee. php?page=CoffeeData#area). Indiacoffee.org. 18 September 2009. . Retrieved 23 September 2009. [94] "Production Of Tea In India During And Upto August 2002 (http:/ / www. teauction. com/ statistics/ indprodstate. asp) TeaAuction.com. [95] Oil Palm Sector in India (http:/ / assets. wwfindia. org/ downloads/ palm_oil_study_in_india___a_report. pdf) World Wildlife Fund India. [96] M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (http:/ / www. mssrf. org/ index. htm). [97] (http:/ / dahd. nic. in/ relcensus. htm) Livesotck & Poultry Statistics from Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying & Fisheries, Government of India. [98] "Estimates Of Egg Production" (http:/ / dahd. nic. in/ stat_files/ table_6. htm). [99] The Challenge of Reform: How Tamil Nadus Textile and Apparel Industry is Facing the Pressures of Liberalization (http:/ / www. cid. harvard. edu/ archive/ india/ pdfs/ challenge_textile_lib_tewari0101. pdf)PDF(471KB) by Meenu Tewari for the Government of Tamil Nadu, India and the Center for International Development, Harvard University, Cambridge MA. [100] (http:/ / media. daimler. com/ dcmedia/ 0-921-657319-1-1282112-1-0-0-0-0-0-11701-614232-0-1-0-0-0-0-0. html) Daimler Trucks Unveils Truck Test Track in Oragadam, PSA Peugeot Citron Company also invested (Indian Rupee symbol.svg) 4 billion for establishing new plant in Tamil Nadu, India near Chennai, India. [101] What's new | India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd (http:/ / www. yamaha-motor-india. com/ whatsnew/ wn70. html) [102] TNPL (http:/ / www. tnpl. co. in/ ). [103] Flextronics signs pact for Chennai facility (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ 2005/ 10/ 07/ stories/ 2005100702790400. htm). [104] The Hindu Business Line: TN software exports clock 32 pc growth (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ 2006/ 05/ 07/ stories/ 2006050702500300. htm). [105] "TN logs 29% growth in software exports in FY09" (http:/ / infotech. indiatimes. com/ news/ software/ TN-logs-29-growth-in-software-exports-in-FY09/ articleshow/ 4754105. cms). The Times Of India. . [106] http:/ / vellore. nic. in/ dic. htm [107] http:/ / www. tntdpc. com/ business_directory. html [108] "National Highways in Tamil Nadu" (http:/ / www. morth. nic. in/ statedetailsmain. asp). Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Govt. of India. . Retrieved 24 January 2012. [109] Official site for Tamil Nadu Highways (http:/ / www. tnhighways. org/ ). [110] Official website for Ennore Port (http:/ / www. ennoreport. gov. in/ ).

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[111] "NPCIL" (http:/ / www. npcil. nic. in/ main/ ProjectConstructionStatus. aspx). NPCIL. . Retrieved 23 September 2009. [112] Policy Note 20082009 of Energy Department, Tamil Nadu, India (http:/ / www. tn. gov. in/ policynotes/ energy. htm) by Govt. of Tamil Nadu. [113] "Central Electricity Authority, GOI" (http:/ / www. cea. nic. in/ reports/ monthly/ executive_rep/ feb12/ 27-33. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 20 May 2012. [114] "Youth Welfare & Sports Development Department" (http:/ / www. tn. gov. in/ citizen/ sdat. htm). Tn.gov.in. 15 October 1992. . Retrieved 4 November 2010. [115] Sports development authority of Tamil Nadu, Chennai 600 084 (http:/ / www. sdat. in/ facilities. html). [116] "Madras Motor Sports Club Official site" (http:/ / www. madrasmotorsports. in/ home. htm). . [117] Y.M.C.A. College of Physical Education NANDANAM (http:/ / www. indiastudychannel. com/ colleges/ 7720-Y-M-C-A-College-Physical-Education. aspx). [118] "Chennai Super Kings owners and main sponsors". http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Chennai_Super_Kings#Administration. [119] Nadal, other tennis greats arrive for Chennai Open 2008 (http:/ / www. thaindian. com/ newsportal/ sports/ nadal-other-tennis-greats-arrive-for-chennai-open-2008_10010658. html). [120] Radhakrishnan Stadium to have new turf (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2004/ 10/ 20/ stories/ 2004102004161800. htm). [121] Anju B George to be felicitated (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 26757677. cms). [122] India seeks to popularise beach volleyball (http:/ / www. thaindian. com/ newsportal/ south-asia/ india-seeks-to-popularise-beach-volleyball_10074262. html). [123] TN Chess Men's and Women's GM's & IM's (http:/ / tamilchess. com/ TnGm_Im. aspx). [124] The History Of Snooker (http:/ / library. thinkquest. org/ C007555/ history. html). [125] THE ORIGIN OF SNOOKER: THE NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN STORY (http:/ / www. ibsf. info/ pdf/ origin-of-snooker. pdf). [126] Golf Courses in Southern India (http:/ / www. golftoday. co. uk/ clubhouse/ coursedir/ world/ india/ southernindia/ indexsouthindia. html). [127] Adventure Tourism (http:/ / www. indialine. com/ travel/ tamilnadu/ adventure. html). [128] "Tourism Statistics of India" (http:/ / tourism. gov. in/ writereaddata/ CMSPagePicture/ file/ Primary Content/ MR/ pub-OR-statistics/ 2010Statistics. pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 20 May 2012. [129] Great Living Chola Temples UNESCO World Heritage Centre (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 250). [130] Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 249). [131] Marina Beach, Chennai One of the Longest Beaches in the World (http:/ / www. tamilnow. com/ tourism/ chennai/ marina-beach. html).

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References
William Nobrega, Ashish Sinha. Riding the Indian tiger: understanding Indiathe world's fastest growing market. John Wiley and Sons, 2008. p.20. Chitra, Madhavan. "The artist who designed the State emblem" (http://madrasmusings.com/Vol 21 No 6/ the-artist-who-designed-the-state-emblem.html), MADRAS MUSINGS, CHENNAI, 115 July 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011.

External links
Government Tamil Nadu Government Website (http://www.tn.gov.in/) Department of Tourism, Government of Tamil Nadu (http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/) Other Tamil Nadu travel guide from Wikitravel Tamil Nadu (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Tamil_Nadu/) at the Open Directory Project

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Rajasthan
Rajasthan
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Seal

Location of Rajasthan in India

Map of Rajasthan Coordinates (Jaipur): 263422N 735020E Country Established Capital Largest city India 1 November 1956 Jaipur Jaipur

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Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Margaret Alva Ashok Gehlot (INC) Unicameral (200 seats) 33 total

Parliamentary constituency 25 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 68621012 8th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-RJ 0.637 (medium) 21st (2005) 68% (20th) Hindi rajasthan.gov.in [1] 342239km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 1st Rajasthan High Court

Rjasthn /rdstn/ (Hindustani pronunciation:[radstan]( listen)) the land of Rajasthanis, ("the land of kings"), is the largest state of the Republic of India by area. It is located in the northwest of India. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert), which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan. The state is bordered by Pakistan to the west, Gujarat to the southwest, Madhya Pradesh to the southeast, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana to the northeast and Punjab to the north. Rajasthan covers 10.4% of India, an area of 342269 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi). Jaipur is the capital and the largest city of the state. Geographical features include the Thar Desert along north-western Rajasthan and the termination of the Ghaggar River near the archaeological ruins at Kalibanga of the Indus Valley Civilization, which are the oldest in the Indian subcontinent discovered so far. One of the world's oldest mountain ranges, the Aravalli Range, cradles the only hill station of Rajasthan, Mount Abu, famous for Dilwara Temples, a sacred pilgrimage for Jains. Eastern Rajasthan has the world famous Keoladeo National Park near Bharatpur, a World Heritage Site[2] known for its bird life. It also has two national tiger reserves, Ranthambore and Sariska Tiger Reserve, and a famous temple in Khatu, Sikar district, dedicated to Khatu Shyam Ji. Rajasthan was formed on 30 March 1949, when the region known until then as Rajputana, consisting of erstwhile princely states ruled mainly by Rajputs.

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Etymology
The first mention of word Rajasthan appears in James Tod's 1829 publication, Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India.[3] Rajasthan literally means a Land of Kingdoms. George Thomas (Military Memories) was the first in 1800 A.D., to term this region as Rajputana.[3] John Keay in his book, India: A History stated that the Rajputana name was coined by the British, but that the word even achieved a retrospective authenticity: in an 1829 translation of Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, John Briggs discarded the phrase Indian princes, as rendered in Dow's earlier version, and substituted Rajpoot princes.[4] R. C. Majumdar explained that the region was long known as Gurjaratra that is Country protected or ruled by the Gurjars, early form of Gujarat, before it came to be called Rajputana.[5][6]

History
The Indus Valley Civilization, one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, was located in parts of what is now Rajasthan. Kalibangan in Hanumangarh district, Rajasthan was a major provincial capital of the Indus Valley Civilization.[7] It is believed that Western Kshatrapas (405-35 BC) were Saka rulers of the western part of India (Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan). They were successors to the Indo-Scythians, and were contemporaneous with the Kushans who ruled the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain and establish the Saka era (with Saka calendar), marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps state.[8] Matsya, a state of the Vedic civilization of India, is said to roughly corresponded to former state of Jaipur in Rajasthan, and included the whole of Alwar with portions of Bharatpur.[9][10][11][12][13] The capital of Matsya was at Viratanagar (modern Bairat) which is said to have been named after its founder king Virata.[14] Traditionally the Gurjars, Rajputs, Charans, Yadavs, Jats, Meenas, Bhils, Bishnois and other tribes made a great contribution in building the state of Rajasthan. All these tribes suffered great difficulties in protecting their culture and the land. Millions[15] of them were killed trying to protect their land. A number of Gurjars had been exterminated in Bhinmal and Ajmer areas fighting with the invaders. Bhils once ruled Kota.[15] Meenas were rulers of Bundi and Dhundhar region. Gurjars ruled many dynasties in this part of the country. In fact this region was long known as Gurjaratra.[5] Up to the tenth century almost the whole of North India, excepting Bengal, acknowledged the supremacy of Gurjars with their seat of power at Kannauj.[16] The Gurjar Pratihar Empire acted as a barrier for Arab invaders from the 6th to the 11th century. The chief accomplishment of the Gurjara Pratihara empire lies in its successfully resistance to the foreign invasions from the west, starting in the days of Junaid. Historian Majumdar says that this was openly acknowledged by the Arab writers themselves. He further notes that historians of India have wondered at the slow progress of Muslim invaders in India, as compared with their rapid advance in other parts of the world. Now there seems little doubt that it was the power of the Gurjara Pratihara army that effectively barred the progress of the Muslims beyond the confines of Sindh, their first conquest for nearly three hundred years.[17]

The Chittorgarh Fort is one of the largest forts in Asia.

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183 The earlier contributions of warriors and protectors of the land Meenas, Gurjars, Ahirs, Jats, Bhils were ignored and lost in history due to the stories of great valour shown by certain specific clans in later years, which gained more prominence than older acts of bravery.[18] Rajasthan means the Land of the Kings. Modern Rajasthan includes most of Rajputana, which comprises mainly the erstwhile Rajput kingdoms as well as two Jat kingdoms and a Muslim kingdom. Marwar (Jodhpur), Bikaner, Mewar (Udaipur), Alwar and Dhundhar (Jaipur) were some of the main Rajput states. The Jats were rulers in Bharatpur and Dholpur. Tonk was ruled by a Muslim Nawab. Rajput families rose to prominence in the 6th century CE. The Rajputs put up a valiant resistance to the Islamic invasions and protected this land with their warfare and chivalry for more than 500 years. They also resisted Mughal incursions into India and thus contributed to their slower than anticipated access to the Indian Subcontinent. Later the Mughals, through a combination of treachery and skilled warfare were able to get a firm grip on northern India, including Rajasthan. The fighter spirit and valour of Rajputs impressed the Mughals to such an extent that even after defeating the Rajputs, the Mughals held their valour and value in the highest esteem. Mewar led other kingdoms in its resistance to outside rule. Most notably Rana Sanga fought the Battle of Khanua against Babur, the founder of the Mughal empire. Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, the Hindu Emperor, also known as Hemu in the history of India was born in the village of Machheri in Alwar District in the year 1501. He won 22 battles against Afghans, from Punjab to Bengal and defeated Akbar's forces twice at Agra and Delhi in 1556,[19] before acceeding to the throne of Delhi and establishing 'Hindu Raj' in North India, albeit for a short duration, from Purana Quila in Delhi. He was killed in the Second Battle of Panipat.

The iconic Mehrangarh Fort built by Rao Jodha in 1459.

Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, Last Hindu Emperor of North India

Hawa Mahal or "Palace of Winds" in Jaipur.

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Maharana Pratap of Mewar resisted Akbar in the famous Battle of Haldighati (1576) and later operated from hilly areas of his kingdom. Bhils were Maharana's main allies during these wars. Most of these attacks were repulsed even though the Mughal forces outnumbered Mewar Rajputs in all the wars fought between them. The Haldighati war was fought between 10,000 Mewaris and a 100,000 strong Mughal force (including many Rajputs like Kachwahas from Dhundhar). Over the years the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken and several groups across their kingdom found opportunities to establish their power whilst the army was fighting somewhere else. The Rajputs saw this as an opportunity to reassert their independence. With the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, Rajputana came under attack by the Marathas until the Maratha general Scindia captured Ajmer. Following their rapid defeat, the Rajput kings concluded treaties with the British in the early 19th century, accepting British sovereignty in Maharana Pratap Singh, legendary sixteenth century Rajput ruler of Rajasthan. return for local autonomy. Following the Mughal tradition as well as its strategic location Ajmer became a province of British India, while the autonomous Rajput states, the Muslim state Tonk, and the Jat states (Bharatpur and Dholpur) were organized into the Rajputana Agency. Rajasthan's formerly independent kingdom created a rich architectural and cultural heritage, seen even today in their numerous forts and palaces (Mahals and Havelis) which are enriched by features of Muslim and Jain architecture. The development of the frescos in Rajasthan is linked with the history of the Marwaris who also played a crucial role in the economic development of the region. Many wealthy families throughout Indian history have links to Marwar. These families include the legendary Birla, Bhandari, Bajaj, Mittal and Mirza families.

Geography
The main geographic features of Rajasthan are the Thar Desert and the Aravalli Range, which runs through the state from southwest to northeast, almost from one end to the other, for more than 850km. Mount Abu lies at the southwestern end of the range, separated from the main ranges by the West Banas River, although a series of broken ridges continues into Haryana in the direction of Delhi where it can be seen as outcrops in the form of the Raisina Hill and the ridges farther north. About three-fifths of Rajasthan lies northwest of the Aravallis, leaving two-fifths on the east and south direction.

The Aravalli Range adds diversity to the landscape of Rajasthan.

The northwestern portion of Rajasthan is generally sandy and dry. Most of this region is covered by the Thar Desert which extends into adjoining portions of Pakistan. The Aravalli Range does not intercept the moisture-giving southwest monsoon winds off the Arabian Sea, as it lies in a direction parallel to that of the coming monsoon winds, leaving the northwestern region in a rain shadow. The Thar Desert is

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185 thinly populated; the town of Bikaner is the largest city in the desert. The Northwestern thorn scrub forests lie in a band around the Thar Desert, between the desert and the Aravallis. This region receives less than 400mm of rain in an average year. Temperatures can exceed 45 C in the summer months and drop below freezing in the winter. The Godwar, Marwar, and Shekhawati regions lie in the thorn scrub forest zone, along with the city of Jodhpur. The Luni River and its tributaries are the major river system of Godwar and Marwar regions, draining the western slopes of the Aravallis and emptying southwest into the great Rann of Kutch wetland in neighboring Gujarat. This river is saline in the lower reaches and remains potable only up to Balotara in Barmer district. The Ghaggar River, which originates in Haryana, is an intermittent stream that disappears into the sands of the Thar Desert in the northern corner of the state and is seen as a remnant of the primitive Saraswati river.

The Thar Desert

The Aravalli Range and the lands to the east and southeast of the range are generally more fertile and better watered. This region is home to the Kathiarbar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, with tropical dry broadleaf forests that include teak, Acacia, and other trees. The hilly The hills around Jaipur. Vagad region lies in southernmost Rajasthan, on the border with Gujarat. With the exception of Mount Abu, Vagad is the wettest region in Rajasthan, and the most heavily forested. North of Vagad lies the Mewar region, home to the cities of Udaipur and Chittaurgarh. The Hadoti region lies to the southeast, on the border with Madhya Pradesh. North of Hadoti and Mewar lies the Dhundhar region, home to the state capital of Jaipur. Mewat, the easternmost region of Rajasthan, borders Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Eastern and southeastern Rajasthan is drained by the Banas and Chambal rivers, tributaries of the Ganges. The Aravali Range runs across the state from the southwest peak Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu), which is 1,722 m in height, to Khetri in the northeast. This range divides the state into 60% in the northwest of the range and 40% in the southeast. The northwest tract is sandy and unproductive with little water but improves gradually from desert land in the far west and northwest to comparatively fertile and habitable land towards the east. The area includes the Thar Desert. The south-eastern area, higher in elevation (100 to 350 m above sea level) and more fertile, has a very diversified topography. in the south lies the hilly tract of Mewar. In the southeast, a large area within the districts of Kota and Bundi forms a tableland. To the northeast of these districts is a rugged region (badlands) following the line of the Chambal River. Farther north the country levels out; the flat plains of the northeastern Bharatpur district are part of an alluvial basin. Merta City lies in the geographical center of Rajasthan.

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Language
Rajasthani (although constitutional status is pending) is the main spoken language although Hindi and English are used for official purpose.[20] It is spoken by 13 million people in Rajasthan and other states of India.[21] A number of tribal languages are still spoken in Rajasthan.. The state of Rajasthan is also populated by Sindhis, who came to Rajasthan from Sindh province (now in Pakistan) in 1947 and speak Sindhi, especially older generation.

Religion
Religion in Rajasthan State Religion Hinduism Islam Sikhism Jainism other religions Percent 89% 8.5% 1.4% 1.2% 0.53%

Rajasthan's population is made up mainly of Hindus, who account for 88.8% of the population.[22] Muslims make up 8.5%, Sikhs 1.4% and Jains 1.2% of the population.[22]

Economy
Rajasthan's economy is primarily agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane, and oilseeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state's cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producers of edible oils in India and the second largest producer of oilseeds. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. There are mainly two crop seasons. The water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates northwestern Rajasthan. The main industries are mineral based, agriculture based, and textiles. Rajasthan is the second largest producer of polyester fibre in India. The Pali and Bhilwara District produces more cloth than Bhiwandi, Maharashtra and the bhilwara is the largest city in suitings production and export and Pali is largest city in cotton and polyster in blouse pes and rubia production and export. Several prominent chemical and engineering companies are located in the city of Kota, in southern Rajasthan. Rajasthan is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The Taj Mahal was built from the white marble which was mined from a town called Makrana. The state is the second largest source of cement in India. It has rich salt deposits at Sambhar, copper mines at Khetri, Jhunjhunu and zinc mines at Dariba, Zawar mines at Zawarmala for zinc, Rampura Aghucha (opencast) near Bhilwara. Dimensional stone mining is also undertaken in Rajasthan. Jodhpur

A marble quarry in Kishangarh Ajmer

Industrial plant near Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

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sandstone is mostly used in monuments, important buildings and residential buildings. This stone is termed as "chittar patthar". North India's largest integrated IT park, Mahindra World City, is located in Jaipur and is named as Jaipur covering nearly 3000 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'km2) of land.

Rajasthan Canal(Indira Gandhi Canal) passing through Thar desert near Chhatargarh Bikaner district, Rajasthan

Tourism
Rajasthan attracted 14 percent of total foreign visitors during 2009-2010 which is the fourth highest among Indian states. It is fourth also in Domestic tourist visitors.[23] Endowed with natural beauty and a great history, tourism is a flourishing industry in Rajasthan. The palaces of Jaipur and Ajmer-Pushkar, the lakes of Udaipur, the desert forts of Jodhpur, Taragarh Fort (Star Fort) in Bundi, and Bikaner and Jaisalmer rank among the most preferred destinations in India for many tourists both Indian and foreign. Tourism accounts for eight percent of the state's domestic product. Many old and neglected palaces and forts have been converted into heritage hotels. Tourism has increased employment in the hospitality sector.

Lake of Pushkar in Ajmer

Rajasthan is famous for its forts, intricately carved temples, and decorated havelis, which were built by Rajput kings in pre-Muslim era Rajasthan. Rajasthan's Jaipur Jantar Mantar, Dilwara Temples, Chittorgarh Fort, Lake Palace, miniature paintings in Bundi, and numerous city palaces and havelis are an important part of the architectural heritage of India. Jaipur, the Pink City, is noted for the ancient houses made of a type of sand stone dominated by a pink hue. In Bundi, maximum houses are painted blue. At Ajmer, the white The Umaid Bhawan Palace is one of the largest marble Bara-dari on the Anasagar lake is exquisite. Jain Temples dot royal palaces in the world. Rajasthan from north to south and east to west. Dilwara Temples of Mount Abu, Ranakpur Temple dedicated to Lord Adinath in Pali District, Jain temples in the fort complexes of Chittor, Jaisalmer and Kumbhalgarh, Lodurva Jain temples, Bhandasar and Karni Mata Temple of Bikaner are some of the best examples. American pop star Katy Perry and British comedian Russell Brand have expressed their love of Rajasthan and India as a whole, even getting engaged there on New Year's Eve 2010 and married there in October 2010.

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Culture
Rajasthan is culturally rich and has artistic and cultural traditions which reflect the ancient Indian way of life. There is rich and varied folk culture from villages which is often depicted and is symbolic of the state. Highly cultivated classical music and dance with its own distinct style is part of the cultural tradition of Rajasthan. The music is uncomplicated and songs depict day-to-day relationships and chores, more often focused around fetching water from wells or ponds. The Ghoomar dance from Udaipur and Kalbeliya dance of Jaisalmer have gained international recognition. Folk music is a vital part of Rajasthani culture. Kathputli, Bhopa, Chang, Teratali, Ghindr, Kachchhighori, Tejaji etc. are the examples of the traditional Rajasthani culture. Folk songs are commonly ballads which relate heroic deeds and love stories; and religious or devotional songs known as bhajans and banis (often accompanied by musical instruments like dholak, sitar, sarangi etc.) are also sung. Rajasthan is known for its traditional, colorful art.wall painting in bundi . The block prints, tie and dye prints, Bagaru prints, Sanganer prints, and Zari embroidery are major export products from Rajasthan. Handicraft items like wooden furniture and handicrafts, carpets, and blue pottery are some of the things commonly found here. Rajasthan is a shoppers' paradise, with beautiful goods found at low prices. Reflecting the colorful Rajasthani culture, Rajasthani clothes have a lot of mirror-work and embroidery. A Rajasthani traditional dress for females comprises an ankle length skirt and a short top, also known as a lehenga or a chaniya choli. A piece of cloth is used to cover the head, both for protection from heat and maintenance of modesty. Rajasthani dresses are usually designed in bright colours like blue, yellow and orange. The main religious festivals are Deepawali, Holi, Gangaur, Teej, Gogaji, Shri Devnarayan Jayanti, Makar Sankranti and Janmashtami, as the main religion is Hinduism. Rajasthan's desert festival is celebrated with great zest and zeal. This festival is held once a year during winter. Dressed in brilliantly hued costumes, the people of the desert dance and sing haunting ballads of valor, romance and tragedy. There are fairs with snake charmers, puppeteers, acrobats and folk performers. Camels, of course, play a stellar role in this festival.
The Jain temple of Ranakpur.

Camel ride in the Thar desert near Jaisalmer.

A decorated Indian elephant during a fair in Jaipur, India

Administration
Government
The current government in Rajasthan is that of Indian National Congress. The current Chief Minister is Ashok Gehlot.
Rajasthani Up-Down Dolls found in the road-side shops of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

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Politics
The Political life of Rajasthan is dominated by two major parties Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and Indian National Congress.

Districts
Rajasthan is divided into 33 districts and seven divisions: Ajmer Division: Ajmer, Bhilwara, Nagaur, Tonk. Bharatpur Division: Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karauli, Sawai Madhopur. Bikaner Division: Bikaner, Churu, SriGanganagar, Hanumangarh. Jaipur Division: Jaipur, Alwar, Jhunjhunu, Sikar, Dausa. Jodhpur Division: Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jodhpur, Pali, Sirohi. Kota Division: Baran, Bundi, Jhalawar, Kota. Udaipur Division: Banswara, Chittorgarh, Pratapgarh, Dungarpur, Udaipur, Rajsamand

Demographics
Rajasthan has a mainly Rajasthani population. Hindus account for 88.8% of the population.[22] Muslims make up 8.5%, Sikhs 1.4% and Jains 1.2% of the population.[22] The state of Rajasthan is also populated by Sindhis, who came to Rajasthan from Sindh province (now in Pakistan) during the India-Pakistan separation in 1947. The mother tongue of the majority of people in Rajasthan is Rajasthani. Rajasthani and Hindi are the most widely used languages in Rajasthan. Rajasthani is used as a medium of instruction, along with Hindi and English, in some schools. Some other languages used in Rajasthan are Gujarati, Sindhi and Punjabi.

Education
During recent years, Rajasthan has made significant progress in the area of education. The state government has been making sustained efforts to improve the educational standard. In recent decades, the literacy rate of Rajasthan has increased significantly. In 1991, the state's literacy rate was only 38.55% (54.99% male and 20.44% female). In 2001, the literacy rate increased to 60.41% (75.70% male and 43.85% female). This was the highest leap in the percentage of literacy recorded in India (the rise in female literacy being 23%).[24] At the Census 2011, Rajasthan had a literacy rate of 67.06% (80.51% male and 52.66% female). Although Rajasthan's literacy rate is below the national average of 74.04% and although its female literacy rate is the lowest in the country (closely followed by Bihar at 53.33%), the state has been praised for its efforts and achievements in raising both male and female literacy rates.[25][26] Rajasthan has nine universities and more than two hundred and fifty colleges, fifty five thousand primary and seven thousand four hundred secondary schools. There are forty-one engineering colleges with an annual enrollment of about 11,500 students. The state has twenty-three polytechnics and one-hundred and fifty-two Industrial Training Institute (ITIs) that impart vocational training to the students.[27]

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Flora and fauna

Though a large percentage of the total area is desert, and even though there is little forest cover, Rajasthan has a rich and varied flora and fauna. The natural vegetation is classed as Northern Desert Thorn Forest (Champion 1936). These occur in small clumps scattered in a more or less open forms. Density and size of patches increase from west to east following the increase in rainfall. The Desert National Park, Jaisalmer, spread over an area of 3162km, is an excellent example of the ecosystem of the Thar Desert, and its diverse fauna. Seashells and massive fossilized tree trunks in this park record the geological history of the desert. The region is a haven for migratory and resident birds of the desert. One can see many eagles, harriers, falcons, buzzards, kestrel and vultures. Short-toed Eagles (Circaetus gallicus), Tawny Eagles (Aquila rapax), Spotted Eagles (Aquila clanga), Laggar Falcons (Falco jugger) and kestrels are the commonest of these. The Ranthambore National Park located in Sawai Madhopur, is one of the finest Tiger Reserves in the Country which became a part of Project Tiger in 1973. The Dhosi Hill located in district Jhunjunu, known as "Chayvan Rishi's Ashram' where 'Chayawanprash' was formulated for the first time has unique and rare herbs growing The Sariska Tiger Reserve located in Alwar district, 200km from Delhi and 107km from Jaipur covers an area of approximately 800km2.The area was declared a National Park in 1979. Tal Chhapar Sanctuary is a very small sanctuary in Sujangarh, Churu District, 210km from Jaipur, in the Shekhawati region. This sanctuary is home to a large population of graceful Blackbuck. Desert Fox and desert cat can also be spotted along with typical avifauna such as partridge and sand grouse. The Great Indian Bustard, which is a state bird, is now at the stage of extinction. In Rajasthan bustard is also known as "Godavan".
Aquila rapax in Tal Chhapar Sanctuary

Great Indian Bustard

Wildlife
Rajasthan is also noted for National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. There are four national park and wildlife sanctuaries named the Keoladeo National Park of Bharatpur, Sariska Tiger Reserve of Alwar, Ranthambore National Park of Sawai Madhopur, and Desert National Park of Jaisalmer. Ranthambore National Park and Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary are both known worldwide for their tiger population and considered by both wilderness lovers and photographers as the best places in India to spot tigers. At one point, due to poaching and negligence, tigers became extinct here, but recently 5 tigers have been shifted here . Prominent among the wildlife sanctuaries are Mount Abu Sanctuary, Bhensrod Garh Sanctuary, Darrah Sanctuary, Jaisamand Sanctuary, Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar sanctuary and Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary. There are a variety of wildlife species in Rajasthan, notably including the apex predator Caracal.[28]

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Transport
Rajasthan is connected by many national highways. Most renowned being NH 8, which is India's first 48 lane highway. Rajasthan also has an inter-city surface transport system both in terms of railways and bus network. All chief cities are connected by air, rail and road. By Air: There are three main airports at Rajasthan- Jaipur International Airport, Udaipur Airport, and Jodhpur Airport. These airports connect Rajasthan with the major cities of India such as Delhi and Mumbai. There are two other airports in Kota and Jaisalmer, but are not open for commercial/civilian flights yet. By Rail: Rajasthan is connected with the main cities of India by rail. Jaipur, Kota, Bikaner, Ajmer, Udaipur and Jodhpur are the principal railway stations in Rajasthan. Kota City is the only Electrified Section served by three Rajdhani Expresses and trains to all major cities of India. There is also an international railway, the Thar Express from Jodhpur to Karachi. However, this is not open to foreign nationals currently. By Road: Rajasthan is well connected to the main cities of the country including Delhi, Ahmedabad and Indore by State and National Highways and served by Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation (RSRTC)[29] and Private operators.

Statistics
Population:68.6 million (2011 Census, estimated at more than 68 million now) Cities and Towns: 222 Major cities: Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, Udaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, Bharatpur, Alwar, Bhilwara, Sri Ganganagar, Sikar and Hanumangarh. Roads: 1,51,914km. (8,798km National Highway) National highways crossing Rajasthan: Delhi-Ahmedabad, Agra-Bikaner, Jaipur-Bhopal, Bhatinda-Kandla, Shivpuri-Kota, Kota-Udaipur and Pali-Ambala. Climate: Generally dry with monsoon during JulyAugust Districts: 33 Languages: English and Hindi commonly used, as well as indigenous Rajasthani languages, Braj Bhasha etc. Literacy: 67.063%(According to Census2011) NH 71B is the Smallest in Rajasthan

References
[1] http:/ / www. rajasthan. gov. in [2] "World Heritage List" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 340). . [3] F. K. Kapil (1999). Rajputana states, 1817-1950 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=eCZuAAAAMAAJ). Book Treasure. p.1. . Retrieved 24 June 2011. [4] John Keay (2001). India: a history (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=ibLUu6RlvqwC& pg=PA231& dq). Grove Press. pp.231232. ISBN0-8021-3797-0,. ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5. . "Colonel James tod, who as the first British official to visit Rajasthan spent most of the 1820s exploring its political potential, formed a very different idea of "Rashboots".....and the whole region thenceforth became, for the British, 'Rajputana'.The word even achieved a retrospective authenticity, in 1829 translation of Ferishta's history of early Islamic India, John Briggs discarded the phease 'Indian princes', as rendered in Dow's earlier version, and substituted 'Rajpoot princes'." [5] R.C. Majumdar (1994). Ancient India (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC& pg=PA263& dq). Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. p.263. ISBN 81-208-0436-8, ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4. . [6] Asiatic Society of Bombay; Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Bombay Branch (1904). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, Volume 21. p.416. "But this much is certain that Rajputana was essentially the country of the Gurjaras" [7] "INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Related Articles arsenical bronze writing, literatur" (https:/ / www. amazines. com/ Indus_Valley_Civilization_related. html). Amazines.com. . Retrieved 2012-06-05. [8] "The dynastic art of the Kushans", John Rosenfield, p 130 [9] Sahiram: Ek adhr krnti, Shekhawati k kisn ndolan (1922-1952), page-3 [10] Satapatha Brahman 13/5/9 [11] The Modern review, Volume 84, Ramananda Chatterjee, Prabasi Press Private, Ltd., 1948 - History.

Rajasthan
[12] Krishna Leela theme in Rajasthani miniatures, Sita Sharma, Pragati Prakashan, 1987 - 132 pages. [13] Sukh Sampati Raj Bhandari: Bharat ke deshi rajya, Jaypur rajya ka Itihas, page 3 [14] Rajasthan aajtak ISBN 81-903622-6-7. [15] Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992 pp 587588. [16] Asiatic Society of Bombay; Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Bombay Branch (1904). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, Volume 21. p.432. "Up to the tenth century almost the whole of North India, excepting Bengal, owned their supremacy at Kannauj." [17] Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p.207 to 208. ISBN81-269-0027-X,. ISBN 978-81-269-0027-5. [18] Dr Natthan Singh, Jat-Itihas, (Jat History), Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, F-13, Dr Rajendra Prasad Colony, Tansen marg, Gwalior, M.P, India 474 002 2004, page-91 [19] Bhardwaj, K. K. "Hemu-Napoleon of Medieval India", Mittal Publications, New Delhi, p.25 [20] Grierson, George A. 1918. Linguistic Survey of India (Volume VIII, Part II). Calcutta: Government of India Press [21] Census of India, 2001. Rajasthan. New Delhi: Government Press [22] "Indian Census" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ). Censusindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2012-06-05. [23] "India Inbound Tourism Statistics, India Inbound Visitors Summary, India Tourism Statistics Inbound tourism Growth Statistics India" (http:/ / www. itopc. org/ travel-requisite/ inbound-tourism-statistics. html). Itopc.org. . Retrieved 2012-06-05. [24] "Directorate of Literacy and Continuing Education: Government of Rajasthan" (http:/ / www. rajliteracy. org/ Literacy. html). Rajliteracy.org. . Retrieved 2012-06-05. [25] "Rajasthan literacy rate now 67.06 : Census Data | Census 2011 Indian Population" (http:/ / www. census2011. co. in/ news/ 81-rajasthan-literacy-rate-now-67-06-census-data. html). Census2011.co.in. 2011-04-27. . Retrieved 2012-06-05. [26] "Rajasthan Population 2011 Growth rate, literacy, sex ratio in Census 2011 2011 Updates 2012 InfoPiper" (http:/ / infopiper. com/ 2011/ rajasthan-population-2011-growth-rate-literacy-sex-ratio-in-census-2011/ ). Infopiper.com. . Retrieved 2012-06-05. [27] "Rajasthan Education , Education in Rajasthan" (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ maps/ rajasthan/ education/ ). Mapsofindia.com. 2011-12-01. . Retrieved 2012-06-05. [28] C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Caracal: Caracal caracal, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg (http:/ / www. globaltwitcher. com/ artspec_information. asp?thingid=35844) [29] rsrtc.gov.in (http:/ / www. rsrtc. gov. in)

192

Gahlot, Sukhvirsingh. 1992. RAJASTHAN: Historical & Cultural. J. S. Gahlot Research Institute, Jodhpur. Somani, Ram Vallabh. 1993. History of Rajasthan. Jain Pustak Mandir, Jaipur. Tod, James & Crooke, William. 1829. Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han or the Central and Western Rajpoot States of India,. Numerous reprints, including 3 Vols. Reprint: Low Price Publications, Delhi. 1990. ISBN 81-85395-68-3 (set of 3 vols.) Mathur, P.C., 1995. Social and Economic Dynamics of Rajasthan Politics (Jaipur, Aaalekh)

External links
Rajasthan (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Rajasthan//) at the Open Directory Project Rajasthan travel guide from Wikitravel

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Karnataka
Karnataka
State

Coat of arms

Location of Karnataka in India

Map of Karnataka Coordinates (Bangalore): 125813N 773337E Country Established Capital Largest city India 1956-11-01 Bangalore Bangalore

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194
Districts Government Governor Hansraj Bhardwaj 30

ChiefMinister Jagadish Shettar (BJP) Legislature Area [1] 191791km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 8th [2] 61130704 9th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-KA Bicameral (224 + 75 seats)

Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code

Official language Kannada[3][4] Literacy HDI HDI rank Website 75.60% (16th in states, 23rd if Union Territories are counted ) 0.600 (medium) 25th (2005) karunadu.gov.in [6] [5]

Karnataka /krntk/ is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava (Formation Day). Originally known as the State of Mysore /masr/, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973.[7] It is the land of the Kannadigas, Tuluvas, Konkanis and Kodavas. The capital and largest city is Bangalore. Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. The state covers an area of 191976 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi), or 5.83% of the total geographical area of India. It is the eighth largest Indian state by area. With over 61 million inhabitants (2011), Karnataka is the ninth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada is the most widely spoken and official language of the state. The two main river systems of the state are Krishna and its tributaries (Bhima, Ghataprabha, Vedavati, Malaprabha, and Tungabhadra) in the north, and the Cauvery and its tributaries (Hemavati, Shimsha, Arkavathi, Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini) in the south. Both these rivers flow eastward and fall into the Bay of Bengal. Though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and ndu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as Karu (black) and nadu (region), as a reference to the black cotton soil found in the Bayaluseeme region of Karnataka. The British used the word Carnatic (sometimes Karnatak) to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna River.[8] With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has also been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient and medieval India. The philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic (Karnataka Music) and Hindustani traditions.

Karnataka Writers in the Kannada language have received the most number of Jnanpith awards in India.[9] Bangalore is the capital city of the state and is at the forefront of the rapid economic and technological development that India is experiencing.

195

History
Karnataka pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region.[10] Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also been found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prompting scholars to hypothesize about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the Indus Valley Civilization ca. 3000 BCE.[11][12] Prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to control large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas and the Western Gangas, marking the region's emergence as an independent political entity. The Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi;[13][14] the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital.[15][16]
Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at Pattadakal, North Karnataka built successively by the Chalukya Empire and Rashtrakuta Empire are UNESCO World Heritage Site.

These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription and a fifth-century copper coin discovered at Banavasi.[17][18] These dynasties were followed by imperial Kannada empires such as the Badami Chalukyas,[19][20] the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta[21][22] and the Western Chalukya Empire,[23][24] which ruled over large parts of the Deccan and had their capitals in what is now Karnataka. The Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century.[25][26] Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka (Gangavadi) were occupied by the Chola Empire between 1000-1116 AD.[27] The Cholas eventually lost Gangavadi in 1116 to the Hoysalas under King Vishnuvardhana.[27]
Hoysala Empire sculptural articulation in Belur.

Karnataka

196 At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region. Literature flourished during this time, which led to the distinctive Kannada literary metres and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture.[28][29][30][31] The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under its rule. In the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana (later named Vijayanagara), on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, which it completely controlled for over two centuries.[32][33]

In 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara Empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota.[34] The Bijapur Sultanate, which had risen after the demise of the Bahmani Sultanate of Bidar, soon took control of the Deccan; it was defeated by the Moghuls in the late 17th century.[35][36] The Bahamani and Bijapur rulers encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and Indo-Saracenic architecture, the Gol Gumbaz being one of the high points of this style.[37] During the sixteenth century, Konkani Hindus migrated to Karnataka, mostly from Salcette, Goa,[38] while during the seventeenth and eighteenth century, Goan Catholics migrated to South Canara, especially from Bardes, Goa, as a result of food shortages, epidemics and heavy taxation imposed by the Portuguese.[39]
Statue of Ugranarasimha at Hampi (a World Heritage Site), located within the ruins of Vijayanagara, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire.

In the period that followed, parts of northern Karnataka were ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad, the British, and other powers. In the south, the Mysore Kingdom, former vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire, was briefly independent.[40] With the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, Haidar Ali, the commander-in-chief of the Mysore army, gained control of the region. After his death, the kingdom was inherited by his son Tippu Sultan.[41] To contain European expansion in South India, Haidar Ali and later Tippu Sultan fought four significant Anglo-Mysore Wars, the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan's death and the incorporation of Mysore into the British Raj in 1799.[42] The Kingdom of Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars and Mysore remained a princely state under the British Raj.
An inveterate enemy of the British, As the "doctrine of lapse" gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states Tipu Sultan of Mysore Kingdom was across the country, Kittur Chennamma, Sangolli Rayanna and others spearheaded one of the most powerful rulers in rebellions in Karnataka in 1830, nearly three decades before the Indian Rebellion India before the advent of the British of 1857. Other uprisings followed, such as the ones at Supa, Bagalkot, Shorapur, Raj. Nargund and Dandeli. These rebellions - which coincided with the 1857 war of independence - were led by Mundargi Bhimarao, Bhaskar Rao Bhave, the Halagali Bedas, Raja Venkatappa Nayaka and others. By the late 19th century, the freedom movement had gained momentum; Karnad Sadashiva Rao, Aluru Venkata Raya, S. Nijalingappa, Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Nittoor Srinivasa Rau and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century.[43]

After India's independence, the Maharaja, Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, allowed his kingdom's accession to India. In 1950, Mysore became an Indian state of the same name; the former Maharaja served as its Rajpramukh (head of state) until 1975. Following the long-standing demand of the Ekikarana Movement, Kodagu- and Kannada-speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras, Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state, under the States Reorganization Act of 1956. The thus expanded state was renamed Karnataka, seventeen years later, in 1973.[44] In the early 1900s through the post-independence era, industrial visionaries such as Sir Mokshagundam

Karnataka Visvesvarayya born in Muddenahalli, near Kanivenarayanapura, Chikballapur District played an important role in the development of Karnataka's strong manufacturing and industrial base.

197

Geography
The state has three principal geographical zones: 1. the coastal region of Karavali 2. the hilly Malenadu region comprising the Western Ghats 3. the Bayaluseeme region comprising the plains of the Deccan plateau The bulk of the state is in the Bayaluseeme region, the northern part of which is the second-largest arid region in India.[45] The highest point in Karnataka is the Mullayanagiri hills in Chickmagalur district which has an altitude of 1929 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft). Some of the important rivers in Karnataka are Kaveri, Tungabhadra, Krishna, Malaprabha and the Sharavathi.

Jog Falls are the highest plunge waterfalls in India, formed by Sharavathi River.

Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations[46] the Archean complex made up of Dharwad schists and granitic gneisses, the Proterozoic non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the Kaladgi and Bhima series, the Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits and the tertiary and recent laterites and alluvial deposits. Significantly, about 60% of the state is composed of the Archean complex which consist of gneisses, granites and charnockite rocks. Laterite cappings that are found in many districts over the Deccan Traps were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in the early tertiary period. Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka, viz. Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Spodosols, Alfisols, Ultisols, Oxisols, Aridisols, Vertisols, Andisols and Histosols.[46] Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil, the soil types are divided into six types, viz. Red, lateritic, black, alluvio-colluvial, forest and coastal soils. Karnataka experiences four seasons. The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May, the monsoon season between June and September and the post-monsoon season from October till December. Meteorologically, Karnataka is divided into three zones coastal, north interior and south interior. Of these, the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3638.5mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in) per annum, far in excess of the state average of 1139mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in). Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India.[47] The highest recorded temperature was 45.6C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) at Raichur and the lowest recorded temperature was 2.8 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) at Bidar. About 38724km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) of Karnataka (i.e. 20% of the state's geographic area) is covered by forests. The forests are classified as reserved, protected, unclosed, village and private forests. The percentage of forested area is slightly less than the all-India average of about 23%, and significantly less than the 33% prescribed in the National Forest Policy.[48]

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Sub-divisions
There are 30 districts in Karnataka: Bagalkote Bangalore Rural Bangalore Urban Belgaum Bellary Bidar Bijapur Chamarajanagar Chikkaballapur[49] Chikkamagaluru Chitradurga Dakshina Kannada Davanagere Dharwad Gadag Gulbarga Hassan Haveri Kodagu Kolar Koppal Mandya Mysore Raichur Ramanagara[49] Shimoga Tumkur Udupi Uttara Kannada Yadgir

Districts of Karnataka

Each district is governed by a district commissioner or district magistrate. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are governed by sub-divisional magistrates; sub-divisions comprise blocks containing panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. As per the 2001 census, Karnataka's six largest cities sorted in order of decreasing population were, Bangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Mysore, Gulbarga, Belgaum and Mangalore. Bangalore is the only city with a population of more than one million. Bangalore Urban, Belgaum and Gulbarga are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of more than three million. Gadag, Chamarajanagar and Kodagu districts have a population of less than one million.[50]

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Demographics
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 19402000 23587000 29299000 37136000 44977000 52850562 61130704 % 21.6% 24.2% 26.7% 21.1% 17.5% 15.7% [51]

Source:Census of India

According to the 2001 census of India, the total population of Karnataka is 52,850,562, of which 26,898,918 (50.9%) are male and 25,951,644 (49.1%) are female, or 1000 males for every 964 females. This represents a 17.3% increase over the population in 1991. The population density is 275.6 per km and 34.0% of the people live in urban areas. The literacy rate is 66.6% with 76.1% of males and 56.9% of females being literate.[2] 83% of the population are Hindu, 11% are Muslim, 4% are Christian, 0.8% are Jains, 0.7% are Buddhist, and with the remainder belonging to other religions.[52] Kannada is the official language of Karnataka and spoken as a native language by about 64.8% of the people. Other linguistic minorities in the state as of 1991 are Urdu (9.7%), Telugu (8.3%), Tamil (3.8%), Marathi (4.0%), Tulu (3.4%), Hindi (1.9%), Konkani (1.8%), Malayalam (1.7%) and Kodava Takk (0.3%).[53] The state has a birth rate of 2.2%, a death rate of 0.7%, an infant mortality rate of 5.5% and a maternal mortality rate of 0.2%. The total fertility rate is 2.2.[54] In the field of super-specialty health care, Karnataka's private sector competes with the best in the world.[55] Karnataka has also established a modicum of public health services having a better record of health care and child care than most other states of India. In spite of these advances, some parts of the state still leave much to be desired when it comes to primary health care.[56]

Government and administration

Karnataka, like other Indian states, has a parliamentary system of government with two democratically elected houses, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members who are elected for five-year terms.[57] The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 75 members with one-third (25 members) retiring every two years.[57] The government of Karnataka is headed by the Chief Minister who is chosen by the ruling party members of the Legislative Assembly. The Vidhana Soudha in Bangalore (seat of the Chief Minister, along with the council of ministers, drives the Legislative Assembly) legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers.[58] However, the constitutional and formal head of the state is the Governor who is appointed for a five-year term by the President of India on the advice of the Union government.[59] The people of Karnataka also elect 28 members to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament.[60] The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 12

Karnataka members to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. For administrative purposes, Karnataka has been divided into four revenue divisions, 49 sub-divisions, 29 districts, 175 taluks and 745 hoblies/revenue circles.[61] The administration in each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka state services. The Deputy Commissioner of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, also serves the government. Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Public Works Department, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, etc. The judiciary in the state consists of the Karnataka High Court (Attara Kacheri) in Bangalore, district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluk level. Politics in Karnataka has been dominated by three political parties, the Indian National Congress, the Janata Dal (Secular) and the Bharatiya Janata Party.[62] Politicians from Karnataka have played prominent roles in federal government of India with some of them having held the high positions of Prime Minister and Vice President. Three cabinet levels ministers in the current United Progressive Alliance government are from Karnataka. Notable among these is Former Chief Minister and Honorable Union Minister for Law, Justice and Company Affairs, Veerappa Moily. Border disputes involving Karnataka's claim on the Kasaragod[63] and Sholapur[64] districts and Maharashtra's claim on Belgaum are ongoing since the states reorganisation.[65] The official emblem of Karnataka has a Ganda Berunda in the centre. Surmounting this are four lions facing the four directions, taken from the Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath. The emblem also carries two Sharabhas with the head of an elephant and the body of a lion.

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Economy
Karnataka, which had an estimated GSDP (Gross State Domestic Product) of about US$ 58.23 billion in 2008-09 fiscal year. Karnataka recorded the highest growth rates in terms of GDP and per capita GDP in the last decade compared to other states.[66] The state registered a GSDP growth rate of 7% for the year 2007-2008.[67] Karnataka's contribution to India's GDP in the year 2004-05 was 5.2%.[68] Karnataka was the fastest growing state over the past decade in terms of GDP and per capita GDP. GSDP Growth of the Karnatakan Economy over the With GDP growth of 56.2% and per capita GDP growth of previous years 43.9%, Karnataka now has the sixth highest per-capita GDP of all states.[69] Till September 2006 Karnataka received a Foreign Direct Investment of 78.097 billion ($ 1.7255 billion) for the fiscal year 2006-07, placing it third among the states of India.[70] At the end of 2004, the unemployment rate in Karnataka was 4.94% compared to the national rate of 5.99%.[71] For the fiscal year 2006-07, the inflation rate in Karnataka was 4.4%, compared to the national average of 4.7%.[72] As of 2004-05, Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of 17%, less than the national ratio of 27.5%.[73] Nearly 56% of the workforce in Karnataka is engaged in agriculture and related activities.[74] A total of 12.31 million hectares of land, or 64.6% of the state's total area, is cultivated.[75] Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the southwest monsoon as only 26.5% of the sown area is irrigated.[75] Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India, including Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, Indian Telephone Industries, Bharat Earth Movers Limited and HMT (formerly Hindustan Machine Tools), which are based in

Karnataka Bangalore. Many of India's premier science and technology research centers, such as Indian Space Research Organization, Central Power Research Institute, Bharat Electronics Limited and the Central Food Technological Research Institute, are also headquartered in Karnataka. Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited is an oil refinery located in Mangalore. Since the 1980s, Karnataka has emerged as the pan-Indian leader in the field of IT (information technology). As of 2007, there were nearly 2,000 firms operating out of Karnataka. Many of them, including two of India's biggest software firms, Infosys and Wipro are also headquartered in the state.[76] Exports from these firms exceeded 50,000 crores ($12.5 billion) in 2006-07, accounting for nearly 38% of all IT exports from India.[76] The Nandi Hills area in the outskirts of Contribution to economy by sector Devanahalli is the site of the upcoming $22 Billion, 50 square kilometer BIAL IT Investment Region, one the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka.[77] All this has earned the state capital, Bangalore, the sobriquet Silicon Valley of India.[78] Karnataka also leads the nation in biotechnology. It is home to India's largest biocluster, with 158 of the country's 320 biotechnology firms being based here.[79] The state also accounts for 75% of India's floriculture, an upcoming industry which supplies flowers and ornamental plants worldwide.[80] Seven of India's leading banks, Canara Bank, Syndicate Bank, Corporation Bank, Vijaya Bank, Karnataka Bank, Vysya Bank and the State Bank of Mysore originated in this state.[81] The coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada have a branch for every 500 personsthe best distribution of banks in India.[82] As of March 2002, Karnataka had 4767 branches of different banks with each branch serving 11,000 persons, which is lower than the national average of 16,000.[83] A majority of the silk industry in India is headquartered in Karnataka State, much of it in Doddaballapura, and the state government intends to invest 70 crore in a "Silk City" at Muddenahalli, near Bangalore International Airport.[84][85]

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Transport
Air transport in Karnataka, as in the rest of the country, is still a fledgling but fast expanding sector. Karnataka has airports at Bangalore, Mangalore, Hubli, Belgaum, Hampi, Bellary and Mysore with international operations from Bangalore and Mangalore airports.[86] Major airlines such as Kingfisher Airlines and Kingfisher red are based in Bangalore. Karnataka has a railway network with a total length of approximately 3089 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi). Until the creation of the South Western Zone headquartered at Hubli in 2003, the railway network in the state was in the Southern and Western railway zones. Several parts of the state now come under the South Western Zone, with the remainder under the Southern Railways. Coastal Karnataka is covered under the Konkan railway network which was considered India's biggest railway project of the century.[87] Bangalore is extensively connected with inter-state destinations while other important cities and towns in the state are not so well-connected.[88][89]
Kingfisher Airlines is based in Bangalore.

Karnataka has 11 ports, including the New Mangalore Port, a major port and ten other minor ports.[90] The New Mangalore port was incorporated as the ninth major port in India on 4 May 1974. This port handled 32.04 million

Karnataka tonnes of traffic in the fiscal year 2006-07 with 17.92 million tonnes of imports and 14.12 million tonnes of exports. The port also handled 1015 vessels including 18 cruise vessels during the year 2006-07. The inland water transport within the state is not well developed. The total lengths of National Highways and state highways in Karnataka are 3973 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) and 9829 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi), respectively. The KSRTC, the state public transport corporation, transports an average of 2.2 million passengers daily and employs about 25,000 people.[91] In the late nineties, KSRTC was split into three corporations, viz., The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation, The North-West Karnataka Road Transport Corporation and The North-East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation with their headquarters in Bangalore, Hubli and Gulbarga respectively.[91]

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Culture
The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that are native to Karnataka combined with their long histories have contributed immensely to the varied cultural heritage of the state. Apart from Kannadigas, Karnataka is home to Tuluvas, Kodavas and Konkanis. Minor populations of Tibetan Buddhists and tribes like the Soligas, Yeravas, Todas and Siddhis also live in Karnataka. The traditional folk arts cover the entire gamut of music, dance, drama, storytelling by itinerant troupes, etc. Yakshagana of Malnad and coastal Karnataka, a classical dance drama, is one of the major theatrical forms of Karnataka. Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka remains vibrant with organizations like Ninasam, Ranga Shankara, Rangayana and Prabhat Kalavidaru continuing to build on the foundations laid by Gubbi Veeranna, T. P. Kailasam, B. V. Karanth, K V Subbanna, Prasanna and others.[92] Veeragase, Kamsale, Kolata and Dollu Kunitha are popular dance forms. The Mysore style of Bharatanatya nurtured and popularised by the likes of the legendary Jatti Tayamma continues to hold sway in Karnataka and Bangalore also enjoys an eminent place as one of the foremost centers of Bharatanatya.[93]

The Kannada flag is widely used in Karnataka even though it is not an official flag.

Karnataka also has a special place in the world of Indian classical music with both Karnataka[94] (Carnatic) and Hindustani styles finding place in the state and Karnataka has produced a number of stalwarts in both styles. While referring to music the word 'Karnataka', the original name given to the South Indian classical music does not mean the state of Karnataka. The Haridasa movement of the sixteenth century contributed seminally to the development of Karnataka (Carnatic) music as a performing art form. Purandara Dasa, one of the most A Yakshagana artist revered Haridasas, is known as the Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha ('Father of Karnataka a.k.a.Carnatic music').[95] Celebrated Hindustani musicians like Gangubai Hangal, Mallikarjun Mansur, Bhimsen Joshi, Basavaraja Rajaguru, Sawai Gandharva and several others hail from Karnataka and some of them have been recipients of the Kalidas Samman, Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards.

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203 Gamaka is another classical music genre based on Carnatic music that is practiced in Karnataka. Kannada Bhavageete is a genre of popular music that draws inspiration from the expressionist poetry of modern poets. The Mysore school of painting has produced painters like Sundarayya, Tanjavur Kondayya, B. Venkatappa and Keshavayya.[96] Chitrakala Parishat is an organisation in Karnataka dedicated to promoting painting, mainly in the Mysore painting style.

Saree is the traditional dress of women in Karnataka. Women in Kodagu have a distinct style of wearing the saree, different from the rest of Karnataka. Dhoti, known as Panche in Karnataka is the traditional attire of men. Shirt, Trousers and Salwar kameez are widely worn in Urban areas. Mysore Peta is the traditional headgear of southern Karnataka, while the pagadi or pataga (similar to the Rajasthani turban) is preferred in the northern areas of the state. Rice (Kannada: ) and Ragi form the staple food in South Karnataka, whereas Jolada rotti, Sorghum is staple to North Karnataka. Bisi bele bath, Jolada rotti, Ragi mudde, Uppittu, Masala Dose and Maddur Vade are some of the popular food items in Karnataka. Among sweets, Mysore Pak, Belgaavi Kunda, Gokak karadantu, and Dharwad pedha are popular. Apart from this, coastal Karnataka and Kodagu have distinctive cuisines of their own. Udupi cuisine of coastal Karnataka is popular all over India.

Dharwad pedha.

Religion
Adi Shankaracharya chose Sringeri in Karnataka to establish the first of his four mathas (monastery). Shri Madhvacharya (Kannada: , r Madhvcrya) (12381317) was the chief proponent of Tattvavda (Philosophy of Reality), popularly known as Dvaita or Dualistic school of Hindu philosophy - one of the three most influential Vednta philosophies. Madhva was one of the important philosophers during the Bhakti movement. He was a pioneer in many ways, going against standard conventions and norms. According to tradition, Madhvcrya is believed to be the third incarnation of Vyu (Mukhyapra), after Hanumn and Bhma. The Haridasa (Kannada: ) devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India. Over a span of nearly six centuries, several saints and mystics helped shape the culture, philosophy and art of South India and Karnataka in particular by exerting considerable spiritual influence over the masses and kingdoms that ruled South India.[1] This movement was ushered in by the Haridasas (Kannada: ,

literally meaning 'servants of Lord Hari') and took shape in the 13th century 14th century CE, period, prior to and during the early rule of the Vijayanagara empire. The main objective of this movement was to propagate the Dvaita philosophy of Madhvacharya (Madhva Siddhanta) to the masses through a literary medium known as Dasa Sahitya (literature of the servants of the Lord. Purandaradasa is widely recognized as the "Pithamaha" of Carnatic Music for his

The Gomateswara (982983) monolith at Shravanabelagola is one of the foremost centers of Jain pilgrimage today.

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immense contribution. Ramanujacharya, the leading expounder of Viidvaita, spent many years in Melkote. He came to Karnataka in 1098 AD and lived here until 1122 AD. He first lived in Tondanur and then moved to Melkote where the Cheluvanarayana Temple and a well organised Matha were built. He was patronized by the Hoysala king, Vishnuvardhana.[97] In the twelfth century, Veerashaivism emerged in northern Karnataka as a protest against the rigidity of the prevailing social and caste system. Leading figures of this movement were Basava, Akka Mahadevi and Allama Prabhu, who established the Anubhava Mantapa which was the center of all religious and philosophical thoughts and discussions pertaining to Ligayats. These three social reformers did so by the literary means of 'Vachana Sahitya' which is very famous for its simple, straight forward and easily understandable Kannada language. Lingayatism preached women equalism by letting women wear Linga Vishnu, Badami cave temple no.3 i.e. god around their neck which was prohibited in those days. Basava shunned the sharp hierarchical divisions that existed and sought to remove all distinctions between the hierarchially superior master class and the subordinate, servile class. He also supported intercaste marriages and Kaayaka Tatva of Basavanna bases itself on Karma Siddhanta (Philosophy of Karma). This was the basis of the Lingayat faith which today counts millions among its followers.[98] The Jain philosophy and literature have contributed immensely to the religious and cultural landscape of Karnataka. Islam, which had an early presence on the west coast of India as early as the tenth century, gained a foothold in Karnataka with the rise of the Bahamani and Bijapur sultanates that ruled parts of Karnataka.[99] Christianity reached Karnataka in the sixteenth century with the arrival of the Portuguese and St. Francis Xavier in 1545.[100] Buddhism was popular in Karnataka during the first millennium in places such as Gulbarga and Banavasi. A chance discovery of edicts and several Mauryan relics at Sannati in Gulbarga district in 1986 has proven that the Krishna River basin was once home to both Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism. Mysore Dasara is celebrated as the Nada habba (state festival) and this is marked by major festivities at Mysore.[101] Ugadi (Kannada New Year), Makara Sankranti (the harvest festival), Ganesh Chaturthi, Nagapanchami, Basava Jayanthi, Deepavali, and Ramzan are the other major festivals of Karnataka.

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Language
The Kannada language is the official language of the state, the native language of approximately 65% of its population and one of the classical languages of India.[102][103] Kannada played a crucial role in the creation of Karnataka: linguistic demographics played a major role in defining the new state in 1956. Tulu, Kodava Takk and Konkani are other minor native languages that share a long history in the state. Urdu is spoken widely by the Muslim population. Less widely spoken languages include Beary bashe and certain dialects such as Sankethi. Kannada features a rich and ancient body of literature covering topics as diverse as Jainism, Vachanas, Haridasa Sahitya and modern literature. Evidence from edicts during the time of Ashoka the Great suggest that the Kannada script and its literature were influenced by Buddhist literature. The Halmidi inscription, the earliest attested full-length inscription in the Kannada language and script, is dated to 450 CE while the earliest available literary work, the Kavirajamarga, has been dated to 850 CE. References made in the Kavirajamarga, however, prove that Kannada literature flourished in the Chattana, Beddande and Melvadu metres during earlier centuries.[104]

Halmidi inscription (450 CE) is the earliest attested inscription in Kannada language (right-click to enlarge).

Kuvempu, the renowned Kannada poet and writer who wrote Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate, the state anthem of Karnataka[105] was the first recipient of the "Karnataka Ratna" award, the highest civilian award bestowed by the Government of Karnataka. Contemporary Kannada literature is well recognized in the arena of Indian literature, with seven Kannada writers winning India's highest literary honour, the Jnanpith award, which is the highest for any language in India. Tulu is spoken mainly in the coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada. Tulu Mahabharato, written by Arunabja in Tulu script, is the oldest surviving Tulu text.[106] The Tulu language now uses the Kannada script due to the gradual decline of the Tulu script, which was in use until a few centuries ago. The Kodavas who mainly reside in the Kodagu district, speak Kodava Takk. Two regional variations of the language exist, the northern Mendale Takka and the southern Kiggaati Takka.[107] Konkani is mostly spoken in the Uttara Kannada district and in some parts of the Udupi and Dakshina Kannada districts. Both Kodava Takk and Konkani use the Kannada script for writing. English is the medium of education in many schools and widely used for business communication in technology-related companies and BPOs. All of the state's languages are patronised and promoted by governmental and quasi-governmental bodies. The Kannada Sahitya Parishat and the Kannada Sahitya Akademi are responsible for the promotion of Kannada while the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademi,[108] The Tulu Sahitya Akademi and the Kodava Sahitya Akademi promote their respective languages.

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Education
As per the 2011 census, Karnataka had a literacy rate of 75.60%, with 82.85% of males and 68.13% of females in the state being literate.[5] In 2001 the literacy rate of the state were 67.04%, with 76.29% of males and 57.45% of females being literate.[109] The state is home to some of the premier educational and research institutions of India such as the Indian Institute of Science, the Indian Institute of Management, the National Institute of Technology Karnataka and the National Law School of India University. As of March 2006, Karnataka had 54,529 primary schools with Indian Institute of Science is one of the premier 252,875 teachers and 8.495 million students,[110] and 9498 secondary institutes of India located in Bangalore. schools with 92,287 teachers and 1.384 million students.[110] There are three kinds of schools in the state, viz., government-run, private aided (financial aid is provided by the government) and private unaided (no financial aid is provided). The primary languages of instruction in most schools are Kannada and English. The syllabus taught in the schools is either of the CBSE, the ICSE or the state syllabus (SSLC) defined by the Department of Public Instruction of the Government of Karnataka. However, some schools follows NIOS syllabus. The State has one Sainik School in Bijapur also. In order to maximize attendance in schools, the Karnataka Government has launched a midday meal scheme in government and aided schools in which free lunch is provided to the students.[111] Statewide board examinations are conducted at the end of the period of secondary education and students who qualify are allowed to pursue a two-year pre-university course; after which students become eligible to pursue under-graduate degrees. There are 481 degree colleges affiliated with one of the universities in the state, viz. Bangalore University, Gulbarga University, Karnatak University, Kuvempu University, Mangalore University and Mysore University.[112] In 1998, the engineering colleges in the state were brought under the newly formed Visvesvaraya Technological University headquartered at Belgaum, whereas the medical colleges are run under the jurisdiction of the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences. Some of these baccalaureate colleges are accredited with the status of a deemed university. There are 186 engineering, 39 medical and 41 dental colleges in the state.[113] Udupi, Sringeri, Gokarna and Melkote are well-known places of Sanskrit and Vedic learning. An Indian Institute of Technology Muddenahalli has been approved by the central government as part of the 11th 5 year plan. This will be the first IIT in Karnataka State.[114] In addition, a 600 crore Visvesvaraya Institute of Advanced Technology (VIAT) is being constructed in Muddenahalli-Kanivenarayanapura.[115] Tulu language is taught as an optional subject in the twin districts of South Canara and Udupi.[116]

Media
The era of Kannada newspapers started in the year 1843 when Hermann Mgling, a missionary from Basel Mission, published the first Kannada newspaper called Mangalooru Samachara in Mangalore. The first Kannada periodical, Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini was started by Bhashyam Bhashyacharya in Mysore. Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, K. N. Guruswamy founded The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers, the Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.[117][118] A vast number of weekly, biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in both Kannada and English. Udayavani, Kannadaprabha, Samyukta Karnataka, VarthaBharathi, Sanjevani, Eesanje, Hosa digantha, Karavali Ale are also some popular dailies published from Karnataka. Doordarshan is the broadcaster of the Government of India and its channel DD Chandana is dedicated to Kannada. Prominent Kannada channels include ETV Kannada, Zee Kannada, Udaya TV, U2, TV 9, Asianet Suvarna and Kasturi TV.

Karnataka Karnataka occupies a special place in the history of Indian radio. In 1935, Aakashvani, the first private radio station in India, was started by Prof. M.V. Gopalaswamy at Mysore.[119] The popular radio station was taken over by the local municipality and later by All India Radio (AIR) and moved to Bangalore in 1955. Later in 1957, AIR adopted the original name of the radio station, Aakashavani as its own. Some of the popular programs aired by AIR Bangalore included Nisarga Sampada and Sasya Sanjeevini which were programs that taught science through songs, plays and stories. These two programs became so popular that they were translated and broadcast in 18 different languages and the entire series was recorded on cassettes by the Government of Karnataka and distributed to thousands of schools across the state.[119] Karnataka has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels mainly in the cities of Bangalore, Mangalore and Mysore which has become hugely popular.[120][121]

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Sports
Karnataka's smallest district, Kodagu, is a major contributor to Indian field hockey, producing numerous players who have represented India at the international level.[122] The annual Kodava Hockey Festival is the largest hockey tournament in the world.[123] Bangalore has hosted a WTA tennis event and, in 1997, it hosted the fourth National Games of India.[124] The Sports Authority of India, the premier sports institute in the country, and the Nike Tennis Academy are also situated in Bangalore. Karnataka has been referred to as the cradle of Indian swimming because of its high standards in comparison to other states. One of the most popular sports in Karnataka is cricket. The state cricket team has won the Ranji Trophy six times, second only to Mumbai in terms of success.[125] Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore regularly hosts international matches and is also the home of the National Cricket Academy, which was opened in 2000 to nurture potential international players. Many cricketers have represented India and in one international match held in the 1990s; players from Karnataka composed the majority of the national team.[126][127]

Anil Kumble, former captain of the Indian Test team, is the highest wicket-taker for India in international cricket.

The Karnataka Premier League, an inter-regional Twenty20 cricket tournament is a cricket tournament played in the state. The Royal Challengers Bangalore, an Indian Premier League franchise, is based in Bangalore. Sports like kho kho, kabaddi, chinni daandu and goli (marbles) are played mostly in Karnataka's rural areas. Notable sportsmen from Karnataka include Prakash Padukone who won the All England Badminton Championships in 1980 and Pankaj Advani who has won three world titles in cue sports by the age of 20 including the amateur World Snooker Championship in 2003 and the World Billiards Championship in 2005.[128][129] Cycling talent of Karnataka needs a special mention. Off late Bijapur district has produced some of the best known Road Cyclists in the national circuit. Premalata Sureban was part of the Indian contingent at the Perlis Open '99 in Malaysia. In recognition of the talent of cyclists in the district, the State Government has already laid a cycling track at the B.R. Ambedkar Stadium here, spending . 40 lakh.[130]

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Flora and fauna

Karnataka has a rich diversity of flora and fauna. It has a recorded forest area of 38720km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) which constitutes 20.19% of the total geographical area of the state. These forests support 25% of the elephant and 10% of the tiger population of India. Many regions of Karnataka are as yet unexplored, so new species of flora and fauna are found periodically. The Western Ghats, a biodiversity hotspot, includes the western region of Karnataka. Two sub-clusters in the Western Ghats, viz. Talacauvery and Kudremukh, both in Karnataka, are on the tentative list of World Heritage Sites of UNESCO.[131] The Bandipur and Nagarahole National Parks, which fall outside these subclusters, were included in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986, a UNESCO designation.[132] The Indian roller and the Indian elephant are recognized as the state bird and animal while sandalwood and the lotus are recognized as the state tree and flower respectively. Karnataka has five national parks: Anshi, Bandipur, Bannerghatta, Kudremukh and Nagarhole.[133] It also has 25 wildlife sanctuaries of which seven are bird sanctuaries.[133]

The state bird, Indian Roller.

Wild animals that are found in Karnataka include the elephant, the tiger, the leopard, the gaur, the sambar deer, the chital or spotted deer, the muntjac, the bonnet macaque, the slender loris, the common palm civet, the small Indian civet, the sloth bear, the dhole, the striped hyena and the golden jackal. Some of the birds found here are the Great Hornbill, the Malabar Pied Hornbill, the Ceylon frogmouth, herons, ducks, kites, eagles, falcons, quails, partridges, lapwings, sandpipers, pigeons, doves, parakeets, cuckoos, owls, nightjars, swifts, kingfishers, bee-eaters and munias.[133] Some species of trees found in Karnataka are Callophyllum tomentosa, Callophyllum wightianum, Garcina cambogia, Garcina morealla, Alstonia scholaris, Flacourtia montana, Artocarpus hirsutus, Artocarpus lacoocha, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Grewia tilaefolia, Santalum album, Shorea talura, Emblica officinalis, Vitex altissima and Wrightia tinctoria. Wildlife in Karnataka is threatened by poaching, habitat destruction, human-wildlife conflict and pollution.[133]

Tourism
By virtue of its varied geography and long history, Karnataka hosts numerous spots of interest for tourists. There is an array of ancient sculptured temples, modern cities, scenic hill ranges, unexplored forests and endless beaches. Karnataka has been ranked as the fourth most popular destination for tourism among the states of India.[134] Karnataka has the second highest number of nationally protected monuments in India, second only to Uttar Pradesh,[135] in addition to 752 monuments protected by the State Directorate of Archaeology and Museums. Another 25,000 monuments are yet to receive protection.[136][137]

Keshava Temple, Somanathapura.

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The districts of the Western Ghats and the southern districts of the state have popular eco-tourism locations including Kudremukh, Madikeri and Agumbe. Karnataka has 25 wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks. Popular among them are Bandipur National Park, Bannerghatta National Park and Nagarhole National Park. The ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at Hampi and the monuments of Pattadakal are on the list of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. The cave temples at Badami and the rock-cut temples at Aihole representing the Badami Chalukyan style of architecture are also popular tourist Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur, has the second destinations. The Hoysala temples at Belur and Halebidu, which were built largest pre-modern dome in the world with Chloritic schist (soapstone) are proposed UNESCO World Heritage after the Byzantine Hagia Sophia. sites.[138] The Gol Gumbaz and Ibrahim Rauza are famous examples of the Deccan Sultanate style of architecture. The monolith of Gomateshwara Bahubali at Shravanabelagola is the tallest sculpted monolith in the world, attracting tens of thousands of pilgrims during the Mahamastakabhisheka festival.[139] The waterfalls of Karnataka and Kudremukh are listed as must-see places and among the "1001 Natural Wonders of the World".[140] Jog Falls is India's tallest single-tiered waterfall with Gokak Falls, Unchalli Falls, Magod Falls, Abbey Falls and Shivanasamudra Falls among other popular waterfalls.

Mysore Palace at Night, Mysore, Karnataka.

Several popular beaches dot the coastline, including Murudeshwara, Gokarna and Karwar. In addition, Karnataka is home to several places of religious importance. Several Hindu temples including the famous Udupi Sri Krishna Matha, the Marikamba Temple at Sirsi, the Sri Manjunatha Temple at Dharmasthala, Kukke Subramanya Temple and Sharadamba Temple at Shringeri attract pilgrims from all over India. Most of the holy sites of Lingayatism, like Kudalasangama and Basavana Bagewadi, are found in northern parts of the state. Shravanabelagola, Mudabidri and Karkala are famous for Jain history and monuments. Jainism had a stronghold in Karnataka in the early medieval period with Shravanabelagola as its most important center.

Painting of Mysore style

Recently Karnataka has emerged as a hot spot for health care tourism. Karnataka has the highest number of approved health systems and alternative therapies in India. Along with some ISO certified government-owned hospitals, private institutions which provide international-quality services have caused the health care industry to grow by 30% during 2004-05. Hospitals in Karnataka treat around 8,000 health tourists every year.[141]

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Notes
[1] "State-wise break up of National Parks" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080622034119/ http:/ / www. wii. gov. in/ nwdc/ nparks. htm). Wildlife Institute of India. Government of India. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. wii. gov. in/ nwdc/ nparks. htm) on 2008-06-22. . Retrieved 2007-06-12. [2] "Figures at a glance" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ karnataka/ 3-figure-7. pdf). 2011 Provisional census data. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. . Retrieved 17 September 2011. [3] "The Karnataka Local Authorities (Official Language) Act, 1981" (http:/ / dpal. kar. nic. in/ . \30 of 1981 (E). pdf) (PDF). . Retrieved 2011-12-09. [4] "The New Indian Express (IBN Live) - Namaskara, Swalpa Swalpa Kannada Gottu" (http:/ / ibnlive. in. com/ news/ namaskara-swalpa-swalpa-kannada-gottu/ 200001-60-115. html). Ibnlive.in.com. . Retrieved 2011-12-09. [5] "Population and Literacy Rate of cities in Karnataka" (http:/ / updateox. com/ india/ 26-populated-cities-karnataka-population-sex-ratio-literacy/ ). . Retrieved 2012-06-19. [6] http:/ / karunadu. gov. in/ [7] Boruah, Maitreyee (2 November 2010). "In the dark about Rajyotsava in Bangalore" (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ bengaluru/ report_in-the-dark-about-rajyotsava-in-bengaluru_1460925). DNA India. . Retrieved 2 December 2011. [8] See Lord Macaulay's life of Clive and James Talboys Wheeler: Early History of British India, London (1878) p.98. The principal meaning is the western half of this area, but the rulers there controlled the Coromandel Coast as well. [9] "The living bard" (http:/ / www. deccanherald. com/ content/ 195008/ living-bard. html). Deccan Herald. . Retrieved 2011-12-09. [10] Paddayya, K. et al. (10 September 2002). "Recent findings on the Acheulian of the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys, Karnataka, with special reference to the Isampur excavation and its dating". Current Science 83 (5): 641648. [11] S. Ranganathan. "THE Golden Heritage of Karnataka" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070121024542/ http:/ / metalrg. iisc. ernet. in/ ~wootz/ heritage/ K-hertage. htm). Department of Metallurgy. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Archived from the original (http:/ / metalrg. iisc. ernet. in/ ~wootz/ heritage/ K-hertage. htm) on 2007-01-21. . Retrieved 2007-06-07. [12] "Trade" (http:/ / www. ancientindia. co. uk/ staff/ resources/ background/ bg16/ home. html). The British Museum. . Retrieved 2007-05-06. [13] From the Talagunda inscription (Dr. B. L. Rice in Kamath (2001), p. 30.) [14] Moares (1931), p. 10. [15] Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga (2006), p. 89. [16] Ramesh (1984), pp. 12. [17] From the Halmidi inscription (Ramesh 1984, pp. 1011.) [18] Kamath (2001), p. 10. [19] The Chalukyas hailed from present-day Karnataka (Keay (2000), p. 168.) [20] The Chalukyas were native Kannadigas (N. Laxminarayana Rao and Dr. S. C. Nandinath in Kamath (2001), p. 57.) [21] Altekar (1934), pp. 2124. [22] Masica (1991), pp. 4546. [23] Balagamve in Mysore territory was an early power centre (Cousens (1926), pp. 10, 105.) [24] Tailapa II, the founder king was the governor of Tardavadi in modern Bijapur district, under the Rashtrakutas (Kamath (2001), p. 101.). [25] Kamath (2001), p. 115. [26] Foekema (2003), p. 9. [27] A History of South India, K.A.Nilakanta Sastri (1955), p.164 [28] Kamath (2001), pp. 132134. [29] Sastri (1955), pp. 358359, 361. [30] Foekema (1996), p. 14. [31] Kamath (2001), pp. 122124. [32] Kamath (2001), pp. 157160. [33] Kulke and Rothermund (2004), p. 188. [34] Kamath (2001), pp. 190191. [35] Kamath (2001), p. 201. [36] Kamath (2001), p. 202. [37] Kamath (2001), p. 207. [38] Jain, Dhanesh; Cardona, George (2003). Jain, Dhanesh; Cardona, George. ed. The Indo-Aryan languages (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC& lpg=PP1& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q=). Routledge language family series. 2. Routledge. p. 757 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC& pg=PA757#v=onepage& q=& f=false). ISBN0-7007-1130-9. . [39] Pinto, Pius Fidelis (1999). History of Christians in coastal Karnataka, 1500-1763 A.D.. Mangalore: Samanvaya Prakashan. p.124. [40] Kamath (2001), p. 171. [41] Kamath (2001), pp. 171, 173, 174, 204. [42] Kamath (2001), pp. 231234. [43] Kamath, Suryanath (2007-05-20). "The rising in the south" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080602004353/ http:/ / www. deccanherald. com/ Content/ May202007/ sundayherald200705192574. asp). The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited. Archived from the original (http:/ /

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engine/ match/ 66059. html). Cricinfo. . Retrieved 2007-06-05. [128] "Faculty" (http:/ / www. tatapadukoneacademy. com/ faculty. asp). Online Webpage of the Tata Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy. 2007 TATA Padukone Badminton Academy. . Retrieved 2007-06-05. [129] "Pankaj Advani is a phenomenon: Savur" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2005/ 07/ 12/ stories/ 2005071204242000. htm). Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2005-07-12. . Retrieved 2007-06-05. [130] "Front Page News : Friday, July 16, 2010" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2009/ 05/ 26/ stories/ 2009052651250300. htm). Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2009-05-26. . Retrieved 2010-07-16. [131] "Western Ghats (sub cluster nomination)" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ tentativelists/ 2103/ ). Online webpage of UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 1992-2007 UNESCO World Heritage Centre. . Retrieved 2007-05-08. [132] "Seville 5, Internal Meeting of Experts, Proceedings, Pamplona, Spain, 2327 October 2000" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070609231736/ http:/ / www. unesco. org. uy/ mab/ documentospdf/ sevilla5. pdf) (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. unesco. org. uy/ mab/ documentospdf/ sevilla5. pdf) on 2007-06-09. . Retrieved 2007-11-01. [133] A Walk on the Wild Side, An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka, Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar, Karnataka Forest Department, Wildlife Wing, October 2000 [134] "Karnataka to turn on tourism charms" (http:/ / www. blonnet. com/ 2002/ 02/ 15/ stories/ 2002021500501200. htm). Online Edition of The Hindu Business Line, dated 2002-02-15. The Hindu Business Line.. . Retrieved 2007-06-29. [135] "Alphabetical list of Monuments" (http:/ / asi. nic. in/ asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka. asp). Protected Monuments. Archaeological Survey of India. . Retrieved 2007-06-13. [136] "Plan to conserve heritage monuments, museums" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2007/ 01/ 06/ stories/ 2007010606360500. htm). The Hindu (Chennai, India: Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2007-01-06). 2007-01-06. . Retrieved 2007-06-13. [137] R. Krishna Kumar (2007-08-17). "Mysore Palace beats Taj Mahal in popularity" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2007/ 08/ 17/ stories/ 2007081755371000. htm). Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2007-08-17 (Chennai, India). . Retrieved 2007-10-31. [138] "Belur for World Heritage Status" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2004/ 07/ 25/ stories/ 2004072501490300. htm). Online Edition of The Hindu, dated 2004-07-25 (Chennai, India: The Hindu). 2004-07-25. . Retrieved 2006-11-17. [139] Keay (2000), p. 324. [140] Michael Bright, 1001 Natural Wonders of the World by Barrons Educational Series Inc., published by Quinted Inc., 2005. [141] "Karnataka bets big on healthcare tourism" (http:/ / www. blonnet. com/ 2004/ 11/ 24/ stories/ 2004112402271700. htm). Online webpage of the Hindu Business Line, dated 2004-11-23. 2004, The Hindu. . Retrieved 2007-06-21.

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References
John Keay, India: A History, 2000, Grove publications, New York, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0 Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, Concise history of Karnataka, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002) OCLC7796041 Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002) ISBN 0-19-560686-8. R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988, ISBN 81-206-0303-6. K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vtpi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi. ISBN 3987-10333. OCLC13869730. Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 4001030, Orient Longman, Chennai, ISBN 81-250-2912-5 Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934) [1934]. The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D. Poona: Oriental Book Agency. OCLC3793499. Masica, Colin P. (1991) [1991]. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-29944-6. Cousens, Henry (1996) [1926]. The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese District. New Delhi: Archeological Survey of India. OCLC37526233. Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, fourth edition, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-32919-1 Foekema, Gerard [2003] (2003). Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 10001300 AD. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 81-215-1089-9.

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External links
Official website of the Government of Karnataka (http://www.karnataka.gov.in/) Karnataka (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka//) at the Open Directory Project

Gujarat
Gujarat
State

Seal

Location of Gujarat in India

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Map of Gujarat Coordinates (Gandhinagar): 231300N 724100E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Dr. Kamla Beniwal Narendra Modi (BJP) Unicameral (182 seats) India 1 May 1960 Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 26 total

Parliamentary constituency 26 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Languages Official Spoken languages Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Gujarati English, Hindi IST (UTC+05:30) IN-GJ 0.621 (medium) 14th (2005) 79.31 % 60,383,628 10th 196,024km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 7th Gujarat High Court

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217
Website http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com

Gujarat /drt/ (Gujarati: Gujrt [ud()at]( listen)) is a state in western India. It has an area of unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','km2) with a coastline of 1,600km, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province of Sindh on the west. Its capital is Gandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India. The state encompasses major sites of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch and Khambhat, served as ports and trading centers in the Maurya and Gupta empires. Mahatma Gandhi, who led the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule, was a Gujarati.[1] Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, was also from Gujarat. Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India throughout the history of India.[2] The state has the fastest growing economy in India.[3][4][5] It is also one of the most industrialized states of India, and has a per capita GDP above the national average.[6]

Etymology
Modern-day Gujarat is derived from Gujjar-ratra (Shauraseni form derived from Sanskrit Gurjar-Rashtra), the Gurjar nation.[7][8][9] The origins of the Gujjars are uncertain. The Gujjar (or Gujar clan appeared in northern India about the time of the Huna invasions of northern India. The name of the tribe was Sanskritized to "Gurjara".[10] The Gurjars/Gujjars are descended from Suryavanshi Kshatriyas (Sun Dynasty).[11] Historically, the Gurjars were sun-worshipers and their copper-plate grants and seals also bear an emblem of the Sun.[12]

History
Ancient history
Historically, the state of Gujarat has been one of the main centers of the Indus Valley Civilization. It contains major ancient metropolitan cities from the Indus Valley such as Lothal, Dholavira, and Gola Dhoro. The ancient city of Lothal was where India's first port was established. Also, Dholavira, the ancient city, is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. The most recent discovery was Gola Dhoro. All together, about 50 Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat.[13]

The docks of ancient Lothal as they are today.

The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by their commercial activities. There is a clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties with Sumer in the Persian Gulf during the time period of 1000 to 750 BC.[13] There was a succession of Hindu and Buddhist states such as the Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, Pala Empire and Gurjara-Pratihara Empire as well as local dynasties such as the Maitrakas and then the

Gujarat

218 Solankis. The 11th century history of Gujarat saw the emergence of the Muslims in the political arena of the state. The first Muslim conqueror was Mahmud of Ghazni whose conquest of Somnath effectively ended the rule of the Solankis.[13]

12971614 AD
From 1297 to 1300, Allauddin Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, destroyed Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur's sacking of Delhi at the end of the fourteenth century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim Rajput governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ishaan Shah (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital. Cambay eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1576, when the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great conquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire. The port of Surat then became the prominent and principal port of India during Mughal rule. Gujarat remained a province of the Mughal empire until the Marathas occupied Gujarat in the eighteenth century;

An ancient sophisticated water reservoir in Dholavira

The Somnath temple, known as "the Shrine Eternal", having been destroyed six times and rebuilt six times.

16141947 AD
Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, acquiring several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including Daman and Diu as well as Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The British East India Company established a factory in Surat in 1614, which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by Bombay after the English acquired it from Portugal in 1668. Later in 17th century, Gujarat came under control of the Maratha Empire who dominated the politics of India. Pilaji Gaekwad, first ruler Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion of Gaekwad dynasty, established the control over Baroda and much of Gujarat. The British East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1802-1803. Many local rulers, notably the Maratha Gaekwads of Baroda (Vadodara), made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule. Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the Bombay Presidency, with the exception of Baroda state, which had a direct relationship with the Governor-General of India. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including Kathiawar, Kutch, and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds of princely states, but

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several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely Ahmedabad, Broach (Bharuch), Kaira (Kheda), Panchmahal, and Surat, were ruled directly by British officials.

Bombay Presidency in 1909, southern portion

Post independence
After Indian independence and the partition of India in 1947, the new Indian government grouped the former princely states of Gujarat into three larger units; Saurashtra, which included the former princely states on the Kathiawad peninsula, Kutch, and Bombay state, which included the former British districts of Bombay Presidency together with most of Baroda state and the other former princely states of eastern Gujarat. Bombay state was enlarged to include Kutch, Saurashtra, and parts of Hyderabad state and Madhya Pradesh in central India. The new state had a mostly Gujarati-speaking north and a Marathi-speaking south. Agitation by both Gujarati and Marathi nationalists for their own states led to the split of Bombay state on linguistic lines; on 1 May 1960, it became the new states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The first capital of Gujarat was Ahmedabad; the capital was moved to Gandhinagar in 1970.

Mahadev Desai (left) reading out a letter to Mahatma Gandhi from the viceroy at Birla House, Bombay, 7 April 1939.

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220

Geography
Gujarat borders with Pakistan's province of Sindh to the northwest, bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest, the state of Rajasthan to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and by Maharashtra, Union territories of Diu, Daman, Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south. Historically, the north was known as Anarta, the Kathiawad peninsula, "Saurastra", and the south as "Lata".[14] Gujarat was also known as Pratichya and Varuna.[15] The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. The capital, Gandhinagar is a planned city. Gujarat has an area of unknown operator: Geography of Gujarat. Courtesy: NASA Earth u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown Observatory operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','km2) with the longest coast line 1600km, dotted with 41 ports: one major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor ports. Narmada is the biggest river of Gujarat followed by Tapi, although Sabarmati covers the longest area in the state. The Sardar Sarovar Project is built on the Narmada River. Narmada is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with a length of around 1312km. It is one of only three rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west the others being the Tapi River and the Mahi River. A riverfront project has been done on Sabarmati River. The other rivers are:

Sardar Sarovar Project, Gujarat, partially completed (up to E.L.121.92 m)

Construction work going on the banks of Sabarmati river under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project

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221

Aji Ambika Auranga Banas Bhadar Bhikda Bhogavo Dhadhar Gautami Ghelo Hathmati Kalubhar Keri Khari Kim Lilka Lindio

Mahi Mazum Meshwo Narmada Ootavali Purna Rangholi Sabarmati Sanosari Shedhi Shetrunji Sonpari Talaji Tapi Vatrak Vishwamitri Und

Daman Ganga

Sub-divisions
On 1960-05-01, Gujarat was created out of the 17 northern districts of former State of Bombay. These districts were further subdivided later on. There are 26 administrative districts in the state (as of 2007). Vallabhbhai Patel was independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister; played a key role in political integration of India, and was conferred with a posthumous Bharat Ratna award in 1991.[16]

Districts of Gujarat

Ahmedabad Amreli Anand Bharuch Bhavnagar Dahod

Dang Jamnagar Junagadh Kheda Kutch Mehsana

Narmada Navsari Patan Porbandar Rajkot Sabarkantha

Surat Surendranagar Tapi Vadodara Valsad

Gandhinagar

Panchmahal

Banaskantha

Demographics

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Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 16263000 20633000 26697000 34086000 41310000 50671000 60383628 % 26.9% 29.4% 27.7% 21.2% 22.7% 19.2% [17]

Source:Census of India

The population of the Gujarat State was 60,383,628 as per the 2011 census data. The density of population is 308/km2 (797.6/sq mi), a lower density compared to other states of the country. About 89.1% of the population of Gujarat are Hindu.[18] Muslims account for 9.1%, Jain 1.0%, Sikh 0.1%,and0.01%Christian of the population.[18] Amongst Hindus, the deity of Krishna is famously worshiped in His form of Shrinathji throughout Gujarat.

Government and administration

Further information: Chief Ministers of Gujarat Gujarat is governed by a Legislative Assembly of 182 members. Members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for scheduled castes and 26 for scheduled tribes. The term of office Gandhinagar, the capital of Gujarat State. Picture shown above is of Legislative for a member of the Legislative Assembly and seat of Gujarat Government. Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a speaker who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A governor is appointed by the President of India, and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Assembly. The administration of the state is led by the Chief Minister. After gaining independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress party (INC) ruled the Bombay State (which included present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra). Congress continued to govern Gujarat after the state's creation in 1960. During and after India's State of Emergency of 19751977, public support for the Congress Party eroded, but it continued to hold government until 1995. In the 1995 Assembly elections, the Congress lost to the Bharatiya Janata Party and Keshubhai Patel came to power. His government lasted only two years. The fall of that government was provoked by a split in the BJP led by Shankersinh Vaghela, who has won most of the subsequent polls. In 2001, following the loss of two assembly seats in by-elections, Keshubhai Patel resigned and yielded power to Narendra Modi. Political instability followed major riots in which rioters raided the homes of thousands of Hindus and Muslims, killing over 2,000 people. The BJP retained a majority in the 2002 election, and Narendra Modi has since served as Chief Minister of the state. Modi has been denied visas to the United States for his alleged involvement in

Gujarat the 2002 communal riots in Gujarat.[19] On 1 June 2007, Narendra Modi became the longest serving Chief Minister of Gujarat.[20][21] On 23 December 2007, the BJP won the state elections in Gujarat and Narendra Modi became the chief minister for the third time in a row and has completed 10 years of governance on 7th Oct.2011. The Government of Gujarat bans alcohol.

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Economy
Gujarat has some of the largest businesses in India. Major agricultural produce of the state include cotton, groundnuts (peanuts), dates, sugar cane, milk and milk products. Industrial products include cement and petrol.[22] According the report on economic freedom by the Cato Institute, Guajarat is the second most free state in India, the first being Tamil Nadu.[23] Reliance Industries operates the oil refinery at Jamnagar, which is the world's largest grass-roots refineries. The world's largest shipbreaking yard is in Gujarat near Bhavnagar at Alang. Indias only Liquid Chemical Port Terminal at Dahej, developed by Gujarat Chemical Port Terminal Co Ltd. Gujarat has two of the three Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminals in the country (Dahej and Hazira). Two more LNG Terminals are proposed, at Pipavav and Mundra. Gujarat is the only Jamnagar Refinery owned by Reliance Industries state in India to have State Wide Gas Grid of 2,200km. 87.9% of the in Jamnagar is the largest refinery in the world. total roads in the state are asphalt surfaced. 98.86% village connectivity with allweather roads, one of the highest in India. Nearly 100% of Gujarat's 18,000 villages have electricity connection for 24hr power through the Jyotigram Yojana. Gujarat ranks first nationwide in gas-based thermal electricity generation with national market share of over 8% and second nationwide in nuclear electricity generation with national market share of over 1%. Gujarat has largest OFC network of more than 50,000km. The state owned Wide Area Network is the largest IP-based ICT network in Asia Pacific Region and second largest in the world, connecting 26 districts and 225 talukas through 12,000 nodes. There are more than 900,000 internet users and all villages are connected with broadband internet. The state registered 12.8% agriculture growth in the last five years against the national average of 2%.[24] Gujarat records highest decadal agricultural growth rate of 10.97% Over 20% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Gujarat.[25] As per RBI report, in year 200607, 26% out of total bank finance in India was in Gujarat. In a July 2011 report, The Economist noted that Gujarat's infrastructure competes with Guangdong - the economic engine of China. With double digit growth rates, Gujarat continues to outpace growth in other Indian states. Beyond better road networks, The Economist article claims the state government of Gujarat has kept red tape to a minimum, does not ask for bribes, and does not interfere with entrepreneurial corporations. The state, the article claims has less onerous labour laws, reliable electricity and effective bureaucracy. This has led to a booming entrepreneurial economy in Gujarat.[26] Industrial growth

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Gujarat's major cities include Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, Jamnagar and Bhavnagar. In year 2010, Forbes list of world's fastest growing cities included Ahmedabad at number 3 after Chengdu and Chongqing from China.[6] Surat is also one of the fastest growing city in India. Vadodara being the cultural city of Gujarat is fastly growing area wise and is industrialized to a large extent. It is the number 4th city in India in growing fastly. Major resources produced by the state include cotton, groundnut, dates, sugarcane, and petrochemical products. The state is rich in calcite, gypsum, manganese, lignite, bauxite, limestone, agate, feldspar and quartz sand, and successful Shown here is the Tata Nano, the world's least mining of these minerals is done in their specified areas. Gujarat [27] expensive car. Sanand,Gujarat is home to produces about 98% of India's required amount of Soda Ash and gives Tata Nano the country about 78% of its national requirement of salt. It is one of India's most prosperous states, having a per-capita GDP significantly above India's average. Kalol, Khambhat and Ankleshwar are today known for their oil and natural gas production. Dhuvaran has a thermal power station, which uses coal, oil and gas. Also, on the Gulf of Khambhat, 50 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) southeast of Bhavnagar, is the Alang Ship Recycling Yard (the world's largest).General Motors manufactures its cars at Halol near Vadodara, Tata manufactures Nano from Sanand near Ahmedabad and AMW trucks are made near Bhuj. Surat, a city by the Gulf of Khambhat, is a hub of the global diamond trade. In 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat.[28] Gujarat passed an act for the SIRs and set up the first such hubPetroleum Chemical and Petrochemical Investment Region (PCPIR) spread across 453,000 square hectaresin Bharuch 2009. SIRs are special regions spread over a minimum 50,000 hectares where industries can buy lands directly from local owners. They are not offered concessions like tax benefits as in SEZs. However, the main benefit of SIRs is that they provide quality infrastructure and development even before units become operational. In every SIR, 55 per cent area is to be set aside for residential townships and other non-processing units.[29] During the period of 196090, Gujarat established itself as a leader in various industrial sectors including textiles, engineering, chemicals, petrochemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, dairy, cement and ceramics, and gems and jewellery, amongst others. A post-liberalization period saw Gujarat's State Domestic Product (SDP) rising at an average growth rate of 14% per annum in real terms (from 19942002). Gujarat achieved as much as 35% of augmentation in its power generation capacity during the periods 199596 and 200001. The producers (IPPs) have contributed significantly in this addition. Gujarat is one of the first few states in India to have encouraged private sector investment, some of which are already in operation. In addition, the liquid cargo (chemicals) handling port at Dahej is also set up in joint sector and made operational. At an investor's summit entitled "Vibrant Gujarat," arranged between 10 January 2007 to 13 January 2007, at Science City, Ahmedabad, the state government signed 104 Memoranda of Understandings for Special Economic Zones worth a total of 2.5 lakh crore.[30] However, most of the investment was from domestic industry.[31] In the fourth Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit held at Science City, Ahmedabad, in January 2009, there were 600 foreign delegates. In all, 8668 MOUs worth 12.5 lakh cr were signed, estimated to create 25 lakh new job opportunities in the state.[32] In 2011, Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit MOUs worth 21 trillion (US$ 463 billion) were signed. Gujarat is the only state with surplus electricity. Recently Gujarat Government has upgraded its installed capacity of 13,258 megawatts (MW) by adding another 3,488 MW. According to the official sources, against demand of 40,793 million units during the nine months since April 2010, Gujarat produced 43,848 million units. Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 States. The 12 states are Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal.[33]

Gujarat Gujarat government has been a front runner in development of solar energy in the state. It has alloted 716 MW of Solar Power capacity to 34 national and international solar project developers in 2009; against the planned 500 MW capacity under its Solar Power Policy.[34] This is expected to bring in investments of INR 12000 crore and generate employment for 5,000 people. As per a recent survey report of the Chandigarh Labour Bureau, Gujarat has the lowest unemloyment rate of 1 per cent against the national average of 3.8 per cent.[35] It also has the biggest industrial area for ceramic business in Morbi, Himatanagar, which produces around 80% of the country's gross ceramic production and around 80% of compact fluorescent lamp (CFL).

225

Language
Gujarati ( Gujrt?) is an Indo-Aryan language evolved from Sanskrit, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. About 59 million people speak Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most-spoken native language in the world. Along with Romani, Kutchi and Sindhi, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Gujarati was the first language of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the "father of India", and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was popularly known as the "Iron Man of India". Owing to its apparent youth with respect to its written history, the Gujarati script follows the Nagari writing system. Nagari is a derivative of the Devanagari script, with one notable difference being the horizontal line is not used. Gujarati script also has a few other variations in terms of certain consonants and employs a slightly different set of symbols for numbers. Gujarati has also been the language spoken by two of South Asia`s most prominent leaders: the India's Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi and the Founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The majority of the population in the state speak Gujarati, while people from Kutch region of Gujarat also speak in the Kutchi language. Other native languages spoken in low proportions are Bhili and Gamit. As of the 2001 Census, a total of 84.5% of the population reported Gujarati as their first language, 5% were speakers of native tribal languages, 4.7% Hindi, 2% Sindhi, 1.5% Marathi and 1% were speakers of Urdu language. Religion-wise, 90% of Hindus in Gujarat speak Gujarati while the other 10% speak Hindi and other languages.[36] Almost 88% of the Muslims speak Gujarati, while the other 12% speak Urdu. Almost all of the Jains speak Gujarati, a few speak Marwari, as well. Parsi Zoroastrians also speak Gujarati as their native language. Marathi is spoken by a large number of people in Vadodara and Surat. Apart from this, English, Marwari, Sindhi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Kannada, Oriya, Malayalam, and others are also spoken by a lower proportion.

Culture
Gujarat state symbols Animal Bird Dance Flower Lion Greater Flamingo Garba Marigold

Language Gujarati Song Sport Tree Jai Jai Garvi Gujarat Cricket, Kabaddi Banyan tree (Gujarati: '')

Further information: Culture of Gujarat,Music of Gujarat,andGujarati people

Gujarat Gujarat is home to Gujarati people. Notable populations of Marathi people and Marwaris currently reside in Gujarat. It is also the home of Mahatma Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel, who preached the unity between all religions and became a worldwide figure for peaceful struggle against tyranny. Cuisine Gujarati food is primarily vegetarian. It is believed to be one of the healthiest cuisines in India. It has been portrayed in eminent Bollywood films, including the 2009 feature film 3 Idiots.[37] The typical Gujarati thali consists of rotli or bhakri, dal or kadhi, rice and sabzi. Indian pickle and chhundo are used as condiments. North Gujarat, Kathiawad, Kachchh, and Surti Gujarati, the four major regions of Gujarat,t all bring their own styles to Gujarati food. Many Gujarati dishes are distinctively sweet, salty, and spicy at the same time. In Saurashtra region, chass (buttermilk) is believed to be a must-have in their daily food. Cinema The Gujarati film industry is one the largest regional film industries in India. The first ever Gujarati film, Narsinh Mehta, was produced in 1932.[38] Bhavni Bhavai is one of most acclaimed Gujarati films, having won National Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration and National Film Award for Best Art Direction. Many famous actors have worked in Gujarati film industry, such as Sanjeev Kumar, Rajendra Kumar, Bindu, Asha Parekh, Kiran Kumar, Prashant Trivedi, Arvind Trivedi, Aruna Irani, Mallika Sarabhai, Asrani, Naresh Kanodia, Sneh Lata, Jayshree T., Paresh Rawal, Neeraj Vora, Dilip Joshi, Ayesha Jhulka, and Himesh Reshammiya. Music Gujarati folk music, known as Sugam Sangeet, is a hereditary profession of the Gadhvi and Charan communities. The omnipresent instruments in Gujarati folk music include wind instruments, such as turi, bungal, and pava, string instruments, such as the ravan hattho, rktaro, and jantar and percussion instruments, such as the manjira and zanz pot drum.[39] Festivals The folk traditions of Gujarat include bhavai and rass-garba. Bhavai is a folk theatre; it is partly entertainment and partly ritual, and is dedicated to Amba. The rass-garba is a folk dance done as a celebration of Navratri by Gujarati people. The folk costume of this dance is chaniya choli for women and kedia for men. Different styles and steps of garba include dodhiyu, simple five, simple seven, popatiyu, trikoniya (hand movement which forms an imagery triangle), lehree, tran taali, butterfly, hudo, two claps and many more.[40] Makar Garba during Navaratri in Ahmedabad Sankranti is a festival where people of Gujarat fly kites. In Gujarat, from December through to Makar Sankranti, people start enjoying kite flying. Undhiyu, a special dish made of various vegetables, is a must-have of Gujarati people on Makar Sankranti. Surat is especially well known for the strong string which is made by applying glass powder on the row thread to provide it a cutting edge.[41] Apart from Navratri and Uttarayana, Diwali, Holi, Tazia and others are also celebrated. Diffusion of culture

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Dhokla is a popular Gujarati farsan.

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Kites

Gujaratis spread to many places outside of Gujarat with the success of the Maratha Dynasty (as the dynasty was spread over much of India.) Even today, Saurashtrians who migrated during the Maratha Dynasty's time can be found in Tamil Nadu. The progenitor of the Sinhala language is believed to be Prince Vijaya, son of King Simhabahu who ruled Simhapura (modern-day Sihor near Bhavnagar.)[42] Prince Vijaya was banished by his father for his lawlessness and set forth with a band of adventurers. This tradition was followed by other Gujaratis. For example, in the Ajanta Frescoes, a Gujarati prince is shown entering Sri Lanka.[43]

Foreigners playing Dandiya Raas

Many Indians had migrated to Indonesia, some of them being Gujaratis. King Aji Saka, who is said to have come to Java in Indonesia in year 1 of the Saka calendar, is believed by some to be a king of Gujarat.[44] The first Indian settlements in Java Island of Indonesia are believed to have been established with the coming of Prince Dhruvavijaya of Gujarat, with 5000 traders.[44] Some stories propose a Brahmin named Tritresta was the first to bring Gujarati migrants with him to Java, so some scholars equate him with Aji Saka.[45] A Gujarati ship has been depicted in a sculpture at Borabudur, Java.[46]

Religion
Religious Group Population[47] Hindu Muslim Jain Christian Sikh Buddhist Others 89.09% 9.06% 1.03% 0.5% 0.19% 0.07% 0.05%

Further information: Gujarati Muslims Gujarat consists of people following Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Buddhism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism, making it a religiously diverse state. Hinduism is major religion of the state, as 89.09% population of the state is Hindu.[47] Major part of Hindu population follows Swaminarayan Hinduism and Vaishnavism. Muslims are the biggest minority in the state. Gujarat is where Jains have large population outside Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

Gujarat The Zoroastrians, also known in India as Parsi and Irani, are believed to have migrated to Gujarat to maintain their traditions. They have also played an instrumental role in economic development with several of the best-known business conglomerates of India run by Parsi-Zoroastrians, including the Tata, Godrej, and Wadia families.

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Education
The Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board (GSHSEB) are in charge of the schools run by the Government of Gujarat. However, most of the private schools in Gujarat are affiliated to the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) board. Gujarat has 13 state universities and four agricultural universities.
Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, is a premier university of Gujarat and has been ranked amongst the top ten universities by India Today and Hindustan Times in their surveys. It is one of the oldest universities of Guajrat and is known worldwide for its Faculty of Fine Arts, Engineering, Arts, Journalism, Education, Law, Social Work, Medicine, Science and Performing Arts. It is Gujarat's only fully English Medium State University. Originally known as the Baroda College of Science (established 1881), it became a university in 1949 after the independence of the country and later renamed after its benefactor Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the former ruler of Baroda State. Gujarat University, Sardar Patel University, Ahmedabad University, Saurashtra University, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, and Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University are also amongst reputed universities, affiliating many reputed colleges. Gujarat is also known for many national level institutions. The Space Applications Centre (SAC) is an institution for space research and satellite communication in Ahmedabad, India, under the aegis of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, a renowned scientist, industrialist, and visionary Gujarati, played an important role in it. He also founded Physical Research Laboratory, a research institute encompasses Astrophysics, Solar System, and cosmic radiation. He also envisioned Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, one of the internationally reputed management research institute that is located in Gujarat's commercial capital Ahmedabad and is the top ranked management institutes in the country.[48][49]

Gujarat

229 Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute has been established under Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Govt. of India at Bhavnagar. It was inaugurated by Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India on 10 April 1954, with a view to carry out research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It is working on reverse osmosis, electro membrane process, salt and marine chemicals, analytical science, marine biotechnology, and other related fields.
The clock tower in Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology located in Surat is one of the best engineering colleges in India. It is one of the 20 National Institutes of Technology created by the central government and is a deemed university. It has students from all over India and some foreign students as well. Also, there is Nirma University ranked 14th in self-financed engineering colleges in Main Gate of SVNIT,Surat India. Gujarat Science City,[50] is a government initiative to draw more students towards education in science, which hosts India's first IMAX 3D theatre, an energy park, a hall of science, an amphitheatre, and dancing musical fountains among others. B.K. School of Business Management is ranked 6th in terms of financial Management. K. S. School of Business Management is also an MBA College in Gujarat University providing a unique five year's integrated MBA Cource. The National Institute of Design (NID) in Gandhinagar is internationally acclaimed as one of the foremost multi-disciplinary institutions in the field of design education and research. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University [51], popularly known as (CEPT) is one of the best planning and architectural school not in India, but across the world; providing various technical and professional courses.In addition, Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) is one of the leading sectoral institution in rural management. IRMA is a unique institution in the sense that it provides professional education to train managers for rural management. It is the only one of its kind in all Asia.

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Apart from that, Mudra Institute of Communication Ahmedabad (MICA) is one of the most famous institutes for mass communication and is well-renowned across India. IIT Indian institute of technology was established at Gandhinagar in the year 2008. IIT Gandhinagar is mentored by IIT Bombay. IIT'S first batch started on 1 August 2008, at a temporary building of government college, Chandkheda, Gandhinagar. The Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) has been established by the Science and Technology Department, Government of Gujarat in 2003 and is registered as a Society.ISR campus is at Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Raisan, Gandhinagar in a sprawling and picturesque area on the banks Baroda of Sabarmati river. Aims and objectives include assigning optimum seismic factors for buildings in different regions and long-term assessment of earthquake potential. The ISR is the only institute in India fully dedicated to seismological research and is planned to be developed into a premier International institute in few years time.

Literature
Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 AD. Since then literature has flourished till date. Well known laureates of Gujarati literature are Hemchandracharya, Narsinh Mehta, Mirabai, Akho, Premanand Bhatt, Shamal Bhatt, Dayaram, Dalpatram, Narmad, Govardhanram Tripathi, Gandhiji, K. M. Munshi, Umashankar Joshi, Suresh Joshi, Pannalal Patel and Rajendra Shah.[52] Kavi Kant, Zaverchand Meghani and Kalapi are famous Gujarati poets. Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature. Saraswatichandra is a landmark novel by Govardhanram Tripathi. Writers like Kavi Nanalal, Sundaram, Aanand Shankar Dhruv, Khabardar, Balwantray Thakore, Suresh Dalal, Harindra Dave, Jyotindra Dave, Tarak Mehta, Harkisan Mehta, Chandrakant Bakshi, Ashvini Bhatt, Vinod Bhatt, Kanti Bhatt, Makarand Dave, Gunvant Shah and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers. A huge contribution to Gujarati language literature came from the Swaminarayan paramhanso, like Bramhanand, Premanand, with prose like Vachanamrut and poetry in the form of bhajans. Gujarati theatre owes a lot to Bhavai. Bhavai is a folk musical performance of stage plays. Ketan Mehta and Sanjay Leela Bhansali explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as Bhavni Bhavai, Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature.

Flora and fauna

As per the India State Of Forest Report 2009, Gujarat has 7.46% of its total geographical area under forest cover. As per the districts, The Dangs has the largest area under forest cover. Gujarat has four national parks and 21 sanctuaries. Gujarat is the only home of Asiatic lions and outside Africa, Gujarat is the only present natural habitat of lions. Gir Forest National Park in the southwest part of the state covers part of the lions' habitat. Apart from lions, leopards are also found in state. They are spread across the large plains of Saurashtra and the mountains of South Gujarat.
Gir National Park

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Male Asiatic lion

Other National parks include Vansda National Park, Blackbuck National Park, Velavadar and Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch. Wildlife sanctuaries include: Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary, Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Porbandar Bird Sanctuary, Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Kutch Bustard Sanctuary, Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Anjal, Balaram-Ambaji, Barda, Jambughoda, Khavda, Paniya, Purna, Rampura, Ratanmahal, and Surpaneshwar. Gujarat has some of major mountain ranges of India, including Saputara Aravalli, Sahyadri (Western Ghats), Vindhya and Saputara. Apart from this Gir hills, Barda, Jessore, Chotila, etc. are situated in different parts of Gujarat. Girnar is the tallest peak and Saputara is the only hill-station in the state. Gujarat is the main producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnuts in India. Other major food crops produced are rice, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, tur, and gram. The state has an agricultural economy; the total crop area amounts to more than one-half of the total land area.[53] Animal husbandry and dairying have played vital roles in the rural economy of Gujarat. Dairy farming, primarily concerned with milk production, functions on a co-operative basis and has more than a million members. Gujarat is the largest producer of milk in India. The Amul milk co-operative federation is well known all over India, and it is Asia's biggest dairy.[54] Among livestock raised are buffalo and other cattle, sheep, and goats. As per the results of livestock census 1997, there were 20.97 million head of livestock in Gujarat State. In the estimates of the survey of major livestock products, during the year 200203, the Gujarat produced 6.09 million tonnes of milk, 385 million eggs and 2.71 million kg of wool. Gujarat also contributes inputs to the textiles, oil, and soap industries, among others. As in much of India, since the 1960s farmers in Gujarat have increasingly relied on extensive groundwater irrigation to maintain production. In recent years, however, experts have become increasingly alarmed at the rate of water depletion in the state. The water table in Gujarat has been falling steadily for the last 1520 years, leading to a risk of catastrophic, irreversible saltwater intrusion into the groundwater.[55] The problem is exacerbated because electricity for farmers is subsidized, leaving little incentive to conserve water. To address this issue, the government of Gujarat has begun working with NGOs and universities to create new incentives for water conservation and to promote the adoption of water-saving technologies.[56][57]

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Tourism
Tourism in Gujarat is promoted by Tourism Corporation of Gujarat Limited [58]. It is one of the most popular state in the country for tourists with annual footfall of 19.81 million tourists in 2010-11.[59] Gujarat offers scenic beauty from Great Rann of Kutch to the hills of Saputara. Gujarat is the sole home of the pure Asiatic Lions in world.[60][61][62] During the Sultanate reign, Hindu craftsmanship mix with Islamic architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style. Many structures in the state are built in this fashion. It is also the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the great iconic figures during India's Independence movement. Amitabh Bachchan is currently the brand ambassador of Gujarat Tourism. Khushboo Gujarat Ki' campaign by megastar Amitabh Bachchan has grown tourism in Gujarat by 14 per cent, twice that of national growth rate.[63] Museums Gujarat has a variety of museums on different genres. These museums are run by the state's Department of Museums located at the principal state museum, Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery.
Lakhota Museum in Jamnagar

Sabarmati Ashram also known as Gandhi Ashram

Mandvi Beach

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233 The Kirti Mandir, Porbandar, Sabarmati Ashram, and Kaba Gandhi No Delo are museums related to Mahatma Gandhi. The former being the Place of birthof him and the latter being two of the places where he lived in his lifetime. All of them are now transformed into museums. Kaba Gandhi No Delo in Rajkot exhibits some of a rare collection of photographs relating to the life of Mahatma Gandhi.[64] Sabarmati Ashram is the place where Gandhiji initiated Dandi March. On 12 March 1930 he vowed that he would not return to the Ashram until India won independence.[65]
Kaba Gandhi No Delo in Rajkot

Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery and Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum are located in Vadodara. Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery is where state's Department of Museums is located.[66] While the Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum is housed within Lakshmi Vilas Palace. It's the palace where Maharaja lived, and now has been turned into museum. Located in Ahmedabad the Calico Museum of Textiles is managed by the Sarabhai Foundation and is one of the most popular tourist spots in Ahmedabad. The Lakhota Museum or the Lakota Museum is a palace transformed into museum, was residence of the Jhala Rajputs. The collection of the museum includes artifacts spanning from 9th to 18th century, pottery from medieval villages nearby and the skeleton of a whale.[67] Other famous museums in state include Kutch Museum in Bhuj being the oldest museum in Gujarat founded in 1877,[68] Watson Museum of human history and culture in Rajkot,[69] Gujarat Science City and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial in Ahmedabad. Religious sites

Bhavnath Mahadev, Girnar, Junagadh.

Religious sites are major part of tourism in Gujarat. Somnath is the first among twelveJyotirlingas, and has been mentioned in Rigveda.[70] The Palitana temples of Jainism on Mount Satrunjaya, Palitana are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage places by the Svetambara and Digambara Jain community.[71] The Sidi Saiyyed Mosque and Jama Masjid are holymosques for Gujarati Muslims. The Sun Temple, Modhera is a ticketed monument, handled by the Archaeological Survey of India.[72] Dwarakadheesh Temple and Dakor holy pilgrimage sites for devotees of Lord Krishna. Other religious sites in state include Mahudi, Shankheshwar, Ambaji, Dakor, Shamlaji, Chotila etc. Fairs

Sun Temple, Modhera

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234 A five day festival is held during Maha Shivaratri at the fot of Girnar, Junagadh known as Bhavanth Mahadev Fair (Gujarati: ). The Kutch Festival or Rann Festival (Gujarati: or ) is a festival celebrated at Kutch during Mahashivratri. The Modhra Dance Festival is a festival for classical dance, organized by Government of Gujarat's Cultural Department, to promote tourism in state and to keep traditions and culture alive.[73]

The Tarnetar Fair is held during the first week of Bhadrapad, (SeptemberOctober according to Gregorian calendar), and mostly servesplace to find a suitable bride for tribal people from Gujarat. The region is believed to be the place where Arjuna did the difficult task of piercing the eye of a fish, rotating at the end of a pole, by looking at its reflection in the pond water, to marry Draupadi.[74][75] Other fairs in Gujarat include Dang Durbar [76], Shamlaji Fair [77],Chitra Vichitra Fair [78],Dhrang Fair [79] and Vautha Fair [80].
Tarnetar Fair

Transport
Air
Gujarat has seventeen airports. The Gujarat Civil Aviation Board (GUJCAB) has been formed to foster development of aviation infrastructure in Gujarat. The Board is headed by the Chief Minister.[81] International airports Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport (Ahmedabad) Many domestic as well as international flights operate from here. Domestic airports under AAI Bhavnagar Airport 9km from the city of Bhavnagar. Deesa airport 5km from Deesa. Kandla Airport (Gandhidham) situated at Kandla, near Gandhidham, in Kutch district. Keshod Airport (Junagadh) Keshod Airport is found 3km from Keshod city in Junagadh District. Porbandar Airport is situated 5km from the city of Porbandar. Rajkot Airport 4km from the city of Rajkot. Surat Airport Located on Magdalla Road. Vadodara Airport - Integrated Terminal Airport (Vadodara). Airports under IAF Bhuj Airport Bhuj Civil enclave airport has been recently been named Shyamji Krishna Verma Airport. Jamnagar Airport Civil enclave, 10km from the City of Jamnagar. Naliya Air Force Station airforce airport. For Military use only. Airports under State Government Mehsana Airport Meshana Airport is about 2km from Meshsana city.
Bhavnagar ATC and Terminal Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad

Gujarat Mandvi airport[81] Amreli airport air strip (training airport) Future airports Zalawad Airport Future airport for Surendranagar area. Fedara (Ahmedabad) Proposed International Airport near Fedara village of Bhl region. Ambaji (Danta) near Palanpur, Banaskantha Palitana[82] Dwarka[81]

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Rail
Further information: Pune Mumbai Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor Gujarat comes under the Western Railway Zone of the Indian Railways. Vadodara Railway Station is the busiest railway station in Gujarat and the fourth busiest railway station in India. It is situated on the Mumbai Delhi Western Railway Mainline. Other important railway stations are Surat railway station, Ahmedabad Railway Station and Rajkot Railway Station. Indian Railways is planning DelhiMumbai dedicated rail freight route passing through the state. Work on Rs 1,100 crore (Rs 11 billion) first phase of the metro rail project in Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar will start by 2011 and the line is expected to be operational within 23 years. The first phase of the metro rail project will cover a distance of 32.65 kilometre in the north-south direction between Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad and 10.90 kilometre east-west corridor between Kalupur and Thaltej.[29]

Sea
Kandla Port is one of the largest ports serving Western India. Other important ports in Gujarat are the Port of Navlakhi, Port of Magdalla, Port Pipavav, Port of Porbandar and the privately owned Mundra Port.

Road
Local transportation Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) is the primary body responsible for providing the bus services within the state of Gujarat and also with the neighboring states. It is a public transport corporation providing bus services and public transit within Gujarat and to the other states in India. Apart from this, there are a number of services provided by GSRTC. Mofussil Services It connects major cities, smaller towns and villages within Gujarat. Intercity Bus Services It also connects major cities Ahmedabad, Vapi, Vadodara (Baroda) and Rajkot. Interstate Bus Services It connects various cities of Gujarat with the neighboring states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. City Services GSRTC also provides city bus services at Surat, Baroda, Vapi, Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, within the state of Gujarat. Parcel Services This service is used for transporting goods.

A city bus in Ahmedabad

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Apart from this, the GSRTC provides special bus services for festivals, industrial zones, schools, colleges and pilgrim places. There are also city buses in cities like Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Gandhinagar etc. Auto rickshaw is an important and frequently used mode of transport in Gujarat. The Government of Gujarat is promoting Bicycles to reduce pollution.

Autorickshaw

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Gujarat
[28] Adiga, Aravind (12 April 2004). "Uncommon Brilliance" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,501040419-610100,00. html). Time. . Retrieved 4 May 2010. [29] "Gujarat plans 12 giant industrial hubs" (http:/ / business. rediff. com/ slide-show/ 2010/ oct/ 21/ slide-show-1-gujarat-plans-12-giant-industrial-hubs. htm). business.rediff.com. . Retrieved 25 October 2010. [30] The Hindu Business Line: `Vibrant Gujarat' signs 104 MoUs worth [[Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg|baseline|alt=INR|link=|7px (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ 2007/ 01/ 13/ stories/ 2007011301731900. htm)] 2.5 lakh cr] [31] Vibrant Gujarat sees one foreign investor, the Business Standard (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ economy/ storypage. php?leftnm=3& subLeft=1& chklogin=N& autono=271739& tab=r) [32] "Gujarat aims at 15% industrial growth: Rediff.com Business" (http:/ / in. rediff. com/ money/ 2008/ mar/ 10guj. htm). In.rediff.com. 10 March 2008. . Retrieved 16 July 2010. [33] "Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2011-03-08/ ahmedabad/ 28667798_1_surplus-power-industrial-units-uninterrupted-power-supply). www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 8 March 2011. . [34] "Next-Gen Solar Energy Hub: Gujarat, India: Story of Capacity allotment of solar power projects in Gujarat" (http:/ / www. solarishi. com/ 2010/ 03/ story-of-capacity-allotment-of-solar. html). Solarishi.com. 19 March 2010. . Retrieved 16 July 2010. [35] "Survey says Gujarat has lowest unemployment; Narendra Modi is 'delighted'" (http:/ / www. ndtv. com/ article/ india/ survey-says-gujarat-has-lowest-unemployment-narendra-modi-is-delighted-242173?pfrom=home-otherstories). 11 July 2012. . [36] http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_Data_Online/ Language/ Statement3. htm [37] Tanwar, Sarita. "3 Idiots - Movie Review" (http:/ / www. mid-day. com/ entertainment/ 2009/ dec/ 231209-3-Idiots-Movie-Review. htm). Mid Day. . Retrieved 12 February 2012. [38] "Narsinh Mehta" (http:/ / gujaratirocks. com/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article& id=57:narsinh-mehta& catid=34:gujarati-films& Itemid=29). 26 March 2009. . Retrieved 12 February 2012. [39] "Dance & Music" (http:/ / www. nri. gujarat. gov. in/ gujarat-dances. htm). NRI Division Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [40] "Navratri" (http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ navratri. htm). Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 12 February 2012. [41] "Kite Festival" (http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ kite-festival. htm). Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 12 February 2012. [42] P. 25 Historical and cultural chronology of Gujarat, Volume 1 by Manjulal Ranchholdlal Majmudar [43] P. 4 Shyamji Krishna Varma, the unknown patriot by Ganeshi Lal Verma, India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division [44] P. 67 An era of peace By Krishna Chandra Sagar [45] P. 158 Foreign Influence on Ancient India By Krishna Chandra Sagar [46] P. 4 Shyamji Krishna Varma, the unknown patriot by Ganeshi Lal Verma, India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division [47] "Population by religious communities" (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm). 2011 census of India. Government of India. . Retrieved 11 February 2012. [48] "India's top 50 business schools" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ Images/ HTEditImages/ Images/ top-50-business-school. jpg). Hindustan Times. . Retrieved 23 February 2012. [49] "Top B-schools in India" (http:/ / www. moneycontrol. com/ mccode/ bestbschools/ top_b_schools_in_India. php). CNBC-TV18. . Retrieved 23 February 2012. [50] "Gujarat Science City" (http:/ / www. scity. org/ ). Scity.org. 26 June 2010. . Retrieved 16 July 2010. [51] http:/ / www. cept. ac. in [52] http:/ / www. culturopedia. com/ Literature/ gujarati_gems. html [53] "About Gujarat State Agriculture Marketing Board" (http:/ / agri. gujarat. gov. in/ gujarati/ boards_corporations/ gs-agri-mark-board/ agri_profile. htm). Agri.gujarat.gov.in. . Retrieved 16 July 2010. [54] "Amul to become world's largest liquid milk brand-Food-Cons. Products-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ News/ News-By-Industry/ Cons-Products/ Food/ Amul-to-become-worlds-largest-liquid-milk-brand/ articleshow/ 1988793. cms). Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 14 September 2006. . Retrieved 16 July 2010. [55] "Incentives for Water Conservation in Gujarat." (http:/ / www. waterwideweb. org/ incentives-for-water-conservation-in-guajarat. html). waterwideweb.com. 31 December 2010. . Retrieved 14 January 2011. [56] "Gujarat, India." (http:/ / www. water. columbia. edu/ ?id=India& navid=Gujarat). Columbia Water Center. . Retrieved 14 January 2011. [57] "The Worsening Water Crisis in Gujarat, India." (http:/ / blogs. ei. columbia. edu/ 2011/ 01/ 18/ the-worsening-water-crisis-in-gujarat-india/ ). Columbia Water Center. . Retrieved 18 January 2011. [58] http:/ / www. gujarattourism. com [59] http:/ / www. gujarattourism. com/ downloads/ tourist_arrival_data_07062011. pdf [60] http:/ / ibnlive. in. com/ generalnewsfeed/ news/ vice-president-ansari-arrives-at-gir-wildlife-sanctuary/ 947997. html [61] "Amitabh Bachchan offers to become brand ambassador of Gujarat" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2010-01-07/ india/ 28113940_1_brand-ambassador-harivansh-rai-bachchan-amitabh-bachchan). The Times of India. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [62] "Khushboo Gujarat Ki" (http:/ / www. gujarattourism. com/ showpage. aspx?contentid=1800). Gujarat TourismGovernment of Gujarat. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [63] http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ industry-and-economy/ economy/ article2735467. ece?homepage=true& ref=wl_home

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[64] Kaba Gandhi No Delo, Rajkot (http:/ / www. gujarattourism. com/ showpage. aspx?contentid=166& webpartid=1014) [65] Gandhi, Mohandas. "Gandhi Ashram Official Website" (http:/ / www. gandhiashram. org. in/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=20& Itemid=41). . [66] "Contact us" (http:/ / sycd. gov. in/ museum/ mus_contact_us. htm). Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [67] "Lakhota Palace and Museum Lakhota Palace and Museum Lakhota Palace and Museum" (http:/ / www. gujarattourism. com/ showpage. aspx?contentid=114& webpartid=120). Gujarat Tourism Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [68] "Kutch Museum" (http:/ / www. gujarattourism. com/ showpage. aspx?contentid=44& webpartid=51). Gujarat Tourism Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [69] "Watson Museum" (http:/ / www. lonelyplanet. com/ india/ gujarat/ rajkot/ sights/ other/ watson-museum-library). Lonely Planet. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [70] "Jyotirlinga" (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Jyotirlinga). Wikipedia. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [71] "Murtipujakas, Jainism", Encylcopedia of World Religions (PHILTAR), University of Cambria (http:/ / philtar. ucsm. ac. uk/ encyclopedia/ jainism/ murti. html) [72] "Sun Temple, Modhera" (http:/ / asi. nic. in/ asi_monu_tktd_gujarat_suntemple. asp). Archaeological Survey of India. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [73] "Modhra Dance Festival" (http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ modhera-festival. htm). Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [74] "Karna" (http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Karna). wikipedia. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [75] "Tarnetar Fair" (http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ tarnetar-mela. htm). Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 14 February 2012. [76] http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ dang-durbar. htm [77] http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ shamlaji-mela. htm [78] http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ chitra-vichitra. htm [79] http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ dhrang-fair. htm [80] http:/ / www. gujaratindia. com/ about-gujarat/ vautha-melo. htm [81] "Gujarat Civil Aviation Policy 2010" (http:/ / cadgog. org/ images/ civil-aviation-policy-of-gujarat. pdf). Government of Gujarat. . Retrieved 19 April 2012. [82] "Guj to get 11 new airports, renovate 10 defunct strips" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2011-04-10/ ahmedabad/ 29402801_1_new-airports-aai-palitana). The Times of India. 10 April 2011. . Retrieved 1 March 2012.

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External links
Government Gujarat Government Website (http://www.gujaratindia.com/) Department of Tourism, Government of Gujarat (http://www.gujarattourism.com/) Vibrant Gujarat Website (http://www.vibrantgujarat.com/) Other Gujarat travel guide from Wikitravel Gujarat (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Gujarat/) at the Open Directory Project

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Orissa
| Arts | Cinema | Cuisine | Culture | Economy | Flora and fauna | Geography | History | Literature | People | Tourism |

Odisha oi
State

Seal

Location of Orissa in India

Map of Orissa Coordinates (Bhubaneswar): 2009N 8530E Country

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Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Murlidhar Chandrakant Bhandare Naveen Patnaik (BJD) Unicameral (147 seats) 1 April 1936 Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar 30 [1]

Parliamentary constituency 21 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 41947358 11th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-OR 0.452 (medium) 27th (2005) 73.45% Oriya orissa.gov.in [2] 155820km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 9th Orissa High Court, Cuttack

Orissa /rs/ (Oriya: [oisa], Hindi: [3] Oi), officially spelled Odisha,[4][5] is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of the ancient kingdom of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka in 261BCE.[6] The modern state of Orissa was established on April 1, 1936, as a province in British India[7] and consisted predominantly of Oriya speakers.[8] April 1 is therefore celebrated as Utkala Dibasa[9] (foundation day of Orissa). Cuttack remained the capital of the state for over eight centuries until April 13, 1948 when Bhubaneswar was officially declared as the new capital of Orissa, and still is the present capital of this state.

Puri Jagannath Temple

Orissa Orissa is the 9th largest state by area in India, and the 11th largest by population. Oriya (officially spelled Odia) is the official and most widely spoken language, spoken by three quarters of the population. Orissa has a relatively unindented coastline[10] (about 480 km long[11]) and lacked good ports,[10] except for the deepwater facility at Paradip, until the recent launch of the Dhamara Port. The narrow, level coastal strip, including the Mahanadi river delta supports the bulk of the population.[12]
Narendra Pokhari One of the significant Ancient Pond of Holly city Puri.

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Etymology
The name Orissa is derived from the Pali or Sanskrit[13] words Ora (Ura) or Odra Desa or Sumera or Odra Visaya The earliest epigraphic reference to Odras is found in the Soro copper plate grant of Somadatta from which it is clear that Uttara Tosali with its visaya Sarepahara identified with Soro of Balasore (Baleswar) district was part of Odra Visaya.[14] Both Pali and Sanskrit literatures mention the Odra people as Oddaka and Odrah, respectively. Ancient writers like Pliny the Elder and Ptolemy described the Odra people as Oretes. In the Mahabharata the Odras are mentioned along with the Paundras, Utkals, Mekalas, Kalingas and Andhras, while according to Manu the Odras are associated with the Paundrakas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Sakas, Paradas, Pallavas, Chinas, Kiratas and Khasas. The location of the Odra territory has been given in the Natural History of Pliny in which it is mentioned that the Oretes were inhabiting the country where the mount Maleus stood. The Greek Oretes is probably the Sanskrit Odra and the Mount Maleus has been identified with Malayagiri near Pala Lahara. Pliny associates the mount Maleus with the people called Monedes and Sharis who were probably the same as the Mundas and the Savaras respectively inhabiting the upland regions of Orissa. Visitors also called the Orissa with different names. The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-Tsang who visited Orissa in about 636 CE gives an account of the territory named Wu-Che which is very likely the same as Odra. The pilgrim states that the Wu-Cha (Wu-tu) country was above 7,000 li in circuit and its capital was above 20 li in circuit. The area of the territory, which was 7,000 li or (2,253km) in circuit, was very extensive. The Muslim geographer Ibn Khurdadhbin who wrote his geography in 846CE refers to a territory called Ursfin which is identified by the Russian scholar V. Minorsky with Odra Desa. In another Persian geography called Hudad-al Alam written towards the close of the 10th century CE mention has been made of a territory called Urshin (Odra Desa) which has been associated with the territories called N. Myas, Harkand, Smnder and Andhras which were more or less contiguous. The territory called N. Myas may be Mahismati and Harkand is suggested to be Akarakhand (eastern Malwa). Urshin may be the same as Odra Desa and Smnder may be the territory bordering the sea. Andhras is without doubt the same as Andhra Desa. Alberuni has referred to a territory called Udra Vishau located 50 forsakhs towards the sea in the south from the Tree of Prayaga. Fifty forsakhs is equal to about 200miles or 321.86km. So Udra Vishau may be the same as Odra Desa. In the medieval Muslim chronicles like Tabaquat-I-Nasiri, Tabaquat-I-Akbari, Riyadus-Salatin, Tarkh-I-Firuzsahi, etc., the Odra territory has been referred to as Jajnagar probably after the capital Jajatinagar or Jajatinagar. The territory of Jajnagar very probably denotes to the Ganga empire during the period from Chodagangadeva to Anangabhimdeva III when Jajatinagar (modern Jagati on the Mahanadi) was the capital of that empire. It was Anangabhimadeva III who transferred the capital from Jajatinagar to Baranasi Kataka. Even after the change of capital some Muslim chroniclers continued to call this territory as Jajnagar. Shams-I-Seraj-Afif called this territory as Jajnagar-Udisa with its capital city Banaras on the right bank of the Mahanadi. The word Udisa added to Jajnagar

Orissa appears very significant. It is a developed form of the word Ursfin or Urshin used by earlier Muslim writers of the 9th and 10th centuries CE. In Buddhist literature this word is expressed as Odivisa or Udivisa as found in the works of Lama Taranath and the author of Pag-Sam-Jon-Zang. In the Tantric literature of the mediaeval period the word Udisa has been frequently used and in Tantrasara, Jagannath has been referred to as Udisanatha. Poet Sarala Das mentions both the words Odra Rastra and Orissa in his famous treatise Mahabharata while Gajapati Kapileswaradeva (14351467CE) in his proclamation inscribed on the temple walls of Jagannath calls his territory as Orissa Rajya or Orissa Rastra. Thus, from the 15th century CE onwards, the land of the Oriya people was called Orissa.

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Renaming
On November 4, 2011, Orissa was officially renamed Odisha after Presidential assent and notification in the official Gazette.[15][16] The change required minor amendments to the Orissa (the alteration of name) Bill and the Constitution (113th) Amendment Bill which were approved by both houses of parliament.[17] The state's official language has also been renamed to Odia from Oriya.[15][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Prehistoric times
Since prehistoric days the land of Orissa has been inhabited by various people. The earliest settlers of Orissa were primitive hill tribes. Although prehistoric communities cannot be identified, it is well known that Orissa had been inhabited by tribes like Saora or Sabar from the Mahabharata days. Saora in the hills, and the Sahara and Sabar of the plains continue to be an important tribe distributed almost all over Orissa. Most of the tribal people have been influenced by Hindus and have adopted Hindu manners, customs and rituals. Bonda Parajas of Koraput district are the best example of these tribes.

Pre-historic painting from Gudahandi, Kalahandi

Several pre-historic sites have been excavated in Orissa since the arrival of Britishers. Kaliakata of Angul, Kuchai and Kuliana of Mayurbhanj, Vikramkhol near Jharsuguda, Gudahandi and Yogimath of Kalahandi, Ushakothi of Sambalpur, Similikhol near Bargarh etc.

History
Orissa has a history spanning a period of over 5,000 years. Before Kalinga it was named as Udra or "Odra Desa". The Ancient Odra desa or Ordesa was limited to the valley of Mahanadi and to the lower course of Subarnarekha River. It comprised the whole of the present districts of Cuttack and Sambalpur and a portion of Midnapur. Bounded on the west by Gondwana, on the north by the wild hill states of Jaspur and Singhbhum, on the east by the sea and on the South by Ganjam, Orissa has a legendary history.[24] The name Oriya originated from Odra or Udra tribes that inhabited the central coastal belt (Khordha District and Nayagarh District) of modern Orissa. Orissa has also been the home of the Kalinga, Utkal, Mahakantara/Kantara and Kosal that played a particularly prominent role in the region's history, and one of the earliest references to the ancient Kalingas appears in the writings of Vedic chroniclers.[25] In the 6th century BCE, Vedic Sutrakara Baudhayana mentions Kalinga as being beyond the Vedic fold, indicating that Brahminical influences had not yet touched the land.[25] Unlike some other parts of India, tribal customs and traditions played a significant role in shaping political structures and cultural practices right up to the 15th century,[25] when Brahminical influences triumphed over competing traditions and caste differentiation began to inhibit social mobility and erode what had survived of the ancient republican tradition.

Orissa A major turning point in world history took place in Orissa.[25] The Kalinga War that led emperor Ashoka to embrace non-violence and the teachings of Buddha was fought here in 261BCE. Ashoka's military campaign against Kalinga was one of the bloodiest in Mauryan history on account of the fearless and heroic resistance offered by the Kalingas to the mighty armies of the expanding Mauryan empire. Perhaps on account of their unexpected bravery, emperor Ashoka was compelled to issue two edicts specifically calling for a just and benign administration in Kalinga. Later on, Ashoka was instrumental in spreading Buddhist philosophy all over Asia. However, Ativ Land (South Western Orissa) was unconquered by Ashoka.

243

View of the banks of the Daya river from atop Dhauli hills, the presumed venue of the Kalinga war.

Tel river civilization put light towards a great civilization existing in Kalahandi, Balangir, Koraput (KBK) region in the past that is recently getting explored.[26] The discovered archaeological wealth of Tel Valley suggest a well civilized, urbanized, cultured people inhabited on this land mass around 2000 years ago[27] and Asurgarh was its capital. Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar was part of Kantara referred in Ramayana and Mahabharata.[28] In 4th century BCE, this region was known as Indravana from where precious gem-stones and diamond were collected for the imperial Maurya treasury.[29] During the period of Maurya emperor Ashoka, Kalahandi along with Koraput and Bastar region was called Atavi Land.[30] This land was unconquered as per Ashokan record.[31] In the beginning of the Christian era probably it was known as Mahavana.[32] In the 4th Century CE, Vyaghraraja was ruling over Mahakantara comprising Kalahandi, undivided Koraput and Bastar region.[33] Asurgarh was capital of Mahakantara.[34] On the other hand in the 3rd century BCE, in the eastern part of Orissa, Kalinga flourished as a powerful empire under the Jaina emperor, Kharavela.[35] He ruled all the way down south to include parts of the Tamil country. He built the superb monastic caves at Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves. Subsequently, the region was ruled under various monarchs, such as Samudragupta and Shashanka. It also was a part of Harsha's empire. In 795CE, the king Jajati Kesari I of Kesari or Soma dynasty of Kosala united Kosala and Utkala into a single empire. He is also supposed to have built the first Jagannath Temple at Puri,[36] Hatigumpha Inscription of Emperor Kharavela, although the current structure of the temple is entirely different and Udaygiri was built by Kings Choda Gangadeva and Ananga Bhimadeva of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty in the 12th century. The famous Lingaraja temple in Bhubaneshwar was started by Keshari dynasty king Jajati Keshari III and completed by his son Lalatendu Keshari in the 10th century. King Narasimha Dev is reputed to have built the magnificent Konark Sun Temple. Although now largely in ruins, the temple may have once rivaled the Taj Mahal in splendour. Orissa resisted several Muslim attacks until 1568, when was conqurered by Sultanate of Bengal. The Mughals conquered Coastal Orissa in 1576.[37] The last Hindu Emperor of Orissa, Gajapati Mukunda Deva, was defeated and was killed in the battle of Gohiratikiri. The coastal plain of Orissa from Medinipur to Rajahmundry came under Mughal rule, which was broadly divided into

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six parts as Jaleswar Sarkar, Bhadrak Sarkar, Cuttack Sarkar, Chicacole (Srikakulam) Sarkar, Kalinga Dandapat and Rajamundry Sarkar or Godavari Province. Orissa's Central, Northern, Western and Southern hilly areas were ruled independently by Hindu kings. The Nizam of Hyderabad occupied the area between Rajahmundry to Srikakulam in 16th century. Medinipur was attached to Bengal province in 18th century. The remaining parts of Coastal Orissa, were subsequently ceded to the Maratha Empire in 1751. The British occupied the Northern Circars comprising the southern coast of Orissa as a result of the Carnatic Wars in the early 1760s and incorporated them into the Madras Presidency gradually.[38] In 1803, the British under the British East India Company annexed the Maratha Konark Sun Temple built by the Eastern Ganga province of Orissa after the Second Anglo-Maratha War. The northern dynasty--a World Heritage Site. and western districts of Orissa were incorporated into Bengal Presidency. Following famine and floods in 1866, large-scale irrigation projects were undertaken in the last half of the 19th century. The coastal section was separated from Bengal and made into the Province of Bihar and Orissa in 1912, in response to local agitation for a separate state for the Oriya-speaking people. In 1936, Bihar and Orissa were split into separate provinces. Thus after a long period of struggle the Oriya people got re-united after centuries of political separation. On April 1, 1936, the new province of Orissa came into existence on linguistic basis during the British rule in India with Sir John Austin Hubback as the first Governor. A long cherished dream of Oriya people and their leaders like Madhusudan Das, Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati, Pandit Nilakantha Das, Bhubanananda Das and many other came true. The district of Ganjam was transferred from Madras Presidency to the new province of Orissa on April 1, 1936. From that time onwards people of Orissa celebrate the 1st of April as Utkal Divas or Orissa Day. Following Indian independence, the area of Orissa was almost doubled, and the population increased by a third, by the addition of 24 former princely states. In 1950, Orissa became a constituent state in the Union of India.

State symbols of Orissa

Animal Bird Flower Tree Sambar [39] [40]

Indian Roller Ashoka [41]

Ashwatha

[42]

Costume Sari (women)

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Sub-divisions
There are 30 districts in Orissa Angul, Boudh, Bhadrak, Bolangir, Bargarh, Balasore, Cuttack (Kataka), Debagarh, Dhenkanal, Ganjam, Gajapati, Jharsuguda, Jajpur, Jagatsinghpur, Khordha, Keonjhar, Kalahandi, Kandhamal, Koraput, Kendrapara, Malkangiri, Mayurbhanj, Nabarangpur, Nuapada, Nayagarh, Puri, Rayagada, Sambalpur, Subarnapur, Sundargarh. Each district is governed by a District Collector (District Magistrate), appointed either by the Indian Administrative Service or the Orissa Administrative Service. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and thereafter into Blocks. Blocks consists of Panchayats(village councils) and town municipalities. The capital and largest city of the state is Bhubaneswar and it is also famous by the name of Temple City. Other major cities in Orissa are Cuttack, Brahmapur, Baripada, Rourkela, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Balasore, Kendrapara and Puri.

Geography
Bhubaneswar is the capital of Orissa, and home to nearly a thousand temples. Cuttack, the former capital of Orissa, is 22km from Bhubaneswar. With the rapid expansion of two cities and better road connectivity, the two cities are now almost conjoined and considered as twin cities. The city of Puri is about 60kilometers from Bhubaneswar and lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. Puri is considered a holy city and the abode of the deity Lord Jagannath. It is one of the Char Dhams (Four holy places) of Hinduism. The world-famous "car festival" (rath yatra) is celebrated every year in the Hindu month of Ashadha (Mid June to Mid July) in Puri. The Chota Nagpur plateau occupies the western and northern portions of the state, while along the coast are fertile alluvial plains and the valleys of the Mahanadi, Brahmani, and Baitarani rivers, which fall into the Bay of Bengal. These alluvial plains are home to intensive rice cultivation. The Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI), Asia's largest rice research Institute is situated along the bank of Mahanadi in Cuttack. One of the major nesting ground for the Olive Ridley sea turtles can be found in the Beaches of Orissa; in Devi, Gahirmatha and Rushikulya, which are known to be the nesting sites for the L. olivacea Indian Ocean population. In 2007, around 130,000 turtles nested on the beaches of Gahirmatha. The shore line also acts as their mating site and have attracted various scientific communities for research and studies. Although most of Orissa's forest cover has been denuded lately, one of the greatest attractions of Orissa is its still vast expanses of unspoiled natural landscape that offer a protected yet natural habitat to the states incredible wildlife. There are many wildlife sanctuaries in Orissa. The Simlipal National Park Tiger Reserve is a huge expanse of lush green forest with waterfalls, inhabited by tigers, elephants, and other wildlife. The Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary has been protecting estuarine crocodiles since 1975. Chilka Lake, a brackish water coastal lake on the Bay of Bengal, south of the mouth of the Mahanadi river, is the largest coastal lake in India and the second largest in the world. It is the largest wintering ground for migratory birds on the Indian sub-continent. It is protected by the Chilka Lake Bird Sanctuary, which harbors over 160 migratory and resident species of birds. Birds from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Aral Sea and other remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz steppes of Mongolia, Central and southeast Asia, Ladakh and Himalayas come here. It also has the small area of Satpada which is a safe sanctuary for the lesser known and endangered Irrawaddy Dolphins.

Map of lake Chilka with near-by settlement of Puri

Orissa The highest mountain peak in the state is Deomali (1672m), which is situated in Koraput district in southern Orissa. It is also the tallest peak of the Eastern Ghats. It is part of the Chandragiri-Pottangi mountain system. Location: 1840'3"N 8258'59"E (Deomali on Wikimapia [43]).

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Physiography
On the basis of homogeneity, continuity and physiographical characteristics, Orissa has been divided into five major regions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The coastal plains in the east The middle mountainous and highlands region The central plateaus The western rolling uplands, and The major flood plains

Orissa Coastal Plains The Orissa Coastal Plains or Utkal Plains are the depositional landforms of recent origin and geologically belong to the Post-Tertiary Period. The 75metre contourline delimits their western boundary and differentiates them from the Middle Mountainous Region. This region stretches from the West Bengal border, i.e. from the River Subarnarekha in the north to the River Rushikulya in the south. This region is the combination of several deltas of varied sizes and shapes formed by the major rivers of Orissa, such as the Subarnarekha, the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Brahmani, the Mahanadi, and the Rushikulya. Therefore, the coastal plain of Orissa is called the "Hexadeltaic region" or the "Gift of Six Rivers". It stretches along the coast of the Bay of Bengal having the maximum width in the Middle Coastal Plain (the Mahanadi Delta), narrow in the Northern Coastal Plain (Balasore Plain) and narrowest in the Southern Coastal Plain (Ganjam Plain). The North Coastal Plain comprises the deltas of the Subarnarekha and the Budhabalanga rivers and bears evidences of marine transgressions. The Middle Coastal Plain comprises the compound deltas of the Baitarani, Brahmani and Mahanadi rivers and bears evidences of past 'back bays' and present lakes. The South Coastal Plain comprises the laccustrine plain of Chilika lake and the smaller delta of the Rushikulya River. Middle Mountainous and Highlands Region The region covers about three-fourth of the entire State. Geologically it is a part of the Indian Peninsula which as a part of the ancient landmass of the Gondwanaland. The major rivers of Orissa with their tributaries have cut deep and narrow valleys. This region mostly comprises the hills and mountains of the Eastern Ghats which rise abruptly and steeply in the east and slope gently to a dissected plateau in the west running from north-west (Mayurbhanj) to south-west (Malkangirig). This region is well marked by a number of interfluves or watersheds. The Eastern Ghats is interrupted by a number of broad and narrow river valleys and flood plains. The average beight of this region is about 900metres above the mean seal level. The highest peak is Deomali.

Orissa Central Plateaus The plateaus are mostly eroded plateaus forming the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats with elevation varying from 305610metres. There are two broad plateaus in Orissa : (i) the Panposh Keonjhar -Pallahara plateau comprises the Upper Baitarani catchment basin, and (ii) the Nabrangpur Jeypore plateau comprises the Sabari basin. Western Rolling Uplands These are lower in elevation than the plateaus having heights varying from 153metres to 305metres.[44]

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Forests
Almost one-third of Orissa is covered by forests which make up about 37.34% of the total land area of the state. These forests cover most of southern and western Orissa. The eastern plains adjacent to the coast are covered by farmlands.The forest cover of Orissa extends over an area of 58,136.869 square kilometres out of which reserve forests make up an area of 26,329.12 square kilometres (10,165.73 sq mi), demarcated protected forests make up 11,687.079 square kilometres (4,512.406 sq mi) and undemarcated protected forests make up Forest cover in Raghurajpur. 3,638.78 square kilometres (1,404.94 sq mi). Other types of forests make up 16,261.34 square kilometres (6,278.54 sq mi) while unclassed forests make up 20.55 square kilometres (7.93 sq mi) of the total forest cover. The State Government of Orissa also classifies forests based on their density. About 538 square kilometres (208 sq mi) of land are classified as very dense forests with a canopy density of over 70 percent, 27,656 square kilometres (10,678 sq mi) of forests are classified as moderately dense cover with a canopy density of 40 to 70 percent and 20,180 square kilometres (7,790 sq mi) of land are classified as open forest with a canopy density of 10 to 40 percent.

Rivers
There are four groups of rivers which flow through Orissa into the Bay of Bengal (Table-2). They are: (i) Rivers that have a source outside the State (the Subarnarekha, the Brahmani the IB and the Mahanadi). (ii) Rivers having a source inside the State (the Budhabalanga, the Baitarani, the Salandi, and the Rushikulya). (iii) Rivers having a source inside the Orissa, but flow through other states (the Bahuda, the Vamsadhara River, and the Nagavali River). (iv) Rivers having a source inside Orissa, but tributary to rivers which flow through other states (the Machkund, the Sileru River, the Kolab, and the Indravati River).
Mahanadi river

River Mahanadi: It is the major river of Orissa and the sixth largest river in India. It originates from the sihawa hills of the Bastar Plateau in Raipur district of [Chhattishgarh]. It is about 857km Long (494km in Orissa) and its catchment area spreads over 141,600km2. (65,580km.) in Orissa. The river carries on an average about 92,600 million m of water. River Kathajodi: Around Naraj Bridge which is approx. 10K.M. from Cuttack City there are following villages:- Naraja Marthapur (Local Railway Station), Godi Sahi, Sandhapur, Bidyadharapur, Nua Sahi & Ratagarh. All these villages are rich in ancient heritage. Ratagarh, there is an ancient Shiva Temple of Chola

Orissa Dynasty. It is 15 K.M. (approx.) distance from the City of Bhubaneswar & 6 K.M. (approx.) from Nandan Kanan, the Zoological Park. A canal arises from the Main Mahanadi river at Naraj Bridge is running besides which is the main source of water system. In Ratagarh there are 3-4 small hills which connects to the Chandaka-Damapada elephant reservoir. The main cultivation of the people of these villages are paddy besides vegetales also. The railway line running between the above villages connects Bhubaneswar with Talcher, the thermal power station, Sambalpur, Athagarh and then run into the states of Madhya Pradesh. The Brahmani: It is the second largest river in Orissa. It originates as two major rivers like the Sankh and the Koel from the Chota Nagpur Plateau of Bihar and both join at Veda Vyasa near Rourkela of Sundargarh district of Orissa forming the major River Brahmani. It flows through the Eastern Ghats in Sundargarh, Deogarh, Kendujhar, Dhenkanal, Cuttack and Jajpur districts into the Coastal Plains and enters into the Bay of Bengal along with a combined mouth with the Mahanadi known as the Dhamara. The Brahmani is 799km long (541km In Orissa) and its catchment area spreads over 39,033km2. in Orissa). The Baitarani: It originates from the Gonasika hills of the Kendujhar district. It is 365km long and its catchment area spread over 12,790km2. It entres into the Bay of Bengal after joining of the Brahmani at Dhamara mouth near Chandbali, Bhadrak. The Subarnarekha: It originates from the Chhotanagpur plateau of Bihar. It is 433km (70km in Orissa) and has a catchment area of 19,500km (3,200km in Orissa) with a mean annual flow of 7,900 million. The Budhabalanga: It originates from the easterns slops of the Similipal massif. It is about 175km long having a total catchment area of 4840km2 with an annual flow of 2177 million. It is major tributaries are the Sone, the Gangadhar, the Catra etc. The Rushikulya: It originates from the Rushyamala hills of the Eastern Ghats in Kandhamal district. It is 165km long with 8900km2 of catchment areas. Its tributaries are the Baghua the Dhanei Badanadi etc. It has no delta at its mouth. The Bahuda: It originates from the Ramgiri hills of the Eastern Ghats in Gajapati districts and joins the Bay of Bengal in Andhra Pradesh. Its length 73km having a catchment area of 1250km2. The Vanshadhara: It originates from the Flanks of the Durgakangar hills (Lingaraj hills) of the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi districts. It is 230km long out of which only 150km in Orissa. It entres in to the Bay of Bengal at Kalingapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. It has a catchment area of 11500km2. The Nagavali: It originates from the Bijipur Hills of the Eastern Ghats near Lanji Garah. It is 210km long out of which 100km is in Orissa. It has a total catchment area of about 9410km2. The Salandi: It originates from the Meghasani Hills of the Similipal Massif in Keonjhar district. It is 144km long with a catchment areas of 1793km2. The Indravati: It originates from the Eastern Ghats in Kalahandi districts. It is 530km long with a catchment area of 41700km2 as a tributary it flows into the Godavari river. The Kolab: It originates from the Sinkaran hills of the Eastern Ghats in Koraput districts. It has catchment areas of 20400km2. Tel River: It is one of the largest river of Orissa originating in Nabaramgpur district and touching Chhattisgarh, Kalahandi, Balangir, Sonepur districts of Orissa and finally falling in Mahanadi.

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Orissa

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Springs
There are a number of Mountain springs and hotspring in Orissa. The Badaghagara and Sanaghagara in Keonjhar district, Saptasajya in Denkanal district, Chandikhole in Jajpur district, Barunei in Khorda district, Taptapani, Narayani and Nirmalajhar in Ganjam district, the Patalaganga in Kalahandi district, Nursinghanath in Bargarh district and Harisankar in Bolangir district.

Waterfalls
Most of the rivers, either at the point of origin or over the mountainous bed, have waterfalls. The Harishankar and Nhrusinhanath waterfalls in the Gandhamardan hills in Bolangir and Bargarh districts, the Barehipani and Joranda (Similipal) in Mayurbhanja districts, Sanaghagara and Badaghagara in Keonjhar district, Pradhanpat in Deogarh district, khandadhar (Banei) in Sundargarh district, Koilighugar in Jharsuguda district, Phurlijharan, Khandabaladhar, and Rabandhara in Kalahandi district, Kentamari and Putudi in Boudh and Phulbani district Duduma in Malkangiri district and Bogra in Koraput district are some of the major waterfalls of Orissa. Chota Ghagra and Bada Ghagra in the Keonjhar district, Bhim Kund and Deb Kund in Mayurbhanj district are the major water falls. There are many more water falls in Dhenkanal district.

Lakes
The Chilika Lake is brackish water lagoon located in the southern part of the Orissa coastal plane. It areas varies 780km2 and 144km2; during the two monsson months it is 71km long and 32km wide. It salinity decleans to a minimum during the monsson. However in winter, due to the overflow of the tidal water through the narrow opening from the Bay of Bengal, it is maximum. Anshupa is a sweet water lake located in Athagarh of Cuttack district. It is 3km long and 1.5km wide. Sara is another sweet water lake located near Puri. It is 5km long and 3km wide. Kanjia is another sweet water lake with about 134 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'km2) of area located in Nandankanan of Cuttack district near Bhubaneswar.[45] Pata is another sweet water lake located alongside the town of Chatrapur. It is 4km long and 0.5km wide. Hirakud Dam: Artificial Lake in Sambalpur and Jharsuguda largest in Asia. Indravati Dam: Artificial Lake in Kalahandi [46] and Nabarangpur. Kolab Dam: Artificial Lake in Koraput. And khandadhar at Rourkela.

Economy
Macro-economic trend
Year Gross State Domestic Product 1985 37,080 1987 68,230 1990 109,040 1995 271,180 2000 387,280 2005 670,900[47]

This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Orissa at market prices estimated Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees. The state's debt is estimated at 59% of its GDP in 2005.[49]

[48]

by Ministry of

Orissa

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Industrial growth
Orissa has abundant natural resources and a large coastline. It contains a fifth of India's coal, a quarter of its iron ore, a third of its bauxite reserves and most of the chromite. Rourkela Steel Plant[50] was the first integrated steel plant in the Public Sector in India. It receives unprecedented investments in steel, aluminium, power, refineries and ports. India's topmost IT consulting firms, including Mahindra Satyam, TCS (Tata Consultancy Services), MindTree Consulting, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Infosys have large branches in Orissa. IBM, Syntel and Wipro are setting up development centers in Orissa. So far, two of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Orissa, for example, National Aluminium (2005 gross income .51,162 million) and Tata Sponge Iron (2005 gross income .2,044 million). Orissa is notable as one of the first Indian states to have tackled its structural problems during the post-1994 Indian economic reforms. Orissa was also the first state in India to begin to privatise its electricity transmission and distribution businesses. Over the period between 1994 and 2000 Orissa's former state electricity board (SEB) was restructured to form Gridco. This corporation was then divided into Transco and a collection of distribution companies. Attempts were then made to sell the distribution companies to the private sector. Like many other states, in 1996 Orissa was losing over 50% of the electricity it was delivered. The scale and importance of these reforms is notable and an important milestone in India's dramatic economic development. Recently the number of companies who have signed Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) to set up steel plants in the state has gone up to 50, including POSCO of South Korea which has agreed to construct a mammoth $12 billion steel plant near Paradip port, named POSCO India. It would be the largest single investment in India's history. Arcelor-Mittal has also announced plans to invest in another mega steel project amounting to $10 billion. Russian major Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company (MMK) plans to set up a 10 MT steel plant in Orissa too. The state is attracting an unprecedented amount of investment in aluminum, coal-based power plants, petrochemicals, and information technology as well. In power generation, Reliance Power (Anil Ambani Group) is putting up the world's largest power plant with an investment of US $13 billion at Hirma in Jharsuguda district. Performance of Indian states in providing basic Vedanta Resources 1.4 million tonne alumina project in Kalahandi social services like education, healthcare, etc., in district is the largest investment in aluminium. Vedanta has also 2001. Darker states have done better. announced a $3.2 billion dollar huge private University project on the lines of the Ivy League Universities, which is unprecedented in the history of education in India. Bandhabahal is a major area which consist of Open Cast Coal Mines. The Central Government has agreed to accord SEZ (Special Economic Zone) status to eight sites in Orissa, among which are Infocity at Bhubaneshwar and Paradip. But all these plans are facing massive resistance from the people of the state who mainly depend on agriculture for livelihood. In the year 2009 Orissa was second top Domestic Investment destination with Gujarat first and Andhra Pradesh in third place according to an analysis of ASSOCHAM Investment Meter (AIM) Study on Corporate Investments. Orissa's share was 12.6 percent in total investment in the country. It received investment proposal worth . 2,00,846 crore during the last year. Steel and power were among the sectors which attracted maximum investments in the state.[51] Flood and cyclone are the major hurdles in Orissa's development as the important districts are situated near to the Bay of Bengal. In the five-year period between 2004 and 2005 and 200809, Orissa's GDP has grown by a stunning 8.74% way beyond the definition of 7% growth. It should be noted that the all-India growth during this period was

Orissa 8.49%.In this period, Orissa is the fourth fastest growing state, just behind Gujarat, Bihar, Uttarakhand.

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Infrastructure development
Although Paradip is home to Orissa's only large port, the coastal towns of Dhamra and Gopalpur are also undergoing major port development. The government of India has selected the coastal region of Orissa, stretching from Paradip in the north to Gopalpur in the south, to be developed into one of five or six Special Economic Regions (SERs) of the country. The government of India and the state government of Orissa are working together to erect world-class infrastructure in this region to match that of Rotterdam, Houston, and Pudong. This is aimed at further private investment in petrochemicals, steel, and manufacturing. A recent Morgan Stanley report forecasts that Orissa would be flooded with massive investments for manufacturing related activities in the same manner that Bangalore had attracted software investment in the 1990s. The scale of the investments in Orissa would, however, be much higher. As of July 2006, total planned investment in the state is $90 billion. This includes investment in research, education, hospitals, roads, ports, airports, and hotels. There are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including the Godavari River Basin Irrigation Projects. 14 locations have been identified on Orissa coast to be developed as port. These locations are Gopalpur (Ganjam district), Bahuda Muhan (Sonepur) in Ganjam district, Palur (Ganjam), Bali Harchandi (Puri), Astaranga (Puri), Jatadhari Muhan (Jagatsinghpur), Barunei Muhan (Kendrapara), Dhamra (Bhadrak), Chudamani (Bhadrak), Inchuri (Balasore), Chandipur (Balasore), Bahabalpur (Balasore), Subarnarekha mouth (Kirtania) in Balasore district and Talsara (Balasore). Most of the locations among them already been developing as port in the public private partnership (PPP).[52][53][54]

Transportation
Orissa has a network of roads, railways, airports and seaports. Bhubaneshwar is well connected by air, rail and road with the rest of India. The Biju Patnaik airport is being expanded to accommodate wide bodied aircraft. Some highways are getting expanded to four lanes.[55]

Regular airports
Biju Patnaik Airport Rourkela Airport Jharsuguda Airport (Proposed by AAI) In addition to the above, there are numerous air strips in the state of Orissa.

Seaports
Port of Dhamara[56] Port of Gopalpur (Commenced Operation From January 2007 as Seasonal Port) Port of Paradip

Demographics

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Religion in Orissa Religion Hinduism Christianity Islam Others

[57]

Percent 94.35% 2.44% 2.07% 1.14%

According to the 2011 census of India, the total population of Orissa is 41,947,358, of which 21,201,678 (50.54%) are male and 20,745,680 (49.46%) are female, or 978 females per 1000 males. This represents a 13.97% increase over the population in 2001. The population density is 269 per km. The dominant ethnic group are the Oriya people and Oriya (Oriya) is the official language of Orissa and spoken as a native language by about 73% of the people.[58] Other linguistic minorities in the state are Bengali, Hindi, Telugu, Santali. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes form 16.53% and 22.13% of the state population, constituting 38.66% of the State population. Some of the important tribes are Santhal, Bonda, Munda, Oraon, Kora and Mahali. The literacy rate is 73.45% with 82.4% of males and 64.36% of females being literate, according to 2011 census. The proportion of people living below the poverty line in 19992000 was 47.15% which is nearly double the all India average of 26.10%. Data of 19962001 showed the life expectancy in the state was 61.64 years, higher than the national value of years. The state has a birth rate of 23.2 per 1,000 people per year, a death rate of 9.1 per 1,000 people per year, an infant mortality rate of 65 per 1000 live birth and a maternal mortality rate of 358 per 1,000,000 live births. Orissa has a Human Development Index of 0.579 in 2004.

Literature
The history of Oriya literature has been delineated by historians and linguists along the following stages, Old Oriya (9001300AD), Early Middle Oriya (13001500AD), Middle Oriya (15001700AD), Late Middle Oriya (1700AD 1850AD) and Modern Oriya (from 1850AD to the present). This categorization does not outline in detail the development and growth of Oriya Literature. The periods can be split into more stages such as: Age of Charya Literature, Age of Sarala Das, Age of Panchasakha, Age of Upendra Bhanja, Age of Radhanath, Age of Satyabadi, Age of Marxism or Pragati yuga, Age of Romanticism or Sabuja Yuga, Post Independent Age. The beginnings of Oriya poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Mahayana Buddhist poets.[59] This literature was written in a specific metaphor named "Sandhya Bhasha" and the poets like Luipa, Kanhupa are from the territory of Orissa. The language of Charya was considered as Prakrita. The first great poet of Orissa is Sarala Dasa who wrote the Mahabharata, not an exact translation from the Sanskrit original, rather an imitation of the same. Among many of his poems and epics, he is best remembered for his Mahabharata. Chandi Purana and the Vilanka Ramayana are also two of his famous creations. Arjuna Das, a contemporary to Sarala Dasa, wrote Rama-Bibha, a significant long poem in Oriya. Towards the 16th century, five poets emerged; there is approximately hundred years between them. They are known as Panchashakhas as they believed to belong to the same school of thought, Utkaliya Vaishnavism. The poets are: Balaram Das, Jagannath Das, Achyutananada Das, Ananta Das and Jasobanta Das. The Panchasakhas adhere to the school of thought of Vaishnavas. In 1509 Chaitanya Mahaprabhu came to Orissa with his Vaishnava message. Before him Jaydev had prepared the ground by heralding the cult of Vaishnavism through his Geetagovinda. Chaitanyas path of devotion was known as Raganuga Bhakti Marga, but the Panchasakhas differed from Chaitanyas and believed in Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga, which has similarities with the Buddhist philosophy of Charya literature stated above.

Orissa The Panchashakhas, however, are the direct disciples of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu. Along with another seer Shri Arakhsita Das, they are called also as sada-goswami (six Lords). These five saints primarily believed in Vaishnavism and also additionally cultured and developed Gyana Mishra Bhakti Marga as stated earlier (beliefs about the body, the mind, the soul, and the Parambrahm). They have composed numerous manuscripts, mlikas, devotional poems, Sadhana descriptions, and other religious scriptures. Also, many prophecies are described by these seers in there numerous literature. Most of the literature were written in hand on palm-leaves using the Devanagari or the Oriya script. The two prime works from the five writers are the Bhgavata by Jagannath Das and the Jagamohana Rmyana by Balarm Das. Till today Jagannath Dass Bhgavata is the most valued book in Oriya literature. Besides this great work he (Jagannath Das) also composed Artha Koili, Darubrahma Geet, Shunya Bhgabata, Dhruba Stuti etc. Balaram Das, apart from Jagamohana Rmyana, has also composed various works such as the Lakshmi Purna, Vendntasra Guptagit, Nma-mhatmya, Bhva samudra, Sisu Veda, Kamalalochana Chautis, Knta Koili. Shri Ananta Das, also known as Shishu Ananta Das has composed various devotional literature, e.g., Chumbaka malik, Nilagiri charita, Hetu Udaya Bhgabata, Artha Treni Prasnottara, Ankra Samhit, Bhaktimuktipradyaka Geet. Similarly, Shri Jasovanta Das composed Shiba Shirodaya, Premabhaktibrahma Geet, tmaparatey Geet, Gobindachandra. Acyutananda was the most prolific writer of the Panchasakhas and has written numerous books (called as pothi's), believed not in one life but in many successive lives. He is known as the Mahapurusha, which means - a great man. A few works of him are: Shunya Samhita, Chaurashi Yantra, Gurubhakti Geeta, Khila Haribamsa, Gupta Bhagabata, Kaivarta Geeta, Kaala Nirghanta, Tera Janma Sharana, Brahma Ekahshara Geeta, Gopala Ogla, Bhava Samudra, Garuda Geeta, Brahma Shankuli, Ananta Bata Geeta, Kali Kalkpa Geeta, Asta Gujjari, Gujjari Raasa, Brahma Kundali, Mahagupta Padmakalpa, Chausathi Patala, Chayalisha Patala, Chabisa Patala, Dasa Patala, Neetya Raasa, Manmatha Chandrika, Shiva Kalpa, Achyutananda Janma Sharana, Chitta Bodha, Raasa Maala, and Panchasakhaa Bhajana. The Shunya Samhita dealt with spiritual knowledge as well as physical sciences like solar science, atomic and molecular concepts, and aerospace concepts. The term Chauraashi Yantra describes '84 yantras' embedded within the human body, the later itself is ~84 fingers in length and each Yantra is located for each finger-length space. However, the most popular one seems to be an "Oracle of Prophecies" named as Bhavishya Malika. Among prophecies also are Aagata bhabishya lekhanaa and Bhavishya Paraardha. About the Identification of his disciple and the primary devotees, he had composed the Jaiphula Malika. Also his copper oracle (Tamrapothi) which appears to mysteriously read the mind and provide suitable answers is still available today, operated by a priest in Kakatpur. Shri Arakhsita Das, the seer of Olasuni, had written the Mahimandala Geeta, the Bhakti Tikaa, the Saptaanga Abadhuta Samhita, and the Tatvasara Geeta. At the end of age of Panchasakha, the prominent poets are Dinakrushna Das, Upendra Bhanja and Abhimanyu Samanta Simhar. Verbal jugglery, obscenity and eroticism as the characteristics of Shringara Kavyas, became the trend of this period to which Upendra Bhanja took a leading role. His creations were Baidehisha Bilasa, Koti Brahmanda Sundari, Lavanyabati were proved landmark in Oriya Literature. Upendra Bhanja was conferred with the title Kabi Samrat of Oriya literature for the aesthetic poetic sense and verbal jugglery proficiency. Dinakrushna Dass Rasokallola and Abhimanyu Samanta Simharas Bidagdha Chintamani are prominent kavyas of this time. The first Oriya printing typeset was cast in 1836 by the Christian missionaries which made a great revolution in Oriya literature. Instead of palm leaf inscription, the books were being printed and the periodicals and journals were published. The first Oriya Magazine of 'Bodha Dayini' was published from Balasore in 1861. The main object of this magazine was to promote Oriya literature and to draw attention to the lapses in government policy. The first Oriya paper, 'The Utkal Deepika' made its appearance in 1866 under the editorship of late Gouri Sankar Ray with the help of late Bichitrananda. The publication of these papers during the last part of the 19th century encouraged the modern literature and acted as a media to provide a wide readers range for the writers, The educated intellectuals came in contact with the English literature and got influenced. Radhanath Ray (18491908) is the prime figure, who tried to

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Orissa write his poems with the influence of Western literature. He wrote Chandrabhaga, Nandikeshwari, Usha, Mahajatra, Darbar and Chilika wee the long poems or Kavyas. Fakir Mohan Senapati (18431918), the prime figure of modern Oriya Fiction Prose is the product of that generation. He was considered the Vyasakabi or founder poet of Oriya language. Fakir Mohan Senapati is well known for his novel Chha Maana Atha Guntha. It is the first Indian novel to deal with the exploitations of landless peasants by the feudal Lord. It was written much before the October revolution of Russia or much before the emerging of Marxist ideas in India. With rise of freedom movement, a literary though was emerged with the influence of Gandhiji and idealistic trend of Nationalism formed as a new trend in Oriya Literature. Much respected personality of Orissa culture and history, Utkalmani Gopabandhu Dash (18771928) has founded a school at avillage Satyabadi near Sakshigopal of Orissa and an idealstic literary movement influenced the writers of this age. Godabarisha Mohapatra, Kuntala-Kumari Sabat the other renowned name of this age. With the emergence of Soviet Russia in 1935, a Communist party was formed in Orissa and a periodical named "Adhunika" was published by the party. Bhagawati Charan Panigrahi and Sachidananda Routray were the founder members and writer/poets of the party. Bhagwati turned to fiction writing and though Sachidananda Routray (who is better known as "Sachi Routra" or Sachi Babu) has written some short stories is actually remembered for his poems. Influenced by the romantic thoughts of Rabindranath Tagore, during the thirties when the progressive Marxist movements was in full flow in Oriya Literature, Kalindi Charan Panigrahi, the brother of Bhagabati Charan Panigrahi, the founder of Marxist trend in Orissa, formed a group circa 1920 called "Sabuja Samiti." Mayadhar Mansingh was a renowned poet of that time though he was considered as a romantic poet, but he kept the distance away from the influence of Rabindranath successfully. As the successor of Sachi Babu, two poets Guruprasad Mohanty (popularly known as Guru Prasad) (19242004) and Bhanuji Rao came with T.S. Eliot and published their co-authored poetry book "Nutan Kabita". Later, Ramakanta Rath modified the ideas. Sitakanta Mohapatra, Soubhagya Kumar Mishra, Rajendra Kihore Panda, Brajanath Rath, Jayanta Mahapatra, Kamalakant Lenka, J.P. Das, Brahmotri Mohanty, Mamata Dash, Amaresh Patnaik, Hrushikesh Mallick, Sunil Kumar Prusty, Sucheta Mishra, Aparna Mohanty, Pritidhara Samal, Basudev Sunani, Gajanan Mishra, Bharat Majhi are some poets of this contemporary age. In the Post-Independence-Era Oriya fiction assumed a new direction. The trend which Fakir Mohan has started actually developed more after 50s of last century. Gopinath Mohanty (19141991), Surendra Mohanty and Manoj Das are considered as three jewels of this time. The other significant fiction writers are Chandrasekhar Rath, Dr Jagannath Prasad Das, Shantanu Acharya, Mohapatra Nilamani Sahoo, Rabi Patnaik, Debraj Lenka, Krushna Prasad Mishra, Akhil Mohan Patnaik, Jagadish Mohanty, Kanheilal Das. Satya Mishra, Ramchandra Behera, Padmaja Pal, Binapani Mohanty, Prativa Ray, Yashodhara mishra and Sarojini Sahoo are a few writers whose writings have created a new age in the field of fiction. Jayanti Ratha, Susmita Bagchi. Paramita Satpathy, Hiranmayee Mishra, Chirashree IndraSingh Supriya Panda, Gayatri Saraf, Mamata Chowdhry are few fiction writerw in this period. In the field of drama, the traditional Oriya theatre is the folk opera, or Jatra, which flourishes in the rural areas of Orissa. Modern theatre is no longer commercially viable. But in the 1960s, experimental theatre had influence through the works of Manoranjan Das, who pioneered the new theatre movement with his brand of experimentalism. Bijay Mishra, Biswajit Das, Kartik Rath, Ramesh Chandra Panigrahi, Ratnakar Chaini, Ranjit Patnaik continued the tradition. Literary magazine: Jhankar, Nabarabi, Apurba, Galpa, Kahani, Kadambini, Istahara, Udbhasa, Amrutayana, Nabalipi, Pratibeshi, Paschima, Bijaya, Bartika, Chitra, Bishwamukti, Ama Samaya, Sananda, Godhuli Lagna, Bigyan Diganta (Science), and pourusha. Further information: Oriya language,Sambalpuri Language,Indian literature,andList of Oriya writers

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Culture
The language spoken by the majority of the people is Oriya. English is widely used for official purpose and Oriya is used as regional language. Oriya belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family, and is closely related to Bengali and Assamese. A few tribal languages belonging to the Dravidian and Munda language families are spoken by the Adivasis (original inhabitants) of the state. The state has a very opulent cultural heritage, one of the richest in India. The capital city of Bhubaneshwar is known for the exquisite temples that dot its landscape. The classical dance form Odissi originated in Orissa. Contemporary Orissa has a proud cultural heritage that arose due to the intermingling of three great religious traditions Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The culture of the Adivasis is an integral part of modern Oriya heritage.

Dance
Odissi (Orissi) dance and music are classical art forms. Odissi is the oldest surviving dance form in India on the basis of archaeological evidence.[60][61] Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years, and finds mention in the Natyashastra of Bharatamuni, possibly written circa 200BC. However, the dance form nearly went extinct during the British period, only to be revived after India's independence by a few gurus, such as Guru Deba Prasad Das, Guru Mayadhar Raut, Guru Pankaj Charan Das, Guru Mahadev Rout, Guru Raghu Dutta, and Guru Kelu Charan Mahapatra. Odissi classical dance is about the love of Krishna and his supposed consort Radha, mostly drawn from compositions by the notable Oriya poet Jayadeva, who lived in the twelfth century AD. Ghumura Dance (or Ghumra Dance) is one of the most sought and leading folk dance form in Orissa. It is classified as folk dance as the dress code of Ghumura resembles more like a tribal dance, but recent researchers argue different mudra and dance form present in Ghumura bear more resemblance with other classical dance form of India.[62] The timeline of Ghumura dance is not clear. Many researchers claim it was a War dance in ancient India and used by Ravana in Ramayana. Ghumura dance is depicted in Konark Sun Temple confirming this Ghumura Dance dance form is since the medieval period. In the Madhya Parba of Sarala Mhabharata Ghumura has been mentioned as: "Dhola Madala Gadi je Ghumura Bajai Ghumura je Ghumu Ghumu Hoi Garajai" In Chandi Purana mentions: "Biratwara Biradhola Daundi Ghumura Kadamardala Bajanti Mari Galatura" Ghumura was also used as a Darbari dance in the princely state of Kalahandi and played by the earstwhile Kalahandi state during war times.[62] The typical mixed sound that comes out of the musical instruments like Ghumura, Nishan, Dhol, Taal, Madal etc. and the expressions and movements of the artists make this dance to be a Heroic Dance.[63] Since thousands of years Ghumura dance has evolved from a war dance to a dance form for cultural and social activities. The dance is associated with social entertainment, relaxation, love, devotion and friendly brotherhood among all class, creed and religion in the present days. Traditionally this dance is also associated with Nuakhai and Dasahara celebration in Kalahandi and large parts of South Western Orissa. Ghumura dance is still hidden in the village level in South Western Orissa and some parts of bordering Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Kalahandi region has taken a leading rule in popularizing and retaining its unique identity of Ghumura dance. Kalahandi is mainly known as land of Ghumura.[63] Ghumura dance has got the opportunity to represent the nation in various international events Delhi, Moscow, Kolkata, and various other cities in India. Ghumura dance is also one of the most researched folk dance form in Orissa. Chhau dance is a form of tribal martial dance attributed to origins in Mayurbhanj princly state of Orissa and seen in the Indian states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Orissa. There are three subtypes of the dance, based on the original places where the subtypes were developed. Seraikella Chau was developed in Seraikella, the administrative head of the Seraikela Kharsawan district of Jharkhand, Purulia Chau in Purulia district of West Bengal and Mayurbhanj Chau in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa.

Orissa Mahari Dance is one of the important dance forms of Orissa and originated in the temples of Orissa. History of Orissa provides evidence of the 'Devadasi' cult in Orissa. Devadasis were dancing girls who were dedicated to the temples of Orissa. The Devadasis in Orissa were known as 'Maharis' and the dance performed by them came to be known as Mahari Dance. It was during the reign of Chodagangadeva, Maharis were employed in the temples of Puri. After Chodagangadeva's death, Ananabhimadeva built Natyamandapa in the Jagannath temple for the dance performances inside the temple. Moreover, in those days, the Mahari dancers belonged to different categories namely, the 'Nachunis' (dancers), the Bahara Gauni, the Bhitara Gauni and the Gaudasanis. The Mahari Dancers of Orissa are supposed to follow certain restrictions, such as: They cannot enjoy. They should dance on the ceremonies connected to Jagannath. They should adhere to the specifications made by the Sastras. They must always wear clean cloths. The dancer cannot be physically handicapped. At the time of the performances, the dancers are not supposed to look at the audience. The Maharis are married to the Lord at the age of nine. Before their performances, the Mahari dancers pay their obeisance to the Lord.

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In Orissa, one can also come across another type of Mahari dancers, who are known as 'Samarpada Niyoga'. The duty of the 'Samarpada Niyoga' is to dance during the ceremonial procession of the deities. These dancers perform during the Ratha Yatra, Jhulana Yatra, Dola Yatra, etc. The Western Orissa has also great variety of dance forms unique to Orissa culture. The children's verses are known as "Chhiollai", "Humobauli" and "Dauligit", the adolescent poems are "Sajani", "Chhata", "Daika", "Bhekani" : the eternal youth composes "Rasarkeli", "Jaiphul", "Maila Jada", "Bayamana", "Gunchikuta" and "Dalkhai". The work-man's poetry comprises "Karma" and "Jhumer" pertaining to Vishwakarma and the "Karamashani" deities. The professional entertainers perform Dand, Danggada, Mudgada, Ghumra, Sadhana, Sabar Sabaren, Disdigo, Nachina Bajnia, Samparda and Sanchar. They are for all occasions, for all time with varieties of rhythm and rhyme. Pala is a unique form of balladry in Orissa, which artistically combines elements of theatre, classical Orissi music, highly refined Oriya and Sanskrit poetry, wit, and humour. The literal meaning of pala is turn. It is more sophisticated than the other Oriya ballad tradition, Daskathia. Pala is presented in three ways. The names can be mentioned as baithaki or `seated`, in which the performers sit on the ground throughout. The other one is thia or `standing`. This is more popular and aesthetically more satisfying, in which they stand. Badi is a kind of thia in which two groups vie for excellence. This is the most entertaining, as there is an element of competition. Gotipua dance is another form of dance in Orissa. In Oriya colloquial language Gotipua means single boy. The dance performance done by a single boy is known as Gotipua dance. When decadence and declination came in to Devadasi or mahari tradition due to various reasons this Gotipua dance tradition evolved as sequel as these performance were practiced to please the gods. It is totally unknown that when exactly this danced form came in to practice. Still some historians say that this dance tradition appears to have originated during the region of Prataprudradev (1497AD to 1540AD) and gained popularity in the subsequent Muslim Rule. Ray Remananda the famous Vaishnavite Minister of King Pratapruda and ardent follower of Sri Chitanya is the originator of this boy dancing tradition. As Vasishnavs were not approving of the females in to dance practices so it possible that the dance tradition must have come after Sri Chaitanya came to Orissa. The Gotipua Dance Tradition is now seen in the village Raghurajpur situated 10km away from Puri town, situated on the banks of river Bhargabi. It is otherwise known as the Crafts Village as various Oriya handicrafts craftsmen reside in this village contributing their expertise in Patta Painting and other handukrafts. Prince Dance Group, a dance group based in Berhampur, Orissa, India led by Krishna Mohan Reddy. It has won a reality show India's Got Talent on an Indian TV channel "Colors". The group is unique that the members are from a remote part of India and most of them are from disadvantaged sections of different parts of Ganjam district. Two of

Orissa them, Padmanabha Sahu (24) and Telu Tarini (13) are physically challenged. They have won the hearts of all Oriyas, including chief minister Naveen Patnaik, and even outsiders with their performance in the programme "India's Got Talent". The group, comprising 26 artistes held the audience and the judges engrossed with their act from the mythological Mahabharata and Vande Mataram.

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Music
Sixteenth century witnessed the compilation of literature on music. The four important treatises written during that time are Sangitamava Chandrika, Natya Manorama, Sangita Kalalata and Gita Prakasha. Orissi music is a combination of four distinctive kinds of music, namely, Chitrapada, Dhruvapada, Panchal and Chitrakala. When music uses artwork, it is known as Chitikala. A unique feature of Oriya music is the Padi, which consists of singing of words in fast beat. Being a part of the rich culture of Orissa, its music is also as much charming and colorful. Orissi music is more than two thousand five hundred years old and comprises a number of categories. Of these, the five broad ones are Tribal Music, Folk Music, Light Music, Light-Classical Music and Classical Music. Anyone who is trying to understand the culture of Orissa must take into account its music, which essentially forms a part of its legacy. In the ancient times, there were poets who wrote the lyrics of poems and songs that were sung to rouse the religious feelings of people. It was by the eleventh century that the music of Orissa, in the form of Triswari, Chatuhswari, and Panchaswari, underwent transformation and was converted into the classical style. Folk music like Jhumar, yogi gita, kendara gita, dhuduki badya, prahallad natak, palla, sankirtan, mogal tamasa, gitinatya, kandhei nacha, kela nacha, ghoda nacha, danda nacha and daskathia are popular in Orissa. Almost every tribal group has their own distinct song and dance style.

Structural art
Other cultural attractions include the Jagannatha Temple in Puri, known for its annual Rath Yatra or Car Festival, the unique and beautiful applique artwork of Pipili, silver filigree ornamental works from Cuttack, the Patta chitras (palm leaf paintings), famous stone utensils of Nilgiri (Balasore) and various tribal influenced cultures. The Sun temple at Konark is famous for its architectural splendour and erotic sculpture, while the 'Sambalpuri textiles' equals it in its artistic grandeur. The sari of Orissa is much in demand throughout the entire world. The different colors and varieties of sarees in Orissa make them very popular among the women of the state. The handloom sarees available in Orissa can be of four major types; these are Ikat, Bandha, Bomkai and Pasapalli. Orissa sarees are also available in other colors like cream, maroon, brown and rust. The tie-and-dye technique used by the weavers of Orissa to create motifs on these sarees is unique to this region. This technique also gives the sarees of Orissa an identity of their own.

Sand art
A unique type of art form was developed at Puri, but it has spread all over the world. To carve a sand sculpture, the raw material is clean and fine-grained sand mixed with water. With the help of this type of sand and by the magic of fingers, an artist can carve a beautiful and attractive sculpture on the beach. Sudarshan Pattnaik is one of the major world-class artists in this sculpture. Although not historically proved, there is a story in the Oriya myths regarding the origin of sand sculpture: "Poet Balaram Das, the author of Dandi Ramayan was a great devotee of Jagannath. Once during Ratha Yatra (Car Festival), he tried to climb the chariot of Jagannath to offer his prayer. He wasn't allowed by the priests of the chariot to climb it and was also insulted by them. With great frustration and humiliation he came to the beach (Mahodadhi) and carved statues of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra on the golden sand.

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Religion
The majority (over 94%[57]) of people in the state of Orissa are Hindu and there is also a rich cultural heritage in the state. For example, Orissa is home to several Hindu figures. Sant Bhima Bhoi was a leader of the Mahima sect movement. Sarala Dasa, an adivasi, was the translator of the epic Mahabharata in Oriya. Chaitanya Dasa was a Buddhistic-Vaishnava and writer of the Nirguna Mahatmya. Jayadeva was the author of the Gita Govinda. The Orissa Temple Authorisation Act of 1948 empowered the Government of Orissa to have Hindu temples open for all Hindus including the Harijans.[64]
Gita Govinda manuscript

Perhaps the oldest scripture of Orissa is the Madala Panji from the Puri Temple believed from 1042AD. Famous Hindu Oriyan scripture includes the 16th century Bhagabata of Jagannatha Dasa.[65] In the modern times Madhusudan Rao was a major Oriya writer, who was a Brahmo Samajist and shaped modern Oriya literature at the turn of the 20th century.[66] Christians in Orissa account for about 2.4% of the population while Oriya Muslims account for 2.1% as per census figures of 2001. The Sikh, Buddhist and Jain communities together account for 0.1 % of the population[57]

Cinema
The Oriya film production in the initial years was very slow. After first Oriya film Sita Bibaha in 1936, only two films were produced till 1951. A joint consortium of landlords and businessmen who collected funds after 1948 produced those two movies. The first film 'Sita Bibaha' was directed by Mohan Sunder Dev Goswami and was released in Laxmi Theatre, Puri. The 1951 production Roles to Eight was the first Oriya film having an English name. It was released after 15 years of the first Oriya film Sita Bibaha. It was the fourth Oriya film produced by Ratikanta Padhi. The eleventh Oriya film Sri Lokenath was the first Oriya film, which got National Award in 1960 directed by Prafulla Sengupta. One of the major trail blazers and pioneers of the Oriya film industry were Gour Prasad Ghose and his wife, Parbati Ghose. They introduced and mastered innovative ways of technical story-telling. Over the years, some of their most notable films such as Maa and Kaa brought them national fame and numerous awards, including many National awards and lifetime achievement awards for their contribution to cinema as directors, producers and actors. The same year, Prasant Nanda won a National Award as best actor for the film Nua Bou with his debut film. The name of Prasantha Nanda would always come while dealing with Oriya Film Industry. He was present in Oriya films since 1939, but he became active only after 1976. Nanda served Oriya Film Industry as an actor, director, screenplay writer, and lyricist and even as a playback singer. Such a versatile genius is quite rare in Indian cinema history. Nanda alone carried Oriya films into the national honor list by winning National Awards three times in 1960, 1966 and 1969 for his acting in Nua Bou, Matira Manisha and Adina Megha. Uttam Mohanty, whose debut film Abhiman won accolades all over, is now the veteran actor of the Oriya Film Industry. His wife Aparajita Mohanty is also a renowned actress. Sarat Pujari was one of the most popular actor of the 60s era. His popular films are Nua Bou, Jeevan Sathi, Sadhana, Manika Jodi, Naba Janma, Matira Manisa, Arundhati, Ghara Sansara, Bhookha, etc. His films portrayed the general condition of the state of Orissa with a strong social message. Sarat Pujari is a prominent figure till now. Apart from being an actor he was also a successful director and an academician. He still continues to act in a few selected films. Currently he is enjoying his retired life and writes columns in the newspapers as his hobby. Raju Mishra is another rising star in Oriya film industry. He is an international award winning photographer, director, choreographer and lyricist of Oriya film industry. Other well-known actors are Bijay Mohanty, Sriram Panda, Mihir Das, Siddhanta Mahapatra, Mahasweta Ray, Tandra Ray, Anubhav Mohanty and many more.

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Cuisine
Orissa has culinary tradition spanning centuries if not millennia. The kitchen of the famous Jagannath temple in Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with a thousand chefs, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called chulas, to feed over 10,000 people each day.[67][68] The famous Indian sweet "rasogolla" has its origin from this state. Salepur Rasogolla is famous and it is mainly prepared by Kar and Brothers (Bikalananda Kar) of salepur. Its branches are also present in Cuttack and Bhubaneswar. Pahala, located on the Cuttack-Bhubaneshwar road, is famous for its variety of Rasgullas. The well-known rice pudding, kheeri (kheer) that is relished all over India, also originated in Puri two thousand years ago. Chhenapoda is also a major Orissa sweet cuisine originated in Nayagarh, it is made by caramelizing cottage cheese with sugar, cardamom and other ingredients and then burning it over a chula (wood-burning clay hearths). Chhena Jheeli and malpua are other famous sweet deserts. One of the most famous delicacies of Orissa is Kakara Peetha (made of sooji or finely grained wheat) especially with coconut filling sauteed with pepper, cardamom, sugar and ghee and sometimes cottage cheese (chhena). Its one of the major delicacy during the festival occasions. Arisha is another delicacy. The sweet aroma of powdered rice and Gud being deep fried in Ghee is mesmerizing. Poda Pitha, Haladi Patra Pitha (enduri pitha), Manda Pitha, Chitou Pitha are more examples of Oriya specialitites. Mudhi (puffed rice) is an integral part of every Oriya household. Baripada is famous for its Mudhi. Mudhi serves the purpose of an instant snacks. It perfectly blends with any thing. Be it Chenachur (mix salty fried snacks), milk, tea, curries, peanuts or mango pulp.

Rasagollas have become popular throughout India.

Chhenapoda is a major cuisine.

Pakhala, a dish made of rice, water, and yoghurt, that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer, particularly in the rural areas. Oriyas are very fond of sweets and no Oriya repast is considered complete without some dessert at the end. A typical meal in Orissa consists of a main course and dessert. Typically breads are served as the main course for breakfast, whereas rice is eaten with lentils (dals) during lunch and dinner. The main course also includes one or more curries, vegetables and pickles. Given the fondness for sweet foods, the dessert course may include generous portions of more than a single item. Oriya desserts are made from a variety of ingredients, with milk, chhena (a form of ricotta cheese), coconut, rice, and wheat flour being the most common. Also one of the most famous veg dishes are Dalma (made of lentils and vegetables boiled together and then fried with other spices) and Santula. Even the former Indian President Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam introduced these into the Rashtrapati Bhavan Menu. Ghanta and Posta curries are also some of the signature dishes. Orissa food habit is pretty balanced between the non-vegetarian and vegetarian habits. Due to its vast shoreline and number of rivers flowing across, fish is a very important part of the diet. Orissa also expertises in sea food cuisines like Prawn and Crab. The famous Chilika Lake is particularly famous for offering best sea food cuisines that are one of a lifetime experience. Orissa's food habit is actually the horizon between the South Indian food habit and the North Indian food habits. One can easily find Dosas, Vadas and idlis being served as breakfast and snacks which are typically south Indian food and also can find Poori- Chole, Samosa's (locally called Singada), and other north Indian delicacies in the menu. One of the best combination of both the North and South of India is Dahibara-Aludum-Ghuguni especially in the city of

Orissa Cuttack. Dahibara (vadaa dipped and soaked in curd), aludum (a spicy curry made from potato) and Ghuguni (chickpea curry) really go well together and is one of the best fusion of the Indian recipes.

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Education
The ruins of a major ancient university and center of Buddhist learning, Ratnagiri, were recently discovered in the Jajpur district of Orissa. Scholars from far away lands, such as Greece, Persia and China used to study philosophy, astronomy, mathematics and science at this famed university. Taxila, Nalanda and Ratnagiri are amongst the oldest universities in the world. The ruins of Ratnagiri University have not been fully excavated yet. Educational Institutions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Berhampur University at Berhampur Biju Patnaik University of Technology at Rourkela Central University of Orissa, Koraput.[69] C. V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneshwar Fakir Mohan University at Balasore Gopal Krushna College of Engineering & Technology, Jeypore IGIT Sarang at Talcher

8. IIT Bhubaneshwar at Bhubaneshwar 9. KIIT University in Bhubaneshwar 10. Khallikote (Autonomous) college at Berhampur 11. Krupajal Engineering College, Bhubaneswar 12. M.K.C.G. Medical College, Berhampur 13. National Institute of Science and Technology at Berhampur 14. National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 15. National Institute of Technology Rourkela at Rourkela 16. National Law University, Orissa in Cuttack 17. North Orissa University at Baripada, 18. Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT) at Bhubaneshwar 19. Ravenshaw University in Cuttack 20. Sambalpur University, Sambalpur 21. SCB Medical College in Cuttack 22. SCB Dental College in Cuttack 23. Siksha O Anusandhan University 24. Silicon Institute of Technology 25. Sri Jagannatha Sanskrit University, Puri 26. Sri Sri University in Cuttack 27. Utkal University at Bhubaneswar 28. Vedanta University (proposed) 29. Veer Surendra Sai Medical College, Burla 30. Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla Entry to various institutes of higher education especially into engineering degrees is through a centralised Orissa Joint Entrance Examination, conducted by the Biju Patnaik University of Technology (BPUT), Rourkela] where seats are provided according to order of merit.[70][71] One of the prestigious institutions of India, NIT Rourkela, National Institute of Technology was upgraded from Regional Engineering College and is an Institute of National Importance. Another premier college of Orissa is the Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, which is the first engineering college in Orissa and is famous for its excellent infrastructure and state-of-art teaching methodology. Orissa is also home to one of the two Indian

Orissa Institute of Mass Communication IIMC situated in Dhenkanal. This is a premier institute for mass communication and journalism. The Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar (XIMB) is a premier business school of national and international significance located in the state capital. The National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar (NISER) is another premier educational cum research institution that is located in the state capital. The government of Orissa has provided 935 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'km2) of land at Arugul near Jatni Railway Station for IIT Bhubaneshwar. Classes have already started from 2008 batch.IIT Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneshwar BBSR [72] The plans of setting up of an AIIMS is also in advanced stages. Meanwhile Vedanta University Project, a not-for-profit initiative by the Anil Agarwal Foundation, is an epoch-making dream to have a world class centre for learning and research on the picturesque Puri-Konark marine drive in Orissa. It will have about 100,000 students with an international mix of students pursuing around 95 diverse streams of learning in a sprawling campus of around 56000000 sqft (unknown operator: u'strong' m2) built up area supported by state of the art, IT and Communications systems. Even more recently, Reliance industries has expressed its intention of establishing a new Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT), as well as a health city for medical education and research in Bhubaneshwar. Some of the research institutes of Orissa includes Institute of Physics at Bhubaneshwar, Institute of Life Sciences at Bhubaneshwar, Central Rice Research Institute at Cuttack, Central Institute of Fresh water Aquaculture (CIFA)at Bhubaneshwar, Regional Medical Research centre at Bhubaneshwar, Institute of Minerals and Material Technology at Bhubaneshwar and Regional Plant Resource Centre at Bhubaneshwar. As of now, Orissa receives the lowest per capita investment of all 28 states from the central government towards human resource development. Orissa also boasts of many renowned medical Colleges such as SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Veer Surendra Sai Medical College, Burla and MKCG Medical College, Berhampur. These colleges have been able to produce excellent doctors who have gone on to head various top posts in the Union Medical Departments. Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneshwar and Hi-tech Medical College, Bhubaneshwar are some of the private world-class medical colleges and hospitals serving the state of Orissa. Many students from the neighboring state of Jharkhand, Bihar and Chattisgarh come to Orissa for better education and expertise. Various International and National Universities have signed MoUs with top colleges for various seminars and workshop to be conducted within the campuses. The elite IIT have started its classes in Bhubaneshwar and for which the plans have already been laid out and is already taking shape.[73]

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Tourism
The landscape of Orissa is dotted with a large number of temples. The temples of Orissa conform to the Indo Aryan Nagara style of architecture, with distinctive features specific to this region. The best known of these are the Lingaraja temple at Bhubaneshwar, Jagannath Temple at Puri and the Sun Temple at Konark. The temples of Orissa exhibit a majestic grandeur. An Oriya temple (deula) usually consists of a sanctum, one or several front porches (jagamohana) usually with pyramidal roofs, a dancing hall (nata mandir) and a hall of offerings (bhog mandir). 'The Lingaraj temple at Bhubaneshwar boasts of a 150-foot (unknown operator: u'strong'm) high deul while the Jagannath Temple at Puri is about 200 feet (unknown operator: u'strong'm) high and it dominates the skyline of the town. Only a portion of the Sun Temple at Konark, the largest of the temples of the Golden triangle exists today, and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a masterpiece in Orissa architecture. Orissa is also well known as a Buddhist and Jain pilgrimage destination. North-east of Cuttack, about 10km from Bhubaneshwar, there are Buddhist relics and ruins at the three hilltop complexes of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves, which still bear witness to Buddhism's fruitful tryst with this region until well into the 13th century.
Konark Sun Temple built by the Eastern Ganga dynasty is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ranigumpha part of Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves

Orissa's varying topography from the wooded Eastern Ghats to the fertile river basin has proven ideal for evolution of compact and unique ecosystems. Thereby creating such treasure troves of flora and fauna that even seem inviting to many migratory species of birds and reptiles. Bhitar Kanika National Park is famous for its second largest mangrove ecosystem. The bird sanctuary in Chilika (Asia's biggest brackish water lake) and the tiger reserve and waterfalls in Simlipal National Park are integral part of any eco tours in Orissa, arranged by Tourism of Orissa.[74] The Gharial Sanctuary at Tikarpada and the Olive Ridley Sea Turtles in Gahirmatha turtle sanctuary also feature on the list of avid nature watchers. The city wildlife sanctuaries of Chandaka and Nandan Kanan are a must visit for the lessons they teach is conservation and revitalization of species from the brink of extinction. Orissa is blessed with around 500km long coastline and has some of the most beautiful beaches in the world. Chilika, Asia's largest brackish water lake, not only provides a haven for millions of birds, but is also one of the few places in India where one can view dolphins. The lush green forest cover of Orissa plays host to a wide variety of flora and fauna, including the famed Royal Bengal Tiger. Amidst the picturesque hills and valleys nestle a number of breathtaking waterfalls and rivulets that attract visitors from all over. Orissa beaches include Puri, Gopalpur-on-Sea, Chandipur, Ramachandi Beach, Balighai Beach, Astarang Beach, Paradeep Beach. The famous Shiva Temple is near Dhenkanal. [75]

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References
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[71] "Biju Patnaik University of Technology" (http:/ / www. bput. org/ ). Bput.org. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [72] http:/ / www. iitbbs. ac. in/ [73] "Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar" (http:/ / www. iitbbs. ac. in). Iitbbs.ac.in. 2012-05-18. . Retrieved 2012-05-23. [74] "MTN 82:9-10 Olive ridley tagged in Orissa recovered in the coastal waters of eastern Sri Lanka" (http:/ / www. seaturtle. org/ mtn/ archives/ mtn82/ mtn82p9b. shtml). Seaturtle.org. Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5upzsnK1S) from the original on 2010-12-08. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [75] "Orissa's new name is Odisha" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ india/ Orissas-new-name-is-Odisha/ articleshow/ 7780712. cms). The Times Of India. 2011-03-24. .

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External links
Official Website of the State Government of Orissa (http://www.orissa.gov.in) Official Website of Orissa State Tourism (http://www.orissatourism.gov.in) Orissa travel guide from Wikitravel

Kerala
Kerala Keralam
State

Coat of arms

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Location of Kerala in India

Map of Kerala Coordinates (Thiruvananthapuram): 83027N 765819E Country Region Established Capital India South India 1 November 1956 Thiruvananthapuram

Largest city Thiruvananthapuram Largest Urban agglomeration Kochi UA Districts Government Body Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Government of India, Government of Kerala Hansraj Bhardwaj Oommen Chandy (INC) Unicameral (141 seats) 14 total

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Parliamentary constituency 20 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 140 elected, 1 nominated [1] 33387677 12th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-KL 0.921 (very high) 1st (2011) 93.91%(1st) [2] [3] 38863km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 21st Kerala High Court

Malayalam, English kerala.gov.in [4]

Kerala /krl/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions. The state has an area of 38863km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea[note] on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi, the financial & Industrial hub and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by economics research firm Indicus Analytics, five out of the ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala. Kerala stands unique among the Indian states with the highest Human Development Index in India, comparable with that of many developed countries, but with a lower per capita income. With 93.91 percent literacy, the state is the most literate in India. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and its economy has significant dependence on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community. Kerala is an important tourist destination in India; the backwaters, beaches, Ayurvedic tourism and tropical greenery are the major attractions. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world" and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime". Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".

Etymology
The name Kerala is pronounced Keralam in the local language, Malayalam.[5] Two thousand years ago, one of three states in the region was called Cheralam in Classical Tamil. The leading native Malayali linguist and historian of the language, K. M. George, concurred with previously published beliefs that Chera and Kera are variants of the same word.[6][7] A 3rd-century BCE rock inscription by north Indian emperor Asoka the Great references Kerala as Keralaputra.[8] The Graeco-Roman trade map Periplus Maris Erythraei references Kerala's Chera territory as

Kerala Cerobothra.

268

History
Prehistory
Evidence of Kerala's early human occupation includes Dolmens of the Neolithic era, in the Marayur area. They are locally known as "muniyara", derived from muni (hermit or sage), and ara (dolmen).[9] Rock-engravings in the Edakkal Caves (in Wayanad) are thought to date from the early to Late Neolithic eras around 5000 B.C.[10][11][12] The use of a specific Indus script pictogram in these caves suggests some relationship with the Indus Valley Civilization during the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age.[13]
A dolmen erected by Neolithic people in Marayur.

Religious traditions
The oldest of the surviving Hindu Puranas, the Matsya Purana, sets the story of the first of the incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the Matsya Avatar, and King Manu (King Satyavrata, mankind's ancestor), among Kerala's Malaya Mountains.[14][15][16] The earliest Sanskrit text to mention Kerala by name is the Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.[17] Hindu epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata also make a few references to Kerala.[18] The legendary king Mahabali is said to have ruled from Kerala in a reign of universal happiness and prosperity. On his passing away he was appointed ruler of the netherworld (Patalam) by Vamana, the fifth avatar of Lord Vishnu. There is a belief that, Once a year, during the Onam festival, he returns to Kerala.

Parasurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding Varuna to part the seas and reveal Kerala.

In the religious texts known as the Puranas, Kerala is Parasurama Kshetram ("The Land of Parasurama"). Parasurama was a warrior sage and an Avatar of Mahavishnu. When he threw his battle axe from Gokarna into the sea at Kanyakumari, the land of Kerala was recovered from the waters.[19] Tradition says that Parasurama minted gold coins called Rasi, sowed some of them in Travancore and buried the surplus in cairns.[20] The Kollam Era of the Malayalam calendar is also known as "Parasurama-Sacam".[21] The Travancore Rajas claim descent from Chera King Bhanu Bikram, who, according to legend, was raised to the throne by Parasurama.[22] In the Keralolpathi, Parasurama chose the goddess Durga (Kali) as guardian of Kerala's sea-shore.[23]

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Ancient period
Kerala was a major spice exporter as early as 3,000 BCE, according to Sumerian Records.[24][25] The word "Kerala" is first mentioned (as "Keralaputra") in a third century BCE rock inscription (Rock Edict 2) left by the Maurya emperor Asoka.[26] Kerala and Tamil Nadu once shared a common language and culture, within an area known as Tamiakam.[27] In the 1st century BCE, Tamil-speaking Dravidians established the Chera Dynasty that ruled northern Kerala and western Tamil Nadu[28] from a capital at Vanchi. Southern Kerala was ruled by the Pandyan Kingdom, with a trading port variously identified by ancient Western sources as "Nelcynda" ("Neacyndi")[29] The Pandyas, Cheras and Cholas alternatively controlled the region in later times. In the last centuries BCE, the coast became famous among the Greeks and Romans for its spices; especially black pepper. The Cheras had trading links with China, West Asia, Egypt, ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. The value of Rome's annual trade with India as a whole was estimated at no less than 50,000,000 sesterces;[30] contemporary Sangam literature describes Roman ships coming to Muziris in Kerala, laden with gold to exchange for pepper.[31] One of the earliest western traders to use the monsoon winds to reach Kerala may have been Eudoxus of Cyzicus, around 118 or 166 BCE, under the patronage of Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt. Kerala is identified on the Tabula Peutingeriana, the only known surviving map of the Roman cursus publicus.[32] Kerala was identified by the name Malabar in early days. Muziris, Berkarai, Nelcynda etc. were the principle ports of that time.[33] Merchants from West Asia and Southern Europe established coastal posts and settlements in Kerala.[34] Jewish connection with Kerala started as early as 573 BC.[35][36] Arabs also had trade links with Kerala, possibly started before 4th century B.C, as Herodotus (B.C. 484-413) noted that the goods brought by Arabs from Kerala were sold to the Jews at Eden.[33] They intermarried with local people and with this admixture the large Muslim Mappila community of Kerala developed.[37] In the 4th century, some Christians also migrated from Persia and joined the early Malabar Christian community here.[38] Mappila was an honorific title that had been assigned to respected visitors from abroad and Jewish, Christian, and Muslim immigration could be ascribed to the denotation of respective communities as Juda Mappilas, Nasrani Mappilas, and Muslim Mappilas.[39][40] According to the legends of these communities, the earliest mosque,[41] synagogue(1568 C.E.),[42] and Christian churches[43] in India were built in Kerala. The proportion of Muslims, Christians and Jews were relatively small at this early stage; they co-existed harmoniously with a mutual acceptance between each other and the local Hindu society, aided with the commercial benefit begotten from this relation.[37]

Early medieval period

Much of history of the region from the 6th to the 8th century is obscure,[26] a Later Chera Kingdom was established c. 8001102, primarily with the help of Arab spice merchants. This is also called the Kulasekhara dynasty of Mahodayapuram, as it was founded by Kulasekhara Varman, a Hindu Vaishnavaite alwar saint. Ay kings ruled southern Kerala, but by the 10th century the Ay kingdom declined and became a part of the Later Chera Kingdom.[44] A Keralite identity, distinct from the Tamils, became linguistically separate during this period.[45] The Kulasekhara dynasty came to an end by twelfth century, weakened by the invasions and military subjugations of Rashtrakutas, Later Pandyas, and Later Cholas.[31] However, King Ravi Varma Kulashekhara of the southern Venad kingdom was able to establish a short-lived supremacy over southern India. But, after his death, in the absence of a strong central power, the state fractured into small warring principalities governed by Nair-Brahmin chieftains. From these, the kingdoms of Venad (Quilon), Kolathiri (Cannanore), Kozhikode (Calicut) Samuthiri and Kochi (Cochin) emerged.

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Colonial era
The western spice-trade, especially in pepper, became increasingly lucrative. Around the 15th century, the Portuguese began to dominate the eastern shipping trade in general, and the spice-trade in particular, culminating in Vasco Da Gama's arrival in Kappad Kozhikode in 1498.[46][47][48] On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed Viceroy of Portuguese India, with headquarters at Kochi. The Portuguese had taken advantage of conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade, and established forts at Kannur, Cochin and Kollam but the Saamoothiri of Kozikode and his admiral Kunjali Marakkar resisted, and in 1571 the Portuguese were defeated at Chaliyam fort. The weakened Portuguese were ousted by the Dutch East India Company, who took advantage of continuing conflicts between Kozhikode and Kochi to gain control of the trade. The Dutch in turn were weakened by constant battles with Marthanda Varma of the Travancore Royal Family, and were defeated at the Battle of Colachel in 1741. An agreement was signed by the Dutch and Travancore in 1753, in which the Dutch promised not to attack Travancore. This agreement was signed at Mavelikkara, so it is known as the Mavelikkara treaty. The Dutch were allied to French forces in the transcontinental Napoleonic Wars; forces of the British East India Company marched against them from Calicut and took their surrender and possessions on 20 October 1795. In 1766, Hyder Ali, the ruler of Mysore invaded northern Kerala; his son and successor, Tipu Sultan, launched campaigns against the expanding British East India Company, resulting in two of the four Anglo-Mysore Wars. Tipu ultimately ceded Malabar District and South Kanara to the Company in the 1790s; the Company forged tributary alliances with Kochi in 1791 and Travancore in 1795. Malabar and South Kanara became part of the Madras Presidency.[49]

This figure illustrates the path of Vasco da Gama heading for the first time to India (black line)

Dutch commander De Lannoy surrenders to Marthanda Varma at the Battle of Colachel. Depiction at Padmanabhapuram Palace

Tipu Sultan's fort at Palakkad; view from outside the northern wall.

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There were major revolts in Kerala against British rule in the 20th century, until Independence was achieved. They include the 1921 Malabar Rebellion and the 1946 Punnapra-Vayalar uprising in Travancore.[50] Other actions by Kerala's political and spiritual leaders protested against social traditions such as untouchability, leading to the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation that opened Hindu temples in Travancore to all castes; Malabar soon did likewise, and Cochin followed with a similar proclamation in 1948, after Independence. In the 1921 Moplah Rebellion, Mappila Muslims rioted against Hindu zamindars and the British Raj.[51]

Post Colonial period

After British India was partitioned in 1947 into India and Pakistan, Travancore and Cochin joined the Union of India and on 1 July 1949 were merged to form Travancore-Cochin. On 1 January 1950 (Republic Day), Travancore-Cochin was recognised as a state. The Madras Presidency was organised to form Madras State in 1947.

On 1 November 1956, the state of Kerala was formed by the States Reorganisation Act merging the Malabar district, Travancore-Cochin (excluding four southern taluks, which were merged with Tamil Nadu), and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara.[52] In 1957, elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly were held, and a reformist, Communist-led government came to power, under E. M. S. Namboodiripad.[52] It was the first time a Communist government was democratically elected to power anywhere in the world. It initiated pioneering land reforms, leading to lowest levels of rural poverty in India.[53]

A nineteenth-century map of Madras Province in British India. After independence, Kerala was formed by merging Malabar, Cochin, Travancore and the South Kanara district

Geography
Kerala is wedged between the Lakshadweep sea and the Western Ghats. Lying between north latitudes 818' and 1248' and east longitudes 7452' and 7722',[54][55] Kerala experiences the humid equatorial tropic climate. The state has a coast of length 590km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi)[56] and the width of the state varies between 11 and 121km (2275 miles). Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains). Located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian Coconut trees can be found all over Kerala subcontinent, Kerala lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate; hence, most of the state is subject to comparatively little seismic and volcanic activity.[57] Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Keralas terrain.

Kerala

272 The eastern region of Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' rain shadow. Forty-one of Keralas west-flowing rivers, and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region. The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad (hence also known Palghat), where the Palakkad Gap breaks through to provide access to the rest of India. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1,500m (4920ft) above sea level, while the highest peaks reach above 2,500m (8200ft). Anamudi, the highest peak in South India, is at an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,842ft). Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains comprising central Kerala, dominated by rolling hills and valleys.[54] Generally ranging between elevations of 2501,000m (8203300ft), the eastern portions of the Nilgiri and Palni Hills include such formations as Agastya Mala and Anamala.

Keralas western coastal belt is relatively flat, and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals, lakes, estuaries, and rivers known as the Kerala Backwaters. Lake Vembanad, Keralas largest body of Anamudi from Eravikulam National Park water, dominates the Backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is more than 200km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) in area. Around 8% of India's waterways (measured by length) are found in Kerala.[58] The most important of Keralas forty-four rivers include the Periyar (244km), the Bharathapuzha (209km), the Pamba (176km), the Chaliyar (169km), the Kadalundipuzha River (130km), the Valapattanam (129km) and the Achankovil (128km). The average length of the rivers of Kerala is 64km. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rains.[54] These conditions result in the nearly Vembanad, the largest lake in Kerala year-round water logging of such western regions as 2 Kuttanad, 500km of which lies below sea level. As Kerala's rivers are small and lack deltas, they are more prone to environmental factors. The rivers also face problems such as sand mining and pollution.[59] The state experiences several natural hazards such as landslides, floods, lightning and droughts. The state was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. A catastrophic flood in Kerala in 1341 CE drastically modified its terrain and consequently affected its history. The course of the river Periyar was changed, and the Arabian Sea receded several miles. The Kuttanad region became cultivable, and the Muziris (Kodungalloor) harbour became defunct. A new harbour was developed at Kochi.[60][61]

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Climate
With around 120140 rainy days per year[62]:80, Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the southwest summer monsoon and northeast winter monsoon.[63] About 65 percent of the rainfall occurs during the first season (June to August) corresponding to the southwest monsoon and the rest during the second season (September to December) corresponding to northeast monsoon.[63] Southwest monsoon: The moisture-laden winds on reaching the southernmost point of the Indian Peninsula, due to its topography, become divided into two parts: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch. The Arabian Sea Branch of the Southwest Monsoon first hits the Western Ghats in Kerala, thus making the area the first state in India to receive rain from the Southwest Monsoon. Northeast monsoon: The distribution of pressure patterns are reversed during this season and the cold winds from North-India pick up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and precipitate it in the east coast of peninsular India. In Kerala, the influence of northeast monsoon is seen towards southern districts only.[64] Kerala's rainfall averages 3,107mm (122 in.) annually. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250mm (49 in.); the mountains of eastern Idukki district receive more than 5,000mm (197 in.) of orographic precipitation, the highest in the state. In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. During summer, Kerala is prone to gale force winds, storm surges, cyclone-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.[65]:26, 46, 52 The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8C to 36.7C.[54] Mean annual temperatures range from 25.027.5C in the coastal lowlands to 20.022.5C in the eastern highlands.[65]:65
Climate data for Kerala Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
30 23 31 24 32 25 34 25 34 24
[66]

Average high C (F) 28.0 Average low C (F)

22

30 23

29 23

29 23

30 23

30 23

31 22

34 22

Source:

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Kerala[67]
State animal Indian elephant State bird Great Hornbill

State tree

Coconut tree

State flower Cassia fistula

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Much of Kerala's notable biodiversity is concentrated and protected in the Western Ghats. Almost one fourth of India's 10,000 plant species are found in the state. Among the almost 4,000 flowering plant species (1,272 of which are endemic to Kerala and 159 threatened) are 900 species of medicinal plants.[68][69]:11 Its 9,400km2 of forests include tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests (lower and middle elevations3,470km2), tropical moist and dry deciduous forests 2 2 (mid-elevations4,100km and 100km , respectively), and montane subtropical and temperate (shola) forests (highest elevations100km2). Altogether, 24% of Kerala is forested.[69]:12 Two of the worlds Ramsar Convention listed wetlandsLake Sasthamkotta and the Vembanad-Kol wetlandsare in Kerala, as well as 1455.4km2 of the vast Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Subjected to extensive clearing for cultivation in the 20th century,[70]:67 much of the remaining forest cover is now protected from clearfelling. Kerala's fauna are notable for their diversity and high rates of endemism: 102 species of mammals (56 of which are endemic), 453 species of birds, 202 species of freshwater fishes, 169 species of reptiles (139 of them endemic), and 89 species of amphibians (86 endemic).[68] These are threatened by extensive habitat destruction, including soil erosion, landslides, salinization, and resource extraction.[71]

Haliastur indus commonly known as Krishnapparunthu in Kerala

A Common Lime Butterfly (Papilio demoleus) in Kadavoor

Eastern Keralas windward mountains shelter tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests, which are common in the Western Ghats. Here, sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia), anjili, mullumurikku (Erythrina), and Cassia number among the more than 1,000 species of trees in Kerala. Other plants include bamboo, wild black pepper, wild cardamom, the calamus rattan palm (a type of climbing palm), and aromatic vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides).[69]:12 Living among them are such fauna as Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus indicus), Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard (Panthera pardus fusca), Nilgiri Tahr, Common Palm Civet, and Grizzled Giant Squirrel.[69]:12, 174175 Reptiles include the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah), viper, python, and Mugger Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) . Kerala's birds are legionMalabar Trogon, the Great Hornbill, Kerala Laughingthrush, Darter, and Southern Hill Myna are several emblematic species. In lakes, wetlands, and waterways, fish such as kadu (stinging catfish) and Choottachi (Orange chromideEtroplus maculatus) are found.[69]:163165

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Subdivisions
Kerala's fourteen districts are distributed among Kerala's six historical regions: North Malabar (Far-north Kerala), South Malabar (northern Kerala), Kochi (central Kerala), Northern Travancore, Central Travancore (southern Kerala) and Southern Travancore (Far-south Kerala).

Population density map of Kerala graded from darkest shading (most dense) to lightest (least dense)

Code KS KN WA KZ MA PL TS ER ID KT AL PT KL

[72]

District Kasaragod Kannur Wayanad Kozhikode Malappuram Palakkad Thrissur Ernakulam Idukki Kottayam Alappuzha Pathanamthitta Kollam

Region Malabar Malabar Malabar Malabar Malabar Malabar Kochi Kochi

Population(2011) 1,302,600 2,525,637 816,558 3,089,543 4,110,948 2,810,892 3,110,327 3,279,860

[73]

Area (as at 2001)

[73]

1992km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 2966km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 2131km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 2345km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 3550km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 4480km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 3032km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 2951km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 4479km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 2203km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 1414km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 2462km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 2498km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi)

Travancore 1,107,453 Travancore 1,979,451 Travancore 2,121,943 Travancore 1,195,537 Travancore 2,629,703

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TV Thiruvananthapuram Travancore 3,307,284

2192km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi)

Kerala's 14 districts, which serve as the administrative regions for taxation purposes, are further subdivided into 63 taluks; these have fiscal and administrative powers over settlements within their borders, including maintenance of local land records.Taluks of kerala are further divided into 1453 revenue villages.[74] Consequent to the 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, the Local self-government Institutions are to function as the third tier of Government and it constitutes 14 District Panchayats, 152 Block Panchayats, 978 Grama Panchayats, 60 Municipalities, 5 Corporations and 1 Township.[75] Mah, a part of the Indian union territory of Pondicherry (Puducherry), is a coastal exclave surrounded by Kerala on all of its landward approaches. In India, self-governance of the major cities rest with Municipal corporations; there are 5 such bodies in Kerala that govern Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode, Kollam and Thrissur.[76] While Thiruvananthapuram (formerly known as Travancore) the state capital with a population of 750,000 in the city proper, is the largest city of Kerala,[77] Kochi the most densely populated city in the state, holds the second position. Kochi metropolitan area, with a population of 2.1 million is the largest urban agglomeration in Kerala.
List of Major cities in Kerala Rank (in India) City District Population

1 (59)

Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram

796,084

Thiruvananthapuram

2 (72)

Kochi

Ernakulam

632,997 Kozhikode

Kochi

3 (101)

Kozhikode

Kozhikode

550,921 Thrissur

4 (124)

Kollam

Kollam

367,477

5 (134)

Thrissur

Thrissur

315,596 Kollam

6 7 8 9

Alappuzha Palakkad Kanhangad Malappuram

Alappuzha Palakkad Kasaragod Malappuram

[78]

241,072 131,019 125,884 101,330

Source: 2011 Census of India

List of cities in Kerala based on the population (not based on urban agglomeration population).

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Government
Following the Constitution of India, the State of Kerala has a parliamentary system of representative democracy for its governance; universal suffrage is granted to state residents. The government structure is organized into the traditional three branches: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. 1. Legislature: The unicameral legislature, the Kerala Legislative Assembly, comprises elected members and special office bearers (the Speaker and Deputy Speaker) elected by the members from among themselves. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker and in the Speaker's absence, by the Deputy Speaker. Kerala has 140 Assembly constituencies.[79] The state sends 20 members to the Lok Sabha and 9 to the Rajya Sabha.[80] 2. Executive: The Governor of Kerala is the constitutional head of state, and is appointed by the President of India.[81][82] The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with extensive executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor. The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor on advice of the Chief Minister. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs.

Kerala High Court in Kochi

The Kerala Legislative Assembly Building in Thiruvananthapuram

3. Judiciary: The judiciary consists of the Kerala High Court and a system of lower courts. The High Court, located at Kochi, has a Chief Justice along with 26 permanent and two additional (pro tempore) justices. Kerala High Court also hears cases from the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Local Governance: Though the local self-government bodies namely, Panchayat, Municipalities and Corporations existed in Kerala since 1959, the major initiative to decentralize the governance in Kerala was started only in 1993, conforming to the constitutional amendments of central government in this direction. With the enactment of Kerala Panchayati Raj Act and Kerala Municipality Act in the year 1994, the state entered a new era of local self-governance. Kerala Panchayati Raj Act envisages a 3-tier system of local-government with Gram panchayat, Block panchayat and District Panchayat forming the hierarchy. The acts ensure clear cut demarcation of power among these institutions. However, Kerala Municipality Act envisages a single tier system for urban areas, with the institution of Municipality designed at par with Gram panchayat of the former system. Substantial administrative, legal and financial powers are delegated these bodies to ensure efficient decentralization. As per the present norms, the state government devolves about 40 per cent of the state plan outlay to the local government. The state has pioneered in many of these steps to empower local self-governance and it acted as a turning point in the nation's history of decentralization.[83] Kerala hosts two major political alliances: the United Democratic Front (India) (UDFled by the Indian National Congress) and the Left Democratic Front (Kerala) (LDFled by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)). At present, the UDF is the ruling coalition in government; Oommen Chandy of the INC is the Chief Minister of Kerala and V.S. Achuthanandan of the LDF is the Chief Opposition leader. Strikes, protests and marches are ubiquitous in Kerala due to the comparatively strong presence of labour unions.[84][85]

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Economy

The interior of a building at Technopark.Thiruvananthapuram . Technopark accounts for nearly 70% of the state's IT exports.

Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 42,860 1985 75,200 1990 140,980 1995 387,620 2000 697,920 2005 1,025,080[86]

Since independence, Kerala was managed as a democratic socialist welfare economy. Since the 1990s, liberalisation of the mixed economy allowed onerous Licence Raj restrictions against capitalism and foreign direct investment to be lightened, leading to economic expansion and job creation. In fiscal year 20072008, nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP) was 162414.79 crore (US$29.4 billion). Recent GSDP growth (9.2% in 20042005 and 7.4% in 20032004) has been robust compared to historical averages (2.3% annually in the 1980s and between 5.1%[87]:8 and 5.99%[88] in the 1990s).[87]:8 The state clocked 8.93% growth in enterprises from 1998 to 2005 compared with 4.80% nationally.[89] Relatively few such enterprises are major corporations or manufacturers.[65] Kerala's Human Development Index rating is the highest in India.[90] This apparently paradoxical "Kerala phenomenon" or "Kerala model of development" of very high human development and not much high economic development results from the strong service sector.[65]:48[91]:1

Rural women processing coir threads

Kerala's economy depends on emigrants working in foreign countries (mainly in the Persian Gulf countries such as United Arab Emirates or Saudi Arabia) and remittances annually contribute more than a fifth of GSDP.[92] As of 2008, the Gulf

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countries altogether have a Keralite population of more than 2.5 million, who send home annually a sum of USD 6.81 billion,[93] which is more than 15.13% of Remittance to India in 2008, the highest among Indian States. The service sector (including tourism, public administration, banking and finance, transportation, and communications63.8% of GSDP in 20022003) and the agricultural and fishing industries (together 17.2% of GSDP) dominate the economy.[88][94] Nearly half of Kerala's people are dependent on agriculture alone for income.[95] Some 600 varieties[69]:5 of rice (Kerala's most important staple food and cereal crop)[96]:5 are harvested from 3105.21km2 (a decline from 5883.4km2 in 1990)[96]:5 of paddy fields; 688,859tonnes are produced per annum.[95] Other key crops include coconut (899,198ha), tea, coffee (23% of Indian production,[97]:13 or 57,000tonnes[97]:67), rubber, cashews, and spicesincluding pepper, cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmeg. Around 1.050million fishermen haul an annual catch of 668,000 tonnes (19992000 estimate); 222 fishing villages are strung along the 590km coast. Another 113 fishing villages dot the hinterland.

Cardomom plant

Kerala's coastal belt of Karunagappally is known for high A typical paddy field in Kerala background radiation from thorium-containing monazite sand. In coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 mGy/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.[98] Traditional industries manufacturing such items as coir, handlooms, and handicrafts employ around one million people. Around 180,000 small-scale industries employ around 909,859 Keralites; 511 medium and large scale manufacturing firms are located in Kerala. A small mining sector (0.3% of GSDP)[94] involves extraction of ilmenite, kaolin, bauxite, silica, quartz, rutile, zircon, and sillimanite.[95] Home gardens and animal husbandry also provide work for hundreds of thousands of people. Other major sectors are tourism, manufacturing, and business process outsourcing. As of March 2002, Kerala's banking sector comprised 3341 local branches; each branch served 10,000 persons, lower than the national average of 16,000; the state has the third-highest bank penetration among Indian states.[99] On 1 October 2011, Kerala became the first state in the country to have banking facility in every village.[100] Unemployment in 2007 was estimated at 9.4%;[101] underemployment, low employability of youths, and a 13.5% female participation rate are chronic issues,[102]:5, 13 [103] as is the practice of Nokku kooli, 'wages for looking on'.[104] By 19992000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.[105] The state's 20052006 budget was 219 billion.[106] The state government's tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) amounted to 111,248 million in 2005, up from 63,599 million in 2000. Its non-tax revenues (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) of the Government of Kerala as assessed by the Indian Finance Commissions reached 10,809 million in 2005, nearly double the 6,847 million revenues of 2000.[107] However, Kerala's high ratio of taxation to gross state domestic product (GSDP) has not alleviated chronic budget deficits and unsustainable levels of government debt, impacting social services.[108] The state treasury has suffered loss of thousands of millions of rupees thanks to the state staging over 100 hartals annually in recent times. A record total of 223 hartals were observed in 2006, resulting in a revenue loss of over 2000 crore.[109]

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Agriculture
Agriculture in Kerala has passed through many changing phases. The major change occurred in the 1970s when rice production became less attractive due to increased availability of rice supply all over India and decreased availability of labour supply. Consequently, investment in rice production decreased significantly and a major portion of the land was shifted for the cultivation of perennial tree crops and seasonal crops. Profitability of crops in Kerala is reducing due to shortage of farm labourers, high price of land and uneconomic size of operational holding area.[110]

A scenic landscape, with water filled paddy fields. Kerala produces 97% of the national output of pepper and accounts for 85% of the area under natural rubber in the country. Coconut, tea, coffee, cashew, and spicesincluding cardamom, vanilla, cinnamon, and nutmegcomprise a critical agricultural sector. The key agricultural staple is rice, with some six hundred varieties grown in Kerala's extensive paddy fields. Nevertheless, home gardens comprise a significant portion of the agricultural sector. Related animal husbandry is also important, and is touted by proponents as a means of alleviating rural poverty and unemployment among women, the marginalized, and the landless. Feeding, milking, breeding, management, health care, and concomitant micro-enterprises provide work for around 32 lakh (3.2 million) of Kerala's 55 lakh (5.5 million) households. The state government seeks to promote such activity via educational campaigns and the development of new cattle breeds such as the "Sunandini".

Fisheries
With 590km of coastal belt, 400,000 hectares of inland water resources and about 220,000 active fishermen, Kerala is the leading producer of fish among the states of India. According to 200304 reports, about 1.1 million people earn their livelihood from fishing and allied activities such as drying, processing, packaging, exporting and transporting fisheries. The annual yield of the sector was estimated as 608,000 tons in 200304.[111] This contributes to about 3% of the total economy of the state. In 2006, about 22% of the total Indian marine fishery yield was from Kerala industry.[112]

A fisherman in rural Kerala

The output of the sector is highly seasonal in nature and the major season is during the southwest monsoon. During this season, a suspended mud bank would be developed along the shore which in turn leads to calm ocean water and hence peak output for the fishermen. This unique phenomena is locally called chakara. The fish landings constitute of large variety; pelagic species (59%), demersal species (23%), crustaceans and molluscs.[112]

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281

Transport
Roads
Kerala has 145704 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) of roads (4.2% of India's total). This translates to about 4.62 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) of road per thousand population, compared to an all India average of 2.59 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi). Virtually all of Kerala's villages are connected by road. Roads in Kerala includes 1,524km of National highway (2.6% of nation's total), 4341.6km of state highway and 18900km of district roads.[113] Most of Kerala's west coast is accessible through two national highways, NH 47, and NH 17 and eastern side is accessible through various State Highways. There is also a Hill Highway (Kerala) proposed, to make easy access to eastern hills. NH 17 connects Edapally (Kochi) to Panvel (Maharashtra) and is the longest stretch of national highway through the state. The other major national highway passing through the state is National Highway 47 which connects Salem to Kanyakumari and passes through the major towns and cities like Palakkad, Thrissur, Kochi, Alappuzha, Kollam and Thiruvananthapuram. The Salem-Kochi stretch of this highway is a part of North-South Corridor of the Indian highway system. The length of the National Highway 47 (India) through Kerala is 416.8km.[114] NH 49 (Kochi Dhanushkodi), NH 208 (Kollam Thirumangalam), NH 212 (Kozhikode Mysore), NH 213 (Kozhikode Palakkad), NH 220 (Kollam theni) are the other national highways serving the state of Kerala. The Department of Public Works is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways system and major district roads.The Kerala State Transport Project (KSTP), which includes the GIS-based Road Information and Management Project (RIMS), is responsible for maintaining and expanding the state highways in Kerala; it also oversees few major district roads.[115][116]

The main Portico of the Trivandrum Central Railway Station

Cochin International Airport (CIAL)

State Water Transport Department is the main agency providing inland water transport facilities.

Traffic in Kerala has been growing at a rate of 1011% every year, resulting in high traffic and pressure on the roads. Kerala's road density is nearly four times the national average, reflecting the state's high population density. Kerala's annual total of road accidents is among the nation's highest. The accidents are mainly result of the narrow roads and irresponsible driving. [117]

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Railways
The Indian Railways' Southern Railway line runs through the state, connecting most major towns and cities except those in the highland districts of Idukki and Wayanad. Dates of beginning of railway transport in various sections of the state are given below:Beypore-Tirur (12 March 1861); Shoranur-Ernakulam (1902);m Shenkottai-Punalur (26 November 1904); Punalur-Thiruvananthapuram (4 November 1931); Ernakulam-Kottayam (1956); Kottayam-Kollam (1958); Thiruvananthapuram-Kanyakumari (1979); Thrissur-Guruvayur (1994).[118] The railway network in the state is controlled by three divisions of Southern Railway, namely Trivandrum Railway Division, Palakkad Railway Division and Madurai Railway Division. Thiruvananthapuram Central is the busiest railway station in the state and second busiest in the Southern Railway Zone after Chennai Central. Kerala's major railway stations are Kannur, Kozhikode, Tirur, Shornur Junction, Palakkad Junction, Thrissur, Angamaly For Kalady, Ernakulam Town, Ernakulam Junction, Alappuzha, Kottayam, Tiruvalla, Chengannur, Kayamkulam Junction, Kollam Junction and Thiruvananthapuram Central.

Airports
Kerala has three major international airports, at Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode. Two more international airports are proposed at Kannur, Pathanamthitta.[119] Trivandrum International Airport is the first International airport in an Indian non-metro city. The Cochin International Airport is the busiest and largest in the state, and was the first Indian airport to be incorporated as a public limited company; funded by nearly 10,000 Non Resident Indians from 30 countries.[120]

Inland water transport in Kerala

Kerala, with numerous backwaters, is one of the few states in India where waterways are successfully used for commercial Inland Water Transport. The transportation is mainly done with country craft and passenger vessels. There are 67 navigable rivers in Kerala. The total length of the Inland Waterways in the state is 1687km. The main constraints to the expansion of Inland Water transport are lack of depth in the waterway caused by silting, lack of maintenance of navigation system and bank protection, accelerated growth of the water hyacinth, lack of modern inland craft terminals and cargo handling system. A 205km canal, National Waterway 3, runs between Kottapuram and Kollam.[121]

Demographics
Population trend
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 13549000 16904000 21347000 25454000 29099000 31841000 33388000 % 24.8% 26.3% 19.2% 14.3% 9.4% 4.9%

Source: 2001 & 2011 Censuses of [122][123][124] India

Kerala Kerala is home to 3.44% of India's population; at 819 persons per km2, its land is nearly three times as densely settled as the rest of India, which is at a population density of 325 persons per km2.[125] Kerala's rate of population growth is India's lowest,[126] and Kerala's decadal growth (9.42% in 2001) is less than half the all-India average of 21.34%.[127] Whereas Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 by adding 15.6million people to reach 29.1million residents in 1991, the population stood at less than 32million by 2001. Kerala's coastal regions are the most densely settled, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.[54]

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Ethnicity
The 31.8million[128] Keralites are predominantly of Malayali descent, while the rest is mostly made up of Jewish and Arab elements in both culture and ancestry. Kerala's 321,000 indigenous tribal Adivasis, 1.10% of the population, are concentrated in the east.[129]:1012

Languages
Languages of Kerala in 2001[130] Malayalam (96.74%) Tamil (1.87%) Others (1.39%) Malayalam is Kerala's official language; Konkani, Tamil, Tulu, Kannada, Hindi, Mahl and various Adivasi (Tribal) languages are also spoken by ethnic minorities especially in the south-western region.

Religions
Kerala's principal religions are Hinduism (56.2%), Islam (24.7%), and Christianity (19.0%).[131] In comparison with the rest of India, Kerala experiences relatively little sectarianism.[132] According to 2001 Census of India figures, 56% of Kerala's residents are Hindus, 24% are Muslims, 19% are Christians, and the remaining 1% follows other religions.[131] The major Hindu castes are Ezhavas, Nairs, Nambudiri and Dalits. Rest of the Hindu castes including those in the list of Other Backward Class (OBC) are minority communities. Islam and Judaism arrived in Kerala through Arab traders.[133] Muslims of Kerala, generally referred to as Moplahs, mostly follow the Shafi'i Madh'hab under Sunni Islam. The major Muslim organizations are Sunni, Mujahid and Jama'at-e-Islami. A significant Jewish community existed in Kerala until the 20th century when most of them migrated to Israel leaving only a handful of families.[134] The Paradesi Synagogue at Kochi is the oldest synagogue in the Commonwealth. Christianity is believed to have reached the shores of Kerala in 52 CE with the arrival of St Thomas, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ[135][136] The major Christian denominations are Catholic, Oriental Orthodox and Protestant. Jainism has a considerable following in the Wayanad district. Buddhism was dominant at the time of Ashoka the Great but vanished by the 8th century CE.[137]

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Religion in Kerala Religion Hinduism Islam Christianity Others

[131]

Percent 56.2% 24.7% 19.0% 1.1%

Adi Sankara, born in Kaladi, Kerala propounded Advaita Vedanta which is one of the most important influential doctrines in Hindu philosophy. Historically, steps taken by many progressive and tolerant Hindu kings[138] and movements like that of Vaikunda Swami [139] and Narayana Guru for social reform and tolerance helped to establish Kerala as one of the most socially progressive states in India. Certain Hindu communities such as the Nairs, some Ezhavas and the Muslims around North Malabar used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam, although this practice ended in the years after Indian independence. Other Muslims, Christians, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and the Ezhavas follow makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[140] Owing to the former matrilineal system, women in Kerala enjoy a high social status.[141] However, gender inequality among low caste men and women is reportedly higher compared to that in other castes.[142]:1 . Table : Percentage distribution of population according to community by district (The statistics are based on a sample survey in 1998 and hence not accurate) [143]
District SC/ST Nairs Ezhavas Syrian Christians Latin Christians Muslims Others Total 13.2 24.5 11.0 13.7 8.8 7.6 8.0 8.2 10.3 1.8 13.7 16.3 19.5 2.1 11.1 24.9 16.7 13.5 39.3 21.1 15.4 14.3 24.3 22.9 8.3 31.4 19.8 30.3 13.6 21.6 1.4 3.6 49.0 13.7 29.2 26.2 13.4 10.8 0.9 0.5 0.9 17.0 3.6 0.1 9.3 23.7 13.6 9.5 2.9 10.9 12.8 21.3 23.9 3.8 3.9 0.4 3.2 0.7 2.3 10.6 15.3 14.2 1.3 7.0 11.9 5.4 22.7 15.5 32.3 75.3 41.8 17.0 27.5 47.0 26.8 10.2 10.7 7.1 15.8 9.9 18.3 12.9 8.6 15.6 4.9 6.9 10.4 14.9 26.9 11.5 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Thiruvananthapuram 11.3 Kollam Pathanamthitta Alappuzha Kottayam Idukki Ernakulam Thrissur Palakkad Malappuram Kozhikode Wayanad Kannur Kasargodu Kerala 16.7 8.6 7.6 8.2 14.3 7.4 8.7 14.2 5.3 4.9 16.3 3.5 8.0 9.1

Human Development Index

Kerala finds a unique place among the states of India with the highest Human Development Index (HDI), a status for which the state is noted in many global platforms from 1981 onward, but it has a poor record of economic development coupled with a remarkably lower per capita income, even lower than the national average.[144] Comparatively higher spending of the government in primary level education, health care and elimination of poverty from 19th century onward has helped the state to keep a very high HDI,[144] marked latest as 0.92 in India Human

Kerala Development Report (2011), prepared by the central government's Institute of Applied Manpower Research.[145][146] But, sustainability of this lopsided development model with low economic growth has been under question from many spheres. Nonetheless, the Human Development Report, 2005 prepared by Centre for Development Studies envisages a virtuous phase of inclusive development for the state since the advancement in human development has already started aiding the economic development of the state.[144] According to a 20052006 national survey, Kerala has one of the highest literacy rates (94.59%) among Indian states[17] and life expectancy (74 years) was among the highest in India in 2011.[147] Kerala's rural poverty rate fell from 69% (19701971) to 19% (19931994); the overall (urban and rural) rate fell 36% between the 1970s and 1980s.[148] By 19992000, the rural and urban poverty rates dropped to 10.0% and 9.6% respectively.[105] These changes stem largely from efforts begun in the late 19th century by the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore to boost social welfare.[149][150] This focus was maintained by Kerala's post-independence government.[65][90]:48 Kerala has the highest life expectancy in the country which is nearly 75 years and 78 years respectively for males and females. The life expectancy of Kerala is similar to developed nations in the world that shows the facilities for treatment and health. Kerala's healthcare system has garnered international acclaim. The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the World Health Organisation designated Kerala the world's first "baby-friendly state" because of its effective promotion of breast-feeding over formulas[151] For example, more than 95% of Keralite births are hospital-delivered.[152]:6 Aside from ayurveda (both elite and popular forms),[153]:13 siddha, and many endangered and endemic modes of traditional medicine, including kalari, marmachikitsa and vishavaidyam, are practiced. Some occupational communities such as Kaniyar were known as native medicine men in relation with practice of such streams of medical systems, apart from their traditional vocation.[154] These propagate via gurukula discipleship,[153]:56 and comprise a fusion of both medicinal and supernatural treatments,[153]:15 and are partly responsible for drawing increasing numbers of medical tourists. A steadily aging population (11.2% of Keralites are over age 60[90]) and low birthrate (18 per 1,000)[155] make Kerala one of the few regions in the developing world to have undergone the "demographic transition" characteristic of such developed nations as Canada, Japan, and Norway.[91]:1 In 1991, Kerala's total fertility rate (children born per women) was the lowest in India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians 1.78, and Muslims 2.97.[156] sub-replacement fertility level and infant mortality rate is lower compared to other states (estimated at 12[65][155]:49 to 14[157]:5 deaths per 1,000 live births) Gender relations also form a part in the Quality of life indicators and according to Human Development Report (1996) published by United Nations Development Programme, Kerala's Gender Development Index was reported as 597 and higher than any other state of India. Many factors such as high rates of female literacy, education, work participation and life expectancy along with favourable female-to-male ratio has been contributed to this achievement.[158] Kerala's female-to-male ratio (1.058) is significantly higher than that of the rest of India.[91][159]:2. However, Kerala's morbidity rate is higher than that of any other Indian state118 (rural Keralites) and 88 (urban) per 1,000 people. The corresponding all India figures are 55 and 54 per 1,000, respectively.[157]:5Yet this is likely explained by the fact that, as mentioned above, Kerala has a higher ratio of senior citizens than India. Kerala's 13.3% prevalence of low birth weight is substantially higher than that of First World nations.[155] Outbreaks of water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, hepatitis, and typhoid among the more than 50% of Keralites who rely on 3million water wells is a problem worsened by the widespread lack of sewers.[160]:57 In respect of women empowerment also, some negative factors such as higher suicide rate, lower share of earned income, complaints of sexual harassment and limited freedom are reported.[158]

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Education
Following the instructions of the Wood's despatch of 1854, both the princely states, Travancore and Cochin, launched mass education drives with the support from different agencies mainly based on castes and communities and introduced a system of grant-in-aid to attract more private initiatives. However, none of the government schools gave admission to the children belonging to the low-castes till 1914 and early the initiative of the private schools especially those run by Christian managements to admit the Dalits, opened the door for social mobility in Kerala. Social leaders like Narayana Guru and Ayyankali also initiated educational missions among the lower castes in Kerala. In order to ensure the social reformation of own Communities, organization like Nair Service Society of Nairs, SNDP of Ezhavas, Muslim Mahajana Sabha of Malabar Muslims, Yoga Kshema Sabha of Nambudiris and different congregations of Christian churches competed to open maximum number of schools in the pre-independence period and this inter-community competition led to considerable improvement in the enrollment of students, mass educational levels, employment opportunities and position of power. Compared to Travancore and Cochin regions, Malabar lagged in the educational achievements during this period.[161]

Hardware training for students given by "IT@SCHOOL" project

Kerala successfully overcame the first generation issues in The University of Kerala's administrative building in education and in 1991, was the first state in India to be recognized Thiruvananthapuram. as a totally literate state, though the effective literacy rate at that time was only 90 percent. The net enrollment in elementary education is almost 100 per cent and is almost balanced among different sexes, social groups and regions, unlike other states of India.[162] State topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 20062007.[163] According to the first Economic Census conducted in 1977, 99.7 per cent of the villages in Kerala had a primary school within 2km, 98.6 had a middle school within 2km and 96.7 per cent had a high school or higher secondary school within 5km, far ahead of national averages.[164] Kerala's educational system has been developed by institutions owned or aided by the government. The educational system prevailed in the state schooling is for 10 years which is streamlined into lower primary, upper primary and secondary school stages with a 4+3+3 pattern.[162] After 10 years of secondary schooling, students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streamsliberal arts, commerce or science.[165] Upon completing the required coursework, students can enroll in general or professional under-graduate(UG) programmes. Schools and colleges are run by the government, private trusts, or individuals. Many of the schools owned by private sector are aided by government. Majority of the public schools are affiliated to Kerala State Education Board. Other familiar educational boards are Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). English is the language of instruction in most self-financing schools, while government and government aided schools offer English or Malayalam[165] No fees (or a nominal fees) are required in schools run by or aided by government. Fees concerning the higher and technical education are very low; the ratio of recovery of government's revenue expenditure was 2.6% in 20062007.[166] However, the lacking of fees or low fees does not imply low educational cost, as the students incur other costs of several types (examination fees, special fees, material costs, clothing travelling, private tuition). In

Kerala fact, according to the 61st round of National Sample Survey (20042005), per capita spending on education by the rural households resulted to be more than twice the national average ( 41 for Kerala, 18 for India). Urban Indian spending, on the contrary, resulted to be greater than Kerala's ( 74 for India, 66 for Kerala). However, the survey reveals that the rural-urban difference in expenditure on education by households was much less in Kerala than in the rest of India.[167] A few universities in Kerala are Kannur University, Mahatma Gandhi University, University of Calicut, University of Kerala, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala Agricultural University, Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit.[168] Premiere educational institutions in Kerala are Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode, one of the thirteen Indian Institutes of Management, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST). Kerala also has a National law school which is known as the National University of Advanced Legal Studies.Center for Development Studies offers M Phil and PhD level courses of Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi. The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts including resultsseries expansion for trigonometric functions.

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Culture

A Kathakali artist Theyyam, The ritual art of North Malabar

During Onam, Kerala's biggest celebration, Keralites create pookkalam (floral carpet) designs in front of their houses.

Keralite elephants, caparisoned, during the Sree Poornathrayesa Temple festival.

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A mohiniattam performance

The annual snake boat race is performed during Onam Celebrations on the Pamba River

Culture of Kerala is composite and cosmopolitan in nature and it's an integral part of Indian culture.[18] It has been elaborated upon through centuries of contact with neighboring and overseas cultures.[169] However, the geographical insularity of Kerala from the rest of the country has caused to develop a distinctive outlook in every spheres of culture such as lifestyle, art, architecture, language, literature and social institutions.[18]

Dance
Origin of dance and music in Kerala could be traced to the tribal art forms and folk songs which were performed in those early days to propitiate the local deities.[170] With the arrival of Aryan Brahmins in Kerala (8th century CE[171]), who were instrumental in the development of many semi-classical art forms of Kerala, Hindu temples and associated institutions took over the role of development of many ritualistic art forms; emergence of new temple arts like Koodiyattom, Koothu and Kathakali have to be seen in this context.[170] Koodiyattom, which emerged as a popular temple art by 9th century,[172] is a Sanskrit theatre tradition,[173] and is officially recognised by UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[174] Kerala natanam, an offshoot of Kathakali, Kaliyattam, Mohiniaattam (dance of the enchantress), Theyyam, Thullal and Padayani are other popular performing arts of Kerala. Of these, Kathakali and Mohiniattam are the most recognized Indian Classical Dance traditions from Kerala. Some non-Hindu religious dances are also popular in Kerala like Margamkali, Parisamuttu and chavittu nadakom of Christians and Oppana of Muslims. Oppana has its roots in the Arab dances and it combines dance, rhythmic hand clapping, and ishal vocalizations.[175] Margam Kali is a traditional group dance form traceable back to 17th century, originally performed during Syrian Christian festivals.[176] Nowadays, many of these art forms are largely performed only during marriage ceremonies or at youth festivals. Contemporary art and performance styles including those employing mimicry and parody are also popular now.

Music
Development of classical music in Kerala is attributed to the contributions it received from the traditional performance arts associated with the temple culture of Kerala.[177] Development of the indigenous classical music form, Sopana Sangeetham, illustrates the rich contribution that temple culture has made to the arts of Kerala.[177] Carnatic music dominates Keralite traditional music. This was the result of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma's popularization of the genre in the 19th century.[178][179] Raga-based renditions known as sopanam accompany kathakali performances. Melam (including the paandi and panchari variants) is a more percussive style of music; it is performed at Kshetram centered festivals using the chenda. Melam ensembles comprise up to 150 musicians, and performances may last up to four hours. Panchavadyam is a different form of percussion ensemble, in which up to 100 artists use five types of percussion instrument. Kerala's visual arts range from traditional murals to the works of

Kerala Raja Ravi Varma, the state's most renowned painter.[177] Most of the castes and communities in Kerala have rich collection of folk songs and ballads associated with a variety of themes; Vadakkan Pattukal(Northern Ballads), Thekkan pattukal(Southern Ballads), Vanchi pattukal(Boat Songs), Mappila Pattukal(Muslim songs) and Pallipattukal(Church songs) are a few of them.[180]

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Cuisine
Kerala is also known as The land of spices and its cuisine is known for it's spicy ingredients. Main course of food is rice; breakfast, lunch or dinner, its some sort of rice preparation. Popular breakfast dishes are Idli-Vada-Chutney, Puttu-Kadala-Payasam or Puttu-Payar-Pappadam, Appam or Idiyappam with egg masala, Tapioca & fish curry etc. Typical lunch dish is Rice and curry along with rasam,pulisherry and sambar. The vegetarian feast is called sadhyawhere the meal is served on a banana leaf and a cup of Payasam would be followed. Popular snacks include banana chips, yam crisps, Tapioca chips, Unniyappam, Kuzhalappam etc. Sea food items are also splendid in the diet of Keralites; Karimeen, Prawn, shrimp and crustacean dishes are popular in the state.[181] Keralitesboth men and women aliketraditionally don flowing and unstitched garments. These include the mundu, a loose piece of cloth wrapped around men's waists. Women typically wear the sari, a long and elaborately wrapped banner of cloth, wearable in various styles. Presently, North Indian dresses such as Salwar kameez are also popular among women in Kerala.

Literature
Malayalam literature is medieval in origin and includes such figures as the 14th century Niranam poets (Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar and Rama Panikkar), and the 17th century poet Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan whose works mark the dawn of both modern Malayalam language and indigenous Keralite poetry. Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar and Kerala Varma Valiakoi Thampuran are noted for their contribution to Malayalam prose. The "triumvirate of poets" (Kavithrayam), Kumaran Asan, Vallathol Narayana Menon, and Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer, are recognised for moving Keralite poetry away from archaic sophistry and metaphysics, and towards a more lyrical mode. In the second half of the 20th century, Jnanpith awardees like G. Sankara Kurup, S. K. Pottekkatt, Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, M. T. Vasudevan Nair and O. N. V. Kurup have made valuable contributions to the Malayalam literature. Later, such Keralite writers as O. V. Vijayan, Kamaladas, M. Mukundan, and Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy, whose 1996 semi-autobiographical bestseller[182] The God of Small Things is set in the Kottayam town of Ayemenem, have gained international recognition.[183]

Elephants
Elephants have been an integral part of culture of Kerala. Kerala is the home to largest domesticated elephant population in India; about 700 Indian elephants, owned by temples as well as individuals. These elephants are mainly employed for the processions and displays associated with festivals celebrated all around the state. About 10,000 festivals are celebrated in the state annually and some animal lovers have sometimes raised concerns regarding the overwork of domesticated elephants.[184] In Malayalam literature, elephants are referred to as the 'sons of the sahya. Elephant is the state animal of Kerala[74] and is featured on the emblem of the Government of Kerala. Malayalam calendar (Also known as Kollavarsham), a solar calendar started from 825 C.E. in Kerala serves as the official calendar of Kerala and finds common usage in planning agricultural and religious activities.

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Media
The National Family Health Survey 3, conducted in 2007 ranked Kerala as a state with the highest media exposure in India. Dozens of newspapers are published in Kerala, in nine major languages,[185] but principally Malayalam and English. The most widely circulating Malayalam-language newspapers are Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Madhyamam, Siraj Daily, Mangalam, Chandrika, Thejas, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi and Deshabhimani. Major Malayalam periodicals include Mathrubhumi, India Today Malayalam, Madhyamam weekly, Grihalakshmi, Vanitha, Dhanam, Chithrabhumi, and Bhashaposhini. Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Malayalam, English and international channels via cable television. Some of the popular Malayalam television channels are Asianet, Surya TV, Kiran TV, Mazhavil Manorama, Manorama News, Indiavision, Kairali TV, Kairali WE, Kairali People, Yes Indiavision, Asianet News, Asianet plus, Amrita TV, Reporter, Jaihind, Jeevan TV, Media One TV etc. All India Radio, the national radio service, reaches much of Kerala via its Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Thrissur, Alappuzha, Kozhikode and Kannur Malayalam-language broadcasts. Television serials, reality shows and the Internet have become a major source of entertainment and information for the people of Kerala. A Malayalam version of Google News was launched in September 2008.[186] Regardless, Keralites maintain high rates of newspaper and magazine subscriptions. A sizeable "people's science" movement has taken root in the state, and such activities as writers' cooperatives are becoming increasingly common.[91][187]:2 BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Tata Docomo and Aircel are the major cell phone service providers in the state.[188] Broadband internet services are widely available throughout the state; some of the major ISPs are BSNL, Asianet Satellite communications, Reliance Communications, Airtel and VSNL. According to the Telecom Regulatory Commission of India(TRAI) report, as of January 2012 total number of wireless phone subscribers in kerala is about 34.3 million and the wireline subscriber base is at 3.2 million, accounting to the telephone density of 107.77.[188] Unlike in many other States, urban-rural divide is not visible in Kerala with respect to mobile phone penetration.[189] Malayalam films carved a niche for itself in the Indian film industry with the presentation of social themes.[190] Malayalam cinema takes a wide variety of themes in its making and it is far ahead of Hindi or Tamil cinema in terms of its artistic value, due to the reflection of social consciousness attributed to the literary connection it had from 1960s.[191] It has been producing both parallel and mainstream cinema for years and won national recognition by winning the Presidents Awards for the cinemas Chemmeen, Nirmalyam and Swayamvaram. Directors from Kerala like Adoor Gopalakrishnan, John Abraham, G. Aravindan have made considerable contribution to the Indian parallel cinema. Kerala has also given birth to numerous talented actors such as Bharath Gopi, Prem Nazir, Mammotty, Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi, Murali, Oduvil Unnikrishnan, Cochin Haneefa, Thilakan and Nedumudi Venu. Movies produced in Hindi, Tamil and English (Made in Hollywood) are popular among Keralites. Late Malayalam actor Prem Nazir holds the world record for having acted as the protagonist of over 720 movies.[192] Since 1980s, actors Mammootty and Mohanlal have dominated the movie industry; Mammootty has won 3 national awards while Mohanlal has 2 in his credit.[193] The media,telecommunications, broadcasting and cable services are regulated by the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. The current Advisor of TRAI is Dr Sibichen K Mathew for the Karnataka and Kerala region.[194][195]

Sports
Almost all traditional sports and games of Keralites failed to stand the test of time; either disappeared from the land or have become just an art-form performed during festivals. These include Poorakkali, Padayani, Thalappandukali, Onathallu, Parichamuttukali, Velakali, Kilithattukali etc.[196] However, Kalaripayattu, the mother of all martial arts in the world[197] is an exception and many people enthusiastically practice this indigenous martial sport. It has also attracted interest from foreign countries and found place in global media like BBC.[198] Another traditional sport of

Kerala Kerala is the boat race, especially the race of Snake boats.[196] Now, cricket and football have become most popular sports in the state; both were introduced in Malabar during British colonial period in 19th century. A few cricketers like Tinu Yohannan,[199] Shanthakumaran Sreesanth[200] and Abey Kuruvilla[201] found place in the national cricket team. In spite of the popularity of cricket in the state, Kerala cricket team has not yet been able to make good performance in Ranji Trophy, the premier first class cricket tournament in India which leads to a conclusion that the standard of Kerala cricket team is yet to match that of many other state teams.[196] A cricket club from Kerala, Kochi Tuskers played for Kochi in the Indian Premier League (IPL) in 2011. Nonetheless, the team was disbanded after one season due to conflict of interests among its promoters.[200] Kerala has made much recognized achievements in National football, and has also contributed many notable footballers like I. M. Vijayan, C. V. Pappachan, V. P. Sathyan, and Jo Paul Ancheri.[202][203] Kerala state football team has won Santhosh Trophy 5 times, in 1973, 1992, 1993, 2001 and 2004. And, they were the runner-ups for 7 times, a record they share with the state team of Goa.[204] In sports, most admired achievements for Kerala come from Athletics. Among the prominent athletes hailing from the state P. T. Usha, Shiny Wilson and M.D. Valsamma are both Padma Shri as well as Arjuna Award winners while K. M. Beenamol and Anju Bobby George are Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna as well as Arjuna Award winners. T. C. Yohannan, Suresh Babu, Sinimol Paulose, Angel Mary Joseph, Mercy Kuttan, K. Saramma, K. C. Rosakutty and Padmini Selvan are the other Arjuna Award winners from Kerala.[196][205] Volleyball is another popular sport[206] and is often played on makeshift courts on sandy beaches along the coast. Jimmy George was a notable Indian volleyball player, rated in his prime as among the world's ten best players.[207] Other popular sports include badminton, basketball and kabaddi.

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Tourism
Kerala is situated on the lush and tropical Malabar Coast. Kerala is one of the popular tourist destinations in India. Its culture and traditions, coupled with its varied demographics, has made Kerala one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. National Geographic's Traveller magazine names Kerala as one of the "ten paradises of the world"[208] and "50 must see destinations of a lifetime".[209] Travel and Leisure names Kerala as "One of the 100 great trips for the 21st century".[208][210][211] Kerala's beaches, backwaters, mountain ranges and wildlife sanctuaries are the major attractions for both domestic and international tourists. The city of Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourists in Kerala.[212][213] Until the early 1980s, Kerala was a relatively unknown destination.[214] But 1986 the government of Kerala declared tourism as an industry and it was the first state in India to do so.[215] Aggressive marketing campaigns launched by the Kerala Tourism Development Corporation, the government agency that oversees tourism prospects of the state, laid the foundation for the growth of the tourism industry.[216] In the decades that followed, Kerala's tourism industry was able to transform the state into one of the niche holiday destinations in India. Many innovative marketing strategies were used and the advertisements branded

Kovalam beach, Trivandrum

The stone sculpture of Kuruvan and Kuruvati at Ramakkalmedu in Kerala

Kerala Kerala with a catchy tagline Kerala- God's Own Country.[216] Today, Kerala tourism is a global brand and regarded as one of the destinations with highest recall.[216] In 2006, Kerala attracted 8.5million tourist arrivals, an increase of 23.68% over the previous year, making the state one of the fastest-growing destinations in the world.[217] In 2011, tourist inflow to Kerala crossed the 10-million mark.[218] Kerala has also pioneered health and medical tourism in India and has attained international attention in this segment. Though the Ramakkalmedu, a hill station and a hamlet in Kerala idea of health tourism in Kerala is heavily concentrated on Ayurveda, it is also a good destination for other forms of treatment including Allopathy and Homeopathy.[219] Ayurvedic tourism became very popular since 1990s and private agencies like Kottakkal Arya Vydyasala played a notable role in tandem with the initiatives of Tourism Department.[214] Kerala is known for its ecotourism initiatives and in this segment it promotes mountaineering, trekking and bird-watching programmes in the Western Ghats as the major products.[220] The state's tourism industry is a major contributor to the state's economy which is currently growing at a rate of 13.31%.[221] The revenue from tourism increased 5 fold between 20012011 and crossed 190billion mark in 2011. Moreover, the industry provides employment opportunity to 1.2million people.[218] The most popular tourist attractions in the state are beaches, backwaters and hill stations. Major beaches are at Kovalam, Varkala, Kappad, Muzhappilangad and Bekal. Popular hill stations are at Munnar, Wayanad, Wagamon, Peermade, Nelliampathi and Ponmudi.[222] Kerala's ecotourism destinations include 12 wildlife sanctuaries and two national parks; Periyar Tiger Reserve, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thattekad Bird Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary, and Eravikulam National Park are the most popular among them.[223] The "backwaters" is an extensive network of interlocking rivers (41 west-flowing rivers), lakes, and canals that center around Alleppey, Kumarakom, Kollam and Punnamada (where the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race is held in August). Cities such as Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi and Kozhikode are popular centres for their shopping and traditional theatrical performances. Kerala is also a center of Heritage and religious tourism sites. Padmanabhapuram Palace and the Mattancherry Palace are two notable heritage sites. The state is also famous for the large number of festivals (about 10,000 per year) it celebrates; of these, Onam and Thrissur Pooram attracts a large inflow of foreign tourists. According to a survey conducted among foreign tourists, Elephants, fireworks display and huge crowd are the major attractions of Thrissur Pooram.[224] The main pilgrim tourist spots of Kerala are Sabarimala Temple, Aranmula Temple, Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Guruvayoor Temple, Chettikulangara Temple, Vadakumnathan Temple, Sarkara Devi Temple, Padanilam Parabrahma Temple, Beemapally mosque, Malayattoor Saint Thomas Church, Parumala Church (Pathanamthitta) and St. Francis Church, Kochi[225] Saint Alphonsa Church, Bharananganam is also a destination of pilgrimage tourism.

292

Kerala

293

Gallery

Temple at Aranmula (Pathanamthitta)

Wayanad Mountain pass(Ghat) day time

Wayanad Mountain pass(Ghat) night view

Thiruvathira kali: a dance performed by women in Kerala during Onam and Thiruvaathira festivals.

Onappottan, a cultural image of Kerala, related to Onam.

Oppana, a dance form among the Muslim community in Kerala

Maramon Convention: Asia's biggest Christian gathering

Paddy fields of Kerala in Sultan Bathery

A house boat on the backwaters near Alleppey in Kerala

Resorts dot the length and breadth of Kerala.

Munnar in Idukki district

Sunset at Varkala Beach

Kerala

294

Kalaripayattu a martial art of Kerala

Forest river in Wayanad

Thrissur Pooram festival

Notes
The International Hydrographic Organisation defines the border between Lakshadweep Sea and Arabian sea by a line running from Sadashivgad Lt. on West Coast of India (1448N 7407E) to Corah Divh (1342N 7210E) and thence down the West side of the Lakshadweep and Maldive Archipelagos to the most Southerly point of Addu Atoll in the Maldives.[226] However, the official website of Government of Kerala [227] and Government of India [228] states that Kerala is boardered on the west by Arabian Sea. ^:Around the 9th century, the Cheras fell from power. Several small kingdoms (swaroopams) formed under the leadership of chieftains, filling the resulting political vacuum.[48]

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Jharkhand
Jharkhand
State

Seal

Location of Jharkhand in India

Map of Jharkhand Coordinates (Ranchi): 2321N 8520E Country Established Capital India 15 November 2000 Ranchi

Jharkhand

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Largest city Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Syed Ahmed Arjun Munda (BJP) Unicameral (81 seats) Jamshedpur

Parliamentary constituency 14 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 32966238 13th IST (UTC+05:30) IN-JH 0.513 (medium) 24th (2005) 67.63% (27th) Hindi, Urdu [1] 79,714km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 15th Jharkhand High Court

Jharkhand

(Hindi: ; Urdu: ;Jhrkha, pronounced Hindustani is a state in eastern India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar on 15 November 2000. Jharkhand shares its border with the states of Bihar to the north, Uttar Pradesh and Chhattisgarh to the west, Orissa to the south, and West Bengal to the east. It has an area of 79,714km2 Or 30778sqmi (unknown operator: u'strong' km2). The industrial city of Ranchi is its capital and Dumka is sub capital while Jamshedpur is the largest and the biggest industrial city of the state. Some of the other major cities and industrial centres are Dhanbad, Bokaro and Hazaribagh.
pronunciation:[dark]( [2] listen))

/drknd/

The name "Jharkhand" means "The Land of Forests".

History
According to some writers like Gautam Kumar Bera,[3] there was already a distinct geo-political, cultural entity called Jharkhand even before the period of Magadha Empire. Bera's book (page 33) also refers to the Hindu Mythological book Bhavishya Purana. The tribal rulers, some of whom continue to thrive till today were known as the Munda Rajas,[4] who basically had ownership rights to large farmlands.[5] During the Mughal period, the Jharkhand area was known as Kukara.

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British rule
After the year 1765, it came under the control of the British Empire and became formally known under its present title, "Jharkhand"the Land of "Jungles" (forests) and "Jharis" (bushes). Located on Chhota Nagpur Plateau and Santhal Parganas, the place has evergreen forests, rolling hills and rocky plateaus with many places of keen beauty like Lodh Falls. The subjugation and colonisation of Jharkhand region by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. Almost one hundred years before Indian Rebellion of 1857, adivasis of Jharkhand were already beginning what would become a series of repeated revolts against the British colonial rule: The period of revolts of the Adivasis to protect their Jharkhand land took place from 1771 to 1900 AD. The first ever revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by Tilka Manjhi,[6] a valiant Santhal leader in Santal tribal belt in 1771. He wanted to liberate his people from the clutches of the unscrupulous landlords and restore the lands of their ancestors. The British government sent its troops and crushed the uprisings of Tilka Manjhi. Soon after in 1779, the Bhumij tribes rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, now in West Bengal. This was followed by the Chero tribes unrest in Palamau. They revolted against the British rule in 1800 AD. Hardly seven years later in 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their big landlord of Srinagar west of Gumla. Soon the uprisings spread around Gumla. The tribal uprisings spread eastward to neighbouring Tamar areas of the Munda tribes. They too rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. The Hos in Singhbhum were growing restless and came out in open revolt in 1820 and fought against the landlords and the British troops for two years. This is called the Larka Kol Risings 18201821. Then came the great Kol Risings of 1832. This was the first biggest tribal revolt that greatly upset the British administration in Jharkhand. It was caused by an attempt by the Zamindars to oust the tribal peasants from their hereditary possessions. The Santhal rebellion broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers Sidhu and Kanhu. They fought bitterly against the British troops but finally they too were crashed down. Other notable Adivasi warriors are Jabra Paharia, Veer Budhu Bhagat, Poto Sardar, Telenga Kharia, Phulo-Jhano, Maki Munda, Gaya Munda. Then Birsa Munda revolt,[7] broke out in 1895 and lasted till 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the Munda belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon, pulled its supporters from Oraon belt of Lohardaga, Sisai and even Barway. It was the longest and the greatest tribal revolt.[8] It was also the last tribal revolt in Jharkhand. All of these uprisings were quelled by the British through massive deployment of troops across the region. British Government faced a lot of tribal revolt in Chhota Nagpur Division. Wherever resistance to British rule existed they tried to divide them. The policy of "Divide and rule" was made effective by Lord Curzon, when he was Governor General of India. He carried out Partition of Bengal in 1905, when the Princely states of Gangpur and Bonai of Chota Nagpur States were transferred from the control of Commissioner of Chhota Nagpur Division to Orissa division and Princely states of Jashpur, Surguja, Udaipur, Chang Bhakar and Koriya were transferred from Chhota Nagpur Division to Chhattisgarh Division of Central Provinces, leading to shrinkage of Chhota Nagpur Division. Due to popular resistance to Partition of Bengal, the two Bengals were united in 1912 by Governor General Harding and the province of BiharOrissa was created by taking out of Bengal the Bihar division, Chhota Nagpur Division and Orissa division. During this creation Midnapur, Purulia and Bankura remained with Bengal. Thus, whenever there was reorganisation of Provinces, Chhota Nagpur Division lost some area. Thus during British rule, tribal areas, although geographically continuous, were put under different administrations. As a result of this, when India gained independence in 1947 and after the Princely states acceded to Government of India in 1948, the Princely states of magadha were put under Orissa province, Princely states of Jashpur, Surguja, Udaipur, Chang Bhakar and Koriya were put under Madhya Pradesh and Midnapur, Purulia and Bankura were put under West Bengal. Princely states of Gangpur and Bonai were combined together to form Sundergarh District. Princely states of Koriya and Chang bhakar were combined together to form Koriya district and Udaipur was included in Raigarh District.

Jharkhand The 20th century Jharkhand movement may also be seen as moderate movement as compared to the bloody revolts of the 19th century. Having the Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act 1908 to protect their lands, the tribal leaders now turned to socio-economic development of the people. In 1914 Jatra Oraon started what is called the Tana Movement. Later this movement joined the Satyagrah Movement of Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 and stopped giving land tax to the Government. In 1915 the Chhotanagpur Unnati Samaj was started for the socio-economic development of the tribals. This organisation had also political objectives in mind. When the Simon Commission came to Patna in 1928, the Chhotanagpur Unnati Samaj sent its delegation and placed its demand for a separate Jharkhand State for self-rule by the tribals. The Simon Commission however did not accede to the demand for a separate Jharkhand State. Thereafter Theble Oraon organised Kishan Sabha in 1931. In 1935 the Chhotanagpur Unnati Samaj and the Kishan Sabha were merged with a view to acquire political power.

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Jharkhand Movement: post-Indian independence

For almost six decades the movement had been changing colour and strategy to gain a foothold. Gradually, the Jharkhand Party grew politically stronger but the commissions examining the demands for a separate Jharkhand State rejected it one after another. In August 1947 the Thakkar Commission rejected it saying that it would not be beneficial for the Adivasis. In 1948 Dar Commission also examined the demand for a separate Jharkhand state but rejected it on linguistic grounds. Despite these reports of these commissions going negative in nature, Jharkhand Party never lost sight of its ultimate target: a separate state of Jharkhand. Jharkhand Party contested the 1952 elections with a declared aim of strengthening the demand of a tribal homeland and won 32 seats in the Bihar Assembly. In the second General Election in 1957, too, Jharkhand Party won 32 seats and for two terms the party remained the leading opposition party. In 1955 the Report of the State Reorganisation Commission came out. Here, too, the demand for a separate Jharkhand state was rejected. In the third general election in 1962 the party could win only 23 seats in the Bihar Assembly. Personal interests of the Jharkhand leaders started playing upper hands. The following year Jharkhand Party aligned with Congress and Jaipal Singh became a minister in Vinodanand Jha's government in Bihar. With this, the demand for the Tribal Homeland was put into cold storage for nearly a decade. In the 4th General Election held in 1967 the party had a very poor show. It could win only eight Assembly seats. The party was soon split into several splinter groups each claiming to be the genuine Jharkhand party. These were the All India Jharkhand Party led by Bagun Sumroi, the Jharkhand Party led by N.E. Horo, the Hul Jharkhand Party led by Justin Richard which got further fragmented and came to be called the Bihar Progressive Hul Jharkhand Party and it was led by Shibu Soren. The movement was infused with a new radicalism when Santhal leader Shibu Soren formed the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) in league with the Marxist co-ordination Committee in 1972. In its early years, the JMM under Soren's leadership, brought industrial and mining workers mainly non-tribals belonging to Dalit and Backward communities such as Surdis, Doms, Dusadh and Kurmi-Mahtos, into its fold. However Soren's association with the late congress M.P. Gyanranjan brought him close to then prime minister of India, Indira Gandhi, in New Delhi. He won the Dumka Lok Sabha seat in 1972. Irked by Soren's association with the Congress, a few of the younger members of the JMM banded together in Jamshedpur and set up the All Jharkhand Students' Union (AJSU). This did nothing to stunt the growth of the JMM in the 1991 Lok Sabha election where the JMM won six seats. That year saw the emergence of another foreign educated scholar, Ram Dayal Munda, who reignited the movement by unifying splinter groups among the tribals. Under his guidance the Jharkahnd Coordination Committee was constituted in June 1987, comprising 48 organisations and group including the JMM factions. Due to Munda, Soren, Mandal and AJSU leaders like Surya Singh Besra and Prabhakar Tirkey briefly shared a political platform. But the JMM pulled out of JCC as it felt that 'the collective leadership was a farce'. The JMM/AJSU and JPP successfully orchestrated bandhs, economic blockades in 198889. In the interim, BJP came out with its demand for a separate "Vananchal" state comprising 18 districts of Bihar, arguing that demand for a greater Jharkhand is "not practical". In response, Buta Singh, the then home minister, asked Ram Dayal Munda, the then Ranchi University vice chancellor, to prepare a report on Jharkhand. Munda handed his report in September 1988, advising the Home

Jharkhand Ministry to grant 'autonomy' to 'Greater Jharkhand'. In August 1989, the Union Home Ministry formed a committee on Jharkhand Matters (CoJM) to look into the issue. These were followed by further talks between the then Bihar Chief Minister, Satyendra Narayan Sinha, the central government and Jharkhand groups. In September 1989 the COJM submitted its report proposing the alternatives to the formation of a greater Jharkhand, a Union Territory or a Jharkhand general council. In 1995 the Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council (JAAC) was set up after a tripartite agreement was signed by the Union government represented by the then minister of state for home, Rajesh Pilot, the Bihar government represented by the chief minister Lalu Prasad Yadav and Jharkhand leaders like Soren, Munda, Mandal, Besra and Tirkey. Horo did not sign this agreement. He dubbed the JAAC as the 'fraud' and stuck to his demand for Tribal Homeland. So did the AJSU and JPP.

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Jharkhanda separate state

The state of Jharkhand became a functioning reality on 15 November 2000 after almost half a century of people's movements around Jharkhandi identity, which disadvantaged societal groups articulated to augment political resources and influence the policy process in their favour. Its the 28th state of India. The Jharkhandi identity and the demand for autonomy was not premised solely on the uniqueness of its tribal cultural heritage but was essentially a fallout of the failure of development policy to intervene in socio-economic conditions of the adivasis and non-adivasis in the region. The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively 'backward' southern part of Bihar. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is tribal while 12% of the people belong to scheduled castes. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 212 blocks and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% are electrified while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after Chattisgarh state, endowed as it is with vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources. This paradoxical development profile of Jharkhand is combined with the fact that distortions in distribution and access to resources have made little difference to the lives of ordinary people. However, the people of the region are politically mobilised and self-conscious and are actively seeking better bargains for their state. The people in Jharkhand have the advantage of being culturally vibrant, as reflected in the diversity of languages spoken, festivals celebrated, and variety of folk music, dances, and other traditions of performing arts.

Geography and climate

Geography
Most of the state lies on the Chota Nagpur Plateau, which is the source of the Koel, Damodar, Brahmani, Kharkai, and Subarnarekha rivers, whose upper watersheds lie within Jharkhand. Much of the state is still covered by forest. Forest preserves support populations of tigers and Asian Elephants. Soil content of Jharkhand state mainly consist of soil formed from disintegration of rocks and stones, and soil composition is further divided into: 1. Red soil, found mostly in the Damodar valley, and Rajmahal area 2. Micacious soil (containing particles of mica), found in Koderma, Jhumri telaiya, Barkagaon, and areas around the Mandar hill 3. Sandy soil, generally found in Hazaribagh and Dhanbad 4. Black soil, found in Rajmahal area 5. Laterite soil, found in western part of Ranchi, Palamu, and parts of Santhal Parganas and Singhbhum

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climate
There are three well-defined seasons in Jharkhand. The cold-weather season, from November to February, is the most pleasant part of the year. High temperatures in Ranchi in December usually rise from about 50 F (10 C) into the low 70s F (low 20s C) daily. The hot-weather season lasts from March to mid-June. May, the hottest month, is characterized by daily high temperatures in the upper 90s F (about 37 C) and low temperatures in the mid-70s F (mid-20s C). Maximum rainfall takes place during the months from July to September that accounts for more than 90% of total rainfall in the state

Flora and fauna

Jharkhand has a rich variety of flora and fauna. The National Parks and the Zoological Gardens located in the state of Jharkhand present a panorama of this variety. Betla National Park in the Latehar district, located 8km away from Barwadih, covers an area of about 250 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). The national park has a large variety of wildlife, including tigers, elephants, bisons (which are locally known as gaurs), sambhars, wild boar, and pythons (up to 20 feet (unknown operator: u'strong'm) long), spotted deer(chitals), rabbits and foxes. The mammalian fauna to be seen at Betla National Park also include langurs, rhesus monkeys, blue bulls and wild boars. The lesser mammals are the porcupines, hares, wild cats, honey badgers, Malabar giant squirrels, mongooses, wolves, antelopes etc. In 1974, the park was declared a Project Tiger Reserve. Part of the reason for the variety and diversity of flora and fauna found in Jharkhand state may be accredited to the Palamau Tiger Reserves under the Project Tiger. This reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,[9] as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17). The Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary, with scenic beauties, 135 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) away from Ranchi, is set in an ecosystem very similar to Betla National Park of Palamu. Jawaharlal Nehru Zoological Garden in Bokaro Steel City is the largest Zoological Garden in Jharkhand. It has many animal and bird species, spread over 200 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'km2), including an artificial waterpark with boating facilities. Another zoo, Birsa Munda Jaiwik Udyan, is also located about 16km from Ranchi, and a number of mammalian fauna have been collected there for visitors.

Demographics
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 9697000 11606000 14227000 17612000 21844000 26946000 32966238 % 19.7% 22.6% 23.8% 24.0% 23.4% 22.3% [10]

Source:Census of India

Jharkhand Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females. The sex ratio is 947 females to 1000 males. The population consists of 28% tribal peoples, 12% Scheduled Castes and 60% others. The population density of the state is 413 persons per square kilometre of land; it varies from as low as 148 per square kilometre in Gumla district to as high as 1167 per square kilometre in Dhanbad district. Census data since 1881 has shown a gradual decline of tribal population in Jharkhand as against the gradual increase of non-tribal population in the region. The reasons given for this are low birth rate and high death rate among the tribes; immigration of non-tribal peoples in the region; emigration of tribal peoples in the other places; and the adverse effects of industrialisation and urbanisation in the region. Tribal leaders assert, however, that their numbers are not as low as recorded by the census that they are still in the majority and that they remain a demographic force to reckon with. The censuses show that 50% of the non-tribal immigrants to Hazaribagh and Palamu districts came form north Bihar. Ranchi received more than 60% of migrants from north Bihar initially in 1891, but later the number declined to 27% in subsequent censuses. Singhbhum also registered a gradual decline. But there was a spectacular increase in the percentage share of migrants from north Bihar in Manbhum districts from 10% in 1881 to 40% in 1951. In the same way as many as 60% of immigrants from Orissa, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh came to Manbhum in 1891 when coal production started there in earnest. Other immigrants came from Bombay, Punjab, Rajputana and other northwestern provinces increasing their numbers from 5% in 1881 to 16% in 1951. Factors in population change Industralization and urbanisation were other factors for rapid demographic change in Chhotanagpur (the present Jharkhand state) between 1881 and 1951. Immigration of labourers from Gaya, Munger, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh for the mining of mica in Koderma and Giridih and coal in Dhanbad and Jharia was seen to the extent of 12% and 38.6% respectively in the early decades of 20th century. Similarly as many as 50% of the unskilled labourers and the majority of the skilled labourers came form north Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, Bombay and Uttarpradesh to work at the iron and steel industries of Jamshedpur. Along with the immigration of majority Indian people to Jharkhand, there also started the emigration of tribal peoples to the tea plantations in Assam and West Bengal. The demographic changes continued in Jharkhand more rapidly after independence, ironically through the very process of planned development in the country. Central water commission's report in 1994 reveals that 90 major dams were built in Jharkhand since 1951. Apart from these major dams, 400 medium size dams and 11,878 minor dams were built in the region. There are 79 major industries and factories in the region. These development projects benefited mainly those belonging to the formal economy but deprived tribal communities, especially those belonging to informal economy and dependent on the natural resources for a livelihood. About three million people were displaced and affected by development projects like dams, industries, mines, wildlife sanctuaries, defence establishments, airstrips, housing colonies and infrastructural development like roads and railways. About 90% of the displaced were part of tribal communities.

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Tribal Religion
Most members of the scheduled tribes of Jharkhand follow the animistic Sarna religion which is completely distinct from Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. Sarna is the Mundari word for Sacred Grove. Sarna involves belief in a great spirit called the Sing Bonga. Tribal belief holds the world to be inhabited by numerous spiritual beings of different kinds. Tribal communities consider themselves as living and doing everything in close association with these spirits. Rituals are performed under the groves of Sal trees called Sarna (also called Jaher), where Bonga is believed to appear or express himself. Many Hindus believe that this is not a separate religion but a part of the great Hindu tree where in most of the villages the trees are worshiped. Further Karma is always on Karma Ekadashi (Bhadrapad Shukla Ekadashi) and

Jharkhand Sarhul on Chitra Shukla Tritiya exactly as per Hindu calendars. But majority of the tribal religious communities do not affiliate themselves with the Hindu caste system. Some Adivasi organisations have demanded that a distinct religious code be listed for Adivasis in the Census of India.
Officially Reported Religion in Jharkhand Religion Hinduism Islam Sarna Christianity Sikhism Jainism Budhism Percent 68.6% 13.84% 13.04% 4.05% 0.31% 0.06% 0.02%

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As per the 2001 census Hinduism is followed by 68.5% of the population of Jharkhand. Islam is followed by 13.8% of the population and the animisitic Sarna religion is practised by 13% of the population. Christianity with 4.1% of the population is the fourth largest religious community in Jharkhand. Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism are all practised, making few less than 1%.[11] Jharkhand has 32 tribal groups. These are the Asur, Baiga, Banjara, Bathudi, Bedia, Binjhia, Birhor, Birjia, Chero, Chick-Baraik, Gond, Gorait, Ho, Karmali, Kharia, Kharwar, Khond, Kisan, Kora, Korwa, Lohra, Mahli, Mal-Paharia, Munda, Oraon, Parhaiya, Santal, Sauria-Paharia, Savar, Bhumij, Kol and Kanwar. In some of the districts of Jharkhand, the tribal population forms a clear majority. Although Hindi is the state language, the people of Jharkhand speak a number of languages belonging to three major language families: the Munda languages which include Santhali, Mundari, Ho, Kharia, Bhumij; the Indo-Aryan languages which includes Bengali, Oriya, Maithili,[12] Nagpuri, Sadri, Khortha, Kurmali and Panchpargania; and the Dravidian languages which include Oraon (Kurukh), Korwa, and Paharia (Malto). Santali is spoken predominantly in Dumka, Jamtara, Pakur, Godda, Sahibganj and in parts of East Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharsawan distrcits. Mundari is spoken mainly in Khunti and parts of Ranchi, West Singhbhum, Gumla, Simdega and Latehar districts. Ho is mainly spoken in West Singhbhum and Saraikela-Kharswan districts. These three languages can be considered as sister languages as all of them are grammatically similar and 80%90% of the words used are same. Source:[13]

Culture
The Jharkhandi Culture has passed the test of time. Being a tribe dominated state, nature has been given utmost importance in every sphere of life & culture. Branches of sacred trees are brought and ceremonially planted in the courtyards. Devotees then worship these tree parts associated with gods/goddesses. Karma puja, Jitia Puja, Sarhul are a few examples. Being a neighbour state of West Bengal, Durga Puja and Kali Puja are celebrated with much devotion and enthusiasm. Poush Mela or Tusu Fair is a significant occasion celebrated during the Makar Sankranti wherein brightly coloured excellently decorated symbolic artefacts of folk deity are carried by the People. This is a folk harvesting festival. Tusu is a folk belief, not about any God or Goddess, but about a sweet little girl of the tribal folk. The festival takes place as new crops are harvested. The entire festival is a very colourful one. It takes the shape of the all-around festive mood of the tribal people, where everyone takes part.

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Cuisine
Jharkhandis have a cuisine in which spices are rarely used and rice is the staple. They prepare different dishes of rice like different types of Rotis, Pittha, Dhuska, Dudhauri, kera-dudhauri, etc. Dhuska is a famous dish of Jharkhand cooked with mashed rice and pulses and served with either aaloo dum or mutton curry; kera-dudhauri is a famous dish prepared with milk, rice, ghee and gur. In many parts of Jharkhand including Panch Pargana area (Bundu, Rahe, Sonahatu, Silli, Angara, Arki and Tamar Blocks of Ranchi & Khunti districts) a special food item "Charpa" is prepared by frying mashed rice mixed with spicy vegetable preparations; hence the name follows viz. Sembi Charpa, Egg Charpa and many more depending upon the ingredient vegetable source. Jharkhandis use different types of flowers as vegetables, such as the flowers of drum-stick, august and Jhirool. Use of Sag, i.e. leaves of different shrubs and other small plants, is perhaps another peculiarity of Jharkhandi food. Commonly used sags are Palak, Beng, Kataei, Gendhari, Saranti, Sunsunia, Koinar, methi, bhathua, Sarso and chana. "Maad Jhor" which a nutritious substitute for Daal is prepared by boiling saag in starch left after cooking rice. The same is made more delicious by adding flavour of Garlic fried in mustard oil (Tadka/Phodan in local language). Many vegetables and leaves are dried and stored for use in non-season period and same are consumed in the form of "Maad Jhor". In many village markets of Jharkhand you can easliy see women selling powdered dried leaves or other dried food items. One more interesting food item is dried Mushrooms (various types of eatable fungi) which is dried and stored when mushrooms are found abundantly during rainy season in the forests and/or sparsely populated remote villages. Fresh mashrooms (Khukhdi/Chhati in local language) are given local names depending upon their place of origin/growth viz. Bala Chhati, Jamun Khukhdi etc. are consumed in dry fried form (without spices) or with spicy curry/gravy. Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as Handiya, named after the vessel (earthen pot) used to make it. Handiya is culturally associated with native i.e. Tribals as well as Sadan, as this drink is consumed by both men and women, on social occasions like marriage and other festivals. Another common liquor is called Mahu, made from fruit/flowers of the "Mahua" tree (Madhukam Indicum). There are many foods that are a part of the traditional cuisine that are also known for their medicinal values, like Kurthi (Horse gram), which is used like a kind of pulses and is considered a cure for kidney stones and is also recommended for fast recovery after childbirth. Fruits such as Jackfruit, Blackberry, Mango and Litchi are found in abundance.

Administrative districts
The state was formed with 18 districts, which were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Sahebganj, Khunti and Ramgarh. Presently, the state has 24 districts:Ranchi, Lohardaga, Gumla, Simdega, Palamu, Latehar, Garhwa, West Singhbhum, Seraikela Kharsawan, East Singhbhum, Dumka, Jamtara, Sahebganj, Pakur, Godda, Hazaribagh, Chatra, Koderma, Giridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Deoghar, Khunti and Ramgarh.

Government and politics

The state is headed by a Governor, who is appointed by the President of India. However, the real executive power rests with the Chief Minister, Shri. Arjun Munda and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the Government. The administrative head of the State is called Chief Secretary, under whose jurisdiction a hierarchy of officials drawn from the Indian Administrative Service / State Civil Services function. The judiciary is headed by a Chief Justice and Jharkhand has a separate High Court, located in Ranchi. Jharkand is one of the thirteen states in which the Naxalite rebels have considerable influence.

Jharkhand At the time of appointment of first govermener of state it was decided that only tribal chief minister will be elected for the betterment of tribal people. On 5 March 2007, Sunil Mahato, a member of the national parliament was shot dead by Naxalite rebels while watching a football match on the Hindu festival of Holi near Kishanpur, some 160km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) east of state capital, Ranchi.[14] Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM) candidate Mrs Suman Mahato, wife of slain JMM MP Sunil Mahato, won the Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-poll in Sep 2007. Mrs Mahato defeated her nearest rival Dr Dinesh Sarangi of the BJP by a margin of 58,816 votes. Ministry The Centre imposed President's rule in Jharkhand on 1 June 2009 to 11 September 2010, when JMM chief Shibu Soren resigned as CM after he lost the Tamar Assembly by-election to "Jharkhand Party" candidate Gopal Krishna Patar (alias Raja Peter) by more than 9,200 votes. The president's rule followed the Union cabinet's recommendation based on Jharkhand governor Syed Sibtey Razi's report to the Centre. Razi wrote that following the resignation of Soren as CM on 12 January, no political alliance was in a position to form an alternative government. On Wednesday, 23 December 2009, Jharkhand headed towards a hung assembly, with indications that no political group or combine was likely to get a majority in the 81-member house. But now on 11th-Sept.-2010 Sri Arjun Munda of the BJP became the Chief Minister of the state. People of jharkhand are facing unstable government and this is one of the biggest hurdles in the inclusive development of the state.

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Naxal insurgency
Jharkand has been at the centre of the Naxalite-Maoist insurgency. Since the uprising of the Naxalites in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the police, and its paramilitary groups such as the Salwa Judum.[15] Despite having a presence in almost 7.80% of India's geographical area[16] (home to 5.50% of India's population), the state of Jharkand is part of the "Naxal Belt" comprising 92,000 square kilometres,[16] where the highest concentrations of the groups estimated 20,000 combatants[17] fight. Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours a rich abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.[18] The impoverished state provides ample recruits for the communist insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor that see few benefits from the resource extractions.[18] As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the tribal population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.[18] In response, the insurgents have recently begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.[16] In response to the growing influence of the insurgents, the Indian government has recently enacted a scheme by which free mobile phones would be handed out in exchange for villagers' cooperation with security forcesalthough intelligence officials express concern at the possibility of misinformation, and the difficulty in determining villagers from rebels[15]

Economy
Jharkhand's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $14 billion at current prices. Born out of partition from old Bihar state in 2000, Jharkhand produces about 70% of the output of the old Bihar state. Since it is rich in minerals, the state per capita income is likely to increase in the coming years. Jharkhand has a concentration of some of the countrys highly industrialised cities such as Jamshedpur, Ranchi, Bokaro Steel City and Dhanbad. It also has several firsts in India, including: Largest fertiliser factory of its time in India (since shut down) at Sindri, Dhanbad First Iron & steel factory at Jamshedpur Largest Steel plant in Asia, Bokaro steel plant, Bokaro.

Jharkhand Biggest explosives factory at Gomia, Bokaro. First methane gas well at Parbatpur, Bokaro.

313

Major industrial units

Bokaro Steel Plant, Bokaro. Tata Steel Plant, Jamshedpur. Tata Motors, Jamshedpur. Tata Cummins, Jamshedpur. TRF Limited, Jamshedpur. BMW Steel, Bokaro. Lafarge Cement, Jamshedpur. TELCON, Jamshedpur. BOC Gases, Jamshedpur. Praxair, Jamshedpur.

Bokaro Steel Plant

Tinplate, Jamshedpur. Heavy Engineering Corporation,(HEC Ltd., Dhurwa), Ranchi. Patratu Thermal Power Station, Ramgarh. Chandrapura Thermal Power Station, Chandrapura, Bokaro. Bokaro Thermal Power Station, Bokaro Thermal, Bokaro. Indian Explosive Limited, Gomia, Bokaro JP Cement, Bokaro Maithon Hydro Power Station, Maithan, Dhanbad. Panchet Hydro Power Station, Panchet, Damodar Valley Corporation, Dhanbad Telaiya Hydro Power Station, Telaiya, Damodar Valley Corporation Tenughat Thermal/Hydro Power Station, Bokaro. Jindal Steel Plant, Patratu. Electrosteel Plant, Bokaro. Bharat Refractories Limited. Bokaro Usha Martin, Ranchi. Central Coalfields Limited. Bharat Coaking Coal Limited. Eastern Coalfields Limited. Central Mine Planning & Designing Institute Limited. Metallurgical and Engineering Consultancy(MECON) Limited. Ashok Industries, Bokaro Industrial Area Hindustan Copper Limited, Ghatsila

Few Micro Service Industry NetSanchar. Net, Dhanbad, Jharkhand

Jharkhand

314

Upcoming mega projects

Supreme Office Systems, Ranchi Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1% and the per capita annual income is US$ 726.8.[19] Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore (1st), coal(3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), Manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), asbestos (1st), thorium (3rd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even gold (Rakha Mines) (6th) and silver and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of industry, in centres like Jamshedpur, Bokaro and Ranchi. Tata Steel, a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate has its corporate office in Jharkhand. It reported a gross income of . 204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 201112, for which the company will be investing about Rs 1,800 crore.[20]

Education
The literacy rate in Jharkhand is 67.63% (2011). As per the 2011 census conducted by Government of India the official literacy rate for the state was 67.63% (Male: 78.45%; Female: 56.21%) with 9 districts above the average literacy rate:[21][22] 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Purvi Singhbhum (Jamshedpur): 77.13% (Male: 85.53%; Female: 68.20%) Ranchi: 76.13% (Male: 84.51%; Female: 67.33%) Dhanbad: 75.71% (Male: 85.68%; Female: 64.70%) Ramgarh: 73.92% (Male: 83.51%; Female: 63.49%) Bokaro: 73.48% (Male: 84.50%; Female: 61.46%) Hazaribagh: 70.48% (Male: 81.15%; Female: 59.25%) Saraikela Khasawan: 68.85% (Male: 81.01%; Female: 56.19%) Kodarma: 68.35% (Male: 81.25%; Female: 54.77%) Lohardaga: 68.29% (Male: 78.62%; Female: 57.86%)

Jharkhand has a network of government and privately run schools, although standards of teaching vary considerably from place to place, as also from school to school. After formation of new state, Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects for spread of elementary education namely DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, KGBV. Hence works have been accomplished in the state towards achieving the goal of UEE but due to slow pace, the target of hundred percent enrolment and retention of children in schools is not yet attained.[23] Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 611 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 199394, so this will likely to improve literacy a great deal. Some of the better known schools which operate chain of school nationally and regionally are Delhi Public School, Oxford Public School, De Nobili School, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Chinmaya Public School, Loyola school, Sacred Heart School, St. Xavier's, Shishu Mandir, Surendranath centenary School, etc. Students from Jharkhand have proved themselves on national as well as international level. Students from the state have always ranked well in almost all the national level competitive exams.[24]

Schools
The medium of instruction in schools is Hindi/ English with English/ Hindi/ Sanskrit/ Urdu/ Bengali/ Oriya as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join 2 years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in Arts, Science and Commerce. This is followed by 3 years of degree courses (graduation)or 4 years of Engineering/Agriculture/Medicine degree. On May 2008, Jharkhand became the first in India to introduce free haircuts for poor students. 40,000 barbers will be employed with a monthly salary of 1000 rupees (25 US dollars)

Jharkhand which will cost the state government 40 million rupees (1 million US dollars).[25]

315

Universities and colleges

Jharkhand has a number of engineering colleges:Indian School of Mines University, Dhanbad, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri, Dhanbad, and the National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology (NIFFT). Among which BIT mesra, NIT Jamshedpur and ISM Dhanbad are among top 15 technical colleges in the country. St Xavier's College, Ranchi, most reputed college in the state of Bihar and Jharkhand was started in the Ranchi Jesuit Society, on 3 July 1944.

XLRI entrance, Jamshedpur

ISM Dhanbad, established in 1926, is most reputed engineering college in Jharkhand among above all mentioned colleges. Admission to this college is through IIT-JEE the toughest engineering entrance examination in India. This college attracts students from all over the globe and country. And this college is among oldest technical colleges of India. Jamshedpur is home to one of the best business school in India, the Xavier Labour Relations Institute,(XLRI). It has been consistently ranked among the best private business school in India. A recent development, the Government of India has set up an Indian Institute of Management(IIM) at Ranchi under the mentorship of IIM Calcutta. The State Government has allocated land for the same near Birsa Agricultural University, Kanke. Jharkhand has five (5) universities including one deemed university: : Ranchi University & Birsa Agricultural University at Ranchi, Sidhhu Kanhu University at Dumka and Vinova Bhave University in Hazaribagh, and BIT Mesra Deemed University at Ranchi. There are three medical colleges in Jharkhand namely M.G.M Medical College at Jamshedpur, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) at Ranchi and Patliputra Medical College And Hospital (PMCH) at Dhanbad. Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS) at Ranchi is also one of oldest business school well known for its Personnel management and Rural Development courses.[26] XISS ranked 6th in East and 31st in all IndiaOutlook MDRA B-Schools Ranking 2010 and Business Today in 2010 ranked XISS on 36th position in all India. National University of Study and Research in Law, Ranchi(NUSRL) was established in year 2010 by Government of Jharkhand as the fourteenth national law university of India. NUSRL is currently functioning out of a temporary campus in BIT, Mesra. It was formally inaugurated by the Chief Justice of Jharkhand High Court and Supreme Court Judge designate Gyan Sudha Mishra on April 26, 2010, in the Birla Institute of Technology-Mesra campus. NUSRL is established to develop a holistic perspective of legal education in all its ramifications particularly advocacy, judicial and legal institutional services, legislations, law reforms and all the research in these areas. Redeemer Institute of Management And Technology (RIMT) was established in 2011 in Munirka,New Delhi.In February 2012 RIMT have opened there branch in Ramgarh, Jharkhand.RIMT affiliated from Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management University and Karnataka State Open University. RIMT College is organized by Redeemer Engisoft Private Limited.

Jharkhand

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Health
On account of salubrious climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been like a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of mentally challenged.[27] In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like tuberculosis (TB). In fact, TB has assumed epidemic proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing exemplary work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by Government of India for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as Drug resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,[28] is rendering pioneering work. In the same way Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment Cancer and heart related problems with capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India. Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the famous Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of a ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities. Ranchi, the capital has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals. Hospitals like Orchid Medical Centre [29] have introduced world class healthcare services to the people of the state. Fluoride in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with UNICEF in the northwest districts of Palamau and Garhwa found fluoride levels above the drinking WHO drinking water guidelines.[30] Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to dental fluorosis, prevalent bone fractures, and skeletal fluorosis, an irreversible disabling condition.[31] Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.[32] Researchers at Princeton University and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.[33][34] Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.[35]

Veterinary
Jharkhand has a diverse domestic animal population, including local and crossbred cattle, black Bengal goat, chhotanagpuri sheep, murrah and local buffalo, broilers and ducks of many varieties. The state Veterinary department runs Veterinary Dispensaries located throughout Jharkhand and posts Touring Veterinary officers, Block Animal Husbandary Officers, Touring Veterinary officers (mobile), Assistant Poultry Officers and Veterinary Surgeons to support the agricultural industry. The state has a Veterinary College located at Kanke, Ranchi.

Sports
Cricket, Hockey and football are popular games with the people of Jharkhand. Jharkhand has given some brilliant players like Jaipal Singh, a former Indian hockey captain and Olympian and Manohar Topno, Vimal Lakra, currently playing for the Indian Hockey team. Jaipal Singh was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in Olympic games 1928 at Amsterdam. Mahendra Singh Dhoni who is the captain of Indian cricket team and the best wicket keeper batsman for India till date and led the Indian Cricket Team to ICC Cricket World Cup Glory on 2 April 2011 ending a 28-year wait to repeat the feat achieved by former Indian captain Kapil Dev in 1983 at Lords, England. Another rising cricketer from Jharkhand is Varun Aaron, India's fastest bowler and Saurabh

Jharkhand Tiwary, left hand hard hitting batsman of India who represented Mumbai Indians from the 2008 Indian Premier League and currently playing for Royal Challengers Bangalore. He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the 2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup in Malaysia. Ashunta Lakra, sister of Vimal Lakra is the Indian Hockey Captain currently.And one of the emerging sport personality is Deepika Kumari, a young Indian athlete who competes in the event of Archery. She won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event.

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Media
Electronic media ETV Bihar/Jharkhand broadcasts Jharkhand-related news on a popular program called Johar Jharkhand at 7:30 am and 7:30 pm. Print media include the Hindi newspapers, namely, Prabhat Khabar, Hindustan and Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar published from the state capital, Ranchi and available in almost all parts of the state. English newspapers like The Pioneer,[36] the Times of India and the Hindustan Times are published from Ranchi and are available across Jharkhand. Other important Indian newspapers in Hindi, English and local languages are also available in bigger cities by the afternoon and after a days delay in smaller towns. Most of the national magazines in Hindi and English are regularly available in bigger cities and at other places where supply may be arranged through newspaper vendors. The internet media like jharkhandmirror[37] and newswings[38] are also available. Johar Disum Khabar[39] is only fortnightly newspaper published in local tribal & regional language from Ranchi. A monthly magazine "Johar Sahiya"[40] is also published in the state's popular regional language Nagpuri-Sadri."Jharkhandi Bhasha Sahitya Sanskriti Akhra"[41] also a multilingual quarterly magazine in tribal & Regional languages of Jharkhand. There are also many lesser known news website like BiharAndJharkhand.com[42] ranchiexpress.com[43] and a more recent news website JHnews.co.in.[44] These websites have been made exclusively keeping in mind the needs of Jharkhand. Ranchi and Jamshedpur have around five radio stations and All India Radio is available throughout the state. In 2007, private FM Channels have also started operation in the state. Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, is also available in almost all parts of the state. Bigger cities in Jharkhand are served by all television channels available in India and channels are received through cable. In some interior regions, channels are received via satellite dishes. Landline telephone connectivity is provided by BSNL, Tata Indicom and Reliance Communications and covers almost all parts of the state. Cellular service, covering all major centres of the state, is provided by Vodafone, Airtel (GSM Service), Aircel, BSNL, Idea Cellular and Reliance Communications and also by Tata Indicom and Reliance Infocomm (CDMA Service). Internet connectivity is available in all the districts. Kashish News is one of the round-the-clock electronic media being aired from Ranchi, Jharkhand.[45]

References
[1] http:/ / jharkhand. nic. in [2] "Jharkhand At a Glance" (http:/ / www. jharkhand. gov. in/ AboutState_fr. html). . [3] Gautam Kumar Bera (2008). The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=9qrmTdshzKQC& pg=PA31& dq=distinct+ geo-political+ Jharkhand& q=distinct geo-political Jharkhand). Mittal Publications. pp.3235. ISBN978-81-8324-145-8. . [4] P K Mohanty (2006). "4: Tribes of Jharkhand" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=u-yM6OYrIEcC& pg=PA105& dq=kukara,+ jharkhand& q=kukara, jharkhand). Encyclopaedia Scheduled Tribes In India. Gyan Publishing House. p.105. ISBN978-81-8205-052-5. . [5] J.B. Hoffmann (1984). A missionary social worker in India (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=bL3ISWm-tOYC& pg=PA54& lpg=PA54& dq=munda+ raja& q=munda raja). Editrice Pontificia Universit Gregoriana. p.54. ISBN978-88-7652-539-1. . [6] "Freedom Struggle" (http:/ / wesanthals. tripod. com/ id50. html). Wesanthals.tripod.com. 14 November 2000. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [7] Birsa Munda and His Movement 18741901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh. Oxford University Press, 1983 [8] http:/ / www. emergingjharkhand. com/

Jharkhand
[9] "Birds and animals found in the forest of the Palamau district" (http:/ / palamu. nic. in/ forestchap4. htm). Official website of the Palamau district. . Retrieved 2009-04-05. [10] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [11] http:/ / demotemp257. nic. in/ httpdoc/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm [12] "Bengali language in Jharkhand" (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ jharkhand/ language/ bengali. html). Mapsofindia.com. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [13] "Census Reference Tables, C-Series Population by religious communities" (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm). Censusindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [14] "South Asia | 'Maoist rebels' shoot Indian MP" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 6418271. stm). BBC News. 5 March 2007. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [15] Bhaumik, Subir (5 February 2009). "Cell phones to fight India rebels" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 7871976. stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 6 May 2010. [16] "Rising Maoists Insurgency in India" (http:/ / globalpolitician. com/ 22790-india). Global Politician. 15 January 2007. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [17] Maoists who menace India (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 04/ 17/ opinion/ 17iht-edbowring. html), New York Times, 17 April 2006] [18] 9 Aug 2006 (9 August 2006). "Hidden civil war drains India's energy" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ South_Asia/ HH09Df01. html). Asia Times Online. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [19] http:/ / www. ibef. org/ download/ Jharkhand_261211. pdf [20] "NTPC eyes 20K crore thermal plant in MP" (http:/ / business. rediff. com/ report/ 2010/ oct/ 26/ ntpc-eyes-thermal-plant-in-mp. htm). business.rediff.com. . Retrieved 27 Oct 2010. [21] Dr. Arun C. Mehta. "District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001" (http:/ / www. educationforallinindia. com/ page157. html). Educationforallinindia.com. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [22] "National Family Health Survey, 199899: Fact Sheet, Jharkhand, Section: Basic Socio-Demographic Features of Jharkhand" (http:/ / www. nfhsindia. org/ data/ jh/ jhfctsum. pdf). p.3. . [23] Sanjay Pandey (16 October 2007). "The poor state of girl child education in Jharkhand State" (http:/ / www. mynews. in/ fullstory. aspx?storyid=89). MyNews.in. . [24] Sanjiv Shekhar (26 May 2009). "Many clear IIT-JEE in Jharkhand" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ Ranchi/ Many-clear-IIT-JEE-in-Jharkhand/ articleshow/ 4577536. cms). TNN. . [25] Tewary, Amarnath (13 May 2008). "South Asia | Free haircuts for India students" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 7397602. stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [26] "Xavier Institute of Social Service, Ranchi 834001, Jharkhand, India" (http:/ / www. xiss. ac. in). Xiss.ac.in. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [27] Central Institute of Psychiatry (http:/ / www. cipranchi. nic. in/ ), Ranchi. [28] "Welcome to Tata Memorial Centre" (http:/ / www. tatamemorialcentre. com/ index. htm). Tatamemorialcentre.com. 1 January 2004. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [29] http:/ / www. orchidmedcentre. com [30] "Fluoride alert for groundwater" (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1080111/ jsp/ jharkhand/ story_8768921. jsp) The Telegraph, Calcutta, Friday 11 January 2008 [31] Khandare, AL; Harikumar, R; Sivakumar, B (2005). "Severe bone deformities in young children from vitamin D deficiency and fluorosis in Bihar-India". Calcified tissue international 76 (6): 4128. doi:10.1007/s00223-005-0233-2. PMID15895280. [32] "Fluoride Toxicity in Jharkhand State of India," Disability News India (http:/ / www. disabled-world. com/ news/ india/ fluoride-toxicity-8758. shtml) [33] "Fluoride alert for groundwater," The Telegraph, Calcutta, Friday 11 January 2008. (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1080111/ jsp/ jharkhand/ story_8768921. jsp) [34] MacDonald, L. "Water and Health: An effective, sustainable treatment strategy to halt the fluorosis endemic in rural villages of Jharkhand State, India" (http:/ / www. princeton. edu/ ~lmacdona/ water-health. html) [35] Pandey, Geeta (1 August 2009). "Jharkhand farmers despair at drought" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 8178636. stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [36] The Pioneer (http:/ / dailypioneer. com) [37] jharkhandmirror (http:/ / www. jharkhandmirror. org) [38] newswings (http:/ / www. newswings. com) [39] "Johar Disum Khabar" (http:/ / www. johardisum. in/ ). Johardisum.in. 15 November 2010. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [40] http:/ / www. joharsahiya. in/ [41] "Jharkhandi Bhasha Sahitya Sanskriti Akhra" (http:/ / www. akhra. org. in/ ). Akhra.org.in. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [42] biharandjharkhand.com (http:/ / www. biharandjharkhandnews. com) [43] ranchiexpress (http:/ / www. ranchiexpress. com) [44] "JHnews.co.in" (http:/ / www. jhnews. co. in). JHnews.co.in. . Retrieved 2011-11-12. [45] http:/ / www. kashishnews. com/

318

"Official State Website" (http://www.jharkhand.nic.in/). Retrieved 2007-04-13.

Jharkhand The World Bank publication on Jharkhand (http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/ 223546-1181699473021/3876782-1181699502708/summary.pdf)

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External links
Jharkhand travel guide from Wikitravel Jharkhand State Government Official website (http://jharkhand.nic.in) Jharkhand-Chamber (Business Unlimited) (http://www.jharkhand-chamber.org) SAMVAD (http://www.samvad.net) Nagpuri Tube (http://www.nagpuritube.blogspot.com)A collection of Nagpuri (Jharkhandi) Songs

Assam
Assam
State

Seal

Location of Assam in India

Assam

320

Map of Assam Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government[*] Governor ChiefMinister Legislature J B Patnaik Tarun Gogoi (INC) Unicameral (126 seats) India 15 August 1947 Dispur Guwahati 27

Parliamentary constituency 14 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 31169272 14th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-AS 0.534 (medium) 22nd (2005) 73.18% (26th) [1] [2] Bodo (in Bodoland) [3] Bengali (in Barak Valley) 78550km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 16th Gauhati High Court

Assamese; Karbi; assam.gov.in [4]

Assam

321
[*] Assam has had a legislature since 1937 [*] Assam is one of the original provinces of British India

Assam /sm/ (Assamese: ) also, rarely, Assam Valley and formerly the Assam Province (British India), is a northeastern state of India. Assam was one of the original provinces[5] of the British ruled Indian sub-continent and among the original provinces of present day India,[6] having a legislature that dates back to 1937. However, present day Assam has undergone numerous territory alignment changes, with its state map being altered more than any other province's. Known for exquisite natural resources, geography and its important role in India's freedom struggle; Assam has its capital as Dispur, an especialized city circuit region located on the inside its largest metropolis, Guwahati. Assam is particularly famous for its natural beauty. The landscape includes tea gardens, the river Brahmaputra, and many historical monuments and temples. Swami Vivekananda once said that, "next only to Kashmir, Assam is the most beautiful place in India"[7] A state with an abundance of forest, Assam also has five national parks, around half a dozen other wildlife sanctuaries, and is home to two-thirds of the population of the unique one-horned rhino. When it comes to wildlife, Assam too has successfully conserved the one-horned Indian rhinoceros from near extinction, along with the tiger and numerous species of birds, and it provides one of the last wild habitats for the Asian elephant. It is becoming an increasingly popular destination for wildlife tourism, and Kaziranga and Manas are both World Heritage Sites.[8] Another aspect that separates Assam from the rest of Indian states is the rich composite culture of the state. Assamese constitute the majority of the state's population but the state has over two dozen other big and small tribal groups with many of them having their own language, writing system, dance forms and traditions. Geographically, Assam is located south of the eastern Himalayas. Assam comprises the Brahmaputra and the Barak river valleys along with the Karbi Anglong and the Dima Hasao district with an area of unknown operator: u',' square miles (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','km2). Assam is surrounded by six of the other Seven Sister States: Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya. These states are connected to the rest of India via a narrow strip in West Bengal called the Siliguri Corridor or "Chicken's Neck".[9] Assam also shares international borders with Bhutan and Bangladesh.

Etymology
Assam was known as Pragjyotisha in the Mahabharata, Puranas and historically as Kamarupa (3501140), a kingdom that ruled Assam for 800 years. The Kamarupa kingdom disintegrated into smaller kingdoms. Subsequently one of them, the Kingdom of Assam (12281826), became dominant and the region came to be named after that kingdom. The current academic consensus for "sm, sam and Acam , as evidenced by Satyendra Nath Sarma's paraphrasing Banikanta Kakati, is that the name is indigenous and associated with the medieval invading tribe which later applied to land they ruled. Sanskrit word "Asama" was later applied by Aryans to said land referring to its topography.[10] "While the Shan invaders called themselves Tai, they came to be referred to as sm, sam and sometimes as Acam by the indigenous people of the country. The modern Assamese word hom by which the Tai people are known is derived from sm or sam. The epithet applied to the Shan conquerors was subsequently transferred to the country over which they ruled and thus the name Kmarpa was replaced by sm, which ultimately took the Sanskritized form Asama, meaning 'unequaled, peerless or uneven'." The earliest recorded use of the name is from the 16th century[11] which was one among many variants that originated natively.[12][13] Europeans picked up this name in the 17th century initially as Assam[14] (Dutch), Acham[15] (English), or Assen (French) and which settled very quickly to the current spelling Assam. The medieval kingdom, then the British province and finally the Indian state came to be known as Assam when written in alphabets derived from the Latin alphabet. In the colonial and post-colonial period, the name Ahom derived from

Assam sm or sam (see quote above), denoted a community connected with the original invaders and the Kingdom of Assam[16] came to be referred to as Ahom kingdom. The academic consensus is that current name "Assam" is based on the English word Assam [17] by which the British rulers referred to the tract covered by the Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining areas ruled by erstwhile Kamarupa. The named Assam applied to most of North East India including Brahmaputra and Barak river valleys, hills of Arunachal Pradesh (NEFA), Mizoram (Lushai Hills), Nagaland (Naga Hills) and Meghalaya (Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills.[18] Assam was known as Asama after 15th century till arrival of British.[19] The medieval native name was "Asama" derived from Sanskrit meaning unequal as referring to its geology which is equal mix of river valleys and hills.[20] The British province after 1838 and the Indian state after 1947 came to be known as Assam. Different scholars forwarded their view in this regard. Some of them are as below. Banikanta Kakati's view regarding etymology of current official name and official language of state is as follows:The word Assamese is an English one. built on the same principle as Cingalese, Canarese etc. It is based on the English word Assam.
[21]

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Satyendranath Sarma says:Assamese is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language of India, spoken by nearly eight millions of people inhabiting mostly the Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The word Assamese is an English formation built on the same principle as Simhalese or Canarese etc. It is based on the English word Assam by which the British rulers referred to the tract covered by the Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining areas. But the people call their country Asama and their language Asamiya.
[22]

For the many theories on the origin of the name, see the main article Etymology of Assam. On 27 February 2006, the Government of Assam started a process to change the name of the state to Asom or Axom due to foreign origin of the name and in line of Indianisation of names of states and cities of the country.[23] It created controversy and has been opposed by the few people and political organizations.[24]

Geography and Climate

Geomorphic studies conclude that the Brahmaputra, the life-line of Assam is an antecedent river, older than the Himalayas. The river with steep gorges and rapids in Arunachal Pradesh entering Assam, becomes a braided river (at times 10mi/16km wide) and with tributaries, creates a flood plain (Brahmaputra Valley: 5060mi/80100km wide, 600mi/1000km long).[25] The hills of Karbi Anglong, North Cachar and those in and close to Guwahati (also Khasi-Garo Hills) now eroded and dissected are originally parts of the South Indian Plateau system.[25] In the south, the Barak originating in the Barail Range (Assam-Nagaland border) flows through the Cachar district with a 2530miles (4050km) wide valley and enters Bangladesh with the name Surma. Assam is endowed with petroleum, natural gas, coal, limestone and other minor minerals such as magnetic quartzite, kaolin, sillimanites, clay and feldspar.[26] A small quantity of iron ore is available in western districts.[26] Discovered in 1889, all the major petroleum-gas reserves are in Upper parts. A recent USGS estimate shows 399 million barrels (unknown

Assam and its Environs: Assam comprises plains, dissected hills of the South Indian Plateau system and the Himalayas all around its north, north-east and east.

Assam operator: u'strong' m3) of oil, 1178 billion cubic feet (expected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operatorexpected operator1010 m3) of gas and 67 million barrels (unknown operator: u'strong' m3) of natural gas liquids in the Assam Geologic Province.[27] With the Tropical Monsoon Rainforest Climate, Assam is temperate (summer max. at 95100 F or 3538 C and winter min. at 4346 F or 68 C) and experiences heavy rainfall and high humidity.[25][28] The climate is characterized by heavy monsoon downpours reducing summer temperatures and affecting foggy nights and mornings in winters. Thunderstorms known as Bordoicila are frequent during the afternoons. Spring (MarApr) and Autumn (SeptOct) are usually pleasant with moderate rainfall and temperature.

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Flora and Fauna

Assam is one of the richest biodiversity zones in the world and consists of tropical rainforests,[29] deciduous forests, riverine grasslands,[30] bamboo[31] orchards and numerous wetland[32] ecosystems; Many are now protected as national parks and reserved forests. The Kaziranga, home of the rare Indian Rhinoceros, and Manas are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Assam. The state is the last refuge for numerous other endangered species such as the Golden Langur (Presbetis geei), White-winged Wood Duck or Deohanh (Cairina scutulata), Bengal Florican, Black-breasted Parrotbill, Pygmy Hog, Greater Adjutant and so on. Some other endangered species with significant population in Assam are the tiger, elephant, Hoolock gibbon, Jerdon's Babbler and so on to name a few. For the State Bird, the White-winged Wood Duck, Assam is a globally important area.[33] Assam is also known for orchids.[34] The state has the largest population of the Wild Water Buffalo in the world.[35] The state also has the highest diversity of birds in India with around 820 species.[36] With subspecies the number is as high as 946.[37] The mammal diversity in Assam is also high with around 190 species[38] The region is prone to natural disasters with annual floods and frequent mild earthquakes. Strong earthquakes are rare; three of which were recorded in 1869, 1897 (8.1 on the Richter scale); and in 1950 (8.6).

An Indian Rhino at Kaziranga National Park

A Golden Langur; endangered and found in the Chakrashila Wildlife Sanctuary in Dhubri district and in the pea-cock island of Guwahati.

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Government and Politics

Assam is divided into 27 administrative districts.[39] These districts are further sub-divided into 49 Sub-divisions or Mohkuma.[39] Every district is administered from a district head quarter with the office of the District Collector, District Magistrate, Office of the District Panchayat and usually with a district court. The districts are delineated on the basis of the features such as the rivers, hills, forests, etc. and majority of the newly constituted districts are sub-divisions of the earlier districts. The local governance system is organised under the jila-parishad (District Panchayat) Districts of Assam. Note that since 2001, four new districts have been created: for a district, panchayat for group of or Baksa, Chirang, Udalguri and Kamrup (metropolitan); and Kamrup has been individual rural areas and under the urban renamed Kamrup (rural) local bodies for the towns and cities. Presently there are 2489 village panchayats covering 26247 villages in Assam.[40] The 'town-committee' or nagar-somiti for small towns, 'municipal board' or pouro-sobha for medium towns and municipal corporation or pouro-nigom for the cities consist of the urban local bodies.Assam has two big cities. Largest City is Guwahati and Second Largest City is Dibrugarh.Other Small Cities are Tezpur, Silchar,Tinsukia,Sivasagar, Dhuburi, Nagaon, Jorhat etc. For the revenue purposes, the districts are divided into revenue circles and mouzas; for the development projects, the districts are divided into 219 'development-blocks' and for law and order these are divided into 206 police stations or thana.[40]

History
Pre-history
Assam and adjoining regions have evidences of human settlements from all the periods of the Stone ages. The hills at the height of 1,5002,000 feet (460 to 615 m) were popular habitats probably due to availability of exposed doleritic basalt useful for tool-making.[41] According to the Kalika Purana (c.17th18th AD), written in Assam, the earliest ruler of Assam was Mahiranga Danav followed by Hatak, Sambar, Ratna and Ghatak; Naraka removed this line of rulers and established his own Naraka dynasty. It mentions that the last of the Naraka-bhauma rulers, Narak, was slain by Krishna. Naraka's son Bhagadatta, mentioned in the Mahabharata, fought for the Kauravas in the battle of Kurukshetra with an army of kiratas, chinas and dwellers of the eastern coast. Later rulers of Kamarupa frequently drew their lineage from the Naraka rulers. However, there is much evidence that

A ferocious lion excavated in Madan Kamdev close to Baihata Chariali in Assam representing the powerful Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)Kamarupa-Palas (c. 9th10th century AD)

Assam Mahayana Buddhism was prominent in ancient Assam. After Hi-uen Shang's visit Mahayana Buddhism came to Assam. Relics of Tezpur, Malini Than, Kamakhya and Madan Kam Dev Temple are the evidences of Mahayana Buddhism.

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Ancient
Ancient Assam, known as Kamarupa, was ruled by powerful dynasties: the Varmanas (c. 350650 AD), the Salstambhas (Xalostombho, c. 655900 AD) and the Kamarupa-Palas (c. 9001100 AD). In the reign of the Varman king, Bhaskar Varman(c. 600650 AD), the Chinese traveler Xuan Zang visited the region and recorded his travels. Later, after weakening and disintegration (after the Kamarupa-Palas), the Kamarupa tradition was somewhat extended till c. 1255 AD by the Lunar I (c. 11201185 AD) and Lunar II (c. 11551255 AD) dynasties.[41] Ruled by three dynasties Varman, Pala and Salstambhas from their capitals in present-day Guwahati (Pragjyotishpura, Durjaya) and Tezpur (Haruppeswara) respectively, it covered the entire Brahmaputra river valley and, at times, North Bengal and parts of Bangladesh.[42]

The KamarupaKamarupa Kingdom, 350 and 1140 CE

Medieval
Two later dynasties, the Ahoms and the Koch left larger impacts. The Ahoms, a Tai group, ruled Assam for nearly 600 years (12281826 AD) and the Koch, a Tibeto-Burmese, established sovereignty in c. 1510 AD. The Koch kingdom in western Assam and present North Bengal was at its zenith in the early reign of Naranarayana (c. 15401587 AD). It split into two in c. 1581 AD, the western part as a Moghul vassal and the eastern as an Ahom satellite state. Since c. 13th The Ahom Kingdom, c. 1826 AD, the nerve centre of Ahom polity was upper Assam; the kingdom was gradually extended till Karatoya River in the c. 17th18th AD. It was at its zenith during the reign of Sukhrungpha or Sworgodeu Rudra Simha (c. 16961714 AD). Among other dynasties, the Sutiya Kingdom ruled north-eastern Assam and parts of present Arunachal Pradesh and the Kacharis ruled from Dikhow River to central and southern Assam. With expansion of Ahom kingdom, by c. 1520 AD the Sutiyas areas were annexed and since c. 1536 AD Kacharis remained only in Cachar and North Cachar more as an Ahom ally then a competing force. Despite numerous invasions, mostly by the Muslim rulers, no western power ruled Assam until the arrival of the British. Though the Mughals made seventeen attempts to invade they were not successful. The most successful invader Mir Jumla, a governor of Aurangzeb, briefly occupied Garhgaon (c. 166263 AD), the then capital, but found it difficult to control people making guerrilla attacks on his forces, forcing them to leave. The decisive victory of the Assamese led by the great general Lachit Borphukan on the Mughals, then under command of Raja Ram Singha at Saraighat (1671) had almost ended Mughal ambitions in this region. Mughals were finally expelled in c. 1682 AD from lower Assam.

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British Assam
In the later part of 18th century, religious tensions and atrocities of nobles lead to the Moamoria rebellion causing tremendous casualties of lives and properties. The rebellion was suppressed but the kingdom was severely weakened by the civil war. Political rivalry between Prime Minister Purnananda Burhagohain and Badan Chandra Borphukan, the Ahom Viceroy of Lower Assam, led to the invitation of Burmese by the latter[43] [44] [45][46], leading to three successive invasion by Burmese on Assam. The reigning monarch Chandrakanta Singha tried to check the Burmese invaders but he was defeated after fierce resistance [47] [48][49]. A reign of terror was unleashed by the Burmese on the Assamese people [50] [51][52] [53], who fled to neighbouring kingdoms and British ruled Bengal [54] [55]. With the Burmese having reached the East India Companys borders, the First Anglo-Burmese War ensued in 1824. The war ended under the Treaty of Yandabo[56] in 1826, with the Company taking control of Lower Assam and installing Purander Singh as king of Upper Assam in 1833. The arrangement lasted till 1838 and thereafter the British gradually annexed the entire region. Initially Assam was made a part of the Bengal Presidency, then in 1906 it was a part of Eastern Bengal and Assam province, and in 1912 it was reconstituted into a Chief Commissioners' province. In 1913, a Legislative Council and in 1937 the Assam Legislative Assembly were formed in Shillong, the erstwhile capital of the region. The British tea planters imported labour from central India adding to the demographic canvas. After few initial unsuccessful attempts to free Assam during the 1850s, the Assamese since early 20th century joined and actively supported the Indian National Congress against the British. At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight provinces that were administered either by a Governor or a Lieutenant-Governor. The Assam Province was one amongst those major eight provinces of British India. The following table lists their areas and populations (but does not include those of the dependent Native States):[57] During the partition of Bengal (19051911), a new province, Assam and East Bengal, was created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911, East Bengal was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.[57] Table hereafter shows the major original provinces during British India that includes the Assam Province:
Province of British India Burma Bengal Madras Bombay United Provinces Central Provinces and Berar Punjab Assam [] Area (in thousands of square miles) Population (in millions of inhabitants) Chief Administrative Officer 170 151 142 123 107 104 97 49 9 75 38 19 48 13 20 6 Lieutenant-Governor Lieutenant-Governor Governor-in-Council Governor-in-Council Lieutenant-Governor Chief Commissioner Lieutenant-Governor Chief Commissioner

Showing an historical incident at Kankalata Udyan, Tezpur

In 1947, Assam including the present Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya became a state of the Union of India (princely states, Manipur and Tripura became Group C provinces) and a district of Assam, Sylhet, chose to join Pakistan.

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Post British
Since 1947, with increasing economic problems in the region, separatist groups began forming along ethnic lines, and demands for autonomy and sovereignty grew, resulting into fragmentation of Assam. Since the mid-20th century, people from present Bangladesh have been migrating to Assam. In 1961, the Government of Assam passed a legislation making use of Assamese language compulsory. It had to be withdrawn later under pressure from Bengali speaking people in Cachar. In the 1980s the Brahmaputra valley saw a six-year Assam Agitation[58] triggered by the discovery of a sudden rise in registered voters on electoral rolls. It tried to force the government to identify and deport foreigners illegally migrating from neighboring Bangladesh and changing the demographics. The agitation ended after an accord between its leaders and the Union Government, which remained unimplemented, causing simmering discontent.[59]
Assam till 1950s; The new states of Nagaland,

The post 1970s experienced the growth of armed separatist groups like Meghalaya and Mizoram formed in the 1960-70s. From Shillong, the capital of Assam was shifted United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA)[58] and National Democratic to Dispur, now a part of Guwahati. After the Front of Bodoland (NDFB). In November 1990, the Government of Indo-China war in 1962, Arunachal Pradesh was India deployed the Indian army, after which low-intensity military also separated out. conflicts and political homicides have been continuing for more than a decade. In recent times, ethnicity based militant groups (UPDS, HPDC etc.) have also mushroomed. Regional autonomy has been ensured for Bodo-Kachari community in Bodoland Territorial Council Areas (BTC) and for the Karbis in Karbi Anglong after agitation of the communities due to sluggish rate of development and general apathy of successive state governments towards indigenous communities.

Nidhanpur Inscription of Kamrupi King Bhaskar Varman.

Copper Plate Seal of Kamarupa Kings.

Ruins of Pragjyotishpura, Kamarupa.

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A typical octagonal Ahom coin of Ahom Dynasty.

Rang Ghar, a pavilion built by Sunenphaa Pramatta Singha (17441751) in Ahom capital Rongpur, now Sibsagar; the Rang Ghar is one of the earliest pavilions of outdoor stadia in South Asia.

Tea history
After discovery of Camellia sinensis (1834) in Assam followed by its tests in 183637 in London, the British allowed companies to rent land since 1839. Thereafter tea plantations mushroomed in Upper Assam, where the soil and the climate were most suitable. Problems with the imported laborers from China and hostilities of native Assamese resulted into migration of forced laborers from central-eastern parts of India. After initial trial and error with planting the Chinese and the Assamese-Chinese hybrid varieties, the planters later accepted the local Camellia assamica as the most suitable one for Assam. By 1850s, the industry started seeing some profits. Industry saw initial growth, when in 1861, investors were allowed to own land in Assam and it saw substantial progress with invention of new technologies and machinery for preparing processed tea during 1870s. The cost of Assam tea was lowered down many folds and became more competitive than its Chinese variant. Despite the commercial success, tea laborers continued to be exploited, working and living under poor conditions. Fearful of greater government interference, the tea growers formed the Indian Tea Association [60] in 1888 to lobby to retain the status quo. The organization was very successful in this, and even after Indias independence conditions of the laborers have improved very little.[61]

Woman teaworker plucking tea leaves in a tea garden of Assam

This 1850 engraving shows the different stages in the process of making tea in Assam

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Tea leaves Assam produces a significant portion of the world's tea

Demographics

District-wise Demographic Characteristics in 2001

Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Pop. 8029000 10837000 14625000 18041000 22414000 26656000 [62] % 35.0% 35.0% 23.4% 24.2% 18.9%

Source:Census of India The 1981 Census could not be held in Assam. Total population for 1981 has been worked out by Interpolation.

As per 2011 census, total population of Assam was 31,169,272. The total population of the state has increased from 26,638,407 to 31,169,272 in the last ten years with a growth rate of 16.93 per cent.[63] Of the 27 districts of Assam, eight districts registered rise in the decadal population growth rate. Interestingly, religious minority-dominated districts like Dhubri, Goalpara, Barpeta, Morigaon, Nagaon, Hailakandi etc. recorded growth rates ranging from 20 per cent to 24 per cent during the last decade. On the other hand, eastern Assam districts like Sivasagar, Jorhat etc. registered around 9 per cent population growth, and for the record, these districts

Assam do not share any international border.[64] Total population of Assam was 26.66million with 4.91million households in 2001.[65] Higher population concentration was recorded in the districts of Kamrup, Nagaon, Sonitpur, Barpeta, Dhubri, Darang and Cachar. Assam's population was estimated at 28.67million in 2006 and at 30.57million by 2011, 34.18million by 2021 and 35.60million by 2026.[66] In 2011, literacy rate in the state was 73.18%. Male literacy rate was 78.81% and female literacy rate was 67.27% [63] In 2001, the census had recorded literacy in Assam at 63.3% with male literacy at 71.3% and female at 54.6%. Urbanisation rate was recorded at 12.9%.[67] Growth of population in Assam has experienced a very high trajectory since the mid-decades of the 20th century. Population grew steadily from 3.29million in 1901 to 6.70million in 1941, while it has increased unprecedentedly to 14.63million in 1971 and 22.41million in 1991 to reach the present level.[65] The growth in the western and southern districts was of extreme high in nature mostly attributable to rapid influx of population from the then East Pakistan or Bangladesh.[59] Assam has many ethnic groups and the People of India project has studied 115 of these. Out of which 79 (69%) identify themselves regionally, 22 (19%) locally, and 3 trans-nationally. The earliest settlers were Austroasiatic, followed by Tibeto-Burman, Indo-Aryan speakers, and TaiKadai speakers.[68] Forty-five languages are spoken by different communities, including three major language families: Austroasiatic (5), Sino-Tibetan (24) and Indo-European (12). Three of the spoken languages do not fall in these families. There is a high degree of bilingualism. STs in Assam There are 23 notified Scheduled Tribes (ST) in Assam with the Bodos (40.9 per cent) making half of the total ST population (around 13 per cent) of the state. The other STs (both plains and hills) include Miri, Karbi, Rabha, Kachari, Lalung, Barman in Cachar, Borokachar, Deori, Hajai, Mech, Dimasa, Hajong, Singhphho, Khampti and Garo, Chakma, Hmar, Khasi, Jaintia, Synteng, Pnar, War, Bhoi, Lyngngam, and Kuki.

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Religions
Religion in Assam Religion Hinduism Islam Christianity Others
[69]

Percent 64.92% 30.93% 3.71% 0.45%

According to the 2001 census, there were 17,296,455 Hindus, 8,240,611 Muslims, 986,589 Christians, 22,519 Sikhs, 51,029 Buddhists, 23,957 Jains and 22,999 belonging to other religious communities.[70] The latter includes Animism (Khamti, Phake, Aiton etc. communities).

Assam Hinduism The Hindus of Assam perform several dances to practice their devotion to their Gods. One category of them is the Sattriya Dances. Kamakhya, dedicated to Goddess Durga is the eastern-most pilgrimage of Hinduism. Popular forms of God in Assam are Durga, Shiva, Krishna and Narayana, although several tribes practice devotion to local deities as well. Well known saints and philosophers from Assam include Gurudev Kalicharan, Madhab, Mahadeb, and very likely Kumarila Bhatta. Brahmo Samaj: Assam is the home of Kalicharan Mech, a Bodo Hindu who stopped the British Christian missionaries, spread ahimsa and vegetarianism. He was deeply influenced by the Brahmo Samaj.[71] He later became known as "Gurudev Kalicharan Brahmachari"[72] or "Guru Brahma". His principles were established as the Brahma Kamakhya Temple Dharma. Perhaps his teachings can be summarized by his given phrase, "Chandrama Surya Narayans Jyoti", meaning, "the light (jyoti) from the sun is capable from dispelling darkness and taking people to Brahma (Narayans)."[73] From the teachings of Guru Brahma, the "Bodo-Brahmas" (the Bodos of this sect) have boycotted alcohol, heavy dowry as well as meat-eating. This sect is written by scholars to be Vedic and Upanishadic.[74] As per Vedic rituals, the priests perform Horn Yajna, which was begun by Guru Brahma to organize the Bodos.[75] While the Bodo Christians today are laying stress on adopting a Roman script for the Bodo community, the Bodo-Brahmas prefer the traditional Bengali-Ahomi script. Out of the 3,308,570 Assamese tribals reported in the 2001 Census, 90.7% were Hindus and 8.8% were Christians. There were also 6,267 Muslims, 5,153 Budhists and 3,574 Animists.[76] Islam Muslims constitute the second largest religious group in Assam with 8,240,611 Muslims.[70] The history of the indigenous Muslims of Assam is a long one, though many details are obscure, especially for the Assamese Muslims. A Brahmin priest from Kamrup (near the geographical middle of Assam) was reported to have converted to Islam around the 13th century. Later in the 16th century, an Islamic saint Ajan Fakir Shah Miran and also known as Ghiyasuddin Auliya came from Baghdad to Assam to preach Islam in the area. The Masjid constructed by him is known as, The Pao Mecca mosque, Pao Mecca literally means one-fourth of Mecca. It is believed that the foundation of the mosque was laid upon a handful of earth brought from Mecca. The Pao-Mecca mosque was partially destroyed by a strong earthquake that occurred in 1897 and the dargah on the 750ft (unknown operator: u'strong'm). high Gaurachol hills is of Ghiyasuddin Auliya Ajan Fakir was buried on the hills of Gaurachol and hence the tomb on the hill is related to him, are considered sacrosanct not only by the Muslims but by people of other faiths as well.[77] Panchpeer Dargaha, Dhurbi District, Assam: It is Mazar Sharif of five Sufi Saints who accompanied Raja Ram Singh during his time of invasion to Assam.Immigration from Bangladesh has increased the number of Muslims significantly in some areas.

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Assam Christianity The Bible was translated into Assamese in the year of 1819. In 1827, an attempt was made to start a Baptist church in Guwahati, but it made no permanent converts in the area. Later the American Baptist Foreign Missionary Society was able to make some headway in Guwahati. Although these earliest Christian missionary endeavors which were focused in the north-east of India, were in Modern Assam, the great success of Protestant missionaries in North-East India which they achieved in late 19th and the 20th centuries, was primarily in areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya which are not part of Assam anymore. As of 1991, only Tripura of the seven eastern states of India had a lower percentage of Christians than Assam. There were more Christians in Assam than in Mizoram even though Mizoram was the second most Christian state in India at the time.[78] Besides the Protestants there are also Catholics. There is a Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Shillong. According to the 2001 Census, there are a total of 986,589 Christians in Assam.[79] Out of this, 291,000 (29.5%) are tribals.[76] Sikhism The first Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Nanak Dev had visited Kamrup (Assam) in the 1505 as recorded in the his first visit in Purantan Janam Sakhi (the historical papers related to the visits and daily recorded activities of the Guru). Guru Nanak had met Srimanta Shankardeva (the founder of the Mahapuruxiya Dharma) as the Guru travelled from Dhaka to Assam. But no sangat or historical shrine dedicated to him survives as to date. Ninth Guru of Sikhs Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Assam in 1668. This place is also famous for the Sikh Gurdwara Thara Sahib or Gurdwara Damdama Sahib which was Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib main building constructed in memory atop the hillock place of meditation of the Guru in Dhubri, Kamrup. The historical site and places of interest of the Gurdwara are many times referred to as Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib situated in Dhubri (Assam) by the banks of the Brahmaputra .[80] The grateful Ahom King invited Guruji to the Kamakhya shrine, where he was honoured with great respect. In the year 1820, few hundred Sikh soldiers went to Assam at the initiative of Maharaja Ranjit Singh to help Ahom rulers in a war. Their descendants are mostly concentrated in Lanka in Nagaon district of Assam.[81] Sikhs have been living in Assam for approximately two hundred years.[82] Buddhism The religion is practised by 51,029 persons in Assam. Among them are the Chakma and Boruas. The Chakmas of Assam are located mostly in Cachar and Karbi Anglong with very lesser presence in Nagaon district. Guwahati has lots of Buddhist temples, the most prominent being the Bamunimaidan Buddhist temple. The Indigenous Tai tribes like Tai Phake, Tai Aiton, Khamyang, Turung, Singpho and Khampti are also buddhist by religion. They mainly inhabit Upper Assam and also Karbi Anglong. There is also a small Bhutanese and Tibetan population in Assam.

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Languages
. Languages of Assam in 1991[83] Assamese (57.81%) Bengali (21.67%) Bodo (5.28%) Nepali (4.62%) Mising, Karbi, Dimasa (3.66%) Other (6.96%) Assamese and Bodo are the major indigenous and official languages while Bengali holds official status in the three districts in the Barak Valley and is the second most widely spoken language of the state (27%).[84] Traditionally Assamese was the language of the commons (of mixed origin Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman, Prakrit) in the ancient Kamarupa and in the medieval kingdoms of Kamatapur, Kachari, Sutiya kingdom, Borahi, Ahom and Koch. Traces of the language is found in many poems by Luipa, Sarahapa, etc. in Charyapada (c.7th8thAD). Modern dialects Kamrupi, Goalpariya etc. are the remnants. Moreover, Assamese in its traditional form was used by the ethno-cultural groups in the region as lingua-franca, which spread during the stronger kingdoms and was required for needed economic integration. Localised forms of the language still exist in Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh. The form used in the upper Assam was enriched by the advent of Tai-Shans in the 13th century. Linguistically modern Assamese traces its roots to the version developed by the American Missionaries based on the local form in practice near Sibsagar (Siwoxagor) district. Assamese (Osomeeya) is a rich language due to its hybrid nature with its unique characteristics of pronunciation and softness. Assamese literature is one of the richest. Dimasa is a one of the oldest languages spoken in North East India particularly in Assam. The word Dimasa etymologically translates to "Son of the big river " (Di- Water, ma- suffix for great, sa-sons), the river being the mighty Brahmaputra. The Dimasa word "Di" for water forms the root word for many of the major rivers of Assam and the North East India like Dikrang which means green river, Dikhow which means "fetched water", Diyung ( huge river) etc. The mighty river Brahmaputra is known as Dilao (long river) among the Dimasas even now. Many of the important towns and cities in Assam and Nagaland found their names from the Dimasa word such as Diphu, Dimapur (a capital of Dimasa Kingdom), Dispur,Hojai, Khaspur, etc. In fact, Dimasa language is one of the last languages of the North East India which still has undiluted rich vocabularies. Bodo is an ancient language of Assam. Spatial distribution patterns of the ethno-cultural groups, cultural traits and the phenomenon of naming all the major rivers in the North East Region with Bodo-Kachari words (e.g. Dihing, Dibru, Dihong, D/Tista, Dikrai, etc.) reveal that it was the most important language in the ancient times. Bodo is presently spoken largely in the Lower Assam (Bodo Territorial Council area). After years of neglect, now Bodo language is getting attention and its literature is developing. Other native languages of Tibeto-Burman origin and related to Bodo-Kachari are DEORI [85] Mising, Karbi, Rabha, Tiwa, etc. Rajbongshi also known as Kamatapuri/Goalpariya is also widely spoken by the people of western Assam. Nepali is also spoken in almost all parts of the state. There are approximately thirty lakhs of Nepali speakers spreading over the area of all the district of Assam. Assamese language being the main language, they are well versed in it. Assamese language is the main medium in educational institutions but Nepali language is also taught as a major Indian language. In Guwahati and Digboi, many Jr. basic School and Jr. high School are Nepali medium where all the teachers are Nepali. As a major Indian language, Nepali is included by Assam State Secondary Board, Assam Higher Secondary Council and Gauhati University in their HSCL, higher secondary and graduation level respectively, in some junior basic and higher secondary schools and colleges, Nepali teachers and lecturers are also appointed. In these institutions, Nepali and literature are taught.
7th8th century specimen of Assamese (Kamrupi) literature

Assam There are also speakers of Tai languages in Assam. A total of six Tai language were spoken in Assam, although two are now extinct.[86] Tai Phake Tai Aiton Khamti Khamyang (critically endangered) Ahom (extinct) Turung (extinct)

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The Tai Ahom language (brought by Sukaphaa and his followers), is no longer a spoken language today, but is receiving increased attention for research after centuries of long care and preservation by the Bailungs (traditional priests). There are also small groups of people speaking Manipuri, Khasi, Garo, Hmar, Kuki, Zeme Naga etc. in different parts. Bengali is the official language in Barak Valley and the widely spoken language there is Sylheti, a dialect of Bengali. Bengali is also largely spoken in the western districts of Dhubri, Barpeta and Goalpara. On the 19th of May, 1961, 11 persons were killed by police firing in Silchar in Cachar, Barak Valley, when they were protesting the state government's decision to make Assamese the official language in all parts of the state. The day is observed as 'Bhasha Shaheed Diwas' in Barak Valley every year. Santali or Santhali is also spoken widely by the tribal population in the tea garden districts of Assam. these people who were initially brought as tea estate labourers by the British to Assam have now made it their home state. Bishnupriya Manipuri language is also spoken by a small minority of people in Barak Valley. Some of the other languages spoken in Assam are Missing, Rabha and Karbi.

Culture
Assamese culture is traditionally a hybrid one developed due to assimilation of ethno-cultural groups in the past. Therefore, both local elements or the local elements in Sanskritised forms are distinctly found.[87] The major milestones in evolution of Assamese culture are: Assimilation in the Kamarupa Kingdom for almost 700 years (under the Varmans for 300 years, Salastambhas and Palas for each 200 years).[41] Establishment of the Ahom dynasty in the 13th century AD and assimilation for next 600 years.[41] Assimilation in the Koch Kingdom (15th16th century AD) of western Assam and Kachari Kingdom (12th18th century AD) of central and southern Assam.[41] Vaishnava Movement led by Srimanta Shankardeva (Sonkordeu) and its contribution and cultural changes.Vaishanav Movement, the 15th century religio-cultural movement under the leadership of great Srimanta Sankardeva (Sonkordeu) and his disciples have provided another dimension to Assamese culture. A renewed Hinduisation in local forms took place, which was initially greatly supported by the Koch and later by the Ahom Kingdoms. The resultant social institutions such as namghar and sattra (the Vaishnav Monasteries) Dakhinpat Satra of Majuli have become part of Assamese way life. The movement contributed greatly towards language, literature and performing and fine arts. It is also noticed that many a times, Vaishnav Movement attempted to introduce alien cultural attributes and modify the way of life of

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335 common people. Brajavali a language specially created by introducing words from other Indian languages had failed as a language but left its traces on the Assamese language. Moreover, new alien rules were also introduced changing people's food habits and other aspects of cultural life. This had a greater impact on alienation of many local ethno-cultural and political groups in the later periods.

Historically, it is not difficult to understand that on one hand, during Presenting Gayan Bayan in Majuli, the the strong politico-economic systems under stronger dynasties, greater Neo-Vaishnavite Cultural heritage of Assam cultural assimilations created common attributes of Assamese culture, while on the other during smaller politico-economic systems or during political disintegration, more localised attributes were created with spatial differentiation. Time-factor for such integrations and differentiations has also played extremely important role along with the position of individual events in the entire series of sequential events. With rich traditions, the modern culture is greatly influenced by events in the British and the Post-British Era. The language was standardised by the American Baptist Missionaries such as Nathan Brown, Dr. Miles Bronson and local pundits such as Hemchandra Barua with the form available in the Sibsagar (Sivasagar) District (the ex-nerve centre of the Ahom Kingdom). A renewed Sanskritisation was increasingly adopted for developing Assamese language and grammar. A new wave of Western and northern Indian influence was apparent in the performing arts and literature. Increasing efforts of standardisation in the 20th century alienated the localised forms present in different areas and with the less-assimilated ethno-cultural groups (many source-cultures). However, Assamese culture in its hybrid form and nature is one of the richest, still developing and in true sense is a 'cultural system' with sub-systems. It is interesting that many source-cultures of Assamese cultural-system are still surviving either as sub-systems or as sister entities, for e.g. Bodo or Karbi or Mishing. It is important to keep the broader system closer to its roots and at the same time to focus on development of the sub-systems. Some of the common and unique cultural traits in the region are peoples' respect towards areca-nut and betel leaves, symbolic (Gamosa, Arnai, etc.), traditional silk garments and towards forefathers and elderly. Moreover, great hospitality and Bamboo culture are common.

Symbolism
Symbolism is an ancient cultural practice in Assam and is still a very important part of Assamese way of life. Various elements are being used to represent beliefs, feelings, pride, identity, etc. Tamulpan, Xorai and Gamosa are three important symbolic elements in Assamese culture. Tamulpan (the areca nut and betel leaves) or guapan (gua from kwa) are considered along with the Gamosa (a typical woven cotton or silk cloth with embroidery) as the offers of devotion, respect and friendship. The Tamulpan-tradition is an ancient one and is being followed since time-immemorial with roots in the aboriginal Austro-Asiatic culture. Xorai is a traditionally manufactured bell-metal article of great respect and is used as a container-medium while performing respectful offers. Moreover, symbolically many ethno-cultural groups use specific clothes to portray respect and pride.
A decorative Assamese Jaapi laid over a Gamosa

Assam There were many other symbolic elements and designs, but are now only found in literature, art, sculpture, architecture, etc. or in use today for only religious purposes. The typical designs of assamese-lion, dragon, flying-lion, etc. were used for symbolising various purposes and occasions. The archaeological sites such as the Madan Kamdev (c. 9th10th AD) exhibits mass-scale use of lions, dragon-lions and many other figures of demons to show case power and prosperity. The Vaishnava monasteries and many other architectural sites of late medieval period also showcase use of lions and dragons for symbolic effects.

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Festivals
There are diversified important traditional festivals in Assam. Bihu is the most important and common and celebrated all over Assam. Durga Puja is another festival celebrated with great enthusiasm. Muslims celebrate two Eids (Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha) with much eagerness all over Assam. Bihu is a series of three prominent festivals. Primarily a non-religious festival celebrated to mark the seasons and the significant points of a cultivator's life over a yearly cycle. Three Bihus, rongali or bohag, celebrated with the coming of spring and the beginning of the sowing season; kongali or kati, the barren bihu when the fields are lush but the barns are empty; and the bhogali or magh, the thanksgiving when the crops have been harvested and the barns are full. Bihu songs and Bihu dance are associated to rongali bihu. The day before the each bihu is known as 'uruka'. The first day of 'rongali bihu' is called 'Goru bihu' (the bihu of the cows), when the cows are taken to the nearby rivers or ponds to be bathed with special care. In recent times the form and nature of celebration has changed with the growth of urban centres. Bushu Dima or simply Bushu is a major harvest festival of the Dimasa people. This festival is celebrated during the end of January. Officially 27 January has been declared as the day of Bushu Dima festival.The Dimasa people celebrate their festival by playing musical instrumentskhram (a type of drum), muri ( a kind of huge long flute). The people dances to the different tunes called "murithai" and each dance has got its name, the prominent being the "Baidima" There are three types of Bushu celebrated among the Dimasas Jidap, Surem and Hangsou. Moreover, there are other important traditional festivals being celebrated every year on different occasions at different places. Many of these are celebrated by different ethno-cultural groups (sub and sister cultures). Some of these are:

A Bihu dancer blowing a pepa (musical instrument)pepa (horn)

An Assamese woman in Pat Silk performing Sattriya dance

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Me-dam-me-phi Ali-Aye-Ligang Kherai Garja Hapsa Hatarnai

Chojun/Swarak Rongker Sokk-erroi Hacha-kekan Porag Karbi Youth Festival

Awnkham Gwrlwi Janai

Performing arts
Assam has rich tradition of performing arts. Ankiya Nat (Onkeeya Naat) is a traditional Vaishnav dance-drama (Bhaona) form popular since 15th century AD It makes use of large masks of gods, goddesses, demons and animals and in between the plays a Sutradhar (Xutrodhar) keeps on telling the story. The Bihu dance and Hucory performed during the Bohag Bihu, Kushan nritra of Rajbongshi's, Bagurumba and Bordoicikhla dance of Bodos, Mishing Bihu, Banjar Kekan performed during Chomangkan by Karbis are some of the major folk dances. Sattriya (Sotriya) dance related to Vaishnav tradition is a classical form of dance. Moreover, there are several other age-old dance-forms such as Barpetas Bhortal Nritya, Deodhoni Nritya, Oja Paali, Beula Dance, Ka Shad Inglong Kardom, Nimso Kerung, etc. The tradition of modern moving theatres is typical of Assam with immense popularity of many large theatre groups such as Kohinoor, Srimanta Sankardev, Abahan, Bhagyadevi, Hengul, Rajmahal, Itihas etc. At the same time musical tradition is also rich. Folk songs and music related to Bihu and other festivals dates back to time-immemorial. Borgeet, the popular Vaishnav songs are written and composed in 15th century. Assam has large numbers of traditional musical instruments including several types of drums, string instruments, flutes, cymbals, pipes, etc. The indigenous folk music has substantially influenced the growth of a modern idiom, that finds expression in the music of such artists like Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, Bishnuprasad Rabha, Parvati Prasad Baruwa, Bhupen Hazarika, Pratima Barua Pandey, Anima Choudhury, Luit Konwar Rudra Baruah, Jayanta Hazarika, Khagen Mahanta, Deepali Borthakur, Ganashilpi Dilip Sarma, Sudakshina Sarma among many others. Among the new generation, Zubeen Garg, Jitul Sonowal, Angaraag Mahanta and Joi Barua have a great fan following. There is an award given in the honour of Bishnuprasad Rabha for achievements in the cultural/music world of Assam by the State Government
Bihu dancers and drummer with a dhul.

Bhupen Hazarika musician, singer, poet, filmmaker and lyricist

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Literature
Noted writers: Dr. Mamoni Raisom Goswami Bhabendra Nath Saikia Lakshminath Bezbaruah Hem Barua Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya Hiren Bhattacharyya

Traditional crafts
Assam has a rich tradition of crafts; presently, Cane and bamboo craft, bell metal and brass craft, silk and cotton weaving, toy and mask making, pottery and terracotta work, wood craft, jewellery making, musical instruments making, etc. remained as major traditions.[88] Historically, Assam also excelled in making boats, traditional guns and gunpowder, ivory crafts, colours and paints, articles of lac, agarwood products, traditional building materials, utilities from iron, etc. Cane and bamboo craft provide the most commonly used utilities in daily life, ranging from household utilities, weaving accessories, fishing accessories, furniture, musical instruments, construction materials, etc. Utilities and symbolic articles such as Sorai and Bota made from bell metal and brass are found in every Assamese household.[89][90] Hajo and Sarthebari (Sorthebaary) are the most important centres of traditional bell-metal and brass crafts. Assam is the home of several types of silks, the most prestigious are: Muga the natural golden silk, Pat a creamy-bright-silver coloured silk and Eri a variety used for manufacturing warm clothes for winter. Apart from Sualkuchi (Xualkuchi), the centre for the traditional silk industry, in almost every parts of the Brahmaputra Valley, rural households produce silk and silk garments with excellent embroidery designs. Moreover, various ethno-cultural groups in Assam make different types of cotton garments with unique embroidery designs and wonderful colour combinations.

Bell metal made sorai and sophura are important parts of culture; offerings with respect are made using these during festivals and religious ceremonies and are seen as respectable items

A traditional bell-metal dish from Assam

Moreover, Assam possesses unique crafts of toy and mask making mostly concentrated in the Vaishnav Monasteries, pottery and terracotta work in lower Assam districts and wood craft, iron craft, jewellery, etc. in many places across the region.

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Fine arts
The archaic Mauryan Stupas discovered in and around Goalpara district are the earliest examples (c. 300BC to c. 100AD) of ancient art and architectural works. The remains discovered in Daparvatiya (Doporboteeya) archaeological site with a beautiful doorframe in Tezpur are identified as the best examples of art works in ancient Assam with influence of Sarnath School of Art of the late Gupta period. Many other sites also exhibit development of local art forms with local motifs and sometimes with similarities with those in the Southeast Asia. There are currently more than forty discovered ancient archaeological sites across Assam with numerous sculptural and architectural remains. Moreover, there are examples of several Late-Middle Age art and architectural works including hundreds of sculptures and motifs along with many remaining temples, palaces and other buildings. The motifs available on the walls of the buildings such as Rang Ghar, Joydoul, etc. are remarkable examples of art works.

A page of manuscript painting from Assam; The medieval painters used locally manufactured painting materials such as the colours of hangool and haital and papers manufactured from aloewood bark

Painting is an ancient tradition of Assam. Xuanzang (7th centuryAD) mentions that among the Kamarupa king Bhaskaravarma's gifts to Harshavardhana there were paintings and painted objects, some of which were on Assamese silk. Many of the manuscripts such as Hastividyarnava (A Treatise on Elephants), the Chitra Bhagawata and in the Gita Govinda from the Middle Ages bear excellent examples of traditional paintings. The medieval Assamese literature also refers to chitrakars and patuas. There are several renowned contemporary artists in Assam. The Guwahati Art College is a government institution for tertiary education. Moreover, there are several art-societies and non-government initiatives across the state and the Guwahati Artists Guild [91] is a front-runner organisation based in Guwahati.

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Economy
Macro-economy
Economy of Assam today represents a unique juxtaposition of backwardness amidst plenty.[94] Despite its rich natural resources, and supplying of up to 25% of India's petroleum needs, growth rate of Assams income has not kept pace with that of Indias; differences increased rapidly since 1970s.[95] Indian economy grew at 6% per annum over the period of 1981 to 2000, the same of Assam was only 3.3%.[96] In the Sixth Plan period Assam experienced a negative growth rate of 3.78% when India's was positive at 6%.[95] In the post-liberalised era (after 1991), the differences widened further. According to recent analysis, Assams economy is showing signs of improvement. In 200102, the economy grew (at 199394 constant prices) at 4.5%, to fall to 3.4% in the next financial year.[97] During 200304 and 200405, the economy grew (at 199394 constant prices) more satisfactorily at 5.5% and 5.3% respectively.[97] The advanced estimates placed the growth rate for 200506 at above 6%.[93] Assam's GDP in 2004 is estimated at $13billion in current prices. Sectoral analysis again exhibits a dismal picture. The average annual growth rate of agriculture, which was only 2.6% per annum over 1980s has unfortunately fallen to 1.6% in the 1990s.[98] Manufacturing sector has shown some improvement in the 1990s with a growth rate of 3.4% per annum than 2.4% in the 1980s.[98] Since past five decades, the tertiary sector has registered the highest growth rates than the other sectors, which even has slowed down in the 1990s than in 1980s.[98]
In the 1950s, per capita income in Assam was little higher than that in India. In 200001, in Assam it was Indian rupeeINR 6,157 at constant prices (199394) and INR 10,198 at current prices; almost 40% lower than that in India.Government of Assam. "Economic Survey of Assam 20012002 in Assam Human Development Report, 2003" (PDF). p.25. . Retrieved 6 June 2007. According to the recent estimates,Government of Assam. "Economic Survey of Assam 20052006 in NEDFi, Assam Profile, NER Databank". . Retrieved 6 June 2007. per capita income in Assam has reached INR 6756 (199394 constant prices) in 200405, which is still much lower than India's.

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A tea garden in Assam: tea is grown at elevations near sea level, giving it a malty sweetness and an earthy flavor, as opposed to the more floral aroma of highland (e.g. Darjeeling teaDarjeeling, Taiwanese teaTaiwanese) teas

Agriculture
In Assam among all the productive sectors, agriculture makes the highest contribution to its domestic sectors. Accounts for more than a third of Assams income and employs 69% of workforce.[99] Assam's biggest contribution to the world is tea. It produces some of the finest and expensive teas and has its own variety Camellia assamica. Assam also accounts for fair share of Indias production of rice, rapeseed, mustard seed, jute, potato, sweet potato, banana, papaya, areca nut, sugarcane and turmeric. It is also a home of large varieties of citrus fruits, leaf vegetables, vegetables, useful grasses, herbs, spices, etc. Assams agriculture is yet to experience A paddy field of Assam modernisation in real sense. With implications to food security, per capita food grain production has declined in past five [100] decades. Productivity has increased marginally; but still lower comparing to highly productive regions. For instance, yield of rice (staple food of Assam) was just 1531kg per hectare against Indias 1927kg per hectare in 200001[100] (which itself is much lower than Egypts 9283, USs 7279, South Koreas 6838, Japans 6635 and Chinas 6131kg per hectare in 2001[101]). On the other hand, after having strong domestic demand, 1.5million hectares of inland water bodies, numerous rivers and 165 varieties of fishes,[102] fishing is still in its traditional form and production is not self-sufficient.[103] The Assam Agriculture University is located at Jorhat, Assam. It is the only agricultural university for the Seven Sisters.

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Industry
Apart from tea and petroleum refineries, Assam has few industries of significance. Industrial development is inhibited by its physical and political isolation from neighbouring countries such as Burma, China and Bangladesh and from other growing Southeast Asian economies; ultimately leading to neglect by the federal government in regards to development a key motivation for separatist groups.[104] The region is landlocked, situated in the eastern periphery of India and is linked to the mainland by a flood and cyclone prone narrow corridor, known as the Siliguri Corridor or Chicken's Neck, with weak transport infrastructure that have remained undeveloped since independence. The international airport in Guwahati is yet to find providing direct international Dibrugarh is the major industrial district of Assam. Most of the big industries are situated in Dibrugarh.Dibrugarh is the Second Richest Revenue district of the nation, frist district is the Mumbai District of Maharastra . The Brahmaputra suitable for navigation does not possess sufficient infrastructure for international trade and success of such a navigable trade route will be dependent on proper channel maintenance and diplomatic and trade relationships with Bangladesh. Assam is a major producer of crude oil and it accounts for about 15% of India's crude output,[105] exploited by the Assam Oil Company Ltd. [106], and natural gas in India and is the second place in the world (after Titusville in the United States) where petroleum was discovered. Asias first successful mechanically drilled oil well was drilled in Makum (Assam) way back in 1867. Most of the oilfields are located in the Upper Assam region. Assam has four oil refineries located in Guwahati, Digboi, Golaghat (Numaligarh) and Bongaigaon with a total capacity of 7million metric tonnes (7.7million short tons) per annum. It is worth mentioning here that Asia's first refinery was set up at Digboi and discoverer of Digboi oilfield was the Assam Railways & Trading Company Limited (AR&T Co. Ltd.), a registered company of London in 1881.[107] Despite its richness in natural resources, the benefits have yet to improve the lives of the people of Assam. Although having a poor overall industrial performance, several other industries have nevertheless been started, including a chemical fertiliser plan at Namrup, petrochemical industries at Namrup and Bongaigaon, paper mills at Jagiroad, Panchgram and Jogighopa, sugar mills at Barua Bamun Gaon, Chargola, Kampur, cement plant at Bokajan & Badarpur, cosmetics plant (HLL) at Doom Dooma, etc. Moreover, there are other industries such as jute mill, textile and yarn mills, silk mill, etc. Unfortunately many of these industries are facing loss and closure due to lack of infrastructure and improper management practices.[108]

Tourism
Assam is the central state in the North-East Region of India and serves as the gateway to the rest of the Seven Sister States. For the purposes of tourism there are wildlife preserves like the Kaziranga National Park, Manas National Park, Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary, Dibru-Saikhowa National Park( DibrugarhTinsukia), among others. Jokai Botanical Garden( Dibrugarh) the only Natural Botanical Garden in entire North- East India.Cultural and historical destinations also provide opportunities for tourists. Apart from wildlife preserves there are many historical places in the state like Rang Ghar, Talatal Ghar An Indian rhinoceros in Kaziranga National Park of Sivasagar, Kareng Ghar of Garhgaon, Agnigarh of Tezpur, Madan Kamdev archeological site of Kamrup etc. Cultural places are mainly great temple of Kamakhya, pilgrimage place Hajo, the great Vaishnava Sattras of Majuli and Barpeta and many more.

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Education
Assam boasts of the most wide-ranging networks of higher educational institutions in the whole of North-Eastern region of India. Assam has developed into a top educational destination at the state as well as at the national level. To enhance the status of Assam education, the state government has introduced many innovative education polices. Its capital city, Guwahati, is a key destination for higher education for students of the whole of north-eastern region. One of India's best boarding schools The Assam Valley School is located at Balipara in the Sonitpur(Tezpur) District of Assam. It is a co-educational residential school. It is an ICSE school. This article offers an understanding of Assam Education system.Assam has several institutions for tertiary education and research. Assam's other major cities like Silchar and Dibrugarh are also major educational hubs with universities, medical colleges and engineering colleges established there. The major institutions are:

Cotton College, GuwahatiCotton College in Guwahati initiated modern tertiary education and research in Assam and has been continuing classical and high-educational standards for more than hundred years; many of the buildings in the college are excellent examples of Assamese architecture with colonial flavours

Universities
Gauhati University, Guwahati Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh Tezpur Central University, Tezpur K.K.Handique State Open University, Guwahati, Dibrugarh Assam Central University, Silchar Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat Bodoland University [109], Kokrajhar Don Bosco University [110], (private) Assam Down Town University [111], (private) Kaziranga University [112], Jorhat (private)
Academic complex of IIT Guwahati

Medical Colleges
Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar Jorhat Medical College
[113] Main Building of Jorhat Engineering College

, Jorhat

Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed Medical College, Barpeta Dr. J. K. Saikia Homeopathic Medical College, Jorhat Assam Govt. Ayurvedic College, Guwahati Susruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam Central University, Silchar

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Government Technology and Engineering College

Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati National Institute of Technology, Silchar Assam Engineering College, Guwahati Jorhat Engineering College, Jorhat Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Sibsagar Dibrugarh University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh School of Engineering, Tezpur Central University, Tezpur Triguna Sen School of Technology, Assam University, Silchar

Law Academy
National Law School and Judicial Academy [114], Guwahati Law and judicial studies Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh. Deshabandhu Chittaranjan School of Legal Studies, Assam Central University, Silchar The National Law School and Judiciary Academy, Assam is located in the capital city of Assam, Guwahati, with its permanent campus under construction at Agiyathuri, on the Northern bank of the Brahmaputra. Nestled in the midst of greenery with a campus area covering 21 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'ha), the Academy will offer the right atmosphere for educational pursuits and excellence. The area is likely to increase to 47 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'ha) in the near future.

Notes
[1] http:/ / www. census2011. co. in/ census/ state/ assam. html [2] http:/ / assam. gov. in/ glance. asp [3] "Commissioner Linguistic Minorities" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071008113359/ http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 35. htm). Archived from the original (http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 35. htm) on 8 October 2007. . Retrieved 1 December 2010. [4] http:/ / assam. gov. in [5] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ British_India#Major_provinces [6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ States_Reorganization_Act#Three types of states [7] http:/ / www. indiadivine. org/ audarya/ hinduism-forum/ 188649-documentary-film-swami-vivekananda-assam. html [8] World Heritage Centre, UNESCO. "World Heritage List" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ pg. cfm?cid=31). . [9] Dixit, K. M. (August 2002). "Chicken's Neck (Editorial)" (http:/ / www. himalmag. com/ 2002/ august/ lastpage. htm) ( Scholar search (http:/ / scholar. google. co. uk/ scholar?hl=en& lr=& q=author:Dixit+ intitle:Chicken's+ Neck+ (Editorial)& as_publication=& as_ylo=& as_yhi=& btnG=Search)). Himal South Asian. . [10] Sarma, Satyendra Nath (1976) Assamese Literature, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. [11] Srimandbhagavat, skandha 2, H Dattabaruah and Co., Nalbari, pp-38 [12] D.C Sirkar "Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa" in "The Comprehensive History of Assam", Vol I, p59 [13] Banikanta Kakati, "Early Aspects of Assamese Literature", 1953 p2 [14] "Vervarelijke Schipbreuk Van't Oostindisch Jacht Terschilling", January 1944, W. de Haan NV, Utrecht. The map (http:/ / www. indiawijzer. nl/ links/ assam/ map_of_bengale. jpg) from 1662 shows the name "Assam" at the correct geographical location. [15] Bowrey, Thomas, A Geographical Account of Countries around Bay of Bengal, ed Temple, R. C., Hakluyt Society's Publications [16] Taher, M in "Geography of Assam", 2001, p3 [17] S. C. Bhatt, Gopal Bhargava, Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories, Gyan Publishing House, 2005, p. 147. The word Assamese is an English one, built on the same principle as Cingalese, Canarese, etc. It is based on the English word Assam. [18] Sarma, Satyendranath, Assamese literature: Volume 9, Part 2, pp.43 [19] Sarma, Satyendranath (1976), Assamese literature: Volume 9, Part 2, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, pp.43 [20] http:/ / www. indiatravelogue. com/ dest/ nest/ nest. html [21] Banikanta Kakati, ASSAMESE, ITS FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT,Govt. of Assam in the Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies ,1941, p. . The word Assamese is an English one. built on the same principle as Cingalese. Canarese. etc. It is based on the English word Assam [22] Satyendranath Sarma, Assamese literature: Volume 9, Part 2 , Harrassowitz,1976, p. 43. It is based on the English word Assam by which the British rulers referred to the tract covered by the Brahmaputra valley and its adjoining areas.

Assam
[23] "Assam to fall off the map, turn Asom" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 1431357. cms). The Times of India. 28 February 2006. . [24] Editorial (6 January 2007). "Assam or Axom?". The Assam Tribune. [25] Singh, R. L. (1993), India, A Regional Geography, Varanasi, India: National Geographical Society of India [26] NEDFi & NIC-Assam. "North East India Databank" (http:/ / nerdatabank. nic. in/ as_minerals. htm). . [27] Wandrey 2004, p. 17 [28] Purdue University. "The Kppen Classification of Climates" (http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ tropical/ lecture_04/ lec_04. html). Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070605020325/ http:/ / www. hort. purdue. edu/ newcrop/ tropical/ lecture_04/ lec_04. html) from the original on 5 June 2007. . Retrieved 25 May 2007. [29] Borthakur, Ahir Bhairab (15 January 2002), "Call of the wild" (http:/ / www. downtoearth. org. in/ full6. asp?foldername=20020115& filename=gra& sec_id=11& sid=1), Down to Earth, . [30] Birdlife International, UK. "Indo-Gangetic Grasslands" (http:/ / www. birdlife. org/ action/ science/ species/ asia_strategy/ pdf_downloads/ grasslandsGO2. pdf). . [31] National Mission on Bamboo Applications 2004 [32] Sharma, Pradip (AprilJune 2003), "An Overview on Wetlands in Assam" (http:/ / www. envisassam. org/ VOL2_2. pdf), ENVIS Assam, Assam Science Technology and Environment Council 2: 7, . [33] Choudhury, A.U.(1996) Survey of the white-winged wood duck and the Bengal florican in Tinsukia district & adjacent areas of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India,Guwahati, India. 82pp+ [34] ENVIS Assam (AprilJune 2003), "Endemic Orchids of Assam" (http:/ / www. envisassam. org/ VOL2_2. pdf), ENVIS Assam, Assam Science Technology and Environment Council 2: 8, . [35] Choudhury, A.U. (2010)The vanishing herds : the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India [36] Choudhury, A.U. 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[65] Government of Assam 200203. "Statistics of Assam" (http:/ / www. assamgov. org/ generalinformation/ assamstatistics. html). Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070607170354/ http:/ / assamgov. org/ generalinformation/ assamstatistics. html) from the original on 7 June 2007. . Retrieved 3 June 2007. [66] National Commission on Population, Census of India (2006). "Population Projections for India and States 20012026" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in). Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070514045222/ http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ) from the original on 14 May 2007. . Retrieved 15 May 2007. 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[89] Ranjan, M.P.; Iyer, Nilam; Pandya, Ghanshyam, Bamboo and Cane Crafts of Northeast India, National Institute of Design [90] Nath, T.K., Bamboo Cane and Assam, Guwahati, India: Industrial Development Bank of India, Small Industries Development Bank of India [91] http:/ / www. gauhatiartistsguild. org. in/ home/ index. php [92] Government of Assam. "Economic Survey of Assam 20012002 in Assam Human Development Report, 2003" (http:/ / planassam. org/ reports/ hdr_2003/ HRD. htm) (PDF). p.25. . Retrieved 6 June 2007. [93] Government of Assam. "Economic Survey of Assam 20052006 in NEDFi, Assam Profile, NER Databank" (http:/ / databank. nedfi. com/ index. php?module=pagemaster& PAGE_user_op=view_page& PAGE_id=4). . Retrieved 6 June 2007. [94] National Commission for Women 2004 [95] UNDP 2004, pp. 2223 [96] UNDP 2004, p. 22 [97] Government of Assam (2006). "Economic Survey of Assam 20042005 in NEDFi, Assam Profile, NER Databank" (http:/ / databank. nedfi. com/ index. php?module=pagemaster& PAGE_user_op=view_page& PAGE_id=4). . Retrieved 6 June 2007. [98] UNDP 2004, pp. 2425 [99] Government of Assam. Chapter 2, Income, Employment and Poverty "Economic Survey of Assam 20012002 in Assam Human Development Report, 2003" (http:/ / planassam. org/ reports/ hdr_2003/ HRD. htm) (PDF). p.32. Chapter 2, Income, Employment and Poverty. Retrieved 6 June 2007. [100] UNDP 2004, p. 33

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References
Directorate of Information and Public Relations, Government of Assam, Assam at a Glance (http:// janasanyogassam.nic.in/assamataglance.htm), retrieved 25 May 2007 National Commission for Women (2004) (PDF), Situational Analysis of Women in Assam (http://www.ncw.nic. in/pdfreports/Gender Profile-Assam.pdf), retrieved 5 July 2006. National Mission on Bamboo Applications, Assam, State Profile (http://www.bambootech.org/subsubTOP. asp?subsubid=101&subid=37&sname=STATE), retrieved 25 May 2007 Revenue Department, Government of Assam, Revenue Administration Districts and Subdivisions (http:// revenueassam.nic.in/), retrieved 25 May 2007 Singh, K. S (ed) (2003) People of India: Assam Vol XV Parts I and II, Anthropological Survey of India, Seagull Books, Calcutta UNDP (2004), Chapter 2, Income, Employment and Poverty in Assam Human Development Report, 2003 (http:// planassam.org/reports/hdr_2003/HRD.htm)PDF, Government of Assam Wandrey, C. J. (2004), "Sylhet-Kopili/Barail-Tipam Composite Total Petroleum System, Assam Geologic Province, India" (http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2208/D/b2208-d.pdf), U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2208-D

Assam

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Further reading
Online Books and material A statistical account of Assam (http://www.archive.org/stream/astatisticalacc32huntgoog) (1879) by WW Hunter Assam Attitude to Federalism (http://ia331336.us.archive.org/0/items/assamattitudetof034931mbp/ assamattitudetof034931mbp.pdf) (1984)by Girin Phukon A Glimpse of Assam (http://www.archive.org/stream/aglimpseassam00wardgoog) (1884) by Susan Ward A history of Assam (http://www.archive.org/stream/ahistoryassam00gaitgoog) (1906) by Edward Gait Physical and political geography of the province of Assam (http://ia311225.us.archive.org/0/items/ physicalpolitica00assa/physicalpolitica00assa.pdf) (1896) by Assam Secretariat Printing Office Outline Grammar of the Kachri (Br) Language as Spoken in District Darrang, Assam (http://www.archive. org/stream/outlinegrammark00endlgoog)(1884) by Sidney Endle An outline grammar of the Deori Chutiya language spoken in upper Assam (http://www.archive.org/stream/ anoutlinegramma00browgoog)(1895) by William Barclay Brown Travels and adventures in the province of Assam, during a residence of fourteen years (http://www.archive.org/ stream/travelsandadven00butlgoog) (1855) by John Butler Language and literature Bara, Mahendra (1981), The Evolution of the Assamese Script, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha Barpujari, H. K. (1983), Amerikan Michanerisakal aru Unabimsa Satikar Asam, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1965), History of Assamese Literature, Guwahati: East-West Centre Press Barua, Hem (1965), Assamese Literature, New Delhi: National Book Trust Brown, William Barclay (1895), An Outline Grammar of the Deori Chutiya Language Spoken in Upper Assam with an Introduction, Illustrative Sentences, and Short Vocabulary, Shillong: The Assam Secretariat Printing Office Deka, Bhabananda (1961), Industrialisation of Assam, Guwahati: Gopal Das Dhekial Phukan, Anandaram 18291859 (1977), Anandaram Dhekiyal Phukanar Racana Samgrah, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall Endle, Sidney (1884), Outline of the Kachari (Baro) Language as Spoken in District Darrang, Assam, Shillong: Assam Secretariat Press Gogoi, Lila (1972), Sahitya-Samskriti-Buranji, Dibrugarh: New Book Stall Gogoi, Lila (1986), The Buranjis, Historical Literature of Assam, New Delhi: Omsons Publications Goswami, Praphulladatta (1954), Folk-Literature of Assam, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies in Assam Gurdon, Philip Richard Thornhagh (1896), Some Assamese Proverbs, Shillong: The Assam Secretariat Printing Office, ISBN1-104-30633-6 Kakati, Banikanta (1959), Aspects of Early Assamese Literature, Guwahati: Gauhati University Kay, S. P. (1904), An English-Mikir Vocabulary, Shillong: The Assam Secretariat Printing Office Medhi, Kaliram (1988), Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board Miles, Bronson (1867), A Dictionary in Assamese and English, Sibsagar, Assam: American Baptist Mission Press Morey, Stephen (2005), The Tai languages of Assam : a grammar and texts, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, ISBN0-85883-549-5 History Antrobus, H. (1957), A History of the Assam Company, Edinburgh: Private Printing by T. and A. Constable Barabaruwa, Hiteswara 18761939 (1981), Ahomar Din, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board

Assam Barooah, Nirode K. (1970), David Scott In North-East India, 18021831, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Barua, Harakanta 18131900 (1962), Asama Buranji, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Assam Barpujari, H. K. (1963), Assam in the Days of the Company, 18261858, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall Barpujari, H. K. (1977), Political History of Assam. Department for the Preparation of Political History of Assam, Guwahati: Government of Assam Barua, Kanak Lal, An Early History of Kamarupa, From the Earliest Time to the Sixteenth Century, Guwahati: Lawyers Book Stall Barua, Kanak Lal, Studies in the Early History of Assam, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha Baruah, Swarna Lata (1993), Last days of Ahom monarchy : a history of Assam from 17691826, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1949), Anglo-Assamese Relations, 17711826, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies in Assam Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1947), Annals of the Delhi Badshahate, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Government of Assam Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1957), Atan Buragohain and His Times, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1962), Deodhai Asam Buranji, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1928), Early British Relations with Assam, Shillong: Assam Secretariat Press Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1947), Lachit Barphukan and His Times, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Government of Assam Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1964), Satasari Asama Buranji, Guwahati: Gauhati University Bhuyan, Suryya Kumar (1975), Swargadew Rajeswarasimha, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board Buchanan, Francis Hamilton 17621829 (1963), An Account of Assam, Guwahati: Department of Historical and Antiquarian Studies Duara Barbarua, Srinath (1933), Tungkhungia Buranji, Bombay: H. Milford, Oxford University Press Gait, Edward Albert 18631950 (1926), A History of Assam, Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co. Gogoi, Padmeswar (1968), The Tai and the Tai Kingdoms, Guwahati: Gauhati University Guha, Amalendu (1983), The Ahom Political System, Calcutta: Centre for Studies in Social Sciences Hunter, William Wilson 18401900 (1879), A Statistical Account of Assam, London: Trubner & Co. Tradition and Culture Barkath, Sukumar (1976), Hastibidyarnnara Sarasamgraha (English & Assamese), 18th Century, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1969), A Cultural History of Assam, Guwahati: Lawyer's Book Stall Barua, Birinchi Kumar (1960), Sankardeva, Guwahati: Assam Academy for Cultural Relations Gandhiya, Jayakanta (1988), Huncari, Mukali Bihu, aru Bihunac, Dibrugarh Goswami, Praphulladatta (1960), Ballads and Tales of Assam, Guwahati: Gauhati University Goswami, Praphulladatta (1988), Bohag Bihu of Assam and Bihu Songs, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board Mahanta, Pona (1985), Western Influence on Modern Assamese Drama, Delhi: Mittal Publications Medhi, Kaliram (1978), Studies in the Vaisnava Literature and Culture of Assam, Jorhat, Assam: Asam Sahitya Sabha

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External links
Official website (http://assamgovt.nic.in/) Assam Tourism (http://assamtourism.org/) (Official) Assam (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Assam/) at the Open Directory Project http://www.aboutassam.com/ Assam travel guide from Wikitravel STD Codes of Assam (http://std-codes.in/stdcodes-of-Assam.html) Bisarok - Assam Search Engine (https://sites.google.com/site/assamsearchenginebisarok/)

Punjab, India
Punjab
State

Map of Punjab

Seal Nickname(s): Land of Five Rivers

Punjab, India

351

Location of Punjab in India

Clockwise from top: Harmandir Sahib, Quila Mubarak, Gandhi Bhavan, Wagah Border, Jallianwala Bagh Memorial Coordinates (chandigarh): 3047N 7647E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Parliamentary constituency High Court Area Shivraj Patil [1] India 1966-11-01 Chandigarh Ludhiana 22

Parkash Singh Badal (SAD) Unicameral (117 seats) 13 Punjab and Haryana High Court

Punjab, India

352

Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website i [2]

50362km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 19th

27704236 unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-PB 0.679 (medium) 9th (2005) 76.68% Punjabi, Hindi punjabgovt.nic.in [3]

Punjab (

/pndb/) (Hindi: ) (Punjabi: ) is a state in the northwest of the Republic of India, forming

part of the larger Punjab region. The state is bordered by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast and Rajasthan to the southwest as well as the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west, it is also bounded to the north by Jammu and Kashmir. The state capital is located outside of the state itself, in Chandigarh, which is an Union Territory and also the capital of neighbouring state of Haryana. Major cities of Punjab includes Ludhiana, Amritsar, Patiala, Jalandhar, Moga, Phagwara, Rajpura, Bathinda and Mohali. After the partition of India in 1947, the Punjab province of British India was divided between India and Pakistan. The Indian Punjab was divided in 1966 with the formation of the new states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh as well as the current state of Punjab. Punjab is the only state in India with a majority Sikh population.[4] The Greeks referred to Punjab as Pentapotamia, an inland delta of five converging rivers.[5] In Avesta, the sacred text of Zoroastrians, the Punjab region is associated with the ancient hapta hndu or Sapta Sindhu, the Land of Seven Rivers.[6] The British used to call Punjab "Our Prussia." Historically, the Punjab region has been the gateway to the Indian subcontinent for people from Greece, Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan and Vice-versa.[5] Agriculture is the largest industry in Punjab; it is the largest single provider of wheat to India.[7] Other major industries include the manufacturing of scientific instruments, agricultural goods, electrical goods, financial services, machine tools, textiles, sewing machines, sports goods, starch, tourism, fertilizers, bicycles, garments, and the processing of pine oil and sugar. Punjab also has the largest number of Steel Rolling Mill Plants in India which are located in Steel Town Mandi Gobindgarh, District Fatehgarh Sahib.

Etymology
The word Punjab is a combination of the Persian words Panj (Persian: )and b (Persian: )that means Five and Water respectively, thus Panjb means Five Rivers which roughly means Land of Five Rivers.[8] The five rivers are the Beas, Sutlej, Ravi, Chenab and Jehlum (also spelled Jhelum). Traditionally, in English, there used to be a definite article before the name i.e. The Punjab.[9] The name is also sometimes spelled as Panjab.

Geography
Punjab is located in northwestern India, and has an area of 50,362km2. It extends from the latitudes 29.30 North to 32.32 North and longitudes 73.55 East to 76.50 East. It is bounded on the west by Pakistan, on the north by Jammu and Kashmir, on the northeast by Himachal Pradesh and on the south by Haryana and Rajasthan.

Punjab, India Most of the Punjab lies in a fertile plain, alluvial plain with many rivers and an extensive irrigation canal system.[10] A belt of undulating hills extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. Its average elevation is 300 meters above sea level, with a range from 180 meters in the southwest to more than 500 meters around the northeast border. The southwest of the state is semi-arid, eventually merging into the Thar Desert. The Shiwalik Hills extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. The soil characteristics are influenced to a limited extent by the topography, vegetation and parent rock. The variation in soil profile characteristics are much more pronounced because of the regional climatic differences. Punjab is divided into three distinct regions on the basis of soil types; southwestern, central, and eastern. Punjab falls under seismic zones II, III, and IV. Zone II is considered a low damage risk zone; zone III is considered a moderate damage risk zones; and zone IV is considered a high damage risk zone.[11]

353

Climate
Punjab's climate is characterized by extreme hot and extreme cold conditions. Annual temperatures in Punjab range from 2 to 40 C (min/max), but can reach 47 C (117 F) in summer and 4 C in winter. The northeast area lying near the foothills of the Himalayas receives heavy rainfall, whereas the area lying further south and west receives less rainfall and experiences higher temperatures. Average annual rainfall ranges between 960mm in the sub-mountain region and 460mm in the plains.
Agricultural fields of Punjab in Monsoon

Punjab has three seasons:[10]

Summer (April to June), when temperature typically rise as high as 110F. Monsoon season (July to September), when a majority of rainfall occurs. Winter (December to February), when temperatures typically fall as low as 40F. There is a transitional period between winter and summer in March and early April, as well as a transitional season between monsoon season and winter in October and November.

Wildlife
The Shivalik area is the richest area of Punjab in terms of floral and faunal diversity and has been identified as one of the micro-endemic zones of India. Amongst the Angiosperms, about 355 species of herbs, 70 tree species, 70 species of shrubs or under shrubs, 19 of climbers and 21 species of twiners have been recorded from the area. Apart from angiosperms, 31 species of Pteridophytes, 27 of bryophytes and one species of gymnosperms (Pinus roxburghii) have also been recorded. The area is also rich in faunal diversity including 396 species of birds, 214 species of Lepidoptera, 55 species of fish, 20 species of reptiles, and 19 species of mammals.[12]

Male and female Blackbucks

There are no natural forests in the plains; extensive tracts occur covered only with grass, shrubs and bushes. The mango fruit is largely cultivated in the south-east of the Punjab and attains a high degree of perfection about Multan and Hoshiarpur. Cultivated fruit trees, such as orange, pomegranate, apple, peach, fig, mulberry, quince, apricot, almond, and plum are abundant in the region.[13] There are a number of wetlands, bird sanctuaries and zoological parks across Punjab. These include the Hari-Ke-Pattan National Wetland and Wildlife Sanctuary at Harike in Tarn Taran Sahib District, the Kanjli Wetland,

Punjab, India the Kapurthala Sutlej Water Body Wetland, the Ropar Zoological Park, Chhatbir, Bansar Garden, Sangrur, the Aam Khas Bagh, Sirhind, the Ram Bagh Garden Amritsar, the Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala and the Baradari Garden at Patiala.[14] Crocodiles are also commonly found in local rivers. The silkworm is reared with great skill and industry, and bees produce abundant wax and honey. Camels thrive in the hot southern plains, and herds of buffaloes on the grazing lands adjoining the rivers. Horses are reared in the north-east part of the Punjab.[13] Among poisonous snakes there are the cobra and the sangehur, the bite of which causes instant death. Other mammals like the smooth-coated otter, hog deer, wild boar, flying fox, wildcat, squirrel, fruitbat, and mongoose can be seen in the wild and in reserves. The state bird of Punjab is the Baz (Eastern Goshawk)[15] (Melierax poliopterus), the state animal is the Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), and the state tree is the Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo).[10]

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History
Ancient history
Punjab during Mahabharata times was known as Panchanad.[16][17] Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of the Punjab region with cities such as Harrapa (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan). The Vedic Civilization along the length of the Sarasvati River to cover most of Northern India including Punjab. This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in the Indian Subcontinent. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the Gandhara, Mahajanapadas, Nandas, Mauryas, Sungas, Kushans, Guptas, Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas and Hindu Shahis. The furthest eastern extent of Alexander the Great's exploration was along the Indus River. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Jalandhar and Ludhiana) grew in wealth. Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from the west and east. Punjab faced invasions by the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Turks, and Afghans. This resulted in the Punjab witnessing centuries of bitter bloodshed. Its legacy is a unique culture that combines Hindu, Buddhist, Persian/Zorastrian, Central Asian, Islamic, Afghan, Sikh and British elements. The city of Taxila in Pakistan, founded by son of Taksh the son Bharat who was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world, Takshashila University, one of the teachers was the great Vedic thinker and politician Chanakya. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the Maurya Empire. It is a UN World Heritage site. Of particular importance were the periods of contact between Punjab and various Persian Empires when the parts of it either became integrated with the empire itself, or was an autonomous region which paid taxes to the Persian King. In later centuries, when Persian was the language of the Mughal government, Persian architecture, poetry, art and music was an integral part of the region's culture. The official language of Punjab remained Persian until the arrival of the British in the mid 19th century, where it was finally abolished and the administrative language was changed over to Urdu.

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Sikhs in Punjab
The roots of Sikhism began at the time of the Conquest of Northern India by Babur. His grandson, Akbar supported religious freedom and after visiting the langar of Guru Amar Das had a favorable impression of Sikhism. As a result of his visit he donated land to the langar and had a positive relationship with the Sikh Gurus until his death in 1605.[18] His successor, Jahangir, saw the Sikhs as a political threat. He arrested Guru Arjun Dev because of Sikh support for Khusrau Mirza[19] and ordered him to be put to death by torture. Guru Arjan Dev's Martyrdom led to the sixth Guru, Guru Har Gobind, declaring Sikh sovereignty in the creation of the Akal Takht and the establishment of a fort to defend Amritsar.[20]

Sculpture of a mass Sikh execution after the invasion of Nader Shah at Mehdiana Sahib.

Jahangir attempted to assert authority over the Sikhs by imprisoningGuru Har Gobind at Gwalior. He felt compelled to release him when he began to suffer premonitions of an early and gruesome death. The Guru refused to be released unless the dozens of Hindu princes imprisoned with him were also granted freedom, to which Jahangir agreed. Sikhism did not have any further issues with the Mughal Empire until the death of Jahangir in 1627. His successor, Shah Jahan "took offense" at Guru Har Gobind's sovereignty and after a series of assaults on Amritsar forced the Sikhs to retreat to the Sivalik Hills.[20] Guru Har Gobind's successor, Guru Har Rai maintained the guruship in the Sivalik Hills by defeating local attempts to seize Sikh land and taking a neutral role in the power struggle between Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh for control of the Timurid dynasty. The ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur, moved the Sikh community to Anandpur and traveled extensively to visit and preach in Sikh communities in defiance of Mughal rule. He aided Kashmiri Pandits in avoiding conversion to Islam and was arrested and confronted by Aurangzeb. When offered a choice between conversion or death, he chose to die rather than compromise his principles and was executed.[21] Guru Gobind Singh, assumed the guruship in 1675 and to avoid battles with Sivalik Hill Rajas moved the guruship to Paunta. He built a large fort to protect the city and garrisoned an army to protect it. The growing power of the Sikh community alarmed Sivalik Hill Rajas who attempted to attack the city but the Guru's forces routed them at the Battle of Bhangani. He moved on to Anandpur and established the Khalsa, a collective army of baptized Sikhs, on March 30, 1699. The establishment of the Khalsa united the Sikh community against various Mughal-backed claimants to the guruship.[22] In 1701, a combined army composed of the Sivalik Hill Rajas and the Mughal army under Wazir Khan attacked Anandpur and, following a retreat by the Khalsa, were defeated by the Khalsa at the Battle of Mukstar. Banda Singh Bahadur was an ascetic who converted to Sikhism after meeting Guru Gobind Singh at Nanded. A short time before his death, Guru Gobind Singh ordered him to uproot Mugal rule in Punjab and gave him a letter that commanded all Sikhs to join him. After two years of gaining supporters, Banda Singh Bahadur initiated an agrarian uprising by breaking up the large estates of Zamindar families and distributing the land to the poor Sikh, Hindu,and Muslim peasants who farmed the land.[23] Banda Singh Bahadur started his rebellion with the defeat of Mughal armies at Samana and Sadhaura and the rebellion culminated in the defeat of Sirhind. During the rebellion, Banda Singh Bahadur made a point of destroying the cities in which Mughals had been cruel to Sikhs, including executing Wazir Khan in revenge for the deaths of Guru Gobind Singh's sons, Baba Zorawar Singh and Baba Fateh Singh after the Sikh victory at Sirhind.[24] He ruled the territory between the Sutlej river and the Yamuna river established a capital in the Himalayas at Lohgarh and struck coinage in the names of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh.[23]

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Cis-Sutlej states
The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in modern Punjab and Haryana states lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east, the Yamuna River and Delhi District on the south, and Sirsa District on the west. These states were ruled by the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire, various Sikh sardars and other Rajas of the Cis-Sutlej states paid tributes to the Marathas, until the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803-1805, after which the Marathas lost this territory to the British.[25][26][27] The Cis-Sutlej states included Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla, and Faridkot.

The Sikh Empire

The Sikh Empire (18011849) was formed on the foundations of the Punjabi Army by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. The empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Sindh in the south, and Tibet in the east. The main geographical footprint of the empire was the Punjab region. The religious demography of the Sikh Empire was Muslim (70%), Sikh (17%), Hindu (13%).[28] The Sikh Empire began with the disbandment of the Punjab Army by the time of coronation of Ranjit Singh in 1801, creating a unified political state. All the misl leaders who were affiliated with the Army were nobility with usually long and prestigious family histories in Punjab's history.[29][30]

Sikh Empire

After Maharaja Ranjit Singh's death in 1839, the empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the British Empire to launch the Anglo-Sikh Wars. A series of events of the Sikhs being betrayed by some prominent leaders in the army led to its downfall. Maharaja Gulab Singh and Raja Dhian Singh the top Generals of the army.[31][32] The Sikh Empire was finally dissolved after a series of wars with the British at the end of the Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 into separate princely states and the British province of Punjab, which were granted statehood. Eventually, a Lieutenant Governorship was formed in Lahore as a direct representative of the British Crown.

Punjab Province (British India)

The Cis-Sutlej states(south of Sutlej) including, Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla, and Faridkot were under the suzeranity of the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War of 1803-1805, Marathas lost this territory to the British. During the war, some of the states in the region gave their allegiance to British General Gerard Lake. At the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Maratha War and an 1809 agreement with Ranjit Singh, ruler of the Sikh Empire west of the Sutlej, brought these states under formal British protection.[25][26][27]
British Punjab Province, before 1947 Ranjit Singh's death in the summer of 1839, brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. By 1845 the British had moved 32,000 troops to the Sutlej frontier, to secure their northernmost possessions against the succession struggles in the Punjab. In late 1845, British and Sikh troops engaged near Ferozepur, beginning the First Anglo-Sikh War. The war ended the following year, and the

Punjab, India territory between the Sutlej and the Beas was ceded to British Company rule in India, along with Kashmir, which was sold to Gulab Singh of Jammu, who ruled Kashmir as a British vassal. As a condition of the peace treaty, some British troops, along with a resident political agent and other officials, were left in the Punjab to oversee the regency of Maharaja Dhalip Singh, a minor. The Sikh army was reduced greatly in size. In 1848, out-of-work Sikh troops in Multan revolted, and a British official was killed. Within a few months, the unrest had spread throughout the Punjab, and British troops once again invaded. The British prevailed in the Second Anglo-Sikh War, and under the Treaty of Lahore in 1849, the Punjab was annexed by the British East India Company, and Dhalip Singh was pensioned off. The Punjab became a province of British India, although a number of small states, most notably Patiala, Kapurthala, Faridkot, Nabha, and Jind retained local rulers in subsidiary alliances with the British, the rulers retaining their own internal sovereignty but recognizing British suzerainty. The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919 occurred in Amritsar. In 1930, the yug Indian National Congress proclaimed independence from Lahore. In March 1940, the all-India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution, demanding the creation of a separate state from Muslim majority areas in India. The ambiguity of the Lahore Resolution sparked off violent protests, in which Punjab became a central stage.[33] In 1946, massive communal tensions and violence erupted between the majority Muslims of Punjab, and the Hindu and Sikh minorities. The Muslim League attacked the government of Unionist Punjabi Muslims, Sikh Akalis and the Congress, and led to its downfall. Unwilling to be cowed down, Sikhs and Hindus counter-attacked and the resulting bloodshed left the province in great disorder. Both Congress and League leaders agreed to partition Punjab upon religious lines, a precursor to the wider partition of the country.

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Independence and its aftermath

In 1947 the Punjab Province of British India was partitioned along religious lines into West Punjab and East Punjab. Huge numbers of people were displaced, and there was much intercommunal violence. Following independence, several small Punjabi princely states, including Patiala, acceded to the Union of India and were united into the PEPSU. In 1956 this was integrated with the state of East Punjab to create a new, enlarged Indian state called simply "Punjab". The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.[34] Immediately following independence in 1947, and due to the ensuing communal vipolence and fear, as part of an exchange of populations most Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus who found themselves in Pakistan migrated to India.[35] Punjabi Muslims were uprooted similarly from their homes in East Punjab, which now forms part of India.[36] Approximately 7 million plus who moved to Pakistan, over 6 million settled in Punjab. In 1950, two new states were recognized by the Indian constitution: the Indian part of the former British province of Punjab became the state of East Punjab, while the princely states of the region were combined into the Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). Himachal Pradesh was later created as a union territory from several princely states in the hills.

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Formation of current Punjab

The capital city of the undivided Province of Punjab, Lahore, was allocated to the Pakistani West Punjab during the partition of British India in 1947, so a new capital for Indian Punjab was built at Chandigarh. Shimla was named temporary capital of the Punjab until Chandigarh was completed in 1960. After years of protest by Akali Dal and other Sikh organizations finally Punjab was divided along linguistic basis in 1966. On 1 November 1966, the Hindi-speaking southern half of Punjab became a separate state, Haryana and Pahari speaking hilly areas in north east was given to Himachal Pradesh . Chandigarh was on the border between the two states, and became a separate union territory but serves as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. During the 1970s, the Green Revolution brought increased economic prosperity for the Punjab, mainly due to the late Pratap Singh Kairon. However, a growing polarisation between the Indian National Congress led central government and the main Sikh political party, the Shiromani Akali Dal, began to widen during the 1970s. Hostility and bitterness arose from what was widely seen by the Akali Dal as increasing alienation, centralization and discriminatory attitudes towards Punjab by the Government of India. This prompted the Shiromani Akali Dal to pass the Anandpur Sahib Resolution which asked for granting maximum autonomy to the region of Punjab and other states and limited role and powers of the Central Government.

Demographics
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 9161000 11135000 13551000 16788915 20281969 24289296 27704236 % 21.5% 21.7% 23.9% 20.8% 19.8% 14.1% [37][38]

source:Census of India

According to the 2011 Indian Census, the population of Indian Punjab is 27,704,236 (Males 14,634,819 & Females 13,069,417)[39] In recent times, there is growing concern in the state about the massive influx of Hindu labourers from other Indian states such as Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Around 15-20% of Punjab's population is now made up of migrants from other states. The literacy rate in Punjab is 75%, male literacy being 80.23% and female literacy is 68.36%. List of most populous cities in Punjab are:1. Ludhiana population of 16,13,878. 2. Amritsar population of 11,83,761. 3. Chandigarh population of 10,25,862. 4. Patiala population of 13,54,686. 5. Jalandhar population of 8,62,196. Being an agricultural state, a large part of the population lives in the rural area. Roughly 66% of people live in rural areas while the rest of the 34% are urban residents. The state has a skewed sex ratio, according to the 2011 census there are 895 females per 1000 males in Punjab.

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Religion

Located in Amritsar, Harmandir Sahib is the holiest shrine of Sikhism.

Religions in Punjab by adherence

Religion Sikhs Hindus Muslims Christians Buddhists Jains Others [40] % of total No. of people 14,656,345 8,997,942 382,045 292,800 41,487 39,276 8,594 66% 31% 1.57 % 1.20 % 0.17 % 0.16 % 0.04 % 100%

Total population 24,358,999[41]

Sikhism is the predominant faith in Punjab followed by around 66% of the populace. The holiest of Sikh shrines, the Sri Harmandir Sahib (or Golden Temple), is in the city of Amritsar. The Sri Akal Takht Sahib which is within the Golden temple complex is the temporal seat of Sikhs. Of the five Takhts (Temporal Seats of religious authority) of Sikhism, three are in Punjab. These are Sri Akal Takht Sahib, Damdama Sahib and Anandpur Sahib. During major holidays on the Sikh calendar (such as Vaisakhi, Hola Mohalla, Gurpurb and Diwali), many Sikhs gather and march in religious processions through virtually every city, town and village. At least one Sikh Gurdwara can be found in almost every village in the state beside towns and cities (in various architectural styles and sizes). Hinduism is the second most practised faith in Punjab with caste Hindus forming 31% of the population. Hindus are more concentrated in main cities, forming as high as 60 to 70% of population there. A large segment of Punjabis who are categorized as Punjabi Hindus continue to live out heterogeneous religious practice that includes spiritual kinship with Sikhism. This not only includes veneration of the Sikh Gurus in private practice, but also visits to Sikh Gurdwaras along with Hindu temples. Other religions like Islam (1.5%) and Christianity (1.2%) are also followed alongside Buddhism (0.2%) and Jainism (0.2%).

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Language
The Punjabi language, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the official and most commonly used language in the state.[42] The language is popular across India and the wider world due to large scale migration of Punjabis[43] and the rich Punjabi music. Punjabi has always been an integral part of Indian Bollywood cinema due to large numbers of Punjabis working in Bollywood. In recent years a trend of Bollywood songs written totally in Punjabi can be observed. Punjabi is also the most spoken language in Pakistan and is the provincial language of Punjab (Pakistan), the second largest and the most populous province of Pakistan. It is also the second official language in the Indian states of Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and the National capital of Delhi.[44] Punjabi is the most spoken immigrant language in England[45] and fourth most spoken language in Canada according to official census.[46] Among the world languages, Punjabi is the 10th most spoken language in the world and 4th most spoken language in Asia.[47] The major dialects of Punjabi spoken in Indian Punjab are Majhi, Malwi, Pwadhi and Doabi.[47] Other languages common in Punjab are Hindi & English mostly in Urban areas.

Education
Punjab is served by several institutions of higher education, which provide undergraduate and postgraduate courses in all the major arts, humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, veterinary science, and business courses. Punjab Agricultural University is a leading institution globally for the study of agriculture, and played a significant role in Punjab's Green Revolution in the 1960s70s. Among the alumni of the Panjab University, Chandigarh include Manmohan Singh, the current Prime Minister of India, and Dr. Har Gobind Khorana, a biochemistry nobel laureate. One of the oldest institutions of medical education is the Christian Medical College, Ludhiana which has existed since 1894.[48] Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot Central University of Punjab, Bathinda Panjab University, Chandigarh Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar Punjab Technical University Giani Zail Singh College of Engineering & Technology, Bathinda

The National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research

Swami Sarvanand Giri Panjab University Regional Centre, Hoshiarpur Thapar University Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar Chitkara University, Rajpura Punjabi University, Patiala Rajiv Gandhi National University of Law Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana Regional Institute of Management and Technology, Fatehgarh Sahib Dr B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar

The Ranjit Singh Block at Guru Nanak Dev University

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Guru Gobind Singh Bhawan at Punjabi University

Economy
According to India Today, Leading magazine in India, Punjab has been awarded best overall state since 2003, and has been able to retain the top position every year. It affords the best quality of life to its residents.[49] According to the India State Hunger Index 2008, Punjab has the lowest level of hunger in India.[50] Punjab has the best infrastructure in all of India.[51][52] Although it has a huge shortage of electricity due to high demand, all major cities in Punjab benefit from this and have some of the lowest tariffs in India. PCA Stadium under lights All of Punjab's villages have been provided electricity and connected to the state electrical power grid since 1974. Punjab is one of the most fertile regions on earth. The region is ideal for wheat-growing. Rice, sugar cane, fruits and vegetables are also grown. Indian Punjab is called the "Granary of India" or "India's bread-basket".[53] It produces 14% of India's cotton, 20% of India's wheat, and 9% of India's rice. The Fazilka and Ferozpur Districts are the largest producer of wheat and rice in the state. In worldwide terms, Indian Punjab produces 2% of the world's cotton, 2% of its wheat and 1% of the world's rice.[53] The largest grown crop is wheat. Other important crops are rice, cotton, sugarcane, pearl millet, maize, barley and fruit. In Punjab the consumption of fertiliser per hectare is 177kg as compared to 90kg at national level. The state has been awarded National Productivity Award for agriculture extension services for consecutively ten years from 199192 to 199899 and 2001 to 200304. In recent years a drop in productivity has been observed mainly due to falling fertility of the soil. This is believed to be due to excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides over the years. Another worry is the rapidly falling water table on which almost 90% of the agriculture depends, which has witnessed alarming drops in recent years. By some estimates, groundwater is falling by a meter or more per year.[54][55]

Government and politics

Each of the states of India possesses a parliamentary system of government, with a ceremonial state Governor, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the central government. The head of government is an indirectly elected Chief Minister who is vested with most of the executive powers. The state legislature is the unicameral Punjab Legislative Assembly, with 117 members elected from single-seat constituencies. The capital of Punjab is Chandigarh which also serves as the capital of Haryana, and is thus administered separately as a Union Territory of India. The judicial branch of the state government is provided by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Chandigarh.[56] The state of Punjab is divided into four administrative divisions and twenty two districts:

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Regions and districts

The area of Punjab can be divided into: Malwa is a region of Punjab south to river satluj. The Malwa area makes up majority of the Punjab region consisting 11 districts. Cities such as Ludhiana, Patiala, Sangrur, Rajpura, Bhatinda, Moga and Mohali located in the Malwa region. malwa is also famous for cotton farming. Majha is a historical region of the Indian Punjab comprising the modern districts of Amritsar, Pathankot, Gurdaspur and Tarn Taran. It lies between rivers Ravi, Beas and the Sutlej. This region is called heartland of punjab, it is also celebrated as being the 'Cradle of Sikhism'.

Districts of Punjab along with their headquarters

Doaba is the region of Indian Punjab between the rivers Beas and Sutlej. The name "Doaba" literally translates to "land between two rivers" ("Do" two, "Ab" river; Punjabi). It is one of the most fertile regions of the world, and was the centre of the Green Revolution in India. To this day, it remains one of the largest per capita producers of wheat in the world.The biggest cities in Doaba are Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr and Kapurthala.

Administrative divisions
The state of Punjab has 22 districts which comprise of sub-divisions, tehsils and blocks. Districts
Amritsar Barnala Bathinda Firozpur Fazilka Faridkot Gurdaspur Hoshiarpur Jalandhar Kapurthala Ludhiana Mansa Moga Mohali Muktsar Patiala Pathankot Rupnagar Sangrur Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar Tarn Taran

Fatehgarh Sahib (Sirhind-Fategarh)

The state capital of Punjab is Chandigarh. There are 14 cities and 157 towns in Punjab. The major cities in Punjab are Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Patiala, Mohali, Bathinda, Rajpura, Pathankot, Moga.

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Tourism
Tourism in Indian Punjab centres around the historic palaces, battle sites, great Sikh architecture of the state and the surrounding region. Examples include various sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, the ancient fort of Bathinda, the architectural monuments of Kapurthala, Patiala, and Chandigarh, the modern capital designed by Le Corbusier.[57] The Golden Temple in Amritsar is one of the major tourist destination of Punjab and indeed India, attracting more visitors than the Taj Mahal, Lonely Planet Bluelist 2008 has voted the Harmandir Sahib as one of the worlds best spiritual sites.[58] Moreover, there is a rapidly expanding array of international hotels in the holy city that can be booked for overnight stays.

Moti Bagh Palace in Patiala

Transportation
Infrastructure of Punjab has been rated the best in India. Public transport in Punjab is provided by buses, auto rickshaws, Indian railways and an international rail connection to Pakistan (Samjhauta Express). The state has a large network of multimodal transportation system:
Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar is a major tourist destination in Punjab

Air

Punjab has seven major airports. Domestic airports are at Ludhiana, Patiala, Pathankot, Mohali. International airport, Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar is the largest and most important airport in the state and is also the second busiest in North India after Delhi Airport. Prominent Airports in Punjab are: Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport Sahnewal Airport Pathankot Airport Patiala Airport Chandigarh Airport

Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport in Amritsar

Rail Almost all the major as well as smaller cities of the state are linked through railways. Amritsar is the largest railway station having trains connecting to all major cities. Shatabdi Express connects Amritsar to Delhi. The railway junction in Bhatinda is the largest in Asia.

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The Samjhauta Express is a joint venture between Indian Railways and Pakistan Railways and runs from Attari railway station near Amritsar in India to Lahore Railway Station in Punjab, Pakistan. Road All the cities and towns of Punjab are connected with four lane roads, National Highway. The Grand Trunk Road also called as NH1 connect Calcutta to Peshawar passing through Jalandhar and Amritsar. Another major National Highway connects Punjab to Jammu passing through Hoshiarpur and Pathankot. The state road conditions are the finest in A DMU Train in Ludhiana India. The national Highways passing through the state is ranked the best in the country with road networks widely spread,covering isolated towns as well as border region. The following National Highways connect major towns, cities and villages: National Highway 1 (India), National Highway 10 (India), National Highway 15 (India), National Highway 1A (India) National Highway 20 (India), National Highway 21 (India), National Highway 22 (India), National Highway 64 (India), National Highway 70 (India), National Highway 71 (India), National Highway 95 (India)

Digital Library of Punjab

Launched in 2003 under Nanakshahi Trust, the Panjab Digital Library was a result of the early phase of the digital revolution in Panjab. While most saw the Nanakshahi as a small digitization organization, or as an assemblage of some unknown youth working towards capturing some manuscripts on their digital cameras, its founders saw it as a cornerstone of a fundamentally new approach to preserving Panjabs heritage for future generations. In the shadow of search engines, a Semantic Web approach thought of in the early 2003 reached maturity in 2006. This was when the organization planned to expand its operations from a mere three employee organization to one of the leading NGOs working in the field of digital preservation all over India. Digitized collections include manuscripts held by the Punjab Languages Department, items from the Government Museum and Art Gallery Chandigarh, Chief Khalsa Diwan, SGPC, DSGMC and manuscripts in the Jawahr Lal Nehru Library of Kurukshetra University. It also include hundreds of personal collections. With over 5 million pages digitized it is the biggest repository of digital data on Panjab.

Culture
The culture of Punjab comprises many elements including music such as bhangra, an extensive religious and non-religious dance tradition, a long history of poetry in the Punjabi language, a significant film industry which dates back to before Partition, a vast range of cuisine which has become widely popular abroad, and a number of seasonal and harvest festivals such as Lohri,[59] Basant, Baisakhi and Teej, all of which are celebrated in addition to the religious festivals of India. A kissa is a Punjabi language oral story-telling tradition that has a mixture of origins ranging from the Arabian peninsula to Iran and Afghanistan.[60] Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. Marriage ceremonies are known for their rich rituals, songs, dances, food and dresses, which have evolved over many centuries.

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Bhangra
Bhangra (Punjabi:
[61] (Gurmukhi),;

pronounced [p]) is a form of dance and music that originated in the

Punjab region. Bhangra dance began as a folk dance conducted by Punjabi farmers to celebrate the coming of the harvest season. The specific moves of Bhangra reflect the manner in which villagers farmed their land. This hybrid dance became Bhangra. The folk dance has been popularised in the western world by Punjabis in England and the USA where competitions are held.[62] It is seen in the West as an expression of South Asian culture as a whole.[63] Today, Bhangra dance survives in different forms and styles all over the globe including pop music, film soundtracks, collegiate competitions and cultural shows.

Punjabi folklore
The folk heritage of the Punjab is the traditional urge of thousands of years of its history. While Malwai is considered the standard dialect of Punjabi language, there are a number of local dialects through which the people communicate. These include Majhi, Malwai, Doabi, and Pwadhi. The songs, ballads, epics and romances are generally written and sung in these dialects. There are a number of folk tales that are popular in Punjab. These are the folk tales of Mirza Sahiban, Heer Ranjha, Sohni Mahiwal, Sassi Punnun, Dulla Bhatti, Puran Baghat, Jeona Maud etc. The mystic folk songs and religious songs include the Shalooks of Sikh gurus, Baba Farid and others. They also include Kafis, Hamds, Baits, Dohas, Lohris, Sehra, and Jugni.[64] The most famous of the romantic love songs are Mayhiah, Dhola and Boliyan. Punjabi romantic dances include Dhamaal, Bhangra, Giddha, Dhola, and Sammi.

References
[1] Narayanan appointed as WB Governor, Patil gets Punjab (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ Narayanan-appointed-as-West-Bengal-Governor-Patil-gets-Punjab/ H1-Article1-498140. aspx), Hindustan Times, January 16, 2010 [2] Census of India (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ), 2011. Census Data Online, Population. [3] http:/ / www. punjabgovt. nic. in [4] Sikhs (http:/ / www. adherents. com/ largecom/ com_sikh. html). Adherents.com (2005-09-30). Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [5] WHKMLA : History of West Punjab (http:/ / www. zum. de/ whkmla/ region/ india/ xwpunjab. html) [6] Tajikam Portal - The Lands of the Avesta (http:/ / tajikam. com/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=54& Itemid=36) [7] "Punjab" (http:/ / m. oifc. in/ Our-Partners/ State-Partners/ Punjab). Overseas Indian Facilitation Centre. . Retrieved 8 september 2011. [8] Singh, Pritam (2008). Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=mQLDcjhNoJwC& printsec=frontcover). London; New York: Routledge. p.3. ISBN0-415-45666-5. . [9] "How to obtain a police certificate India" (http:/ / www. cic. gc. ca/ english/ information/ security/ police-cert/ asia-pacific/ india. asp). Cic.gc.ca. 2009-11-09. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [10] "State Profile About Punjab" (http:/ / punjabgovt. gov. in/ StateProfile. aspx). Punjabgovt.nic.in. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [11] Pragati Infosoft Pvt. Ltd.. "Punjab Geography, Geography of Punjab, Punjab Location, Punjab Climate" (http:/ / punjabonline. in/ Profile/ Geography/ ). Punjabonline.in. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [12] Jerath, Neelima, Puja & Jatinder Chadha (Editors), 2006. Biodiversity in the Shivalik Ecosystem of Punjab. Punjab State Council for Science and Technology, Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. [13] "Climate And Resources In Punjab" (http:/ / www. sadapunjab. com/ cv/ Literature_On_Punjab/ PUNJAB/ Climate_And_Resources_In_Punjab/ index0. html). Sadapunjab.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [14] "Indian States : Punjab :: Flora And Fauna" (http:/ / www. india-travel-information. com/ india-information/ Indian-States/ Punjab/ 333-Flora-And-Fauna. html). India Travel Information. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [15] "Panjab Tourism, General Information" (http:/ / www. punjabtourism. in/ geninfo. html). . Retrieved 2010-11-09. [16] Bombay (India : State) (1896). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ... (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ). Printed at the Govt. Central Press. . Retrieved 18 January 2012. [17] Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1-page-11 [18] Kalsi 2005, pp.106107 [19] Markovits 2004, p.98 [20] Jestice 2004, pp.345346 [21] Johar 1975, pp.192210 [22] Jestice 2004, pp.312313

Punjab, India
[23] Singh 2008, pp.2526 [24] Nesbitt 2005, p.61 [25] A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid ... - Farooqui Salma Ahmed, Salma Ahmed Farooqui - Google Books (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC& pg=PA334& lpg=PA334& dq=daulatrao+ scindia+ punjab& source=bl& ots=UHK_WUGdoH& sig=CV3YuivuM4b0R-mR8KQUTa1d_hU& hl=en& sa=X& ei=0J3AT6H1H8vqrQeP2LDFCQ& ved=0CE4Q6AEwBTgK#v=onepage& q=daulatrao scindia punjab& f=false). Books.google.co.in. . Retrieved 2012-05-26. [26] History Of The Marathas - R.S. Chaurasia - Google Books (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=D_v3Y7hns8QC& pg=PA13& lpg=PA13& dq=mahadji+ sindhia+ punjab& source=bl& ots=Kdt4ycmwu_& sig=A4SMoH7_sJahnYm5QrdIARtprBQ& hl=en& sa=X& ei=Cp7AT5CFGpDIrQfppqS5CQ& ved=0CE8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage& q=mahadji sindhia punjab& f=false). Books.google.co.in. . Retrieved 2012-05-26. [27] http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=Nyk6oA2nOlgC& pg=PA379& lpg=PA379& dq=%22second+ anglo+ maratha+ war%22+ sutlej& source=bl& ots=XGHcTeQC7h& sig=tGnkkkS6o63cT5mX-pIv7R9PtsQ& hl=en& sa=X& ei=DmvDT-HOKcHWrQfj2LjhCQ& ved=0CFYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage& q=%22second%20anglo%20maratha%20war%22%20sutlej& f=false [28] "Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign by K.S. Duggal. ''(Date:1989. ISBN 81-7017-244-6'')" (http:/ / www. exoticindiaart. com/ book/ details/ IDE822/ ). Exoticindiaart.com. 2009-02-01. . Retrieved 2009-08-09. [29] Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition, (Edition: Volume V22, Date: 1910-1911), Page 892. [30] "MAHARAJAH RANJIT SINGH ... Online Information article about MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH" (http:/ / encyclopedia. jrank. org/ PYR_RAY/ RANJIT_SINGH_MAHARAJA_178o_1839. html). Encyclopedia.jrank.org. . Retrieved 2009-08-09. [31] J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. [32] Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the last to lay arms, (Duggal,p.136-138) [33] Tan, Tai Yong; Kudaisya, Gyanesh (2002). The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=O5zEtBxk72wC& pg=PA100). Psychology Press. p.100. . [34] The Punjab in 1920s A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, Karachi, 1997. table 45, pp. 136. ISBN 969-407-230-1 [35] Panel 33 (http:/ / www. sasnet. lu. se/ panelabstracts/ 33. html) European Association for South Asian Studies [36] Pakistan: a modern history, Ian Talbot, St. Martin's Press, 1999. ISBN 0-312-21606-8 [37] "Demographic Trends" (http:/ / www. punenvis. nic. in/ demo_trends. htm). Census of India. www.punenvis.nic.in. . Retrieved 2008-06-04. [38] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [39] "Punjab Population Data at a Glance-2011" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ data_files/ punjab/ Provisional Populatin Result Punjab1. pdf). Census India. April 15, 2011. . Retrieved June 24, 2011. [40] Census of India, 2001: population of Punjab by religion (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm). Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [41] Census of India, 2001 (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ population_finder/ State_Master. aspx?State_Code=03) [42] Punjabi Language, official Language of Punjab, Regional Languages of Punjab (http:/ / www. indiasite. com/ language/ punjabi. html). Indiasite.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [43] Punjabi in North America (http:/ / www. apnaorg. com/ articles/ articledawn/ ). Apnaorg.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [44] Punjabi edges out Tamil in Haryana India DNA (http:/ / www. dnaindia. com/ india/ report_punjabi-edges-out-tamil-in-haryana_1356124). Dnaindia.com (2010-03-07). Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [45] House of Commons Hansard Debates for 7 Mar 2000 (pt 2) (http:/ / www. publications. parliament. uk/ pa/ cm199900/ cmhansrd/ vo000307/ halltext/ 00307h02. htm). Publications.parliament.uk (2000-03-07). Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [] [46] "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada Times Of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/ articleshow/ 2782138. cms). The Times Of India. . [47] Punjabi Language, Gurmukhi , Punjabi Literature, History Of Punjabi Language, State Language Of Punjab (http:/ / languages. iloveindia. com/ punjabi. html). Languages.iloveindia.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [48] An Indian doctors triumph (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1050815/ asp/ knowhow/ story_5105265. asp) The Telegraph, August 15, 2005 [49] Arvind Chhabra (2009-09-18). "Punjab: Progressive by nature: India Today" (http:/ / indiatoday. intoday. in/ site/ Story/ 62342/ Cover Story/ Punjab:+ Progressive+ by+ nature. html). Indiatoday.intoday.in. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [50] "India fares badly on global hunger index" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ India/ India_fares_badly_on_global_hunger_index/ rssarticleshow/ 3596818. cms). Times of India. 2008-10-15. . [51] Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India (http:/ / punjabgovt. nic. in/ ECONOMY/ Transport. htm) [52] Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India (http:/ / punjabgovt. nic. in/ INDUSTRY/ BestInfrastructure. htm) [53] Welcome to Official Web site of Punjab, India (http:/ / punjabgovt. nic. in/ punjabataglance/ LeadingbyExample. htm) [54] J. Carl Ganter. "Q&A: Upmanu Lall on Indias Nexus of Energy, Food and Water" (http:/ / www. circleofblue. org/ waternews/ 2010/ world/ qa-upmanu-lall-gives-insight-to-indias-nexus-of-energy-food-and-water/ ). Circle of Blue. . Retrieved 2010-06-04. [55] Upmanu Lall. "Punjab: A tale of prosperity and decline" (http:/ / blogs. ei. columbia. edu/ 2009/ 07/ 28/ punjab-a-tale-of-prosperity-and-decline/ ). Columbia Water Center. . Retrieved 2009-09-11.

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[56] "Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts" (http:/ / www. ebc-india. com/ lawyer/ hcourts. htm). Eastern Book Company. . Retrieved 2008-05-12. [57] Punjab (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ stateprofiles/ punjab/ ). Mapsofindia.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [58] Lonely Planet tips Mumbai as a must-see destination in 2008 (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080202051110/ http:/ / www. ptinews. com/ pti/ ptisite. nsf/ 0/ 03d3a18aa4bdceae6525738e00199bff?OpenDocument). ptinews.com. November 9, 2007 [59] "Harvest Festival of Punjab,Harvest Festival Lohri,Cultural Festival of India,Harvest Festival in India" (http:/ / www. lohrifestival. org/ harvest-festival-of-punjab. html). Lohrifestival.org. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [60] Mir, Farina. "Representations of Piety and Community in Late-nineteenth-century Punjabi Qisse" (http:/ / www. unc. edu/ depts/ cdeisi/ abstracts. html). Columbia University. . Retrieved 2008-07-04. [61] Pakistan almanac, Volumes 20012002 (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=rRYZAQAAIAAJ& q=bhangra+ pakistan& dq=bhangra+ pakistan& lr=& cd=1). Royal Book Company. . Retrieved 2007-11-03. "Bhangra refers to both a traditional dance and a form of music invented in the 1980s. Bhangra, the punjabi folk dance that has become popular all over the world. Panjabi folk songs have been integral part of fertile provinces" [62] Bhangra History (http:/ / www. bhangra. org/ about/ bhangra-history/ ). Bhangra.org. Retrieved on 2012-01-18. [63] Social control and deviance: a South Asian community in Scotland (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=sMnZAAAAMAAJ& q=bhangra+ pakistan& dq=bhangra+ pakistan& lr=& cd=12). Ashgate. . Retrieved 2007-11-03. "The whole institution of the Bhangra and its related processes are clearly an expression of Indian/Pakistan culture in a Western setting." [64] Pakistan Punjab (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080920082514/ http:/ / www. punjabilok. com/ pakistan/ pak_punjab. htm). Punjabilok.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-18.

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Further reading
Radhika Chopra. Militant and Migrant: The Politics and Social History of Punjab (2011) Harnik Deol. Religion and Nationalism in India: The Case of the Punjab (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia) (2000) Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, Encyclopedia of Jalandhar, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium (2005) Harjinder Singh Dilgeer, SIKH HISTORY in 10 volumes, Sikh University Press, Brussels, Belgium (201011) J. S. Grewal. The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India) (1998) J. S. Grewal. Social and Cultural History of the Punjab: Prehistoric, Ancient and Early Medieval (2004) Nazer Singh. Delhi and Punjab: Essays in history and historiography (1995) Tai Yong Tan. The Garrison State: Military, Government and Society in Colonial Punjab, 18491947 (Sage Series in Modern Indian History) (2005)

Primary sources
J. C. Aggarwal and S. P. Agrawal, eds. Modern History of Punjab: Relevant Select Documents (1992) R. M. Chopra, " The Legacy of The Punjab ", 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.

External links
Official website (http://punjabgovt.nic.in) Punjab, India travel guide from Wikitravel

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Haryana
Haryana
State

Seal

Location of Haryana in India

Map of Haryana Coordinates (Chandigarh): 3044N 7647E Country Zone Established Capital Largest district India Northern 1 November 1966 Chandigarh Faridabad

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Districts Government Body Governor Chief Minister Legislature Lok Sabha constituencies Haryana Legislative Assembly Jagannath Pahadia Bhupinder Singh Hooda (INC) Unicameral (90 seats) 10 21

Rajya Sabha constituencies 5 Area State Area rank Area under forest Net sown area Population (2011) State Rank Density Densityrank Urban Rural Demonym Languages Official Regional State symbols Bird Animal Flower Tree Time zone ISO 3166 code Vehicle registration HDI HDI rank Literacy Sex ratio Life expectancy GDP Black Francolin Black Buck Lotus Peepal IST (UTC+05:30) IN-HR HR-xx 0.644 (medium) 17th (2011) 76.64 % 877 66.2 INR 3,093.26 billion (2011-12) Hindi Haryanvi 25353081 16 573/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) 11 8821588 16531493 Haryanvi 44212km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 20 1684km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 3550km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi)

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GDP per capita Growth rate Website INR 109,227 (2011-12) 8.1 % [www.haryana.gov.in www.haryana.gov.in]

Haryana /hrin/ is a state in India. Constituted in 1966, it is one of two newly created states carved out of the greater Punjab province as a means of creating a stronger national identity. It has been a part of the Kuru region in North India.[1][2][3] The name Haryana is found mentioned in the 12th century AD by the apabhramsha writer Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230).[4] It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and by Rajasthan to the west and south. The river Yamuna defines its eastern border with Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of the state is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab. Sites in Haryana were part of the Indus Valley and Vedic Civilizations. Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra mentioned in the Hindu mythology (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna), and the three battles of Panipat. Haryana was administered as part of the Punjab province of British India, and was carved out on linguistic lines as India's 17th state in 1966. Haryana is now a leading contributor to the country's production of foodgrain and milk. Agriculture is the leading occupation for the residents of the state, the flat arable land irrigated by submersible pumps and an extensive canal system. Haryana contributed heavily to the Green Revolution that made India self-sufficient in food production in the 1960s. Haryana is one of the wealthiest states of India and has the third highest per capita income in the country at Rs. 67,891,[5] including the largest number of rural crorepatis in India.[6] Haryana is also one of the most economically developed regions in South Asia and its agricultural and manufacturing industry has experienced sustained growth since 1970s.[7] Haryana is India's largest manufacturer of passenger cars, two-wheelers, and tractors.[8] Since 2000, the state has emerged as the largest recipient of investment per capita in India.[9] The city of Gurgaon has rapidly emerged as a major hub for the information technology and automobile industries. Gurgaon is home to Maruti Udyog Limited, India's largest automobile manufacturer, and Hero MotoCorp Limited, the world's largest manufacturer of two-wheelers. Yamuna Nagar, Panipat, Panchkula and Faridabad are also industrial hubs, with the Panipat Refinery being the second largest refinery in South Asia. There are also long established steel, plywood, paper and textile industries in the state.

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History
Ancient period
Haryana was the outermost location of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization with centers such as Banawali and Rakhigarhi. The most extensive center, Rakhigarhi, is now a village in Hisar District. The site is dated to be over 5,000 years old. Evidence of paved roads, drainage system, large rainwater collection, storage system, terracotta brick, statue production, and skilled metal working (in both bronze and precious metals) has been uncovered. Also the Vedic Civilization flourished on the banks of the now lost Sarasvati River. Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra Several decisive battles were fought in the area, which shaped much of the history of India. These include the epic Battle of Kurukshetra described in the Mahabharata (including the recital of the Bhagavad Gita by Krishna) and the three battles of Panipat.

Etymology
The name "Haryana" could mean "the Abode of God", derived from the Sanskrit words Hari (the Hindu God Vishnu) and ayana (home).[10] Scholars like Muni Lal, Murli Chand Sharma, HA Phadke and Sukhdev Singh Chib believe that the name Haryana comes from the words Hari (Sanskrit Harit, "green") and Aranya (forest).[11] The Yashastilaka-Champu of Somadeva mentions "Harivansha" as the ruling family of this region.[12] JN Singh Yadav, Pran Nath Chopra and some anthropologists believe that the name Haryana may have derived from Abhiras, its ancient inhabitants (Abhirayana -> Ahirayana -> Hirayana -> Haryana).[11][12][13]

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Medieval period
King Harshavardhana established his capital at Thanesar near Kurukshetra in the 7th century AD. After his death, the kingdom of his clansmen, the Gurjara Pratiharas continued to rule over a vast region for quite a while from Harsha's adopted capital of Kannauj. The region remained strategically important for the rulers of North India even though Thanesar was no more central than Kannauj. Prithviraj Chauhan established forts at Tarori and Hansi in the 12th century. Muhammad Ghori conquered this area in the Second Battle of Tarain. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate was established that ruled much of India for several centuries. The earliest reference to 'Hariana' occurs in a Sanskrit inscription dated 1328 AD kept in Delhi Museum, which refers to this region as The heaven on earth, indicating that it was fertile and relatively peaceful at that time. Firoz Shah Tughlaq established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region, and also constructed canals or rajwahas as they were referred to in the Indo-Persian historical texts.
Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya

The three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town of Panipat in Haryana. The first battle took place in 1526, where Babur, the ruler of Kabul, defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate, through the use of field artillery. In the second battle of Panipat (5 November 1556), Akbar's forces defeated, the local Haryanvi warrior Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya popularly called Hemu, who belonged to Rewari in Haryana and who had earlier won 22 battles, from Punjab to Bengal including two against Akbar's forces during 1553-1556 before acceeding to Delhi throne and establishing 'Hindu Raj' in North India on 7 October 1556. The decline of the Mughal Empire in early 18th century, led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire, including Haryana. In 1737, Maratha forces sacked Delhi, following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.[14] Baji Rao's son, Balaji Baji Rao (popularly known as Nana Saheb), further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab and Peshawar in 1758. This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali, who was based in Kabul. After the Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the Afghan warlord Ahmad Shah Abdali, Marathas lost Punjab, Delhi and Haryana to Ahmad Shah Durrani. Within 10 years, Mahadji Shinde re-established Maratha rule over North India, Haryana region remained under the rule of the Scindhia clan of the Maratha Empire, until in 1803, the British East India Company took control of Gurgaon through the Treaty of Surji-Anjangaon after the Second Anglo-Maratha War.

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British period
During the Indian rebellion of 1857, several leaders from this region, including Rao Tula Ram, participated actively. People of the these towns Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendergarh were more active in freedeom struggle.

Formation of Haryana
Haryana state was formed on 1 November 1966, on the recommendation of the Parliamentary Committee. The formation of this committee was announced in the Parliament on 23 September 1965. On 23 April 1966, acting on the recommendation Before the Independence of India, Haryana was part of of the Hukam Singh Committee, the Indian government set up the the British Punjab Province. Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah, to divide and set up the boundaries of Punjab and Haryana giving consideration to the language spoken by the people. The commission gave its report on 31 May 1966. According to this report the then districts of Hissar, Mahendragarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak, and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further, the tehsils of Jind (district Sangrur), Narwana (district Sangrur), Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhri were also to be included. The commission recommended that Tehsil Kharar (including Chandigarh) should be a part of Haryana.[15] However, the city of Chandigarh was denied to Haryana, and Chandigarh and a Punjabi-speaking area of Rupnagar district were made a Union Territory serving as the capital of both Punjab and Haryana. Pt.Bhagwat Dayal Sharma, MLA from Yamuna Nagar became first Chief Minister of Haryana.

Geography
Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is located between 2739' to 3035' N latitude and between 7428' and 7736' E longitude. The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 to 3600ft 2 (200 metres to 1200 metres) above sea level. An area of 1,553km is covered by forest. Haryana has four main geographical features. The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state The Shivalik Hills to the northeast Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest The Aravalli Range in the south
Yamuna River near the Haryana Border

Rivers of Haryana
The river Yamuna flows along its eastern boundary. The ancient Sarasvati River is said to have flowed from Yamuna Nagar, but it has now disappeared. The river Ghaggar is Haryana's main seasonal river. The Ghaggar rises in the outer Himalayas, between the Yamuna and the Sutlej and enters Haryana near Pinjore, Panchkula district. Passing through Ambala and Hissar, it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and

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runs a course of 290 miles before disappearing into the deserts of Rajasthan. The Markanda river's ancient name was Aruna. A seasonal stream like the Ghaggar, it originates from the lower Sivalik Hills and enters Haryana near Ambala. During monsoons, this stream swells into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power. The surplus water is carried on to the Sanisa lake where the Markanda joins the Sarasvati. An important tributary is the Tangri. The Sahibi originates in the Mewat hills near Jitgarh and Manoharpur in Rajasthan. Gathering volume from about a hundred tributaries, it reaches voluminous proportions, forming a broad stream around Alwar and Patan. On reaching Rohtak it branches off into two smaller streams, finally reaching the outskirts of Delhi and flowing into the Yamuna. There are three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills Indori, Dohan and Kasavati and they all flow northwards from the south.[16]
Vultures in Haryana's green farms

Blackbuck male and female

Climate
The climate of Haryana is similar to other states of India lying in the northern plains. It is very hot in summer (up to a high of 50 deg Celsius) and cold in winters (down to a low of 1 deg Celsius). The hottest months are May and June and the coldest being December and January. Rainfall is varied, with the Shivalik Hills region being the wettest and the Aravali Hills region being the driest. About 80% of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season (JulySeptember) and sometimes causes local flooding.[16]

Flora and fauna

Thorny, dry, deciduous forest and thorny shrubs can be found all over the state. During the monsoon, a carpet of grass covers the hills. Mulberry, eucalyptus, pine, kikar, shisham and babul are some of the trees found here. The species of fauna found in the state of Haryana include black buck, nilgai, panther, fox, mongoose, jackal and wild dog. More than 300 species of birds are found here.

Demographics

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Religion in Haryana Religion Hinduism Sikhism Islam Others Distribution of religions Percent 89.7% 6.2% 4% 0.10%

Ethnic groups in Haryana

Ahirs, Jats, Gurjars, Rors, Rajput AJGAR}, Meos, Punjabi, Sainis, Bishnois, Other backward class, SC, ST etc., Hindus are majority in Haryana and are about 90% of the population, Jats 29%, Ahirs 17%, Gurjars 10.05 %, Sikhs 6.2%, Muslims 4.05% (mainly Meos) and Christians 0.10%.[17] In 2001 Hindus made up 18,655,925 of the population, Sikhs 1,170,662, Muslims 1,222,196, Jains 57,167, Christians 27,185, and Buddhists 7,140.[18] Muslims are mainly in the Mewat district and Yamuna Nagar district, while Sikhs are mostly in the districts adjoining Punjab, Hisar, Sirsa, Jind, Fatehabad, Kaithal, Kurukshetra, Ambala, and Panchkula. Agriculture and related industries have been the backbone of the local economy. These days the state is seeing a massive influx of immigrants from across the nation, primarily from Bihar, Bengal, Uttrakhand, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Nepal.

Government and politics

Like in all other states of India, Haryana is governed through a governor, a largely ceremonial position who is appointed by the President of India. The Chief Minister is the head of the Haryana state government and is vested with most of the executive and legislative powers. Haryanas legislature is unicameral; its one house, the Haryana Legislative Assembly, consists of 90 members. Haryana has five seats in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India's national parliament, and ten in the Lok Sabha, the lower house. The largest political parties in Haryana are the Indian National Lok Dal,[CPI(M)], Haryana Janhit Congress, Bhartiya Janata Party, Bahujan Samaj Party[19] and Indian National Congress. The present political scenario of the state is clear and it has a stable government under Bhupinder Singh Hooda who is presently the Chief Minister of the state. During his presidency American president Jimmy Carter visited Carterpuri village in Gurgaon.[20]
Sushma Swaraj Former Union Cabinet Minister, India born in Palwal, Haryana

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Culture
Haryana means Hari Ka Ana or the Land of arrival of God or Ahiryana Land of Yadavs. Haryana has a rich cultural heritage that goes way back to the Vedic times. Vedic period Dhosi Hill, the Ashram of revered Rishi Chyawyan is an important site where Chyawanprash was formulated for the first time. The last Hindu Emperor of India who belonged to Rewari in Haryana, Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, taking a cue from Vedic times declared himself a 'Vikramaditya' king after defeating Akbar's forces in Delhi in 1556. It amounted to establishing a vedic 'Hindu Raj' in North India during medieval period after a gap of more than 350 years. The state is rich in folklore with the oldest extant romance of Sorath and Dhaj, Ror Kumar.[22] The people of Haryana have their own traditions. The age old customs of meditation, Yoga and chanting of Vedic Mantras, are still observed by the masses. Famous yoga guru Swami Ramdev is from Mahendragarh in Haryana.[23] Seasonal and religious festivals glorify the culture of this region. Haryana has a variety of folk dances. The people of Haryana have preserved their old religious and social traditions. They celebrate festivals with great enthusiasm and traditional fervor. Their culture and popular art are Saangs, dramas, ballads and songs in which they take great delight. Regarding eating habits, there is an idiom that says, Hara-Bhara Haryana, Jit Doodh-Dahi ka Khana (meaning a lush-green state where milk and curd are the food).

V K Singh General Vijay Kumar [21] Tanwar Born in Bhiwani,Haryana

Languages
Haryanavi and Hindi traditionally been the dominant language spoken by the martial people of Haryana. Since 1947, Punjabi has also been spoken by a lot of people in Haryana especially by those Hindus and Sikhs who came over from older Punjab region at the time of partition.Punjabi is also second state language of Haryana. Sanskrit is also taught in most of the schools in Haryana. In towns and cities, English is still to be adopted as the household lingo, but is spoken in a hazy mixture of Haryanvi. Other language is Ahirwati, it is an Indo-Aryan language, classified as a Rajasthani language,[24] and is spoken in the Mahendragarh, Rewari and Gurgaon districts of Haryana. According to famous historian Robert Vane Russell Ahirwati language is spoken in Rohtak and Gurgaon Districts of Punjab (now Haryana) and Delhi. This is akin to Mewati, one of the forms of Rajasthani or the language of Rajputana.[25] The most striking feature of Haryana is its language

Swami Ramdev Yoga Guru born in Mahendragarh, Haryana

Haryana itself; or rather, the manner in which it is spoken. Popularly known as Haryanavi, with Bangaru being the most widely spoken dialect, it is worst . With rapid urbanization, and due to Haryana's close proximity to Delhi, the cultural aspects are now taking a more modern hue.

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Music
Raagni are very famous in Haryana and it is a part of folk music in Haryana.

Economy
The economy of Haryana relies on manufacturing, business process outsourcing, agriculture and retail.

Manufacturing
Yamuna Nagar is the largest industrial town wholly within Haryana. It has Asia's largest paper mill BILT and Asia's largest Sugar Mill. Yamuna Nagar has Asia's largest timber industry, an HPGCL thermal power plant, a hydro power plant and India's largest Railway workshop. It is also famous for its old steel and brass industry. Faridabad is another big industrial part of Haryana.[26] It is home to hundreds of large scale companies like Orient Paper & Industries, JCB India Limited, Nirigemes, Agri Machinery Group The headquarters of DLF Limited, India's largest real (Escorts Limited), India Yamaha Motor Pvt. Ltd., Whirlpool, ABB estate company, in Gurgaon, Haryana. Group, Goodyear Tyres and Knorr Bremse India Pvt. Ltd. There are thousands of medium and small scale units as well, like Amrit Enterprises, McAma Industries. Panipat is a city of textiles and carpets. It is the biggest centre for cheap blankets and carpets in India and has a handloom weaving industry. The pickle "Pachranga International" is also well known. Panipat also has heavy industry, including a refinery operated by the Indian Oil Corporation, and a National Thermal Power Corporation power plant, Hissar is another big city where Jindal company has established. Jindal Steel now increasing their business and open new factory in other state also. Ambala is the largest manufacturer of Scientific Apparatuses.It is named as Science City of Haryana. Ambala is one of the biggest exporters of educational instruments in the country. Ambala has largest whole sale cloth market in India.

Service industries
Gurgaon has seen emergence of an active information technology industry in the recent years. With organisations like Nokia Siemens Networks, Mitsubishi Electric, Schneider Electric, Fuji Electric, ABB Electric, General Electric GE, HONEYWELL, ALSTOM, Matsushita Electric, Nippon Electric Corporation Ltd., ERICSSON, A2Z Group, Aricent Group, Alcatel-Lucent, Huawei, Tata Consultancy Services, IBM, NIIT, Hewitt Associates, Dell, Accenture, Convergys, United Healthcare and The Boston Consulting Group have their Indian headquarters or branch offices and contact centers in Gurgaon.

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Agriculture
Despite recent industrial development, Haryana is primarily an agricultural state. About 70% of residents are engaged in agriculture Wheat and rice are the major crops. Haryana is self-sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains. The main crops of Haryana are wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, pulses, barley, maize, millet etc. There are two main types of crops in Haryana: Rabi and Kharif. The major Kharif crops of Haryana are rice, jowar, bajra, maize, cotton, jute, sugarcane, sesame and groundnut. For these crops the ground is prepared in April and May and the seeds are sown at the commencement of rains in June. The crops are ready for harvesting by the beginning of November. The major Rabi crops are wheat, tobacco, pulses, linseed, rapeseed and mustard. The ground is prepared by the end of October or the beginning of November and the crops are harvested by March. About 86% of the area is arable, and of that 96% is cultivated. About 75% of the area is irrigated, through tube wells and an extensive system of canals. Haryana contributed significantly to the Green Revolution in India in the 1970s that made the country self-sufficient in food production. The state has also significantly contributed to the field of agricultural education in the country. Asia's biggest agricultural University[27] - Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University is located at Hisar and it has made a significant contribution in ushering in the 'Green Revolution' in the state.

Dairy farming is also an essential part of the rural economy. Haryana has a livestock population of 98.97 lakh.[27] Milk and milk products form an essential part of the local diet. There is the saying Desaan main des Haryana, jit doodh dahi ka khaana, which means "Best among all the countries in the world is Haryana, where the staple food is milk and yoghurt". Haryana, with 660grams of availability of milk per capita per day, ranks at number two in the country as against the national average of 232grams.[28][29] There is a vast network of milk societies that support the dairy industry. The National Dairy Research Institute[30] at Karnal is Asia's largest and oldest dairy, and the Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes at Hisar are instrumental in development of new breeds of cattle and propagation of these breeds through embryo transfer technology. The Murrah breed of water buffalo from Haryana is world-famous for its milk production.

An agricultural area in Haryana. Haryanvi community is largely agrarian.

Roads, aviation and infrastructure

It has a total road length of 23,684 kilometers. There are 29 national highways with total length of 1,461km and many state highways with total length of 2,494km. The most remote parts of the state are linked with metaled roads. Its modern bus fleet of 3,864 buses covers a distance of 1.15 million Kilometers per day. It was the first State in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[31] Grand Trunk Road, commonly abbreviated to GT Road, is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. It passes through the districts of Sonipat, Panipat, Karnal, Kurukshetra and Ambala in north Haryana where it enters Delhi and subsequently the industrial town of Faridabad on its way. The

The 32 lane toll gate at National Highway 8 in Gurgaon is the largest in Asia and third largest in the world

Haryana state government proposes to construct Express highways and freeways for speedier vehicular traffic. The 135.6-km long Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP) will provide a high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonepat, Gurgaon and Faridabad. The work on the project has already started and is scheduled to be completed by July 2013.[32] Haryana is in close contact with the cosmopolitan world, being right next to Delhi. As a result, international and domestic airports, diplomatic and commercial complexes are located in close proximity to the state. Haryana and Delhi government has also constructed Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway which has the largest toll plaza in Asia and 3rd largest in the world. There is a proposal for a Badarpur Flyover and the widening of the Mathura Road passing through Faridabad from 6 lanes to 8 lanes. There is also a proposal to connect Chandigarh to Haryana without entering Punjab through a 4-lane highway via Yamuna Nagar and Panchkula. Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of the most important inputs for the development of the State. Haryana was the first State in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970, first in the country to link all villages with all-weather roads and first in the country to provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state.[33] Haryana is well connected on the railway network also.

379

Communication and media

Haryana has a state-wide network of telecommunication facilities. Haryana Government has its own state-wide area network by which all government Chandigarh Monument offices of 21 districts and 127 blocks across the state are connected with each other thus making it the first SWAN of the country.[34][35][36] Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea Vodafone Essar, Aircel, Uninor and Videocon) have operations in the state. Important areas around Delhi are also an integral part of the local Delhi Mobile Telecommunication System. This network system would easily cover major towns like Faridabad, Gurgaon and Sonipat. The major newspapers of Haryana are New Bright Star, Aaj Samaj, Dainik Tribune, Punjab Kesari, Jag Bani, Dainik Jagran, The Tribune, Amar Ujala, Hindustan Times, Dainik Bhaskar, The Times of India, Ampm News and Hari-Bhumiand delhi times

Administrative divisions
The state is divided into four divisions for administrative purpose - Ambala Division, Rohtak Division, Gurgaon Division and Hisar Division. Within these there are 21 districts, 47 sub-divisions, 67 tehsils, 45 sub-tehsils and 116 blocks. Haryana has a total of 81 cities and towns and 6,759 villages.

Districts
Ambala Division Ambala District Gurgaon Division Faridabad District Palwal District Gurgaon District Mahendragarh District Mewat District Rewari District Hisar Division Bhiwani District Fatehabad District Hisar District Kaithal District Sirsa District Rohtak Division Jhajjar District Karnal District Panipat District Rohtak District Sonipat District Jind District

Kurukshetra District Panchkula District Yamuna Nagar District

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Education
The state of Haryana has made tremendous progress in the field of higher education since its inception. SCERT Haryana Sonepat was established in April 1979. It was the conglomeration of State Institute of Education and State Institute of Science, to provide new dimensions to school education. It has been the endeavor of the government to make educational facilities available to the poorest of children. 32 primary schools, 69 middle schools and 101 high schools were upgraded to middle, high and senior secondary respectively during the year 2004-05. Now accessibility to schooling is available within the radius of 1.10km, 1.38km, 1.66km and 2.79km at the primary, middle, high and senior secondary levels respectively.[37] During 2001-02, there were 11,013 primary schools, 1,918 middle schools, 3,023 high schools and 1,301 senior secondary schools in the state.[38] Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over seven lac candidates attend annual examinations in February and March, and 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.[39] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to the Bachelor's Degree level. North Haryana is more developed in terms of education and agriculture because of more fertile land and water availability. People from South Haryana were mostly government employees, soldiers and politicians but agriculture has picked up a lot in recent years as a result of efforts from the Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar. Leading institutes for Technical and Engineering Education in Haryana are NIT Kurukshetra, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University, Technological Institute of Textile & Sciences, Bhiwani, University Institute of Engineering & Technology (UIET),Maharshi Dayanand University(MDU), and the Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa . Earlier YMCA University of Science and Technology was known by the name of YMCA University of Science and Technology "YMCA Institute of Engineering" before it has been granted University status since 1st Dec., 2009 (Established by Haryana State Legislative Act No. 21 of 2009 & Recognized by UGC Act 1956 u/s 22 to Confer Degrees), NIT Kurukshetra was known by the name of Regional Engineering College, Kurukshetra. There are eight universities in the state. Technical education and management studies are provided by YMCA University of Science and Technology at Faridabad, Maharishi Dayanand University at Rohtak have a University Institute of Engineering & Technology, University Campus (UIET, Rohtak), Manav Rachna International University at Faridabad, Lingaya's University at Faridabad, Kurukshetra University at Kurukshetra, ITM University at Gurgaon, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology at Hisar and Chaudhary Devi Lal University at Sirsa, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University at Hisar is one of the biggest agricultural universities in Asia. It is engaged in education, research and development related to agriculture. The Holy Land where the University stands was first transformed into a centre of learning in 1936 by Bhagat Phool Singh Ji when he started a Gurukul for girls. The Gurukul was opened after he opened a boys Gurukul in 1919 in Bhainswal Kalan which today is the South Campus of the University. The Gurukul, started with only three students grew in size, stature and reputation with time and in November 2006, the Haryana Legislative Assembly passed a Legislative Notification, vide no. 31/2006 making the Gurukul a full-fledged State University. Apart from the above mentioned institutes, some of the top engineering colleges of Haryana are in its Capital Chandigarh. Some of them are Punjab Engineering College, UIET (Punjab University) and CCET.

Haryana The National Dairy Research Institute at Karnal provides education in the field of dairy science. It has been upgraded to the level of a Deemed University. There are medical colleges in Rohtak, Mullana and Agroha. Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak is a premier post-graduate medical institute in North India offering courses in major specialties and super specialties of medicine. There is also a Management Development Institute in Gurgaon.

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Sports
Haryana has produced some of the best Indian players in a variety of sports. In 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games 22 out of 38 Gold Medals came from Haryana.[40] During the 33rd National games held in Assam in 2007, Haryana stood 4th in the nation[41] with a medal tally of 80, including 30 Gold, 22 Silver and 28 Bronze medals. In team sports, Haryana is the national champion in men's volleyball and women's hockey. Haryana is a traditional powerhouse in games like Kabbadi, Kho-kho, Judo, Boxing, Volleyball and Wrestling. Modern India's most enjoyed game, cricket, is very popular Haryana. Haryana hurricane Kapil Dev is from Haryana. Wisden - The Bible of Cricket awarded Virender Sehwag the award for the best test match player for two consecutive years in 2008 and 2009.[42] Indian wrestler Sushil Kumar who won bronze medal in Beijing olympics and made a record in Delhi commonwealth games by winning the game in just 11 seconds in world history. Sports in the state are managed by the Department of Sports & Youth Affairs, Haryana. Nahar Singh Stadium for international cricket was built in Faridabad in the year 1981. This ground has the capacity to hold around 25,000 people as spectators.[43] Tejli Sports Complex is an Ultra-Modern sports complex in Yamuna Nagar. The Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Panchkula is a multi-sport complex.[44] It came into prominence because of the Indian Cricket League's inaugural Twenty20 tournament. Astroturf hockey grounds in Nehru Stadium, Gurgaon and Shahbad, Kurukshetra. Haryana even have a dedicated sports school MNSS at Rai, Sonipat which is affiliated to Sports Authority of India.

Vijender Singh Beniwal, Middleweight Boxer from Bhiwani [Haryana] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Vijender_Singh

At the 2008 Olympics, Vijender Singh Beniwal won a Volleyball player Ror Balwant Singh Sagwal middleweight (75kg) bronze medal and Vikas Krishan Yadav boxer from Bhiwani district won a gold medal in the 2010 Asian Games in the Lightweight category.[45] Manoj Kumar of village Rajound, Kaithal district won a gold medal in light welterweight ctegory at the 2010 Delhi Commonwealth Games. Haryana Sports Policy, 2009 Haryana has adopted a new sports policy on 21 August 2009, when Haryana Cabinet which met under the Chairmanship of Chief Minister, Mr Bhupinder Singh Hooda, approved the Sports Policy, 2009.[46] In the 2010 Commonwealth Games, most of India's male wrestlers were from Haryana.[47]

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382

Health
Haryana Civil Medical Services (HCMS)[48] NRHM, National Rural Health Mission

References
[1] Kautilya describes them as martial and most heroic, while Panini includes among them the Kauravyas, the ancient warrior community of Haryana. It would thus appear that the main force of Chandragupta's liberation army was recruited Punjab. As Haryana or the ancient Kuru janapada....., Page 33, "Haryana, ancient and medieval" by H. A. Phadke, Publisher Harman Pub. House, 1990, ISBN 81-85151-34-2, ISBN 978-81-85151-34-2 [2] Chapter Kuru Janapada (Pages 2, 3 & 7) of the book "Buddhist remains from Haryana", by Devendra Handa, Edition illustrated, Publisher Sundeep Prakashan, 2004 Original from the University of Michigan, Digitized 3 September 2008

If the Buddhist texts are to be relied upon, it may be said that Buddhism reached Haryana through the Buddha himself. (Page 3) Dipavamsa refers to Buddha's visit to a city in the Kuru country where he received alms on the banks of the Anotatta lake which he crossed. The city may have been Kurukshetra..... (Page 3) We shall see subsequently that Agroha was an important Buddhist centre of Haryana.....Buddhaghosha's candid confession that even a single monastery could not be set up in the Kuru country during the lifetime of Tathagata who was obliged to stay in the hermitage of a Brahmana.... (Page 7)
[3] The ancient Kuru janapada is said to have comprised Kurukshetra, Thanesar, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat....., Page 115, "Buddhist sites and shrines in India: history, art and architecture", Volume 231 of Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica by D. C. Ahir, Publisher Sri Satguru Publications, 2003, ISBN 81-7030-774-0, ISBN 978-81-7030-774-7 [4] An Early Attestation of the Toponym hill, by Richard J. Cohen, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1989, p. 513-519

, | , | , | Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli.
[5] Haryana to construct 6000 rooms for games (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ News/ News-By-Industry/ Services/ Property-Cstruction/ Haryana-to-construct-6000-rooms-for-games/ articleshow/ 4772557. cms) [6] Poor rural India? It's a richer place - International Herald Tribune (http:/ / www. iht. com/ articles/ 2005/ 10/ 18/ business/ rural. php) [7] Byres, T.J.. Rural labour relations in India. Taylor & Francis, 1999. ISBN0-7146-8046-X, 9780714680460. [8] Government of India portal (http:/ / india. gov. in/ knowindia/ st_haryana. php) [9] IndianExpress.com :: Haryana Hurricane (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ story/ 218431. html) [10] Haryana (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ ebc/ article-9111200) Britannica Online Encyclopedia] [11] Bijender K Punia (1994). Tourism management: problems and prospects. APH. p.18. ISBN978-81-7024-643-5. [12] J. N. Singh Yadav (1992). Yadavas through the ages, from ancient period to date: Volume 2. Sharada. ISBN978-81-85616-03-2. [13] Pran Nath Chopra (1982). Religions and communities of India. Vision Books. p.139. [14] Gordon, Stewart. The Marathas 16001818, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press, 1993. ISBN978-0-521-26883-7. [15] 1 November 1966 - Haryana Day - History - Haryana Online - North India (http:/ / www. haryana-online. com/ History/ history_1966-. htm) [16] Geography of Haryana - Map, Shivaliks, Ghaggar, Yamuna, Saraswati, Morni - India (http:/ / www. haryana-online. com/ geography. htm) [17] name="haryana-online.com" [18] Census of India, Population by Religious Communities (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm) [19] Haryana.bspindia.org (http:/ / haryana. bspindia. org) [20] Reverse Take (http:/ / www. littleindia. com/ news/ 134/ ARTICLE/ 7823/ 2011-02-12. html) [21] http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ the-general039s-village/ 473423/ [22] This is a book by a Jat author. Page 19, "Ror Itihaas ki Jhalak" (Hindi) by Dr. Raj Pal Singh, Pal Publications, Yamuna Nagar (1987) [23] Thecolorsofindia.com (http:/ / www. thecolorsofindia. com/ ramdev/ index. html) [24] District History (http:/ / www. gurgaon. gov. in/ HISTORY. HTM) [25] Google Books (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=4lfhAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA19& dq=gujarati+ ahirs& hl=en& ei=16IATfHCGMG88ganhazcBw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=book-)

Haryana
[26] The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Delhi and neighbourhood (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2005/ 20051228/ delhi. htm#1) [27] Haryana (http:/ / haryana. nic. in/ general/ agriculture. htm) [28] Haryana number two in milk production (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 1678736. cms) The Times of India [29] Haryana 2nd in milk yield (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ res/ web/ pIe/ ie/ daily/ 19981013/ 28651694. html) [30] Telegraphindia.com (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1041124/ asp/ careergraph/ story_4020763. asp) [31] Why Haryana? - Economic Infrastructure (http:/ / haryanaindustries. nic. in/ WhyHaryana/ Pages/ NewEconomicInfrastructure. aspx) [32] IndianExpress.com :: KMP Expressways to be completed by 2009 (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ story/ 20526. html) [33] :::: Investment Promotion Center:::::: Govt. of HARYANA (http:/ / www. haryanainvest. org/ general information. asp) [34] Egovonline.net (http:/ / www. egovonline. net/ articles/ article-details. asp?Title=Tulip-IT-in-Haryana& ArticalID=1716& Type=INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE) [35] Punjabnewsline.com (http:/ / www. punjabnewsline. com/ content/ view/ 7526/ 93/ ) [36] "The Tribune India" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2008/ 20080206/ haryana. htm). The Tribune. . Retrieved 2008-02-06. [37] Welcome to India in Business: Know India (http:/ / www. indiainbusiness. nic. in/ know-india/ states/ haryana. htm) [38] Education in Haryana - Universities - Colleges - Schools - Institutions - Engineering - Medical (http:/ / www. haryana-online. com/ education. htm) [39] Hbse.nic.in (http:/ / hbse. nic. in/ history. htm) [40] Mizoramexpress.com (http:/ / mizoramexpress. com/ index. php/ 2010/ 10/ 32-medal-winner-from-haryana-to-get-maruti-cars) [41] Official site for the 33rd National Games 2007, Guwahati (http:/ / www. 33rdnationalgames. nic. in/ medal_tally. htm) [42] "Wisden cricket almanack" (http:/ / www. wisden. com/ default. aspx?id=2). Wisden Cricket Almanack. Wisden. . Retrieved 13 April 2012. [43] Cricinfo - Grounds - Nahar Singh Stadium, Faridabad (http:/ / content-www. cricinfo. com/ ci/ content/ ground/ 58081. html) [44] Cricinfo - Grounds - Tau Devi Lal Cricket Stadium, Panchkula, Chandigarh (http:/ / content-www. cricinfo. com/ icl/ content/ ground/ 321957. html) [45] Vikas Krishan Yadav [46] Hr.abclive.in (http:/ / hr. abclive. in/ haryana_sports/ haryana_sports_policy_2009. html) [47] Blake, Linda (6 October 2010). "Mud Wrestling Breeds Champions" (http:/ / blogs. wsj. com/ indiarealtime/ 2010/ 10/ 06/ mud-wrestling-in-india-breeds-champions/ ). The Wall Street Journal. . [48] Garyanahealtch.nic.in (http:/ / www. haryanahealth. nic. in)

383

Further reading
Sharma, Suresh K (2006). Haryana: Past and Present (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=VE71IqAC0YYC&dq=haryana&source=gbs_navlinks_s). New Delhi: Mittal Publications. pp.763. ISBN8183240461. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Khanna, C. L. (2008). Haryana General Knowledge (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=kF-iDEMnuyMC& dq=haryana&source=gbs_navlinks_s). Agra: Upkar Prakashan. pp.75. ISBN8174823832. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Yadav, Ram B. (2008). Folk Tales & Legends of Haryana (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=Ovqab_L5IaAC&dq=haryana&source=gbs_navlinks_s). Gurgaon: Pinnacle Technology. pp.305. ISBN8178711621. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Dahiya, Bhim S. (2008). Power Politics in Haryana: A View from the Bridge (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=XknkYGpKtDkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s). New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House. pp.278. ISBN8121210070. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Mittal, Satish Chandra (1986). Haryana, a Historical Perspective (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC&dq=haryana&source=gbs_navlinks_s). New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp.183. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Singh, Mandeep; Kaur, Harvinder (2004). Economic Development Of Haryana (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=DmY55VLeW7gC&dq=haryana&source=gbs_navlinks_s). New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications. pp.234. ISBN8176295582. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Gandhi, Mahatma (1977). Gandhiji and Haryana: A collection of his speeches and writings pertaining to Haryana (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=KG0dAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana&hl=en& sa=X&ei=05H9T4ifCIbwrQfTqbDOBg&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBjgU). Usha Publications. pp.158. Retrieved July 11, 2012.

Haryana Phadke, H. A. (1990). Haryana, ancient and medieval (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=HxlIAAAAIAAJ&dq=haryana&source=gbs_navlinks_s). Harman Publishing House. pp.256. ISBN8185151342. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Singh, Chattar (2004). Social and economic change in Haryana (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=reTZAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8ZH9T6bUC8nNrQfYy93eBg& ved=0CEwQ6AEwBTge). National Book Organisation. pp.252. ISBN8187521104. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Yadav, Kripal Chandra (2002). Modern Haryana: History and culture, 1803-1966 (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=WmRuAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8ZH9T6bUC8nNrQfYy93eBg& ved=0CF4Q6AEwCTge). Manohar Publishers & Distributors. pp.320. ISBN817304371X. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Rai, Gulshan (1987). Formation of Haryana (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=lGYeAAAAMAAJ& q=haryana&dq=haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G5L9T8iDIYrXrQeGmITWBg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwADgo). B.R. Publishing Corporation. pp.223. ISBN8170184126. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Handa, Devendra (2004). Buddhist remains from Haryana (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=u1VuAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G5L9T8iDIYrXrQeGmITWBg& ved=0CDkQ6AEwATgo). Sundeep Prakashan. pp.97. ISBN8175741538. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Haryana at a glance: Statistical overview & development indicators (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=JdTsAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G5L9T8iDIYrXrQeGmITWBg& ved=0CEkQ6AEwBTgo). Jagran Research Centre. 2007. pp.157. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Singh, Chander Pal (2003). Early medieval art of Haryana (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=L7ifAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G5L9T8iDIYrXrQeGmITWBg& ved=0CEwQ6AEwBjgo). Koshal Book Depot. pp.168. ISBN818604907X. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Handa, Devendra (2006). Sculptures from Haryana: Iconography and style (http://books.google.co.in/ books?id=dfDVAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ppL9T4vHNYjxrQezwqnaBg& ved=0CDIQ6AEwADg8). Indian Institute of Advanced Study. pp.286. ISBN8173053073. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Journal of Haryana Studies (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=aFVuAAAAMAAJ&q=haryana& dq=haryana&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ppL9T4vHNYjxrQezwqnaBg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBDg8). Kurukshetra: Kurukshetra University. 2008. Retrieved July 11, 2012. Harvey, Bill; Harvey, William; Devasar, Nikhil; Grewal, Bikram; Oriental Bird Club (2006). Atlas of the birds of Delhi and Haryana (http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Y2cQAQAAMAAJ&q=haryana&dq=haryana& hl=en&sa=X&ei=05H9T4ifCIbwrQfTqbDOBg&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBTgU). Rupa & Co.. pp.352. ISBN8129109549. Retrieved July 11, 2012.

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External links
General Haryana (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Haryana//) at the Open Directory Project Haryana travel guide (http://wikitravel.org/en/Haryana) from Wikitravel Encyclopdia Britannica entry about Haryana (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/256424/ Haryana) Government Official website (http://haryana.nic.in) of Government of Haryana List of websites of all departments, boards, corporations, institutes, officials, universities and districts of Haryana (http://haryana.gov.in/website_directory.asp) Haryana (http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=9) related information on official portal of Government of India

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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh
State

Seal

Location of Chhattisgarh in India

Political Map of Chhattisgarh Coordinates (Raipur): 2116N 8136E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts India 01 November 2000 Raipur Raipur 27 (9 dist. new)

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Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Shekhar Dutt Raman Singh (BJP) Unicameral (90 seats)

Parliamentary constituency 11 (year 2010) High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 25540196 16th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-CT 0.516 (medium) 23rd (2005) 64.7% (23rd) Hindi, Chhattisgarhi chhattisgarh.nic.in [1] 135194km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 10th Chhattisgarh High Court

Chhattisgarh /ttsr/ (Chhattisgarhi/Hindi: , pronounced[tttis]( listen)) is a state in Central India. The state was formed on November 1, 2000 by partitioning 16 Chhattisgarhi-speaking southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh. Raipur is the capital of Chhattisgarh, which is the 10th largest state in India, with an area of unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','sqmi). By population, it ranks as the 16th most-populated state of the nation. It is an important electricity and steel-producing state of India.[2] Chhattisgarh accounts for 15% of the total steel produce of the country.[3] Chhattisgarh borders the states of Madhya Pradesh in the northwest, Maharashtra in the west, Andhra Pradesh in the south, Orissa in the east, Jharkhand in the northeast and Uttar Pradesh in the north.

Etymology
There are a wide array of opinions on the origin of the word "Chhattisgarh". The name is not a very old one and has come into popular usage only in the last few centuries. In ancient times, this region was called Dakshin Kosala (South Kosala). The name Chhattisgarh was popularized during the Maratha period and was first used in an official document in 1795.[4] In a popular and widely believed that, Chhattisgarh takes its name from the 36 pillars of Chhatishgarhin Devi temple (chhattis means "36" and garh means "pillar"). The old state had 36 districts, which were: Ratanpur, Vijaypur, Kharound, Maro, Kautgarh, Nawagarh, Sondhi, Aukhar, Padarbhatta, Semriya, Champa, Lafa, Chhuri, Kenda, Matin, Aparora, Pendra, Kurkuti-kandri, Raipur, Patan, Simaga, Singarpur, Lavan, Omera, Durg, Saradha, Sirasa, Menhadi, Khallari, Sirpur, Figeswar, Rajim, Singhangarh, Suvarmar, Tenganagarh and Akaltara.[5] However, experts do not agree with this explanation, as 36 forts couldn't be archaeologically identified in this region.[4]

Chhattisgarh British chronicler, J.B. Beglar provides a different explanation of the origins of the name. According to Beglar, "the real name is 'Chhattisghar' ("chhattis" means "36," and ghar means "houses") and not Chhattisgarh." According to him, there is "a traditional saying that ages ago, about the time of Jarasandha (age of Mahabharata), 36 families of chanmars (leather workers) emigrated southward from Jarasandha's kingdom and established themselves in this region, which after them is called Chhattisgarh."[6] Another view, more popular with experts and historians, is that Chhattisgarh is the corrupted form of Chedisgarh which means Raj or "Empire of the Chedis" (Kalchuri Dynasty).[4] According to Dr. Shrikant Khilari, the name Chhattisgarh comes from the time of Guru Ghasidas. Guru Ghasidas, a saint, named Chhasttisgarh and the name was officially applied by the Marathas in 1795. One more view is that the state acquired the name Chhattisghar because it is home for 36 tribal clans: Chhattis, which is Hindi for "36," and ghar, which is Hindi for "home."

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Geography
The northern and southern parts of the state are hilly, while the central part is a fertile plain. Deciduous forests of the Eastern Highlands Forests cover roughly 44% of the state. The state animal is the van bhainsa, or wild water buffalo. The state bird is the pahari myna, or hill myna. The state tree is the Sal, or Sarai. In, the north lies the edge of the great Indo-Gangetic plain. The Rihand River, a tributary of the Ganges, drains this area. The eastern end of the Satpura Range and the western edge of the Chota Nagpur Plateau form an east-west belt of hills that divide the Mahanadi River basin from the Indo-Gangetic plain. The central part of the state lies in the fertile upper basin of the Mahanadi river and its tributaries. This area has extensive rice cultivation. The upper Mahanadi basin is separated from the upper Narmada basin to the west by the Maikal Hills (part of the Satpuras) and from the plains of Orissa to the east by ranges of hills. The southern part of the state lies on the Deccan plateau, in the watershed of the Godavari River and its tributary, the Indravati River. The Mahanadi is the chief river of the state. The other main rivers are Hasdo (a tributary of Mahanadi), Rihand, Indravati, Jonk, Arpa and Shivnath. It is situated in the east of Madhya Pradesh.
State animal Van Bhainsa (Wild Buffalo) State bird State tree Pahari Myna (Hill Myna) Sal or Sarai

Climate
The climate of Chhattisgarh is tropical. It is hot and humid because of its proximity to the Tropic of Cancer and its dependence on the monsoons for rains. Summer in Chhattisgarh is from April to June and temperatures can reach 40C (100F). The monsoon season is from late June to October and is a welcome respite from the heat. Chhattisgarh receives an average of 1292 millimetres (unknown operator: u'strong'in) of rain. Winter is from November to January and it is a good time to visit Chhattishgarh. Winters are pleasant with low temperatures and less humidity.[7]

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Temperature
The temperature varies between 30 and 47 C (86and 117F) in summer and between 5 and 25 C (41and 77F) during winter. However, extremes in temperature can be obsevered with scales falling to less than 0C to 49C.

Transport
Road, rail and air transportation from and to Chhattisgarh can be seen from the official website Chhattisgarh Government.
[8]

of the

Roads
Chhattisgarh has an excellent road network. All district headquarters, tehsils and development blocks are connected with good all-weather roads. Road network in and around Chhattisgarh can be seen from the map [9] of the area. National highways: The 11 national highways passing through Chhattisgarh together constitute 2,184km of roads in the state.[10][11]
National Highways number NH 6 NH 12A Connecting cities Length in Chhattisgarh (km) 314 128

Hajira-Dhule-Nagpur-Raipur-Sambalpur-Baharagora-Calcutta The highway starting from its junction with NH 26 near Jhansi in the State of Uttar Pradesh connecting Pirthipur Tikamgarh - Shahgarh - Hirapur - Damoh - Jabalpur - Mandla - Kwardha and terminating at its junction with NH 200 at Shimga in the State of Chhattisgarh Nizamabad-Mancheral-Jagdalpur Raipur-Vizianagaram Junction with National Highway No. 5 near Natavalasa Katni-Shahdol-Manendragarh-Ambikapur-Jashpurnagar-Gumla Junction with NH-200 near Bilaspur connecting Katghora and terminating at its junction with NH 78 near Ambikapur Raipur-Bilaspur-Raigarh-Kanaktora-Jharsuguda-KochindaDeogarh-Talcher-Chandhikhol Hyderabad-Warangal-Venkatapuram-Bhopalpatnam Raigarh-Sarangarh-Saraipalli Raipur-Gopalpur Junction of NH 9 near Vijaywada connecting Kondapalli Mailavaram-Tiruvuru-Penuballi-Kothagudem Paloancha - Bhadrachalam -Nellipaka-Chinturu - Konta and terminating at its junction with NH 16 near Jagadalpur Total

NH 16 NH 43 NH 78 NH 111

210 316 356 200

NH 200 NH 202 NH 216 NH 217 NH 221

300 36 80 70 174

2184

The state highways and major district roads account for more 8,031km. In 2008-09, 2,811km of roads and 68 bridges were constructed. As of 2008-09, the total road length in the state was 45,988km. The National Highway 6 (Mumbai to Kolkata) passes through the state. The state also hosts National Highway 43, which starts from Raipur and goes up to Vishakhapatnam. National Highway 16 from Hyderabad ends at Bhopalpatnam in Dantewada district. National Highway 78 From Katni (MP) ends at Gumla (Jharkhand) pass through Koria, Surajpur, Sarguja, Jashpur District. The state has 11 National Highways (2,225 kilometres).

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Rail network
The rail network in Chhattisgarh is centered around Bilaspur, which is the zonal headquarters of South East Central Railway of Indian Railways. The other main railway junction is Raipur, followed by the Durg Junction, which is also a starting point of many long distance trains. These three junctions are well-connected to the major cities of India.

Air
The air infrastructure is minor. The sole commercially operating airport is in Raipur. Of late, Raipur has shown an upsurge in passenger traffic; it has links to top cities of the country, i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bhopal and Indore. It is also connected to Jaipur, Nagpur, Bhubaneshwar, Ahmedabad, Gwalior, Chandigarh, Hyderabad and Bangalore. Airports Raipur Airport Bilaspur Airport Jagdalpur Airport Other airstrips Nandini Airport, Bhilai Baikunth Airstrip, Baikunth Kondatarai Airstrip, Raigarh JSPLs Airstrip, Raigarh Darima Airstrip, Ambikapur Korba Airstrip, Korba Agdih Airstrip, Jashpur Dondi Airstrip, Dondi, Durg

Some new airstrips that have been proposed for more connectivity: Kanker Kabirdham Surajpur Dantewada Bijapur Korba Balrampur Rajnandgaon Raigarh

History
Ancient and medieval history
In ancient times, this region was known as Dakshin-Kausal. This area also finds mention in Ramayana and Mahabharata. Between the sixth and twelfth centuries, Sarabhpurias, Panduavanshi, Somvanshi, Kalchuri and Nagvanshi rulers dominated this region. Kalchuris also ruled in Chhattisgarh from 980 to 1741 AD.

Modern history
The area constituting the new state merged into Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 1956, under the States Re-organization Act and remained a part of that state for 44 years. Prior to its becoming a part of the new state of Madhya Pradesh, the region was part of old Madhya Pradesh State, with its capital at Nagpur. Prior to that, the region was part of the Central Provinces and Berar province (CP and Berar) under the British rule. Some areas

Chhattisgarh constituting the Chhattisgarh state were princely states under the British rule, but later on were merged into Madhya Pradesh.[12] Chhattisgarh was under Maratha rule (Bhonsales of Nagpur) from 1741 to 1845 AD. It came under British rule from 1845 to 1947. Raipur gained prominence over the of capital Ratanpur with the advent of the British in 1845. In 1905, the Sambalpur district was transferred to Orissa and the estates of Sarguja were transferred from Bengal to Chhattisgarh.

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Separation of Chhattisgarh
The present state of Chhattisgarh was carved out of Madhya Pradesh on November 1, 2000. The demand for a separate state was first raised in the 1920s. Similar demands kept cropping up at regular intervals; however, a well-organized movement was never launched. Several all-party platforms were formed and they usually resolved around petitions, public meetings, seminars, rallies and strikes.[13] A demand for separate Chhattisgarh was raised in 1924 by the Raipur Congress unit and also discussed in the Annual Session of the Indian Congress at Tripuri. A discussion also took place of forming a Regional Congress organization for Chhattisgarh. When the State Reorganisation Commission was set up in 1954, the demand for a separate Chhattisgarh was put forward, but was not accepted. In 1955, a demand for a separate state was raised in the Nagpur assembly of the then state of Madhya Bharat.[13] The 1990s saw more activity for a demand for the new state, such as the formation of a state-wide political forum, especially the Chhattisgarh Rajya Nirman Manch. Chandulal Chadrakar led this forum, several successful region-wide strikes and rallies were organized under the banner of the forum, all of which were supported by major political parties, including the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party.[13] The new National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government sent the redrafted Separate Chhattisgarh Bill for the approval of the Madhya Pradesh Assembly, where it was once again unanimously approved and then it was tabled in the Lok Sabha. This bill for a separate Chhattisgarh was passed in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, paving the way for the creation of a separate state of Chhattisgarh. The President of India gave his consent to the Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000 on August 25, 2000. The Government of India subsequently set November 1, 2000, as the day the state of Madhya Pradesh would be divided into Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.[13]

Government and administration

The State Legislative assembly is composed of 90 members of the Legislative Assembly. There are 11 members of the Lok Sabha from Chhattisgarh. The Rajya Sabha has five members from the state.

Districts
Chattisgarh state consists 27 districts:[14][15][16][17][18] Bastar Division: Bijapur Sukma Dantewada (Dakshin Bastar) Bastar (Jagdalpur) Kondagaon Narayanpur Kanker (Uttar Bastar)

Durg Division: Kawardha (Kawardha)

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Raipur Division: Dhamtari Gariyaband Raipur Baloda Bazar Mahasamund

Bilaspur Division: Bilaspur Mungeli Korba Janjgir Raigarh

Surguja Division: Korea Surajpur Surguja (Ambikapur) Balrampur Jashpur

Municipal corporations
Ambikapur Bhilai Bhatapara Bilaspur Chirmiri Durg Jagdalpur Janjgir Korba Raigarh Raipur Rajnandgaon

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Human Development Indicators (HDIs)[19]

HDI Value
Chhattisgarh with a HDI value of 0.358, has the dubious distinction of being an Indian state with the lowest HDI Value. The national average HDI Value is 0.467 according to 2011 Indian NHDR report.

Standard of living
Chhattisgarh has one of the lowest standard of living in India as per the Income Index (0.127) along with the states of Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. These states have incomes below the national average, with Bihar having the lowest income per capita. These poor states, despite low absolute incomes, have witnessed high Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) growth rates especially Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Uttarakhand which had growth rates above 10 per cent per annum during the Tenth Five Year Plan period (20027).

Education Index
Chhattisgarh has an Education Index of 0.526 according to 2011 NHDR which is higher than that of states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan which are below the 0.5 mark. Though, it is lower than the national average of 0.563. With respect to literacy, the state fared just below the national average. The recent estimates from Census (2011) also depict a similar picture with the literacy rate of 71 per cent (81.4% Males & 60.5% Females), which is close to the all India literacy rate of 74 per cent. According to NSS (20078), the literacy rate for STs and SCs was better than the corresponding national average and this is a positive sign. Among the marginalized groups, STs are at the bottom of the rankings, further emphasizing the lack of social development in the state. Bastar and Dantewada in south Chhattisgarh are the most illiterate districts and the drop out ratio is the highest among all the districts. The reason for this is the extreme poverty in rural areas.

Health Index
Health Index of Chhattisgarh is less than 0.49, one of the lowest in the country. The Health Index is defined in terms of life expectancy at birth since a higher life expectancy at birth reflects better health outcomes for an individual. Despite different health related schemes and programmes, the health indicators such as percentage of women with BMI<18.5, Under Five Mortality Rate and underweight children are poor. This may be due to the difficulty in accessing the remote areas in the state. The prevalence of female malnutrition in Chhattisgarh is higher than the national averagehalf of the ST females are malnourished. The performance of SCs is a little better than the corresponding national and state average. The Under Five Mortality Rate among STs is significantly higher than the national average. The percentage of under-weight children in Chhattisgarh is also higher than the national average, further underlining the appalling health condition of the states population.

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Net State Domestic Product (NSDP)

Chhattisgarh is one of the emerging states with relatively high growth rates of NSDP (8.2% vs. 7.1% All India over 2002-2008) and per capita NSDP(6.2% vs. 5.4% All India over 2002-2008). The growth rates of the said parameters are above the national averages and thus it appears that Chhattisgarh is catching up with other states in this respect. However, Chhattisgarh still has very low levels of per capita income as compared to the other states.

Urbanisation
The demographic profile shows that about 80 per cent of the total population lived in rural areas.

Sex Ratio
The sex ratio in the state is one of the best in India with 991 females per 1,000 males, as is the child sex-ratio with 964 females per 1,000 males (Census 2011).

Fertility Rate
Chhattisgarh has a fairly high fertility rate (3.1) as compared to All India (2.6) and the replacement rate (2.1). Chhattisgarh has rural fertility rate of 3.2 and urban fertility rate of 2.1.

ST Population
With the exception of the hilly states of the north-east, Chhattisgarh has one of highest shares of Scheduled Tribe (ST) population within a state, accounting for about 10 per cent of the STs in India. Scheduled Castes and STs together constitute more than 50 per cent of the states population. The tribals of Chhattisgarh are an important part of the population and mainly inhabit the dense forests of Bastar and other districts of south Chhattisgarh.

Poverty
The incidence of poverty in Chhattisgarh is very high but is better than Orissa and Bihar. The estimated poverty ratio in 20045 based on uniform reference period consumption was around 50 per cent, which is approximately double the all India level. The incidence of poverty in the rural and urban areas is almost the same. More than half of the rural STs and urban SCs are poor. In general, the proportion of poor SC and ST households in the state is higher than the state average and their communitys respective national averages (except for rural SC households). Given that more than 50 per cent of the states population comprises STs and SCs, the high incidence of income poverty among them is a matter of serious concern in the state. This indicates that the good economic performance in recent years has not percolated to this socially deprived group, which is reflected in their poor performance in human development indicators.

Access to drinking water

In terms of access to improved drinking water sources, at the aggregate level, Chhattisgarh fared better than the national average and the SCs of the state performed better than the corresponding national average. Scheduled Tribes are marginally below the state average, but still better than the STs at the all India level. The proportion of households with access to improved sources of drinking water in 20089 was 91 per cent. This proportion was over 90 per cent even in states like Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. This was largely because these states had over 70 per cent of their households accessing tube wells/ handpumps as sources of drinking water.

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Sanitation
Sanitation facilities in the state are abysmally low with only about 27 per cent having toilet facilities, which is far below the all-India average of 44%.[20][21] The STs are the most deprived section in this regard with only 18 per cent of the ST households having toilet facilities, which is lower than the all India average for STs. The SCs also have a lower proportion of households with toilet facilities as compared to the all India average. States with low sanitation coverage in 2001 that improved coverage by 4-10% points are Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Himachal Pradesh, Daman and Diu, Haryana, Sikkim, Punjab, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa and Uttarakhand registered increased coverage by more than 20 percentage points.[20]

Teledensity
Across states, it has been found that teledensity was below 10 per cent in 2010 for Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, reflecting a lack of access to telephones in these relatively poorer states. On the other hand, for states like Delhi and Himachal Pradesh and metropolitan cities like Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai, teledensity was over 100 per cent in 2010 implying that individuals have more than one telephone connection.

Road Density
The road length per 100km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) was less than the national average of 81km (unknown operator: u'strong' m) per 100km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) in Chhattisgarh. The rural areas of Chhattisgarh failed to meet their targets of constructing new roads under PMGSY.

Demographics
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 7457000 9154000 11637000 14010000 17615000 20834000 25540196 % 22.8% 27.1% 20.4% 25.7% 18.3% 22.6% [22]

Source:Census of India

Chhattisgarh is primarily a rural state with only 20% of population residing in urban areas. According to the report from the government of India,[23] at least 34% are Scheduled Tribes, 12% are Scheduled Castes and over 50% belong to official list of OBC. Plain area is numerically dominated by castes such as Teli, Satnami and Kurmi; while forest area is mainly occupied by tribes such as Gond, Halba and Kamar/Bujia and Oraon.

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Religion
There were 20.8 million people in Chhattisgarh as per the census 2001 of which 94.7% were Hindu, 2% Muslim and 1.9% Christian.[24]

Language
The official language of the state is Hindi and is used by non-rural population of the state. Chhattisgarhi, a dialect of Hindi language, is spoken and understood by the majority of people in Chhattisgarh. Telugu is also spoken in Chhattishgarh. Chhattisgarhi was known as "Khaltahi" to the surrounding hill-people and as "Laria" to Sambalpuri and Oriya speakers. Kosali and Oriya are also spoken by a lot of people.

Status of women
Chhattisgarh has a high female-male sex ratio (991)[25] ranking at the 5th position among other states of India. Although this ratio is small compared to other states, it is unique in India because Chhattisharh is the 10th largest state in India. The gender ratio (number of females per 1000 males) has been steadily declining over 20th century in Chhattisgarh. But it is conspicuous that Chhattisgarh always had a better female-to-male ratio compared with national average.
Year India

Adivasi woman and child

1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 972 964 955 950 945 946 941 930 934 998 927 985 933 989 940 991

Chhattisgarh 1046 1039 1041 1043 1032 1024 1008 998

Probably, such social composition also results in some customs and cultural practices that seem unique to Chhattisgarh: The regional variants are common in India's diverse cultural pattern. Rural women, although poor, are independent, better organized, socially outspoken.[26] According to another local custom, women can choose to terminate a marriage relationship through a custom called chudi pahanana, if she desires. Most of the old temples and shrines here are related to 'women power' (e.g., Shabari, Mahamaya, Danteshwari) and the existence of these temples gives insight into historical and current social fabric of this state. However, a mention of these progressive local customs in no way suggests that the ideology of female subservience does not exist in Chhattisgarh. On the contrary, the male authority and dominance is seen quite clearly in the social and cultural life. Detailed information on aspects of women's status in Chhattisgarh can be found in 'A situational analysis of women and girls in Chhattisgarh' [27] prepared in 2004 by the National Commission of Women, a statutory body belonging to government of India.

Chhattisgarh Witchcraft In order to bring about social reforms and with a view to discourage undesirable social practices, Chhattisgarh government has enacted the Chhattisgarh Tonhi Atyachar (Niwaran) Act, 2005 against witchery.[28] Much has be done on the hand of law enforcement and judicial authorities to protect women in this regard, bringing such prosecution to an end.[29] Some sections of tribal population of Chhattisgarh state believe in witchcraft.[29] Women are believed to have access to supernatural forces and are accused of being witches (tonhi) often to settle personal scores. They are barbarically persecuted, particularly older women, widows, women with deformities or with abnormal facial features. As of 2010, they are still hounded out of villages on the basis of flimsy accusations by male village sorcerers paid to do so by villagers with personal agendas, such as property and goods acquisition.[29] According to National Geographic Channels investigations, those accused are fortunate if they are only verbally bullied and shunned or exiled from their village. Humiliations are common such as being forced to eat human excreta and in the recent years, 2,500 women were accused of witchcraft who were murdered by stoning, hanging and beheading by neighbours.

396

Culture
The state hosts many religious sects such as Satnami Panth, Kabirpanth, Ramnami Samaj and others. Champaran (Chhattisgarh) is a small town with religious significance as the birthplace of the Saint Vallabhacharya, increasingly important as a pilgrimage site for the Gujarati community. The Oriya culture is prominent in the eastern parts of Chhattisgarh bordering Orissa.

Crafts
Chattisgarh is known for "Kosa silk" and "lost wax art". Besides saris and salwar suits, the fabric is used to create lehengas, stoles, shawls and menswear including jackets, shirts, achkans and sherwanis. International sculptor, Sushil Sakhuja's Dhokra Nandi is famous and available at government's Shabari handicrafts emporium, Raipur.

Dance
Panthi, Rawat Nacha, Karma, Pandwani and Soowa are the several indigenous dance styles of Chhattisgarh. Panthi

A carving in the 10th or 11th century Hindu temple of Malhar village. This area, 40 km from Bilaspur, was supposedly a major Buddhist center in ancient times.

Panthi, the folk dance of the Satnami community, has religious overtones. Panthi is performed on Maghi Purnima, the anniversary of the birth of Guru Ghasidas. The dancers dance around a jaitkhamb set up for the occasion, to songs eulogizing their spiritual head. The songs reflect a view of nirvana, conveying the spirit of their guru's renunciation and the teachings of saint poets like Kabir, Ramdas and Dadu. Dancers with bent torsos and swinging arms dance, carried away by their devotion. As the rhythm quickens, they perform acrobatics and form human pyramids.[30]

Chhattisgarh Pandwani Pandavani is a folk ballad form performed predominantly in Chhattisgarh. It depicts the story of the Pandavas, the leading characters in the epic Mahabharata. The artists in the Pandavani narration consist of a lead artist and some supporting singers and musicians. There are two styles of narration in Pandavani, Vedamati and Kapalik. In the Vedamati style the lead artist narrates in a simple manner by sitting on the floor throughout the performance. The Kaplik style is livelier, where the narrator actually enacts the scenes and characters.[31] Rawat Nacha Rawat Nacha, the folk dance of cowherds, is a traditional dance of Yaduvanshis (clan of Yadu) as symbol of worship to Krishna at the time of Dev Uthani Ekadashi (day of awakening of the gods after a brief rest) which is the 11th day after Diwali according to the Hindu calendar. The dance closely resembles Krishna's dance with the gopis (milkmaids).[32][33] In Bilaspur, the Rawat Nach Mahotsav folk dance festival is organized annually since 1978. Tens of hundreds of Rawat dancers from remote areas participate.[34] Soowa Nacha Soowa or Suwa tribal dance in Chhattisgarh is also known as Parrot Dance. It is a symbolic form of dancing related to worship. Dancers keep a parrot in a bamboo-pot and form a circle around it. Then performers sing and dance, moving around it with clapping. This is one of the main dance form of tribal women of Chhattisgarh.[35] Karma Tribal groups like Gonds, the Baigas and the Oraons in Chattisgarh have Karma dance as part of their culture. Both men and women arrange themselves in two rows and follow the rhythmic steps, directed by the singer group. The Karma tribal dance marks the end of the rainy season and the advent of spring season.[36][37]

397

Theatre
Theater is known as Gammat in Chhattisgarh. Pandavani is one of the lyrical forms of this theater. Several acclaimed plays of Habib Tanvir, such as Charandas Chor, are variations of Chhattisgarhi theater.

Traditional food
The State of Chhattisgarh is known as the rice bowl of Central India and has a rich tradition of food culture. Most of the traditional and tribal foods are made of rice and rice flour, curd and a variety of green leaves like lal bhaji, chech bhaji, kohda and bohar bhaji. Badi and Bijori are optional food categories; gulgula, pidiya, dhoodh fara, balooshahi, khurmi fall in sweet categories. The tribal and village population enjoys delicacy brew made of small, creamy white fruit of a local tree called Mahuwa.

Chhattisgarh

398

Economy
Chhattisgarh's gross state domestic product for 2010 is estimated at INR 60,079 crore in current prices. The economy of Chhattisgarh has grown rapidly in recent years with a growth rate of 11.49 per cent in GDP for 20092010.[38] Chhattisgarhs success factors in achieving high growth rate are growth in agriculture and industrial production.

Agriculture
Agriculture is counted as the chief economic occupation of the state. According to a government estimate, net sown area of the state is 4.828 million hectares and the gross sown area is 5.788 million hectares.[39] Horticulture and animal husbandry also engage a major share of the total population of the state.[40] About 80% of the population of the state is rural and the main livelihood of the villagers is agriculture and agriculture-based small industry. The majority of the farmers are still practicing the traditional methods of cultivation, resulting in low growth rates and productivity. The farmers have to be made aware of modern technologies suitable to their holdings. Providing adequate knowledge to the farmers is essential for better implementation of the agricultural development plans and to improve the productivity.[41] Considering this and a very limited irrigated area, the productivity of not only rice but also other crops is low, hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now. Agricultural products The main crops are rice, maize, kodo-kutki and other small millets and pulses (tuar and kulthi); oilseeds, such as groundnuts (peanuts), soybeans and sunflowers, are also grown. In the mid-1990s, most of Chhattisgarh was still a monocrop belt. Only one-fourth to one-fifth of the sown area was double-cropped. When a very substantial portion of the population is dependent on agriculture, a situation where nearly 80% of a state's area is covered only by one crop, immediate attention to turn them into double crop areas is needed. Also, very few cash crops are grown in Chhattisgarh, so there is a need to diversify the agriculture produce towards oilseeds and other cash crops. Chhattisgarh is also called the "rice bowl of central India".[39] Irrigation In Chhattisgarh, rice, the main crop, is grown on about 77% of the net sown area. Only about 20% of the area is under irrigation; the rest depends on rain. Of the three agroclimatic zones, about 73% of the Chhattisgarh plains, 97% of the Bastar plateau and 95% of the northern hills are rainfed. The irrigated area available for double cropping is only 87,000 ha in Chhattisgarh plains and 2300 ha in Bastar plateau and northern hills. Due to this, the productivity of rice and other crops is low, hence the farmers are unable to obtain economic benefits from agriculture and it has remained as subsistence agriculture till now, though agriculture is the main occupation of more than 80% of the population.[41] In Chhattisgarh region about 22% of net cropped area was under irrigation as compared to 36.5% in Madhya Pradesh in 1998-99, whereas the average national irrigation was about 40%. The irrigation is characterized by a high order of variability ranging from 1.6% in Bastar to 75.0% in Dhamtari. Based on an average growth trend in irrigated area, about 0.43% additional area is brought under irrigation every year as compared to 1.89% in Madhya Pradesh and 1.0% in the country as a whole. Thus, irrigation has been growing at a very low rate in Chhattisgarh and the pace of irrigation is so slow, it would take about 122 years to reach the 75% level of net irrigated area in Chhattisgarh at the present rate of growth.[41] Chhattisgarh has a limited irrigation system, with dams and canals on some rivers. Average rainfall in the state is around 1400mm and the entire state falls under the rice agroclimatic zone. Large variation in the yearly rainfall directly affects the production of rice. Irrigation is the prime need of the state for its overall development and therefore the state government has given top priority to development of irrigation.[39]

Chhattisgarh A total of four major, 33 medium and 2199 minor irrigation projects have been completed and five major, 9 medium and 312 minor projects are under construction, as of 31 March 2006.

399

Industrial sector
Power sector Chhattisgarh is one of the few states of India where the power sector is effectively developed. Based on the current production of surplus electric power, the position of the State is comfortable and profitable. The Chhattisgarh State Electricity Board (CSEB) is in a strong position to meet the electricity requirement of the new state and is in good financial health. Chhattisgarh provides electricity to several other states because of surplus production and its power hubs are Korba and Bilaspur. In Chhattisgarh, NTPC has a thermal plant with the capacity of 2100 MW at Sipat, Bilaspur, while CSEB's units have a thermal capacity of 1240 MW and hydel capacity of 130 MW. Apart from NTPC and CSEB, there are a number of private generation units of large and small capacity. The state government has pursued a liberal policy with regard to captive generation which has resulted in a number of private players coming up.[42] As per a study made by the Power Finance Corporation Ltd., New Delhi, the state has potential of 61000 MW of additional thermal power in terms of availability of coal for more than 100 years and more than 2500 MW hydel capacity. To use this vast potential, substantial additions to the existing generation capacity are already under way.[42] Steel sector The steel industry is one of the biggest heavy industries of Chhattisgarh. Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai operated by SAIL, with a capacity of 5.4 million tonnes per year, is regarded as a significant growth indicator of the state. More than 100 steel rolling mills, 90 sponge iron plants and ferro-alloy units are in Chhattisgarh. Along with Bhilai, today Raipur, Bilaspur, Korba and Raigarh have become the steel hub of Chhattisgarh. Today, Raipur has become the center of the steel sector, the biggest market for steel in India.[43] Aluminium sector The aluminium industry of Chhattisgarh was established by Bharat Aluminum Company Limited, which has a capacity of around one million tonnes each year.[43] Natural resources Forest Forests occupy 41.33% of the total area (as per the latest report by the Indian Forest Service) and the rich forest resources include wood, tendu leaves, honey and lac. Mineral deposits Chhattisgarh is rich in minerals. It produces 20% of the country's total cement produce. It ranks first in the nation for coal production and second in reserves, third in iron ore production and first in tin production. Limestone, dolomite and bauxite are abundant. It is the only tin-ore producing state in the country. Other minerals include corandum, garnet, quartz, marble, alexandrite and diamonds.

Chhattisgarh Information and technologies In recent years, Chhattisgarh is also getting exposure in information technologty (IT) projects and consultancy. Its government is also promoting IT and has set up a body to take care of the IT solutions. The body, known as CHIPS [44] , is providing large IT projects such as Choice, Swan, etc. Major companies Major companies with a presence in the state include: Metal: Bhilai Steel Plant [45], Jindal Steel and Power, BALCO [46] Oil: Indian Oil [47] Engineering: Simplex Casting Ltd [48] Real estate: Chouhan Housing Pvt Ltd [49] Mining: NMDC, SECL [50] Power : NTPC

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Exports[51]
Chhattisgarhs total exports were US$ 353.3 million in 2009-10. Nearly 75 per cent of exports comes from Bhilai and the remaining from Urla, Bhanpuri and Sirgitti. The major exports products include steel, handicrafts, handlooms, blended yarn, food and agri-products, iron, aluminium, cement, minerals and engineering products. CSIDC (Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation Limited) is the nodal agency of the Government of Chhattisgarh for export promotion in the state.

Issues with development and insurgency

It is one of the Red Corridor states. Chhattisgarh state is rich in timber and mineral resources. There are disagreements between indigenous peoples and the national government over the use of these resources. Also, an ongoing insurgency between Maoists and the central Government of India has resulted in much bloodshed. The controversy surrounding the arrest of Dr Binayak Sen is related to the insurgency. Maoist insurgency has been main source of instability.

Maoist rebels
The rebels abducted Alex Paul Menon after killing his two guards in Sukma district on 21 April 2012 Mr Menon was holding a meeting with local tribal people when the incident happened. Maoist rebels have a strong presence in Chhattisgarh and neighbouring Orissa. The rebels have said their demands of releasing some of the their top cadres from prison and withdrawing security forces from the restive Bastar region of Chhattisgarh will have to be met by Wednesday in exchange for Mr Menon. In a pre-recorded statement issued to the BBC, Vijay, identified as secretary of the South Bastar divisional committee of the CPI (Maoist), alleged that excesses were being committed against tribal people by security forces in the name of counter insurgency operations. Mr. Menon, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service, is the senior-most official - district magistrate - of Sukma district, which is located in the Bastar region.

Chhattisgarh Appeal Authorities said Mr Menon had gone to Manjhipara village to attend a meeting of local tribal villagers when Maoist insurgents surrounded the area and opened fire. District official, SP Vaidya, who was present at the spot, told the BBC by telephone that even as Mr. Menon was interacting with the villagers, the insurgents first targeted his bodyguard. "Then they asked who the district magistrate was. Mr. Menon came forward and told them that he was the person they were looking for. Later, they forced him to accompany them into the deep woods," Mr. Vaidya said. Mr. Menon's wife Asha Menon has appealed to the rebels to release her husband on "humanitarian grounds". She told the BBC that Mr. Menon was suffering from asthma and needed medical care. Saturday's incident came barely 24 hours after another district magistrate and a local legislator came under attack by rebels who triggered off a powerful landmine blast in nearby Bijapur. While district magistrate Rajat Kumar and politician Mahesh Ghaghra escaped unhurt, a vehicle behind them was ripped apart by the blast. Two leaders of the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the state were killed in the incident. In neighbouring Orissa state, legislator Jhina Hikaka, who was seized on 23 March by another group of Maoists, remains in custody. Earlier this month Italian hostage Paolo Bosusco was freed by rebels in Orissa after nearly a month in captivity. Mr. Bosusco, 54, was abducted on 14 March, along with fellow Italian Claudio Colangelo, 61, while trekking in a tribal area of Orissa state. Mr. Colangelo was released on 25 March.

401

Tourism
Chhattisgarh, situated in the heart of India, is endowed with a rich cultural heritage and attractive natural diversity. The state is full of ancient monuments, rare wildlife, exquisitely carved temples, Buddhist sites, palaces, water falls, caves, rock paintings and hill plateaus. Most of these sites are untouched and unexplored and offer a unique and alternate experience to tourists, compared to traditional destinations which have become overcrowded. For tourists who are tired of the crowds at major destinations will like the Bastar district, with its unique cultural and ecological identity. The green state of Chhattisgarh has 41.33% of its area under forests and is one of the richest bio-diversity areas in the country.

Panoramic view of Chitrakot Falls, Jagdalpur

Chhattisgarh

402

Waterfalls
Beautiful waterfalls in Chhattisgarh are Akuri Nala and Amrit Dhara waterfalls, Gavar Ghat waterfall, Ramdaha waterfall in Koriya district, Tiger point waterfall at Mainpat in Sarguja district and Chitrakot and Tirathgarh waterfalls in Bastar district.

Hot spring
Known as Taat Pani, (taat means hot, pani means water) the hot spring flows in Sarguja district. This hot spring flows throughout the year. It is reputed to have medicinal properties.

Caves
Gadiya mountain in Kanker district, Kutumsar cave and Kailash Gufa in Bastar district, Ramgarh and Sita Bengra in Sarguja district and Singhanpur cave in Raigarh district with pre-historic paintings are very famous.

National parks and wildlife sanctuary

Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary in Bilaspur district, Gamarda Reserve forest at Sarangarh in Raigarh district, Indravati National Park and Kanger valley national park in Bastar district and Barnawapara Wildlife Sanctuary in Mahasamund district are good places for eco-tourism.

Archaeological sites
Archaeological sites worth seeing are Barsoor in Dantewada district, Malhar and Ratanpur in Bilaspur district, Sirpur in Mahasamund district and Surguja in Surguja district. A small picnic spot with waterfall on the extremity of Satpura ranga along with a stone inscription of c. 1st century CE is found at Damau dhara in Janjgir-Champa district.

Temples
Famous and ancient temples in Chhattisgarh are Bhoramdeo temple near Kawardha in Kabirdham district, Rajivlochan temple at Rajim and Champaran in Raipur district, Chandrahasini Devi temple at Chandrapur, Vishnu temple at Janjgir, Damudhara (Rishab Tirth) and Sivarinarayana Laxminarayana temple in Janjgir-Champa district, Bambleshwari Temple at Dongrigarh in Rajnandgaon district, Danteshwari Temple in Dantewada district, Deorani-Jethani temple at Tala gram and Mahamaya temple at Ratanpur in Bilaspur district, Laxman temple at Sirpur in Mahasamund district, Uwasaggaharam Parshwa Teerth at Nagpura in Durg district, Pali with Lord Shiva temple and Kharod with Lakshmaneswar temple. Giraudhpuri is a religious place for the Satnamis. They are the followers of Satnam Panth. Sirpur is proposed world heritage site and Malhar are of historical significance, as they were visited by Xuanzang, the Chinese historian.

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403

Dams
Hasdev Bango Dam (105km from Bilaspur), Khudiya Dam, Lormi and Khutaghat Dam, Ratanpur and Gangrel Dam, Dhamtari are some dams which are found in Chhattisgarh.

Education
According to the census of 2011, Chhattisgarh's literacy, the most basic indicator of education was at 71.04 percent. Female literacy is at 60.59 percent.

Absolute literates and literacy rate

Data from Census of India,2011.[52]
Description 2001 Census 2011 Census Total Male Female % Total % Male % Female 1,11,73,149 67,11,395 44,61,754 64.66 77.38 55.85 1,55,98,314 89,62,121 66,36,193 71.04 81.45 60.59

% Chatinaya || 0.85 || 99.59

Universities
Bastar Vishwavidyalaya, is one of the new univerities erected at the same time as Sarguja university. Bastar University is bifurcated from Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur.

Premier institutes in Chattisgarh

There are four premier Professional Institutes in the state of Chattisgarh. Indian Institute of Management Raipur (IIM RP) The Indian Institute of Management Raipur,(Hindi: , ) is a Premium Business School in the state of Chhattisgarh. It is the tenth Indian Institute of Management in the country.[53] The first batch of Post Graduate Programme of the institute was inaugurated by Dr Raman Singh, Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh on October 11, 2010. National Institute of Technology National Institute of Technology, Raipur is an important technical university located in Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Originally founded in 1956 as Govt. College of Mining & Metallurgy, THIS institute is one of the oldest of its kind in India. Currently it is one of the 20 National Institutes of Technology, which have been accorded Institute of National Importance status by the NIT Act of the Indian Government. The institute offers 2 undergraduate (B.Tech. and B.Arch.) and 2 post graduate programmes M.Tech. and M.C.A. in 11 engineering disciplines and architecture.

Chhattisgarh All India Institute of Medical Science Raipur is all set to get a new All India Institute of Medical Sciences in next two years. It will be a huge leap in availability of top notch medical education and remarkable milestone in the availability of health services in Chhattisgarh.[54] Hidayatullah National Law University It is one of the esteemed national law schools established in India. It was established as a centre for legal excellence by the Government of Chhattisgarh under the Hidayatullah National University of Law, Chattisgarh, Act (Act No.10 of 2003). HNLU being one of the most prestigious centres for legal education in India offers innumerable opportunities for the students to interact with academicians, lawyers, Judges, firms, banking and other related institutions. The University offers B.A. L.L.B. (Hons.). L.L.M. and Ph. D. degrees. It is a residential University and is sixth in the series of National Law Schools in India.

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Other universities
Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University(RSU) is Chhattisgarh's largest and one of the oldest institution of higher education, founded in 1964. There are 5000 students enrolled for variety of courses offered by the departments who are steered under the guidance of more than 100 faculty members. Jurisdiction of RSU covers entire central and southern part of Chhattisgarh. There are 180 educational institutions affiliated to the University. The University plays a major role in the educational, cultural and economic life of the region.[55] Pandit Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur Pandit Sundarlal Sharma (Open) University (PSSOU) Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur, was established by the Chhattisgarh legislature and was granted the assent of the state's governor on 20 January 2005. Dr. T.D. Sharma joined this university as the first Vice-Chancellor on 2 March 2005, while Dr. Sharad Kumar Vajpai took office as Registrar on 15 March 2005.[56] Sarguja University Sarguja Vishwavidyalaya is established and incorporated by Chhattisgarh Vishwavidyalaya Adhiniyam No. 18 of 2008. The territorial jurisdiction of the University is the entire Sarguja division comprising revenue districts of Korea, Sarguja and Jaspur. It started functioning from September 2, 2008. Formerly a university campus was started with the permission of State Higher Education Department by the Guru Ghasidas University Bilaspur with 02 diploma courses i.e. Diploma in Pharmacy (30 Students) and Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application (30 Students) in the year 2005 with a hope that it may be upgraded as university by the Government as soon as necessary infrastructures are developed, this resulted true in 2008 the state government allotted 220 acres of land nearby Ambikapur Ramanujganj Road just 10 kilometers away from Ambikapur town. Sarguja is a fast growing industrial area already having a large number of small industrial units coming up in the region. The jurisdiction is the nerve centre of the Trade specially in coal mines sector forestry, natural recourse including medicinal trees and so on. The region in its vicinity has a very rich historical and cultural heritage. The first effort of Open Theatre was made in Ramgarh. Relics and old temples with statues and building built-up by various dynasties are found in surrounding areas. The whole division is full of natural beauty, flora and fauna, tribal and folk culture. Situated in tribally enriched, socially, economically challenged area of Chhattisgarh State. At present the university is partially residential and fully one, having its jurisdiction spread over within Sarguja revenue division. At present the university is having 42 affiliated colleges offering various courses in the areas of arts, science, commerce, education, law, management, social life science and so on. Ambikapur town is a Municipal Corporation and is well connected with all parts of the country by road and rail also. Recently this town is connected with Durg, Raipur, Bilaspur and

Chhattisgarh Anuppur of SECR. The railway station is 4km away from town. Frequent local transport is available for reaching the university. The nearest railway zone and main railway is Bilaspur in SECR, 235km away. Raipur, the capital of Chhattishgarh is 350km away which is the nearest airport.[57] Guru Ghasidas Central University Formally known as Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, is a Central University located in Bilaspur, established under Central Universities Act 2009, No. 25 of 2009. Formerly called Guru Ghasidas University(GGU), established by an Act of the State Legislative Assembly, was formally inaugurated on June 16, 1983. It covers almost the entire spectrum of the higher education requirements of the local people. It has several University Teaching Department (UTDs) on its campuses and about 125 colleges affiliated to it.[58] Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University (CSVTU) is a public university located in the city of Bhilai. The university was established on 21 January 2005. The University incorporates the purpose of ensuring systematic, efficient and qualitative education in engineering and technological subjects including Architecture and Pharmacy at Research at Postgraduate, Degree and Diploma level.

405

Notes
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] http:/ / www. chhattisgarh. nic. in "Chhatisgarh State Power Hub" (http:/ / cg. gov. in/ power/ power1. htm). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. "Chhattisgarh -Steel" (http:/ / india. gov. in/ knowindia/ st_chhattisgarh. php). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. "Origin of Name of Chhattisgarh" (http:/ / cg. gov. in/ profile/ corigin. htm). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. Dr. Bhagvan Singh Verma, Chhattisgarh ka Itihas (A History of Chattisgarh in Hindi), Madhya Pradesh Hindi Granth Academy, Bhopal (M.P.), 4th edition (2003), p.7 [6] "J.B.Beglar's Views" (http:/ / dspace. vidyanidhi. org. in:8080/ dspace/ bitstream/ 2009/ 3642/ 2/ MUM-1982-048-1. pdf). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [7] Pragati Infosoft Pvt. Ltd.. "Chhattisgarh Climate, Climate of Chhattisgarh, Chhattisgarh Temperature, Temperature of Chhattisgarh" (http:/ / chhattisgarhonline. in/ Profile/ Geography/ Climate. asp). Chhattisgarhonline.in. . Retrieved 29 August 2011. [8] http:/ / cg. gov. in/ link/ chhattisgarh_howto. htm [9] http:/ / maps. google. co. in/ maps?hl=en& q=Chhattisgarh& bav=on. 2,or. r_gc. r_pw. r_qf. ,cf. osb& biw=1280& bih=685& um=1& ie=UTF-8& sa=N& tab=wl/ [10] Welcome to NHAI (http:/ / www. nhai. org/ statewise1. asp) [11] http:/ / www. nhai. org/ Doc/ 16feb12/ NH_Statewise. pdf [12] http:/ / cgfinance. nic. in/ FSFC/ State%20Finance%20Report/ English/ Chap-4. pdf [13] "Prithak Chhattisgarh" (http:/ / cg. gov. in/ profile/ corigin. htm#prathak). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [14] "Chhattisgarh carves out nine more districts" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2012-01-01/ india/ 30578413_1_new-districts-bastar-chhattisgarh). The Times Of India. 1 January 2012. . [15] "Electoral rolls" (http:/ / cg. nic. in/ voterlist/ index. htm). Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Chhatisgarh. . [16] http:/ / www. chhattisgarh. nic. in/ statistics/ details. pdf [17] List of Chhattisgarh District Centres (http:/ / cg. nic. in/ addr_dic. php) at NIC, Chhatisgarh official Portal [18] Mathew, K.M. (ed.). Manorama Yearbook 2008, Kottayam: Malayala Manorama, ISSN 0542-5778, p.518 [19] India Human Development Report, 2011 (Oxford) [20] Indicus Analytics: The real dirty picture (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ indicus-analytics-the-real-dirty-picture/ 470942/ ) [21] http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ content/ general_pdf/ 041212_01. pdf [22] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [23] "NCW Report, page 4" (http:/ / ncw. nic. in/ pdfreports/ Gender Profile-Chhattisgarh. pdf). National Commission of Women, Government of India. . Retrieved 22 August 2010. [24] Religious landscape of Chhattisgarh (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm) [25] "Chhattisgarh, At a glance" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ data_files/ Chhattishgarh/ 2. Chhattishgarh Figures at a glance. pdf). Census 2011, Ministry of Home Affair, India. . Retrieved 22 July 2011.

Chhattisgarh
[26] "Social Structure in Chhattisgarh" (http:/ / www. korbacity. com/ index. php/ know-more-about-chhattisgarh/ chhattisgarh-social-structure. html). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [27] http:/ / ncw. nic. in/ pdfreports/ Gender%20Profile-Chhattisgarh. pdf [28] "Dark Spell" (http:/ / newsblaze. com/ story/ 20091108150914shan. nb/ topstory. html). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [29] "India: Protective Laws Fall Short for Women Charged with Witchcraft" (http:/ / womennewsnetwork. net/ 2010/ 03/ 21/ witchcraft-india-89/ ). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [30] "Panthi Dance" (http:/ / www. sangeetnatak. org/ deshparva/ desaj/ panthi. htm). . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [31] "Pandawani" (http:/ / durg. gov. in/ DistrictProfile_ArtsAndCulture. html). . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [32] "Rawat Nacha Traditions" (http:/ / news. oneindia. in/ 2008/ 11/ 09/ chhattisgarh-reverberates-with-rawat-nach-1226225007. html). . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [33] "Raut nacha" (http:/ / durg. gov. in/ DistrictProfile_ArtsAndCulture. html). . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [34] "Rawat nacha mahotsva" (http:/ / news. oneindia. in/ 2008/ 11/ 09/ chhattisgarh-reverberates-with-rawat-nach-1226225007. html). . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [35] "Suwa Dance" (http:/ / www. cgculture. in/ CulturalProgrammePurkhautMuktangan. html). . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [36] "Arts and Culture of Chhatisgarh" (http:/ / www. cgculture. in/ CulturalProgrammePurkhautMuktangan. html). . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [37] "Karma Tribal Dance in India" (http:/ / tribes-of-india. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 04/ karma-tribal-dance-in-india. html). . Retrieved 27 July 2011. [38] "Chhattisgarh's GDP growth highest in 200910" (http:/ / www. business-standard. com/ india/ news/ chhattisgarh\s-gdp-growth-highest-in-2009-10/ 406295/ ). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [39] "Agriculture in Chhattisgarh" (http:/ / cg. gov. in/ development/ cdevelopment. htm#irrigation). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [40] "Economy of Chhatisgarh" (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ chhattisgarh/ economy/ ). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [41] http:/ / nhm. nic. in/ ActionPlan/ ActionPlan_Chhatisgarh. pdf [42] "Power Sector in Chhatisgarh" (http:/ / cserc. nic. in/ power_sector. htm). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [43] "Industries in Chhattisgarh" (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ chhattisgarh/ economy/ chhattisgarh-industries. html). . Retrieved 22 July 2011. [44] http:/ / www. chips. gov. in/ [45] http:/ / www. sail-bhilaisteel. com/ [46] http:/ / www. balcoindia. com/ [47] http:/ / webapp. indianoil. co. in/ mdho/ index. jsp [48] http:/ / www. simplexcastings. com/ [49] http:/ / wikimapia. org/ 1846992/ CHPL-Dream-Homes [50] http:/ / www. secl. gov. in/ [51] http:/ / www. ibef. org/ download/ Chhattisgarh_271211. pdf [52] http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ data_files/ Chhattishgarh/ 2. %20Chhattishgarh%20Figures%20at%20a%20glance. pdf [53] "10th IIM Inaugurated" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ 10th-IIM-inaugurated/ Article1-611581. aspx/ ). . [54] "Raipur to get its own AIIMS in two years" (http:/ / daily. bhaskar. com/ article/ MP-RAI-raipur-to-get-its-own-aiims-in-two-years-2012412. html). www.daily.bhaskar.com. . Retrieved 29 August 2011. [55] "About The University Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur" (http:/ / www. prsu. ac. in/ about. htm). Prsu.ac.in. . Retrieved 29 August 2011. [56] Pt. sundarlal sharma (Open) University Chhattisgarh, Bilaspur (http:/ / www. pssou. ac. in) [57] "Welcome to Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University" (http:/ / www. prsu. ac. in). Prsu.ac.in. . Retrieved 19 November 2011. [58] "Guru Ghasidash Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur (Cg)" (http:/ / www. ggu. ac. in/ ). Ggu.ac.in. 16 June 1983. . Retrieved 29 August 2011.

406

References
Books on Chhattisgarh . - Tribes Castes ( , 6, ISBN 978-81-89559-32-8) . - ( , 1, ISBN 81-89244-96-5) http://www.scribd.com/ doc/72030961/Dr-Sanjay-Alung-CG-Ki-Riyaste-Jamindariya-Hindi Deshbandhu Publication Division, " " Deshbandhu Publication Division, " " Deshbandhu Publication Division, "Chhattisgarh: Beautiful & Bountiful (Study in Biodiversity of Chhattisgarh)" Ramesh Dewangan & Sunil Tuteja, "Chhattisgarh Samagra" C.K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Shabadkosh" ....

Chhattisgarh C.K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhattisgarhi Vyakaran" C.K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Muhawara Kosh" Lawrence Babb, "The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Central India" Saurabh Dube, "Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity and Power among a Central Indian Community, 17801950" (on the Satnamis) Ramdas Lamb, "Rapt in the Name: Ramnamis, Ramnam and Untouchable Religion in Central India" Chad Bauman, "Identifying the Satnam: Hindu Satnamis, Indian Christians and Dalit Religion in Colonial Chhattisgarh, India (18681947) (Ph. D. dissertation, Princeton Theological Seminary, 2005) Books by Indologist Prof H. L. Shukla: "List of books by Prof H. L. Shukla" (http://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1023/to/21330/Author/ Shukla, H.L.(Hira Lal), 1939-/Books-By-Indian-Author.html) "Chhattisgarh Rediscoverd" on oral history of the state (https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no10609.htm) and "History of the People of Bastar" (http://bagchee.com/BookDisplay.aspx?Bkid=B8147) Folktales of Chhattisgarh "Tribal History of Central India" (https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no28592.htm) by R.K. Sharma and S.K. Tiwari, Other link (http://bagchee.com/BookDisplay.aspx?Bkid=B14673) http://www.36garhbandhan.com

407

External links
Know About Chhattisgarh (http://aboutchhattisgarh.com) Chhattisgarh - Brief Information (http://aboutchhattisgarh.com/chhattisgarh/) Chhattisgarh Facebook (https://www.facebook.com/CHHATTISGARH) Chhattisgarh District Maps (http://indiamapatlas.com/chhattisgarh/) Chhattisgarh Photos, Videos, Maps and Tourism (http://explore-chhattisgarh.blogspot.com/) Chhattisgarh Live (http://www.chhattisgarhlive.com/) Folk Song & Ballad of Chhattisgarh (http://cgsongs.wordpress.com/) Chhattisgarh Web Directory (http://www.chhattisgarhdirectory.com/) Chhattisgarh Classified & Online Directory (http://www.superlist.in/) Chhattisgarh Web Portal (http://www.helloraipur.com) Chhattisgarh Post (http://www.chhattisgarhpost.com) Tourism Website of Chhattisgarh (http://www.chhattisgarhtourism.net/) Chhattisgarh News Video (http://www.chhattisgarhnews.info) Chhattisgarh travel guide from Wikitravel Chhattisgarhi Film Music (http://www.helloraipur.com/listen.php) Chhattisgarhi Recipes/Food/Cuisine (http://chhattisgarh-recipes.jsbcom.com)

Jammu and Kashmir

408

Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir
State of India

Flag Seal

Location of Jammu and Kashmir in India

Map of Jammu and Kashmir Coordinates (Srinagar): 3327N 7614E Country Established Capital India 1947-10-26 Jammu (winter) Srinagar (summer)

Jammu and Kashmir

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Largest city Districts Government[*] Governor Chief Minister Legislature Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 12548926 18th IST (UTC+05:30) IN-JK 0.601 (medium) 17th (2005) 66.7% (21st) Urdu, Kashmiri, Dogri jammukashmir.nic.in [1] 222236km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 6th Narinder Nath Vohra Omar Abdullah (NC) Bicameral (89 + 36 seats) Srinagar 22

i Jammu and Kashmir /dmandkmr/ is the northernmost state of India. It is situated mostly in the Himalayan mountains. Jammu and Kashmir shares a border with the states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south and internationally with the People's Republic of China to the north and east and the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan, to the west and northwest respectively.

Formerly a part of the erstwhile Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu, which governed the larger historic region of Kashmir, this territory is disputed among China, India and Pakistan. Pakistan, which claims the territory as disputed[2], refers to it alternatively as Indian-occupied Kashmir or Indian-held Kashmir, while some international agencies such as the United Nations,[3] call it Indian-administered Kashmir. The regions under the control of Pakistan are referred to as Pakistan-occupied Kashmir or PoK within India. Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: Jammu, the Kashmir valley and Ladakh. Srinagar is the summer capital, and Jammu is the winter capital. While the Kashmir valley is famous for its beautiful mountainous landscape, Jammu's numerous shrines attract tens of thousands of Hindu pilgrims every year. Ladakh, also known as "Little Tibet", is renowned for its remote mountain beauty and Buddhist culture.

History
Hari Singh had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925 and was the reigning monarch at the conclusion of British rule in the subcontinent in 1947. One of the conditions of the partition of India imposed by Britain was that the rulers of princely states would have the right to opt for either Pakistan or India or remain independent. In 1947, Kashmir's population was 77% Muslim and it shared a boundary with both Dominion of Pakistan and Union of India. On 20 October 1947, tribesmen backed by Pakistan invaded Kashmir.[4] The Maharaja initially fought back but appealed for assistance to the Governor-General Louis Mountbatten, who agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India.[5] On 25 October 1947 Maharaja Hari Singh signed the

Jammu and Kashmir Instrument of Accession[6] on 26 October 1947 and it was accepted on 27 October 1947 by the Governor General of India.[7] Once the Instrument of Accession was signed, Indian soldiers entered Kashmir with orders to evict the raiders, but they were not able to expel everyone from the state by the time the harsh winter started. India took the matter to the United Nations. The UN resolution asked both India and Pakistan to vacate the areas they have occupied and hold a referendum under UN observation. The holding of this plebiscite, which India initially supported, was dismissed by India because the 1952 elected Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir voted in favour of confirming the Kashmir region's accession to India.[8] Another reason for the abandonment of the referendum is because demographic changes, after 1947, have been effected in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, as generations of Pakistani individuals non-native to the region have been allowed to take residence in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.[8][9] Furthermore, in Indian-administered Kashmir, the demographics of the Kashmir Valley have also been altered after separatist militants coerced 1/4 million Kashmiri Hindus to leave the region.[10][11] Moreover, Pakistan failed to withdraw its troops from the Kashmir region as was required under the same U.N. resolution of August 13, 1948 which discussed the plebiscite.[8] Diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan soured for many other reasons,[5] and eventually resulted in three further wars in Kashmir the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and the Kargil War in 1999. India has control of 60% of the area of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh); Pakistan controls 30% of the region (GilgitBaltistan and Azad Kashmir). China has since occupied 10% (Aksai Chin) of the state in 1962. The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Tibet, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist revolution in 1949. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the northeast portion of Ladakh:[12] By 195657 they had completed a military road through the Aksai Chin area to provide better communication between Xinjiang and western Tibet. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962.[12] China has occupied Aksai Chin since 1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, the Trans-Karakoram Tract was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963. For intermittent periods between 1957, when the state approved its own Constitution,[13] to the death of Sheikh Abdullah in 1982, the state had alternating spells of stability and discontent. In the late 1980s however, simmering discontent over the high-handed policies of the Union Government[14] and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 assembly elections[14] triggered a violent uprising which was backed by Pakistan.[15] Since then, the region has seen a prolonged, bloody conflict between militants and the Indian Army, both of whom have been accused of widespread human rights abuses, including abductions, massacres, rape and looting.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] The army has officially denied these allegations.[25] However, militancy in the state has been on the decline since 1996,also again in 2004 with the peace process with India and Pakistan.[26] Furthermore the situation has become increasingly peaceful in recent years.[27]

410

Jammu and Kashmir

411

Geography and climate

Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley, Poonch Valley, Sind Valley and Lidder Valley. The main Kashmir valley is 100km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) wide and 15520.3km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) in area. The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Great Plains of northern Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe near Ladakh, India India. Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas. This densely settled and beautiful valley has an average height of 1850 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) above sea-level but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 5000 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft). Because of Jammu and Kashmir's wide range of elevations, its biogeography is diverse. Northwestern thorn scrub forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests are found in the low elevations of the far southwest. These give way to a broad band of western Himalayan broadleaf forests running from northwest-southeast across the Kashmir Valley. Rising into the mountains, the broadleaf forests grade into western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests. Above tree line are found northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Much of the northeast of the state is covered by the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe. Around the highest elevations, there is no vegetation, simply rock and ice. The Jhelum River is the only major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley. The Indus, Tawi, Ravi and Chenab are the major rivers flowing through the state. Jammu and Kashmir is home to several Himalayan glaciers. With an average altitude of 5753 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) above sea-level, the Siachen Glacier is 70km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) long making it the longest Himalayan glacier. The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies greatly owing to its rugged topography. In the south around Jammu, the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50mm (1.6 to 2inches) of rain per months between January and March. In the hot season, Jammu city is very hot and can reach up to 40 C (104 F) whilst in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of up to 650 millimetres (25.5inches). In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures of around 29 C (84 F). Across from the Pir Panjal range, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwest cloudbands. Because of its closeness to the Arabian Sea, Srinagar receives as much as 635 millimetres (unknown operator: u'strong'in) of rain from this source, with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 millimetres (3.3inches) per month. Across from the main Himalaya Range, even the southwest cloudbands break up and the climate of Ladakh and Zanskar is extremely dry and cold. Annual precipitation is only around 100mm (4inches) per year and humidity is very low. This region, almost all above 3,000 metres (9,750ft) above sea level and winters are extremely cold. In Zanskar, the average January temperature is 20 C (4 F) with extremes as low as 40 C (40 F). All the rivers freeze over and locals make river crossings during this period because their high levels from glacier melt in summer inhibits crossing. In summer in Ladakh and Zanskar, days are

Jammu and Kashmir typically a warm 20C (68 F) but with the low humidity and thin air nights can still be cold.

412

Lake Tso Moriri

Topographic map of J&K (Kashmir valley, Jammu region and Ladakh region are visible by altitude)

Ladakh

Nageen Lake

River rafting in the Zanskar subdistrict of Kargil

View from the Gulmarg slopes. Cable car is used as ski lift

Mountains near Rohtang Pass

Natural Rock and Sand Formations along Sumkhel Lungpa River in More Plains

Administrative divisions
Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, and is further divided into 22 districts:[28] The Siachen Glacier, although under Indian military control, does not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Bandipora, Ganderbal, Kulgam and Shopian are newly formed districts, and their areas are included with those of the districts from which they were formed.[28]
Name Headquarters Area (km) Population Population 2001 Census 2011 Census 550084 1343756 245016 4550 475068 268441 2630 1674 11691 483284 372613 320256 180830 190843 26293 3984 4430191 734549 437885 1398 441275 211332 615711 1526406 318611 555357 314714 619266 476820 409576 283313 231037 5350811 1069749 423181 570060 265960

Kathua District Jammu District Samba District Udhampur District Reasi District Rajouri District Poonch District Doda District Ramban District Kishtwar District Jammu Division Anantnag District Kulgam District Pulwama District Shopian District

Kathua Jammu Samba Udhampur Reasi Rajouri Poonch Doda Ramban Kishtwar Jammu Anantnag Kulgam Pulwama Shopian

2651 3097

Jammu and Kashmir

413
Budgam District Srinagar District Ganderbal District Bandipora District Baramulla District Kupwara District Budgam Srinagar Ganderbal Bandipora Baramulla Kupwara 4588 2379 15948 14036 45110 59146 101387 1371 2228 629309 990548 211899 316436 853344 650393 5476970 119307 117232 236539 10143700 755331 1250173 297003 385099 1015503 875564 6907622 143388 147104 290492 12548925

Kashmir Valley Division Srinagar Kargil District Leh District Ladakh Division TOTAL Kargil Leh Leh

Major cities
Municipal Corporations: 2 {Srinagar, Jammu} Municipal Councils: 9 {Udhampur, Kathua, Rajauri, Poonch, Leh, Anantnag, Bandipore, Sopore, Baramulla} Municipal Boards: 21 {Samba, Ranbirsinghpora, Akhnoor, Reasi, Ramban, Doda, Bhaderwah, Kishtwar, Kargil, Duru-Verinag, Bijbehara, Pulwama, Tral, Badgam, Kulgam, Shopian, Ganderbal, Pattan, Sumbal, Kupwara, Handwara}

Population of major cities

Name Rank Population State Region 2011 Census 11,92,792 9,51,373 2,08,505 1,82,778 1,67,986 1,62,988 66,963 Kashmir Jammu Kashmir Jammu Kashmir Jammu Kashmir

Srinagar Jammu Anantnag

1 2 3

Udhampur 4 Baramulla 5 Kathua Sopore 5 6

Demographics

A mosque in Srinagar

Jammu and Kashmir

414

Population growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Pop. 3254000 3561000 4617000 5987000 7837000 10143700 % 9.4% 29.7% 29.7% 30.9% 29.4% [29][30]

Source:Census of India The 1991 Census could not be held in Jammu and Kashmir, the 1991 population is interpolated.

Jammu and Kashmir has a Muslim majority population. Though Islam is practiced by about 67% of the population of the state and by 97% of the population of the Kashmir valley,[31] the state has large communities of Buddhists, Hindus (inclusive of Megh Bhagats) and Sikhs.[32] In Jammu, Hindus constitute 65% of the population, Muslims 31% and Sikhs, 4%; In Ladakh, Buddhists constitute about 46% of the population, the remaining being Muslims. The people of Ladakh are of Indo-Tibetan origin, while the southern area of Jammu includes many communities tracing their ancestry to the nearby Indian states of Haryana and Punjab, as well as the city of Delhi. In totality, the Muslims constitute 67% of the population, the Hindus about 30%, the Buddhists 1%, and the Sikhs 2% of the population.[32] According to political scientist Alexander Evans, approximately 95% of the total population of 160,000170,000 of Kashmiri Brahmins, also called Kashmiri Pandits, (i.e. approximately 150,000 to 160,000) left the Kashmir Valley in 1990 as militancy engulfed the state.[33] According to an estimate by the Central Intelligence Agency, about 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits from the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir have been internally displaced due to the ongoing violence.[34]

Vaishno Devi temple located in the state is one of the holiest Hindu temples dedicated to Shakti.

Division Kashmir (53.9%) Jammu (43.7%) Ladakh (2.3%) Jammu and Kashmir

Population 5,476,970 4,430,191 236,539 10,143,700

% Muslim 97.16% 30.69% 47.40% 66.97%

% Hindu 1.84% 65.23% 6.22% 29.63%

[35]

% Sikh 0.88% 3.57% 2.03%

% Buddhist and other 0.11% 0.51% 45.87% 1.36%

Statistics calculated from the 2001 Census India District Profiles There are roughly 1.5 million refugees from Indian Administered Kashmir in Pakistan Administered Kashmir and other parts of [36] [37][38] Pakistan. An estimated 50100,000 Kashmiri Muslims and 150300,000 Kashmiri Pandits have been internally [34][39] displaced due to militancy.

Jammu and Kashmir In Jammu and Kashmir, the principal spoken languages are Kashmiri, Urdu, Dogri, Pahari, Balti, Ladakhi, Gojri, Shina and Pashto. However, Urdu written in the Persian script is the official language of the state. Many speakers of these languages use Hindi or English as a second language.[40]

415

Statehood
Kashmir Valley dominated by ethnic Kashmiris have largely driven the Azadi campaign. Non-Kashmiri Muslim ethnic groups (Paharis, Sheenas, Gujjars and Bakarwalas), who dominate areas along the Line of Control, have remained indifferent to the separatist campaign. Jammu province region has 70:30 Hindu-Muslim ratio. Parts of the region were militancy-hit, but violence there has ebbed along with the Valley after India and Pakistan started a peace process in 2004.[41] Dogras (67%) are the single largest group in the multi-ethnic region of Punjabis, Paharis, Bakerwals and Gujjars. Statehood is demand in Hindu-dominated districts. Ladakh is the largest region in the state with over two hundred thousand people. Its two districts are Leh (77% Buddhist) and Kargil (80% Muslim population). Union territory status has been the key demand of Leh Buddhists for many years.[41]

Politics and government

Jammu and Kashmir is the only state in India which enjoys special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India according to which, no law enacted by the Parliament of India, except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, will be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it is ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India over Jammu and Kashmir has been extended.[42] Jammu and Kashmir is also the only Indian state that has its own flag and constitution, and Indians from A soldier guards the roadside checkpoint outside Srinagar International Airport. Jan 2009 other states cannot purchase land or property in the [43] state. Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir features a plough on a red background symbolizing labour substituted the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represent the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.[44] Since 1990, the Armed Forces Act, which gives special powers to the Indian security forces, has been enforced in Jammu and Kashmir.[45] The decision to evoke this act was criticized by the Human Rights Watch.[46] Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir has a multi-party democratic system of governance with a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir State that came under Pakistani occupation, which came down to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir: "The territory of the State shall comprise all the territories which on the fifteenth day of August 1947, were under the sovereignty or suzerainty of the Ruler of the State" and Section 48 therein states that, "Notwithstanding anything contained in section 47, until the area of the State under the occuptions of Pakistan ceases to so occupied and the people residing in that area elect their representatives (a) twenty-five seats in the Legislative Assembly shall remain vacant and shall not be taken into account for reckoning the total member-ship of the Assembly; and the said area shall be excluded in delimiting the territorial Constituencies

Jammu and Kashmir Under Section 47".

[47]

416

After a delimitation in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian administered territory.[48] The Jammu & Kashmir Assembly is the only state in India to have a 6 year as against the norm of a 5 year term followed in every other state's Assembly.[49] There was indication from the previous INC Government to bring parity with the other states,[50] but this does not seem to have received the required support to pass into law. Influential political parties include the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (NC), the Indian National Congress (INC), the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and other smaller regional parties. After dominating Kashmir's politics for years, National Conference's influence waned in 2002, when INC and PDP formed a political alliance and rose to power.[51] Under the power sharing agreement, INC leader Ghulam Nabi Azad replaced PDP's Mufti Mohammad Sayeed as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in late 2005. However, in 2008, PDP withdrew its support from the government on the issue of temporary diversion of nearly 40 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'ha) of land to Sri Amarnath Shrine Board.[52] In the 2008 Kashmir Elections that were held from 17 November to 24 December, the National Conference party and the Congress party together won enough seats in the state assembly to form a ruling alliance.[53] Some Kashmiris, especially those residing in Kashmir valley, demand greater autonomy, sovereignty and even independence from India. Due to the economic integration of Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India, separatist movements across Kashmir valley were on a decline.[54] However, following the unrest in 2008, which included more than 500,000 protesters at a rally on 18 August, secessionist movements gained a boost.[55][56] The 2009 edition of the Freedom in the World (report) by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees rated Jammu and Kashmir to be partly free,[57] while in comparison Pakistan-administered Kashmir was rated to be not free.[58]

Economy
Jammu and Kashmir's economy is predominantly dependent on agriculture and allied activities.[59] The Kashmir valley is also known for its sericulture and cold-water fisheries. Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow. Kashmiri saffron is also very famous and brings the state a handsome amount of foreign exchange. Agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, barley, cherries, corn, millet, oranges, rice, peaches, pears, saffron, sorghum, vegetables, and wheat, while manufactured exports include handicrafts, rugs, and shawls.

Horticulture plays a vital role in the economic development of the state. With an annual turnover of over Rs. 300 crore, apart from foreign exchange of over Rs. 80 crore, this sector is the next biggest source of income in the states economy.[60] The region of Kashmir is known for its horticulture industry[61] and is the wealthiest region in the state.[62] Horticultural produce from the state includes apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts.[60]

Tourism forms an integral part of the state's economy. Shown here is the Shalimar Gardens. In a famous incident, a Persian Emperor claimed it to be a paradise on Earth.

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The Doda district has deposits of high-grade sapphire.[63] Though small, the manufacturing and services sector is growing rapidly, especially in the Jammu division. In recent years, several consumer goods companies have opened manufacturing units in the region. The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) has identified several industrial sectors which can attract investment in the state, and accordingly, it is working with the union and the state government to set up industrial parks and special economic zones.[64] In the fiscal year 200506, exports from the state amounted to Rs. 1,150 crore.[65] However, industrial development in the state faces several major constraints including extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.[66]
A map of the Kashmir railway. The Udhampur-Qazigund section is The Government of India has been keen to currently under construction, the route crosses major earthquake economically integrate Jammu and Kashmir with the zones, and is subjected to extreme temperatures of cold and heat, as rest of India. The state is one of the largest recipients of well as inhospitable terrain, making it an extremely challenging grants from New Delhi, totaling $ 812 million per engineering project. It is expected to increase tourism and travel to Kashmir. year.[67] It also has a mere 4% incidence of poverty, [67] one of the lowest in the country. In an attempt to improve the infrastructure in the state, the Indian government has commenced work on the ambitious Kashmir Railway project which is being constructed by Konkan Railway Corporation and IRCON at a cost of more than US$2.5 billion.[68] The Jammu & Kashmir Bank, which is listed as a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate, is based in the state. It reported a net profit of Rs. 598 million in 2008.[69]

Two other railways, the Bilaspur-Mandi-Leh Railway and the Jammu-Poonch railway are planned.
Year Gross State Domestic Product (in million INR) 1980 11,860 1985 22,560 1990 36,140 1995 80,970 2000 147,500 2006 539,850

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Tourism
Before insurgency intensified in 1989, tourism formed an important part of the Kashmiri economy. The tourism economy in the Kashmir valley was worst hit. However, the holy shrines of Jammu and the Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh continue to remain popular pilgrimage and tourism destinations. Every year, thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit holy shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath which has had significant impact on the state's economy.[70] The Vaishno Devi yatra alone contributes Rs. 475 crore to the local economy annually.[71] Tourism in the Kashmir valley has rebounded in recent years and in Skiing is popular in Gulmarg, showing cable car 2009, the state became one of the top tourist destinations of India.[72] in a snow clad mountain. Gulmarg, one of the most popular ski resort destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green golf course.[73] However with the decrease in violence in the state has boosted the states economy specifically tourism.[74] It was reported that 7.36 lakh tourists visited Kashmir in 2010 including 23,000 foreigners. J&K Tourism Minister Nawang Rigzin said that over one million tourists are expected to visit Kashmir in the year 2011.[75][76][77]

Culture
Ladakh is famous for its unique Indo-Tibetan culture. Chanting in Sanskrit and Tibetan language forms an integral part of Ladakh's Buddhist lifestyle. Annual masked dance festivals, weaving and archery are an important part of traditional life in Ladakh. Ladakhi food has much in common with Tibetan food, the most prominent foods being thukpa, noodle soup; and tsampa, known in Ladakhi as Ngampe, roasted barley flour. Typical garb includes gonchas of velvet, elaborately embroidered waistcoats and boots, and gonads or hats. People, adorned with gold and silver ornaments and turquoise headgears throng the streets during various Ladakhi festivals.

Buddhism is an integral part of Ladakh's culture. Shown here is a statue of Buddha in a monastery in Likir.

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The Dumhal is a famous dance in the Kashmir valley, performed by men of the Wattal region. The women perform the Rouff, another traditional folk dance. Kashmir has been noted for its fine arts for centuries, including poetry and handicrafts. Shikaras, traditional small wooden boats, and houseboats are a common feature in various lakes and rivers across the Valley. The Constitution of India does not allow people from regions other than Jammu and Kashmir to purchase land in the state. As a consequence, houseboats became popular among those who were unable to purchase land in the Valley and has now become an integral part of the Kashmiri lifestyle.

Shikaras are a common feature in lakes and rivers across the Kashmir valley.

Kawa, traditional green tea with spices and almond, is consumed all through the day in the chilled winter climate of Kashmir. Most of the buildings in the Valley and Ladakh are made from softwood and is influenced by Indian, Tibetan, and Islamic architecture. Jammu's Dogra culture and tradition is much similar to that of neighbouring Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Traditional Punjabi festivals such as Lohri and Vaisakhi are celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm throughout the region, along with Accession Day, an annual holiday which commemorates the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the Dominion of India.[78] After Dogras, Gujjars form the second-largest ethnic group in Jammu. Known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle, Gujjars are also found in large numbers in the Kashmir valley. Similar to Gujjars, Gaddis are primarily herdsmen who hail from the Chamba region in Himachal Pradesh. Gaddis are generally associated with emotive music played on the flute. The Bakkarwalas found both in Jammu and the Vale of Kashmir are wholly nomadic pastoral people who move along the Himalayan slopes in search for pastures for their huge flocks of goats and sheep.

Education
In 1970, the state government of Jammu and Kashmir established its own education board and university. Education in the state is divided into primary, middle, high secondary, college and university level. Jammu and Kashmir follows 10+2 pattern for education of children. This is handled by Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education (abbreviated as JKBOSE). Various private and public schools are recognized by the board to impart education to students. Board examinations are conducted for students in class VIII, X and XII. In addition there are various Kendriya Vidyalayas (run by the Government of India) and Indian Army schools that also impart secondary school education. These schools follow the Central Board of Secondary Education pattern.

Admin Block at Old University Campus, Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu

Notable higher education or research institutes in Jammu and Kashmir include Sher-e-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Soura Srinagar, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu and the Government Medical College of Jammu. University-level education is provided by University of Jammu, University of Kashmir, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Islamic University of Science & Technology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah University, Institution of Technicians and Engineers (Kashmir), and Government Degree College Kathua.

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Notes
[1] http:/ / jammukashmir. nic. in [2] http:/ / www. pakun. org/ kashmir/ history. php [3] "OHCHR calls for restraint in Indian-administered Kashmir" (http:/ / www. unhchr. ch/ huricane/ huricane. nsf/ view01/ 1058F3E39F77ACE5C12574B2004E5CE3?opendocument). United Nations. 27 August 2008. . Retrieved 19 July 2011. [4] "Quick guide: Kashmir dispute" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 5030514. stm). BBC News. 29 June 2006. . Retrieved 14 June 2009. [5] Stein, Burton. 1998. A History of India. Oxford University Press. 432 pages. ISBN 0-19-565446-3. Page 368. [6] http:/ / www. rediff. com/ freedom/ 0710jha2. htm [7] http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 1999/ jun/ 01jk. htm [8] "With Friends Like These...": Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ refworld/ country,,HRW,COUNTRYREP,PAK,,4517b1a14,0. html). United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. . Retrieved 2007-12-31. "In January 1949, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) was deployed to supervise the ceasefire between India and Pakistan. UNMOGIP's functions were to investigate complaints of ceasefire violations and submit finding to each party and to the U.N. secretary-general. Under the terms of the ceasefire, it was decided that both armies would withdraw and a plebiscite would be held in Kashmir to give Kashmiris the right to self-determination. The primary argument for the continuing debate over the ownership of Kashmir is that India did not hold the promised plebiscite. In fact, neither side has adhered to the U.N. resolution of August 13, 1948; while India chose not to hold the plebiscite, Pakistan also failed to withdraw its troops from Kashmir as was required under the resolution.19 Instead, India cites the 1952 elected Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, which voted in favour of confirming accession to India. New Delhi also says that since Kashmiris have voted in successive national elections in India, there is no need for a plebiscite. The 1948-49 U.N. resolutions can no longer be applied, according to India, because of changes in the original territory, with some parts "having been handed over to China by Pakistan and demographic changes having been effected in Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas."" [9] From Jinnah to Jihad: Pakistan's Kashmir quest and the limits of realism (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=iaYPyVAjHH8C& pg=PA4& dq=demographics+ pakistan+ altered+ kashmir#v=onepage& q& f=false). Atlantic Publishers and Distributors (P) Ltd.. 2007. ISBN978-81-269-0721-2. . Retrieved 2007-12-31. "While India had agreed to a plebiscite initially, it reneged, arguing that Pakistan had refused to withdraw its troops, had integrated parts of Kashmir with the rest of the country and had altered their demographic system." [10] Kaul, Shyam; Kachru, Onkar (1998-01-01). Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh: ringside views (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=QDYhj5IQJrsC& pg=PA35& dq=Pakistan+ kashmir+ demographics#v=onepage& q=Pakistan kashmir demographics& f=false). ISBN978-81-85495-51-4. . Retrieved 2007-12-31. "Demographics (1947-48) considered for this UN resolution have changed, most recently with the exodus of a 1/4 million Hindus from Kashmir." [11] Kaul, Shyam; Kachru, Onkar (1998-01-01). Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh: ringside views (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=QDYhj5IQJrsC& pg=PA35& dq=Pakistan+ kashmir+ demographics#v=onepage& q=Pakistan kashmir demographics& f=false). ISBN978-81-85495-51-4. . Retrieved 2007-12-31. "Indians are free to migrate as anyone else in democracy. Yet, as a large group, non of the post partition (1947) minorities have relocated to India or migrated to Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, or anywhere else in the world under the threat of persecution of insecurity. Ironically, it was those 1/4 million Hindus of Kashmir that experienced an exodus within India from Kashmir due to the hostile environment created by the militancy in Kashmir." [12] "Kashmir" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-214222) Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Retrieved 27 March 2007 [13] Schofield 2003, p.94 [14] Schofield 2003, p.137 [15] Schofield 2003, p.210 [16] "India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: I. Summary" (http:/ / hrw. org/ reports/ 2006/ india0906/ 2. htm#_Toc144362271). Human Rights Watch. . Retrieved 2 June 2008. [17] "India and Human Rights in Kashmir The Myth India Together" (http:/ / www. indiatogether. org/ peace/ kashmir/ articles/ indhr. htm). . Retrieved 2 June 2008. [18] Schofield 2003, pp.148, 158 [19] "India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: VI. Militant Abuses" (http:/ / hrw. org/ reports/ 2006/ india0906/ 7. htm#_Toc144362296). . Retrieved 2 June 2008. [20] "Kashmir troops held after rape" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ world/ south_asia/ 1940088. stm). BBC News. 19 April 2002. . Retrieved 2 June 2008. [21] "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2010/ 03/ 24/ stories/ 2010032461230900. htm). The Hindu (Chennai, India). . Retrieved 2007-12-31. "The Jammu and Kashmir government on Tuesday said 219 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by militants since 1989 while 24,202 families were among the total 38,119 families which migrated out of the Valley due to turmoil" [22] "Not myth, but the truth of migration" (http:/ / greaterkashmir. com/ news/ 2010/ Nov/ 12/ not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23. asp). . Retrieved 2007-12-31. "The Pandits have preserved the threat letters sent to them. They have the Audio and Video evidence to show what happened. They have preserved the local newspapers through which they were warned to leave the Valley within 48 hours. These evidences also include still photographs of Pandits killed by militants and the desecrated temples." [23] "Pregnant woman in Doda accuses Lashkar militants of gang raping her repeatedly" (http:/ / www. thaindian. com/ newsportal/ india-news/ pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075. html). The Indian News. . Retrieved

Jammu and Kashmir

2007-12-31. "A 31-year-old pregnant Gujjar woman has told police at the Baderwah Police Station in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda District that she was repeatedly gang raped by Lashkar-e-Toiba militants for two months." [24] "19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2005/ jan/ 19kanch. htm). Rediff. . Retrieved 2007-12-31. "Notices are pasted on doors of Pandit houses, peremptorily asking the occupants to leave Kashmir within 24 hours or face death and worse...In the preceding months, 300 Hindu men and women, nearly all of them Kashmiri Pandits, had been slaughtered ever since the brutal murder of Pandit Tika Lal Taploo, noted lawyer and BJP national executive member, by the JKLF in Srinagar on September 14, 1989. Soon after that, Justice N K Ganju of the Srinagar high court was shot dead. Pandit Sarwanand Premi, 80-year-old poet, and his son were kidnapped, tortured, their eyes gouged out, and hanged to death. A Kashmiri Pandit nurse working at the Soura Medical College Hospital in Srinagar was gang-raped and then beaten to death. Another woman was abducted, raped and sliced into bits and pieces at a sawmill." [25] "95% HR violation cases against Army in J&K false" (http:/ / www. zeenews. com/ news663426. html). zeenews. . [26] "2 Militants Killed After 22-Hour Standoff in India Kashmir | Asia | English" (http:/ / www1. voanews. com/ english/ news/ asia/ 2-Militants-Killed-After-22-Hour-Standoff-in-India-Kashmir-80887197. html). .voanews.com. 7 January 2010. . Retrieved 18 July 2010. [27] "Towards Peace and Normalcy" (http:/ / jammukashmir. nic. in/ govt/ peace. htm). Official webpage of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir. . Retrieved 29 March 2009. [28] "Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs" (http:/ / mha. nic. in/ uniquepage. asp?Id_Pk=306). . Retrieved 28 August 2008. [29] "Reference Tables, A-series : Population" (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ A_Series/ Total_population. htm). Census of India 2001. . Retrieved 17 April 2009. [30] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [31] Calculated from the 2001 Census India District Profiles (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Tables_Published/ Basic_Data_Sheet. aspx) [32] 2001 Census India: Data by Religious Communities (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm) [33] Evans, Alexander. 2002. "A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 19902001" (http:/ / taylorandfrancis. metapress. com/ content/ 0nvv0dtreww897ax/ ) Contemporary South Asia, 11(1):1937. [34] CIA The World Factbook (https:/ / cia. gov/ cia/ publications/ factbook/ geos/ in. html) [35] http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Tables_Published/ Basic_Data_Sheet. aspx [36] Freedom in the World 2008 Kashmir (Pakistan) (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ refworld/ topic,463af2212,469f2dcf2,487ca21a2a,0. html), United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2 July 2008 [37] (http:/ / www. amnesty. org. ru/ library/ Index/ ENGASA010021997?open& of=ENG-BTN) [38] "University of Hawaii-Manoa Ka Leo O Hawaii: UH Manoa Student College Newspaper & Media Kashmir: The Predicament" (http:/ / media. www. kaleo. org/ media/ storage/ paper872/ news/ 2008/ 11/ 20/ Commentary/ Kashmir. The. Predicament-3554202. shtml). Media.www.kaleo.org. . Retrieved 18 July 2010. [39] Evans, Alexander. "A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 19902001" (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a713658676~db=all). Contemporary South Asia 2002(11):1. [40] "Kashmiri: A language of India" (http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ show_language. asp?code=kas). Ethnologue. . Retrieved 16 September 2007. [41] http:/ / epaper. timesofindia. com/ Repository/ ml. asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDEwLzA5LzE2I0FyMDE0MDA%3D [42] States: Jammu & Kashmir: Repeating History:By Harinder Baweja (3 July 2000)India Today (http:/ / www. indiatodaygroup. com/ itoday/ 20000703/ states. html) [43] "Sorry" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ oldstory. php?storyid=46240). Indianexpress.com. . Retrieved 18 July 2010. [44] The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (http:/ / jkgad. nic. in/ statutory/ Rules-Costitution-of-J& K. pdf) [45] (PDF) The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990 (http:/ / mha. nic. in/ pdfs/ Armed forces _J& K_ Spl. powers act, 1990. pdf) Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Deli [46] India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act (http:/ / hrw. org/ english/ docs/ 2008/ 08/ 18/ india19628. htm) Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 11 September 2008. [47] Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Section 4 Read with Section 48(a) (http:/ / www. kashmir-information. com/ LegalDocs/ 140. html) [48] Luv Puri (24 October 2002). "The vacant seats" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2002/ 10/ 24/ stories/ 2002102403261300. htm). Online edition of The Hindu, dated 24 October 2002 (Chennai, India). . Retrieved 9 April 2009. [49] Rasheeda Bhagat. "It is introspection time for Congress in J&K" (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ 2005/ 10/ 27/ stories/ 2005102700451000. htm). Online edition of The Hindu Businessline, dated 27 October 2005. . Retrieved 9 April 2009. [50] "Govt plans to reduce J&K Assemblys term to 5 years" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2005/ 20051119/ j& k. htm#3). Online edition of The Tribune, dated 19 November 2005. . Retrieved 28 January 2009. [51] Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 2002: Ending National Conference's Reign:30 October 2002 By S.H.Imam (J&K Insight) (http:/ / www. jammu-kashmir. com/ insights/ insight20021030. html) [52] PDP withdraws support from J&K government(By Mukhtar Ahmad in Srinagar)28 June 2008 19:03 IST (Rediff News) (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2008/ jun/ 28jk1. htm) [53] "Pro-India parties win majority in Kashmir elections - CNN.com" (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ 2008/ WORLD/ asiapcf/ 12/ 28/ indian. kashmir. vote/ index. html). CNN. 28 December 2008. . Retrieved 5 May 2010.

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[54] A.G. Noorani. "Article 370 : Law and politics" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ fline/ fl1719/ 17190890. htm). Online edition of Frontline magazine, Volume 17 Issue 19,Sep.1629, 2000. . Retrieved 28 January 2009. [55] Avijit Ghosh (17 August 2008). "In Kashmir, there's azadi in air" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/ articleshow/ 3372070. cms). Online edition of The Times of India, dated 17 August 2008. . Retrieved 28 January 2009. [56] Thottam, Jyoti (4 September 2008). "Valley of Tears" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ article/ 0,9171,1838586,00. html). Time. . Retrieved 5 May 2010. [57] "Freedom in the World 2009 Kashmir (India)" (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ refworld/ docid/ 4a6452aa2d. html). Freedom House. 16 July 2009. . Retrieved 10 December 2009. [58] "Freedom in the World 2009 Kashmir (Pakistan)" (http:/ / www. unhcr. org/ refworld/ docid/ 4a6452aa11. html). Freedom House. 16 July 2009. . Retrieved 10 December 2009. [59] "CHAPTER III : Socio-Economic and Administrative Development" (http:/ / planningcommission. nic. in/ plans/ stateplan/ sdr_jandk/ sdr_jkch3a. pdf). Jammu & Kashmir Development Report. State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India. . Retrieved 5 August 2009. [60] "CHAPTER IV : Potential Sectors of State Economy" (http:/ / planningcommission. nic. in/ plans/ stateplan/ sdr_jandk/ sdr_jkch4. pdf). Jammu & Kashmir Development Report. State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India. . Retrieved 5 August 2009. [61] "India: Jammu registers 10,000 MTs increase in fruit production in 2 years" (http:/ / www. greaterkashmir. com/ full_story. asp?Date=5_10_2007& ItemID=26& cat=5). GreaterKashmir.com. 5 October 2007. . Retrieved 25 January 2009. [62] PTI (10 February 2008). "Demand for Mercedes in Jammu going up: Merc dealer" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ msid-2771649,prtpage-1. cms). The Economic Times. . Retrieved 25 January 2009. [63] Haroon Mirani (20 June 2008). "Sapphire-rich Kashmir" (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ life/ 2008/ 06/ 20/ stories/ 2008062050010100. htm). The Hindu Business Line. . Retrieved 5 August 2009. [64] "Funds sought for SEZs: ASSOCHAM identifies key sectors for J&Ks development" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2008/ 04/ 07/ stories/ 2008040753620300. htm). Chennai, India: The Hindu. 7 April 2008. . Retrieved 25 January 2009. [65] PTI (18 June 2007). "Kashmir, the economy looks up" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 2130882. cms). The Economic Times. . Retrieved 25 January 2009. [66] "Power shortage to hit India Inc" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ money/ 2008/ apr/ 02power. htm). Rediff News. 2 April 2008. . Retrieved 25 January 2009. [67] Amy Waldman (18 October 2002). "Border Tension a Growth Industry for Kashmir" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2002/ 10/ 18/ world/ border-tension-a-growth-industry-for-kashmir. html). The New York Times. . Retrieved 5 August 2009. [68] Harish Kunwar. "Train-Link for J & K Prosperity" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=43772& kwd=). Press Release, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, dated 16 October 2008. . Retrieved 25 November 2008. [69] "J&K Bank Q4 net up 32% at Rs598 mn" (http:/ / www. livemint. com/ 2008/ 06/ 02121251/ JampK-Bank-Q4-net-up-32-at. html?d=1). Livemint. 2 June 2008. . Retrieved 5 August 2009. [70] "Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ thehindu/ holnus/ 002200709130350. htm). Online edition of The Hindu, dated 13 September 2007 (Chennai, India). 13 September 2007. . Retrieved 6 June 2009. [71] Vaishno Devi yatra injects Rs 475 cr to Katra economy annually(CJ: Rattan Sharma, 27 Aug 2007) (http:/ / www. merinews. com/ catFull. jsp?articleID=126009) [72] "Foreign tourists flock Kashmir" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ thehindu/ holnus/ 004200903181221. htm). Online edition of The Hindu, dated 18 March 2009 (Chennai, India). 18 March 2009. . Retrieved 18 March 2009. [73] Fairway to Heaven WSJ.com (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article/ SB119332713217271534. html?mod=googlenews_wsj) [74] Tourists arrival gives boost to J-K economy (http:/ / sify. com/ news/ Tourists-arrival-gives-boost-to-J-K-economy-news-jm3v4cihjai. html) [75] (http:/ / news. oneindia. in/ 2011/ 01/ 16/ jand-k-hopeful-of-wooing-10-lakh-tourists-thisyear-aid0126. html) [76] (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=TmjW19EY-Mw) NDTV News report] [77] (http:/ / www. ndtv. com/ article/ india/ welcome-to-jammu-and-kashmirs-new-tourist-hot-spot-108812) [78] "J-K Accession Day to be celebrated as Diwali: BJP" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ news/ jk-accession-day-to-be-celebrated-as-diwali-bjp/ 702249/ ). Rediff. . Retrieved 2007-12-31.

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References
Schofield, Victoria (2003). Kashmir in Conflict (http://books.google.com/?id=jVXANgu-YCcC). I.B.Tauris. ISBN1-86064-898-3. Retrieved 25 January 2009.

External links
Jammu and Kashmir travel guide from Wikitravel Jammu and Kashmir (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Jammu_and_Kashmir//) at the Open Directory Project Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India (http://jammukashmir.nic.in/) Letter of Baroness Nicholson which refers to the 1909 map of Kashmir (http://www.iakf.org/main/files/ uplink/2007_05_22_Letter_to_Ambassador_Khalid.pdf) Excerpts of telegram dated 26 October 1947 from Jawaharlal Nehru to the British Prime Minister, Clement Attlee (http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/kasnehru.htm) EU passes Emma Nicholson's Kashmir report with an overwhelming Majority (http://www.hvk.org/articles/ 0507/109.html)

Uttarakhand
Uttarakhand
State

Uttarakhand Rajya

Location of Uttarakhand in India

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Map of Uttarakhand Coordinates (Dehradun): 3020N 7804E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Parliamentary constituency High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Sex ratio 10116752 19th 189/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-UT 0.515 [1] 53,566km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 18th Aziz Qureshi Vijay Bahuguna (INC) Unicameral (71 seats) 5 Uttarakhand High Court India 9 November 2000 Dehradun Dehradun 13

7th (2011) 79.63% 963

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Languages spoken Official languages Website Garhwali, Kumaoni, Hindi, Urdu Hindi, Sanskrit uk.gov.in [3] [2]

Dehradun is the provisional capital of the state. The new capital has not yet been chosen. 70 (elected) + 1 (nominated Anglo-Indian)

Uttarakhand/trkhnd/ (Sanskrit:, Uttarkhanam?, Hindi:, Uttarkhan?), formerly Uttaranchal, is a state in the northern part of India. It is often referred to as the "Land of the Gods" (Hindi: , Dv bhmi?) due to the many holy Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres found throughout the state. Known for its natural beauty and wealth of the Himalayas, the Bhabhar and the Terai, the state was carved out of the Himalayan and adjoining north-western districts of Uttar Pradesh on 9 November 2000, becoming the 27th state of the Republic of India.[4] It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region on the north, the Mahakali Zone of Far-Western Region, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the northwest. The state is divided into two divisions, Kumaon and Garhwal, with a total of 13 districts. The provisional capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun, which is also a railhead and the largest city in the region. The high court of the state is in Nainital. Archaeological evidence support the existence of humans in the region since prehistoric times. Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism. Ashokan edicts at Kalsi show the early presence of Buddhism in this region. During the medieval period the region was consolidated under the Kumaon and Garhwal kingdom. By 1803 the region fell to the Gurkha Empire of Nepal and with the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1816 most of modern Uttarakhand was ceded to the British as part of Treaty of Sugauli. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals, the proximity of different neighbouring ethnic groups, the inseparable and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions which further strengthened during the movement for statehood in the 1990s. The natives of the state are generally called either Kumaoni or Garhwali depending on their place of origin in either the Kumaon or the Garhwal region. According to the 2011 census of India Uttarakhand has a population of 10,116,752, making it the 19th most populous state in India. A large portion of the population is Rajput and Brahmin. More than 80% of the population is Hindu. Muslims are the largest minority in the state with Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, and Jains being the other major religions. Garhwali and Kumaoni are the two main regional languages with Hindi being the most widely spoken language. Two of the most important rivers in Hinduism originate in the region, the Ganga at Gangotri and the Yamuna at Yamunotri. These two along with Badrinath and Kedarnath form the Chota Char Dham, a holy pilgrimage for the Hindus. Due to the Himalayas the state is home to scenic hill stations including Nainital and Mussoorie. The state also hosts the Bengal Tiger in Jim Corbett National Park, the oldest on the Indian subcontinent. There is also the Valley of Flowers, a Unesco World Heritage Site known for the variety and rarity of the flowers and plants found there.

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Etymology
Uttarakhand's name is derived from the Sanskrit words uttara () meaning north, and kha () meaning country or part of a country. The name finds mention in early Hindu scriptures as the combined region of Kedarkhand (present day Garhwal) and Manaskhand (present day Kumaon). Uttarakhand was also the ancient Puranic term for the central stretch of the Indian Himalayas.[5] However, the region was given the name Uttaranchal by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led central government and Uttar Pradesh state government when they started a new round of state reorganization in 1998. Chosen for its allegedly less separatist connotations, the name change generated enormous controversy among the rank and file of the separate state activists who saw it as a political act.[6] However, they were not quite successful in thwarting the move. Nevertheless, the name Uttarakhand remained popular in the region, even while Uttaranchal was promulgated through official usage. In August 2006, India's Union Cabinet assented to the demands of the Uttaranchal state assembly and leading members of the Uttarakhand movement to rename Uttaranchal state as Uttarakhand. Legislation to that effect was passed by the State Legislative Assembly in October 2006,[7] and the Union Cabinet brought in the bill in the winter session of Parliament. The bill was passed by Parliament and signed into law by the President in December 2006.

History
Ancient rock paintings, rock shelters, Paleolithic stone tools (hundreds of thousands of years old), and megaliths provide evidence that the mountains of the region have been inhabited since prehistoric times. There are also archaeological remains which show the existence of early Vedic (c. 1500 BCE) practices in the area.[8] The Pauravas, Kushanas, Kunindas, Guptas, Gurjara-Pratihara, Katyuris, Raikas, Palas, Chands, Parmars or Panwars, Sikhs, and the British have ruled Uttarakhand in turns.[5] The region was originally settled by Kols, an aboriginal people of the austro-Asiatic The historical temples at Jageshwar, preserved by the Archaeological Survey of India physical type who were later joined by Indo-Aryan Khas tribes that arrived from the northwest by the Vedic period(17001100 BCE). At that time, present-day Uttarakhand also served as a haunt for Rishis and Sadhus. It is believed that the sage Vyasa scripted the Hindu epic Mahabharata here. Among the first major dynasties of Garhwal and Kumaon were the Kunindas in the 2nd century BCE who practised an early form of Shaivism. They traded salt with Western Tibet. It is evident from the Ashokan edict at Kalsi in Western Garhwal that Buddhism made inroads in this region. Folk shamanic practices deviating from Hindu orthodoxy also persisted here. However, Garhwal and Kumaon were restored to nominal Brahmanical rule due to the travails of Shankaracharya and the arrival of migrants from the plains. Between the 4th and 14th centuries, the Katyuri dynasty dominated lands of varying extent from the Katyur (modern day Baijnath) valley in Kumaon. The historically significant temples at Jageshwar are believed to have been built by the Katyuris and later remodelled by the Chands. Other peoples of the Tibeto-Burman group known as Kiratas are thought to have settled in the northern highlands as well as in pockets throughout the region, and are believed to be ancestors of the modern day Bhotiya, Raji, Buksha, and Tharu peoples.[9]

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By the medieval period, the region was consolidated under the Garhwal Kingdom in the west and the Kumaon Kingdom in the east. From the 13th to the 18th century, Kumaon prospered under the Chand monarchs who had their origins in the plains of India. During this period, learning and new forms of painting (the Pahari school of art) developed.[10] Modern-day Garhwal was likewise Princely flag of Kingdom of Garhwal unified under the rule of Parmars, who, along with many Brahmins and Rajputs, also arrived from the plains.[11] In 1791 the expanding Gurkha Empire of Nepal overran Almora, the seat of the Kumaon Kingdom. In 1803, the Garhwal Kingdom also fell to the Gurkhas. With the conclusion of the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1816, a rump portion of the Garhwal Kingdom was re-established from Tehri, and eastern British Garhwal and Kumaon ceded to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli. After India attained independence from the British, the Garhwal Kingdom was merged into the state of Uttar Pradesh, where Uttarakhand composed the Garhwal and Kumaon Divisions.[12] Until 1998, Uttarakhand was the name most commonly used to refer to the region, as various political groups, including the Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (Uttarakhand Revolutionary Party), began agitating for separate statehood under its banner. Although the erstwhile hill kingdoms of Garhwal and Kumaon were traditional rivals with diverse lingual and cultural influences due to the proximity of different neighbouring ethnic groups, the inseparable Uttarakhand as a part of the United Province, 1903 and complementary nature of their geography, economy, culture, language, and traditions created strong bonds between the two regions.[13] These bonds formed the basis of the new political identity of Uttarakhand, which gained significant momentum in 1994, when demand for separate statehood achieved almost unanimous acceptance among both the local populace and national political parties.[14] The most notable incident during this period was the Rampur Tiraha firing case on the night of 1 October 1994, which led to a public uproar.[15] On 24 September 1998, the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Bill, which began the process of creating a new state.[16] Two years later the Parliament of India passed the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000, and thus, on 9 November 2000, Uttarakhand became the 27th state of the Republic of India.

"Maatu hamru, paani hamru, hamra hi chhan yi baun bhi... Pitron na lagai baun, hamunahi ta bachon bhi" Soil ours, water ours, ours are these forests. Our forefathers raised them, its we who must protect them. [17] -- Old Chipko Song (Garhwali language)

Uttarakhand is also well known for the mass agitation of the 1990s that led to the formation of the Chipko environmental movement[18] and other social movements. Though primarily a livelihood movement rather than a forest conservation movement, it went on to become a rallying point for many future environmentalists, environmental protests, and movements the world over and created a precedent for non-violent protest.[19][20] It stirred up the existing civil society in India, which began to address the issues of tribal and marginalized people. So much so that, a quarter of a century later, India Today mentioned the people behind the "forest satyagraha" of the Chipko movement as amongst "100 people who shaped India".[21] One of Chipko's most salient features was the mass participation of female villagers.[22] Both female and male activists played pivotal roles in the movement, including Chandi Prasad Bhatt, Sundarlal Bahuguna, and Ghanasyam Raturi, the popular Chipko poet.[23]

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Geography
Uttarakhand has a total area of 53,566km, of which 93% is mountainous and 64% is covered by forest. Most of the northern part of the state is covered by high Himalayan peaks and glaciers, while the lower foothills were densely forested till logged by British log merchants and, after independence, by forest contractors. Recent efforts in reforestation, however, have begun to restore the historical environment. The Himalayan ecosystem provides habitat for many animals (including bharal, snow leopards, leopards and tigers), plants, and rare herbs. Two of India's largest rivers, the Ganges and the Yamuna, originate in the glaciers of Uttarakhand, where they are fed by myriad

Nanda Devi, the second-highest mountain in India

lakes, glacial melts and streams.[24] Uttarakhand lies on the southern slope of the Himalaya range, and the climate and vegetation vary greatly with elevation, from glaciers at the highest elevations to subtropical forests at the lower elevations. The highest elevations are covered by ice and bare rock. Below them, between 3000 and 5000 metres (unknown operator: u'strong' and unknown operator: u'strong' ft) are the western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. The temperate western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, grow just below the tree line. At 3000 to 2600 metres (unknown operator: u'strong' to unknown operator: u'strong' ft) elevation they transition to the temperate western Himalayan broadleaf forests, which lie in a belt from 2600 to 1500 metres (unknown operator: u'strong' to unknown operator: u'strong' ft) elevation. Below 1500 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) elevation lie the Himalayan subtropical pine forests. The Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests and the drier Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands cover the lowlands along the Uttar Pradesh border in a belt locally known as Bhabhar. These lowland forests have mostly been cleared for agriculture, but a few pockets remain.[25]

A panorama of Garhwal Himalaya from Dhanaulti

Demographics
The native people of Uttarakhand are generally called either Kumaoni or Garhwali depending on their place of origin in either the Kumaon or Garhwal region. According to the 2011 census of India, Uttarakhand has a population of 10,116,752 comprising 5,154,178 males and 4,962,574 females, with 69.45% of the population living in rural areas. The state is the 20th most populous state of the country having 0.84% of the population on 1.69% of the land. The population density of the state is 189 people per square km having a 20012011 decadal growth rate of 19.17%. The gender ratio is 963 females per 1000 males.[26] [27]

A Garhwali lady in traditional attire

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The crude birth rate in the state is 18.6 with the total fertility rate being 2.3. The state has an infant mortality rate of 43, a maternal mortality rate of 188 and a crude death rate of 6.6.[29] Uttarakhand has a multiethnic population spread across two geocultural regions: the Gahrwal, and the Kumaon. A large portion of the population is Rajput (various clans of landowning rulers and their descendants)including members of the native Garhwali, Gujjar, and Kumaoni communities, as well as a number of immigrants. Approximately one-fifth of the population belongs to the Scheduled Castes (an official term for the lower castes in the traditional Hindu caste system). Scheduled Tribes (an official term for natives outside the Indian social system), such as the Raji, who live near the border with Nepal, comprise less than 5 percent of the population. More than four-fifths of Uttarakhands residents are Hindus. According to a 2007 study, Uttarakhand has the highest percentage of Brahmins of any state in India, with approximately 20% of the population being Brahmin. [30] Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, and Jains make up the remaining population with the Muslims being the largest minority.[8][28] The Kumaoni and Garhwali dialects of Central Pahari are spoken in Kumaon and Garhwal regions, respectively. Jaunsari and Bhotiya dialects are spoken by tribal communities in the west and north, respectively. The urban population, however, converses mostly in Hindi, which is an official language of the state. Uttarakhand is the only Indian state to give official language status to Sanskrit.[31]

Government and politics

Following the Constitution of India, the State of Uttarakhand, like all Indian states, has a parliamentary system of representative democracy for its government. The Governor is the constitutional and formal head of the government who is appointed for a five-year term by the President of India on the advice of the Union government. The Chief Minister, who holds the real executive powers, is the head of the party or coalition garnering the majority in the state elections. The Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. A Council of Ministers is appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister and reports to the Legislative Assembly. Uttarakhand has a unicameral house with 70 Members of the Legislative Assembly or MLAs.[32] Auxiliary authorities that govern at a local level are known as panchayats in rural areas and municipalities in urban areas. All state and local government offices have a five year term. The state also contributes 5 seats to Lok Sabha and 3 seats to Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[33] The judiciary consists of the Uttarakhand High Court, located at Nainital, and a system of lower courts. The present Chief Justice of the High Court is Barin Ghosh.[34] Politics in Uttarakhand is dominated by the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party. Since the formation of the state these parties have ruled the state in turns. Following the hung mandate in the Uttarakhand State Assembly Election in 2011, the Indian National Congress, having the maximum number of seats, formed a coalition government and Vijay Bahuguna became the Chief Minister.[32]

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Sub-divisions
There are 13 districts in Uttarakhand which are grouped into two divisions, Kumaon and Garhwal. Four new districts named Didihat, Ranikhet, Kotdwar, and Yamunotri were declared by the then CM of Uttarakhand, Ramesh Pokhriyal on 15 August 2011.[35] The Kumaon division includes the following districts: Almora Bageshwar Champawat Nainital Pithoragarh Udham Singh Nagar

The Garhwal division includes the following districts: Dehradun Haridwar Tehri Garhwal Uttarkashi Chamoli Pauri Garhwal (commonly known as Garhwal) Rudraprayag
Districts of Uttarakhand

Each district is governed by a district commissioner or district magistrate. The districts are further divided into sub-divisions, which are governed by sub-divisional magistrates; sub-divisions comprise blocks containing panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. According to the 2011 census, Haridwar, Dehradun, and Udham Singh Nagar are the most populous districts, each of them having a population of over one million.[26]

Culture
The diverse ethnicity has resulted in rich literary and language tradition.Major languages are Hindi, Kumaoni, Garhwali, Jaunsari and Bhotiya.Both Kumaon and Garhwal are a rich repository of traditional literature. Originally in the form of lyrical ballads and folklore chanted by itinerant singers, the tales of this region are now considered part of Hindi literature's best works.Ganga Prasad Vimal, Manohar Shyam Joshi, Shekhar Joshi, Shailesh Matiyani, Shivani, Mohan Upreti and Jnanpith awardee Sumitranandan Pant are some of the major literary figures from the region. Prominent philosopher and environmental activist Vandana Shiva is also from Uttarakhand.

Sumitranandan Pant museum, Kausani

The dances of the region are connected to life and human existence and exhibit myriad human emotions. Langvir nritya is a dance form for males and in many ways similar to gymnastic movements.Barada Nati folk dance is

Uttarakhand another famous dance of Dehradun,which is practised on some religious festivals.Hurka Baul,Jhumeila,Chaufula, Chholiya are some of the other better known dances.[36] Music is an integral part of the Uttarakhand culture.The calm and serene ambiance of this place surrounded with hills and mountains has inspired many musicians to compose great tones they mainly include the spiritual and socio-cultural scenes of the place.Some of the popular folk songs are `Mangals`, `Basanti`, `khuded` and `Chhopati`.[37] These folk songs are composed on the beats and nodes of dhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora and masakbhaja.Music is also used as a medium through which the gods are invoked.Jaagar is a form of ghost worship in which the singer or Jagariya sings a ballad of the gods, with allusions to the great epics like Mahabharat and Ramayana, which describes the adventures and exploits of the god being invoked.Narendra Singh Negi is a popular singer of the region.[38] Among the prominent local crafts is wood carving, which appears most frequently in the ornately decorated temples of Uttarakhand. Intricately carved designs- of floral patterns, deities and geometrical motifs- also decorate the doors, windows, ceilings and walls of village houses. Beautifully worked paintings and murals are used to decorate both homes as well as temples.Pahari painting is a form of painting that flourished in the region between 17th and 19th century.Mola Ram started the Garhwal Branch of Kangra school of painting.Haripur Guler was famous as the cradle of Kangra paintings. Kumaoni art often is geometrical in nature, while Garhwali art has long been known for its closeness to the nature.Other crafts of Uttarakhand include handcrafted jewelleryusually of gold; basketry from Garhwal; woollen shawls and scarves and rugs. The latter are mainly produced by the Bhotias of northern Uttarakhand. The primary food of Uttarakhand is vegetables with wheat being a staple, although non-vegeterian food is also served and savored by many.The primary characteristics of the Uttarakhand cuisine is that milk and milk based products is sparingly used here, use of tomato is also minimal.Coarse grain with high fibre content is very common in Uttarakhand due to the harsh terrain.Other food items which are famous are madua (Buck wheat) in the interior regions of Kumaun.Generally, either pure ghee or mustard oil is used for the purpose of cooking food. in the cuisines of Uttarakhand. Simple recipes of this state are made interesting with the use of hash seeds as spice.Bal Mithai is a popular fudge like sweet.Dubuk,Chains,Kaap,Churkani,Bhatt Ki Churdkani, Sei,Gulgula aresome of the popular food items in Uttarakhand.Jhoi a regional variation of Kadhi is also popular.

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Architectural details of a Dharamshala, estb. 1822, Haridwar

Abhisarika nayika, a painting by Mola Ram

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One of the major Hindu pilgrimages Kumbh Mela takes place in Uttarakhand .Haridwar is one of the four places in India where this mela is organized.Haridwar hosted the Purna Kumbha mela from Makar Sankranti (14 January 2010) to Shakh Purnima Snan (28 April 2010). Hundreds of foreigners joined Indian pilgrims in the festival which is thought to be the largest religious gathering in the world.[39] Bathing ghat on the Ganges during Kumbh Mela, 2010, Kumauni Holi in all its forms such as Baithki Holi, Khari Haridwar Holi and Mahila Holi all of which start from Basant Panchmi are noted for the musical affair it becomes and also that the festivities last almost a month.Ganga Dussehra, Vasant Panchami, Makar Sankranti, Ghee Sankranti, Khatarua, Bat Savitri, Phool Dei are other major festivals.Besides various fairs like Harela mela, Nanda Devi Mela take place.

Economy
Like most of India, agriculture is one of the most significant sectors of the economy of Uttarakhand.Rice, wheat, soybean, groundnut, coarse cereals, pulses, oil seeds are the most widely grown crops of the state.Fruits like apple, orange, pear, peach and plum are grown widely in the state giving immense opportunity for food processing industry.The state is one of the largest producers of seasonal fruits like Litchi, Apple, Plum, Peach etc. and premium quality basmati rice.Agro food processing is one of the most important industries of the state. To boost the agro food processing industries agri exports zones have been setup in the state for leechi, horticulture, herbs, medicinal plants and basmati rice.During the year 2010 the wheat production was 831 thousand tonnes and rice production was 610 thousand tonnes.The main cash crop pf the state, sugarcane had a production of 5058 thousand tonnes for the year 2010.As 90% of the state is hilly the yield per hectare is not very high.86% of the gross cropped area is in the plains while the remaining is from the hills.[40]

Rice winnowing.Rice is an important food crop of the state.

Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (200405 Base) figures in crores of Indian Rupees Year 20042005 20052006 20062007 20072008 20082009 20092010 Net State Domestic Product 22,301 26,856 32,728 40,338 46,587 54,435

[41]

During 20052006, the state successfully developed three Integrated Industrial Estates (IIEs) at Haridwar, Pantnagar and Sitarganj, Pharma City at Salequi, Information Technology Park at Sahastradhana (Dehradun), and Growth centre at Siggadi (Kotdwar). In 20052006. 20 private/joint/co-operative sector industrial sectors in public private

Uttarakhand partnership mode were also developed in the state.[42] Tourism, Agro and food processing and hydropower are some of the key industries of the state along with prospective development in IT, ITES, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobiles.The service sector of Uttarakhand mainly includes tourism, information technology, higher education and banking.[40] Uttarakhand is one of the fastest growing states in India.The Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) (at current prices) has almost doubled from Rs 20,438 crore in FY04 to Rs 40,159 crore in FY09. The real GSDP grew around 9% (average) during FY2004FY2009 period.The contribution of services sector in the GSDP of Uttarakhand was around 50% during FY200109.Per capita income of Uttarakhand is 42031 (US$760.76) (FY2010) which is slightly lower than national average of 44345 (US$802.64) (FY2010).[40] According to the Reserve Bank of India the total Forest Direct Invest ment in the state from April 2000 to October 2009 amounted to US$ 46.7 million.[43] ]

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Flora and fauna

State symbols of Uttarakhand[44]
Animal

Musk Deer Bird

Monal Flower

Brahma Kamal Tree

Burans

Uttarakhand has a great diversity of flora and fauna.It has a recorded forest area of 34651km2 which constitutes 65% of the total geographical area of the state.[45] Uttarakhand is home to rare species of plants and animals which are protected by sanctuaries and reserves.National parks in Uttarakhand include the Jim Corbett National Park (the oldest national park of India) at Ramnagar in Nainital District, Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.A number of plant species in the valley are internationally threatened, several have not been recorded from elsewhere in Uttarakhand and two have not been recorded in Nanda Devi National Park.[46] Rajaji National Park in Haridwar District, Govind Pashu

Uttarakhand Vihar National Park and Sanctuary and Gangotri National Park in Uttarkashi District are some other protected areas in the state.[47] Leopards are found in hilly areas but may also venture into the low land jungles.Smaller felines include the jungle cat, fishing cat and leopard cat.Other mammals include four kinds of deer (barking, sambar, hog and chital), Sloth and Himalayan Black bears, Indian Grey Mongoose, otters, yellow-throated martens, ghoral (goat-antelopes), Indian pangolins, and langur and rhesus monkeys.In the summer, elephants can be seen in herds of several hundred.The Indian python found in the Jim Corbett National Park is a Little green bee-eaters at Jim Corbett National Park dangerous species, capable of killing a chital deer.Marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) and other reptiles are also found in the region.Local crocodiles were saved from extinction by captive breeding programs that subsequently released crocodiles into the Ramganga river.[48] Several freshwater terrapins and turtles like Indian Sawback turtle(Kachuga tecta), Brahminy river turtle(Hardella thurgii) and Ganges softshell turtle(Trionyx gangeticus) are found in the rivers.Butterflies and birds of the region include Red Helen(Papilio helenus), the Great Eggfly (Hypolimnos bolina), Common Tiger(Danaus genutia), Pale Wanderer(Pareronia avatar avatar), Jungle Babbler, Tawny-bellied Babbler, Great Slaty Woodpecker, Red-breasted Parakeet, Orange-breasted Green Pigeon and Chestnut-winged Cuckoo.[49] Evergreen oaks, rhododendrons, conifers predominate the hills.Shorea robusta (Sal), Silk cotton tree (Bombax ciliata), Dalbergia sissoo, Mallotus philippensis, Acacia catechu, Bauhinia racemosa and Bauhinia variegata also known as camels foot tree are some of the other trees of the region.Albizia chinensis, the sweet sticky flowers of which are favoured by sloth bears are also part of the region's flora.[49] A decade long study of Prof. C.P. Kala from 1993 onwards Geranium flowers in valley of flowers concluded that the Valley of Flowers is endowed with 520 species of higher plants (angiosperms, gymnosperms and pteridophytes), of these 498 are flowering plants. The park has many species of medicinal plants including Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Picrorhiza kurroa, Aconitum violaceum, Polygonatum multiflorum, Fritillaria roylei and Podophyllum hexandrum.[50][51]

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Transport
The total length of roads in Uttarakhand is 28,508.58km in which national highways contribute 1,327.60km and state highways contribute 1,542.78km.[42] State Road Transport Corporation (SRTC) which has also been reorganized in Uttarakhand as "Uttarakhand Transport Corporation" is a major constituent of transport system in the state. The Corporation which began to work on 31 October 2003, provides services on interstatel as well as nationalized routes .As of 2012, approximately 1000 buses are being plied by "Uttarakhand Transport Corporation" on 35 nationalized routes along with many other non nationalized routes. There are also private transport operators operating approximately 3000 buses on non-nationalised routes along with a few interstatel routes of Uttarakhand and neighbouring state of U.P.[52] For travelling locally, the state, like most of the country has auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws.In addition, remote towns and villages in the hills are connected to important road junctions and bus routes by a vast network of crowded share jeeps that crisscrosses the state.[53]

Uttarakhand The state air transport is not very well developed with efforts to develop Naini Saini Airport in Pithoragarh district, Chaniyalisaur in Uttarkashi and Gauchar in Chamoli district.The major airport in the state is the Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun and this airport is well connected to Delhi.Another domestic airport is located in the Kumaon region of Pantnagar.Plans are on to launch helipad service in Pant Nagar and Jolly Grant Airports and other important tourist destinations like Ghangharia and Hemkund Sahib in Uttaranchal to provide easy commutation service to the tourist in the state.[54] Uttarakhand is a hilly state and around 90% terrain is hilly. Therefore the railway services are very limited in the state and are largely confined to the plains.As of 2011 The total length of railway tracks is about 345km.[42] The railways, being the cheapest mode of transport, is most popular.The most important railway station in Uttarakhand is the one at Kathgodam which is 35 kilometers away from Nainital. The last terminus of broad gauze line of North East Railways is Kathgodam railway station. This railway station connects Nainital with Delhi, Dehradun and Howrah. Other famous railway stations of Uttarakhand are at Lalkuan and Haldwani.Dehradun Railway Station is a railhead of the Northern Railways.[55]

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Tourism
Due its location in the Himalayas, Uttarakhand has many tourist spots.There are many ancient temples, forest reserves and National parks, hill stations and mountain peaks that draw large number of tourists.There are 44 nationally protected monuments in the state.[56] Oak Grove School in the state is on the tentative world heritage sites list.[57] Two of the most holy rivers in Hinduism Ganga and Yamuna originate in Uttarakhand.

Chota Char Dham

Kedarnath

Badrinath

Gangotri

Yamunotri

. Uttarakhand has long been called "abode of the gods" (Devbhumi), as the state has some of the holiest Hindu shrines, and for more than a thousand years, pilgrims have been visiting the region in the hopes of salvation and purification from sin. Gangotri and Yamunotri, the sources of both the Ganga and Yamuna fall in the upper reaches of the state and together with Badrinath (dedicated to Vishnu) and Kedarnath (dedicated to Shiva) form the Char Dham, one of Hinduism's most spiritual and auspicious pilgrimage circuits. Haridwar, meaning "Gateway to God" is a prime Hindu destination. Haridwar hosts the Gurudwara Hemkund Sahib, an important Kumbha Mela every twelve years, in which millions of pilgrims take pilgrimage site for Sikhs part from all parts of the India and the world. Rishikesh near Haridwar is known as the preeminent yoga centre of India. The state has an abundance of temples and shrines, many dedicated to local deities or manifestations of Shiva and Durga, references to many of which can be found in Hindu scriptures and legends.[58] Uttarakhand is, however, a place of pilgrimage not only for the Hindus. Hemkund nested in the Himalayas is a prime pilgrimage center for the Sikhs. Tibetan Buddhism has also made itself felt with the recent reconstruction of Mindroling Monastery and its Buddha Stupa,

Uttarakhand touted as the world's highest,[59] southwest of Dehradun. Some of the most famous hill stations in India are in Uttarakhand.Mussoorie, Nainital, Dhanaulti, Lansdowne, Sattal, Almora, Kausani, Bhimtal and Ranikhet are some of the popular hill stations in India.[60] The state has 12 National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries which covers 13.8 percent of the total area of the state. The various Parks and Sanctuaries are locating at different altitudes varying from 800 mts to the high altitude Protected Areas at 5400 mts.The oldest national park on the Indian sub-continent Jim Corbett National Park is a major tourist attraction.[61] The park is famous for its varied wildlife and project tiger carried by the Government of India.In addition the state boasts of Valley of Flowers National Park and Nanda Devi National Park in Chamoli District, which together are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.A number of plant species in the valley are internationally threatened, several have not been recorded from elsewhere in Uttarakhand and two have not been recorded in Nanda Devi National Park.[46] The state has always been a destination for mountaineering, hiking and rock climbing in India. A recent development in adventure tourism in the region has been white water rafting in Rishikesh.Due to its proximity to the Himalaya ranges, the place is full of hills and mountains and is suitable for trekking, climbing, skiing, camping and rock climbing, paragliding is also a good sport where people from all parts of the country and aboard take part.[62] Roopkund is a popular trekking site among trakkers,famous for the mystery of skeletons found in the lake, which was covered by National Geographic Channel in a documentary[63] On the trek to Roopkund are also the beautiful meadows of Bugyal.

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Education
As of 30 September 2010 there are 15,331 primary schools with 1,040,139 million students and 22,118 working teachers. [64] [65] [66] As of census 2011 the literacy rate of the state is 79.63% with 88.33% literate males and 70.70% literate females.[28] The language of instruction in the schools is either English or Hindi.There are mainly government-run, private unaided (no government help) and private aided schools in the state.The main school affiliations are CBSE, CISCE or the state syllabus defined by the Department of Education of the Government of Uttarakhand.

Main Building of The Doon School.

Uttarakhand is home to several important educational institutions, including, the Indian Institute of Technology in Roorkee, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology in Pantnagar, Indian Military Academy and Forest Research Institute in Dehradun.Besides the higher education centers Uttarakhand has several reputed and prestigious day and boarding schools Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, distant view. including G D Birla Memorial School, Ranikhet, St. Joseph's College (Nainital), Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC) (Dehradun), The Doon School (Dehradun), Welham Girls School (Dehradun), Welham Boys School (Dehradun), Birla Vidya Mandir (Nainital), Sherwood College (Nainital). Several Indian luminaries have attended these schools including former prime ministers and film stars such as Rajiv Gandhi and Amitabh Bachchan.[67][68]

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References
[1] "Inequality- adjusted Human Development Index for Indias States-2011" (http:/ / www. in. undp. org/ content/ dam/ india/ docs/ inequality_adjusted_human_development_index_for_indias_state1. pdf). United Nations Development Programme. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [2] "Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand" (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ NorthIndia/ Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/ Article1-499467. aspx). . Retrieved 10 March 2012. [3] http:/ / uk. gov. in/ [4] "About Us" (http:/ / uk. gov. in/ pages/ display/ 115-about-us). Government of Uttarakhand. . Retrieved 2012-07-17. [5] Kandari, O. P., & Gusain, O. P. (Eds.). (2001). Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture & Society. Srinagar, Garhwal: Transmedia. [6] Negi, B. (2001). "Round One to the Lobbyists, Politicians and Bureaucrats." Indian Express, 2 January. [7] UNI. (2006). "Uttaranchal becomes Uttarakhand." Tribune (India), 12 October. [8] "Uttarakhand" (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 736432/ Uttarakhand). Encyclopdia Britannica, Inc.. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [9] Saklani, D. P. (1998). Ancient communities of the Himalaya. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co. [10] Pande, B. D. (1993). History of Kumaun: English version of "Kumaun ka itihas". Almora, U.P., India: Shyam Prakashan: Shree Almora Book Depot. [11] Rawat, A. S. (1989). History of Garhwal, 13581947: an erstwhile kingdom in the Himalayas. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co. [12] Saklani, A. (1987). The history of a Himalayan princely state: change, conflicts and awakening: an interpretative history of princely state of Tehri Garhwal, U.P., A.D. 1815 to 1949 A.D. (1st ed.). Delhi: Durga Publications. [13] Aggarwal, J. C., Agrawal, S. P., & Gupta, S. S. (Eds.). (1995). Uttarakhand: past, present, and future. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. [14] Kumar, P. (2000). The Uttarakhand Movement: Construction of a Regional Identity. New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers. [15] Rampur Tiraha firing (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 104312. cms) The Times of India, 31 Jul 2003. [16] Reorganisation Bill passed by UP Govt (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ res/ web/ pIe/ ie/ daily/ 19980924/ 26750834. html) The Indian Express, 24 September 1998. [17] Chipko! Hill conservationists (http:/ / www. tehelka. com/ story_main6. asp?filename=Ne090411Chipko. asp) Tehelka, September 11, 2004. [18] Guha, R. (2000). The unquiet woods: ecological change and peasant resistance in the Himalaya (Expanded ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. [19] Box 5: Women defend the trees (http:/ / www. unep. org/ geo/ yearbook/ yb2004/ 079. htm) Global Environment Outlook, GEO Year Book 2004/5, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). [20] Hijacking Chipko (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=BLFoFf3fbi0C& pg=PA194& dq=Chipko+ movement#PPA194,M1) Political ecology: a critical introduction, by Paul Robbins. Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004. ISBN 1-4051-0266-7. Page 194. [21] 100 people who shaped India Chipko Movement (http:/ / www. india-today. com/ itoday/ millennium/ 100people/ chipko. html) India Today . [22] Mishra, A., & Tripathi, (1978). Chipko movement: Uttaranchal women's bid to save forest wealth. New Delhi: People's Action/Gandhi Book House. [23] Chipko Movement - India (http:/ / www. iisd. org/ 50comm/ commdb/ desc/ d07. htm) International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). December 2007. [24] Negi, S. S. (1991). Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co. [25] Negi, S. S. (1995). Uttarakhand: land and people. New Delhi: MD Pub. [26] "Census of India-2011 (Uttarakhand) [[Hindi (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ data_files/ uttarakhand/ ppt_figures_press_rel. pdf)]"]. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (ORGI). . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [27] "Provisional Population Totals (Uttarakhand)" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ uttrakhand/ 4-fig-uttra-2. pdf). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India (ORGI). . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [28] "Demography" (http:/ / www. uk. gov. in/ pages/ view/ 428-demography Uttarakhand Government Portal, India). Government of Uttarakhand. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [29] "Annual Health Survey 20102011 Fact Sheet" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ vital_statistics/ AHSBulletins/ AHS_Baseline_Factsheets/ Uttarakhand. pdf). censusindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [30] "Brahmins In India" (http:/ / www. outlookindia. com/ article. aspx?234783). Outlook (magazine). . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [31] Sanskrit is second official language in Uttarakhand Hindustan Times (http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ NorthIndia/ Sanskrit-is-second-official-language-in-Uttarakhand/ Article1-499467. aspx) [32] "UTTARAKHAND LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY" (http:/ / legislativebodiesinindia. nic. in/ uttranchal. htm). legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in. . Retrieved 3 07 2012. [33] "Our Parliament" (http:/ / www. parliamentofindia. nic. in/ ls/ intro/ p1. htm). Parliamentofindia.nic.in. . Retrieved 3 07 2012. [34] "Hon'ble Chief Justice" (http:/ / highcourtofuttarakhand. gov. in/ pages/ display/ 221-honorable-chief-justice). highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in. . Retrieved 3 07 2012. [35] "Uttarakhand CM announces four new districts" (http:/ / zeenews. india. com/ news/ uttarakhand/ uttarakhand-cm-announces-four-new-districts_726353. html). Zee News. . Retrieved 1 07 2012.

Uttarakhand
[36] Folk Dances Of North India North India Folk Dances Folk Dance Forms Of North India (http:/ / www. culturalindia. net/ indian-dance/ folk-dances/ north-india. html) [37] Folk Songs of Uttarakhand (http:/ / www. aboututtarakhand. com/ Know-Abouts/ Folk-Song/ Folk-Songs. html) [38] The Telegraph Calcutta : Nation (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1070130/ asp/ nation/ story_7324156. asp) [39] Millions dip in Ganges at world's biggest festival (http:/ / www. google. com/ hostednews/ afp/ article/ ALeqM5jD7rnh8P4MtjMlNmzhcud7Xx47cw), Agence France-Presse, 13 April 2010 [40] "Uttarakhand: The State Profile" (http:/ / www. phdcci. in/ admin/ userfiles/ file/ Research-Bureau/ Uttarakhand. pdf). PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [41] "Net state domestic product at factor coststate-wise (at current prices)" (http:/ / www. rbi. org. in/ scripts/ PublicationsView. aspx?id=13592). Handbook of statistics on Indian economy. Reserve Bank of India. 15 September 2011. . Retrieved 7 February 2012. [42] Public Private Partnerships In India Uttarakhand Infrastructure (http:/ / www. pppinindia. com/ infrastructure-uttaranchal. php) [43] "UTTARAKHAND" (http:/ / www. ibef. org/ download/ Uttarakhand_060710. pdf). India Brand Equity Foundation. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [44] "Various State Symbols of Uttarakhand" (http:/ / www. gmvnl. com/ newgmvn/ facts/ ). gmvnl-Garhwal mandal vikas nigam limited. . Retrieved 1 April 2012. [45] "UTTARAKHAND ANNUAL PLAN 201112 FINALISATION MEETING BETWEEN HONBLE DEPUTY CHAIRMAN, PLANNING COMMISSION & HONBLE CHIEF MINISTER, UTTARAKHAND" (http:/ / planningcommission. nic. in/ plans/ stateplan/ present/ Uttarakhand. pdf). planningcommission.nic.in. . Retrieved 3 07 2012. [46] "Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks" (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 335/ ). UNESCO. . Retrieved 3 07 2012. [47] "WILDLIFE ECO-TOURISM IN UTTRAKHAND" (http:/ / www. uttarakhandforest. org/ Data/ SC_WildlifeEco-tourism. pdf). uttarakhandforest.org. . Retrieved 14 07 2012. [48] Riley, Laura; William Riley (2005):208. Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-12219-9. [49] K. P. Sharma (1998). Garhwal & Kumaon: A Guide for Trekkers and Tourists (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=jSelsX-adscC& pg=PA56). Cicerone Press Limited. pp.56. ISBN978-1-85284-264-2. . Retrieved 9 July 2012. [50] Kala, C.P. 2005. The Valley of Flowers; A newly declared World Heritage Site. Current Science, 89 (6): 919920. [51] Kala, C.P. 2004. The Valley of Flowers; Myth and Reality. International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India [52] History: State Transport Department , Government Of Uttarakhand, India (http:/ / transport. uk. gov. in/ pages/ display/ 54-history) [53] Transport in Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal) Lonely Planet Travel Information (http:/ / www. lonelyplanet. com/ india/ uttarakhand-uttaranchal/ transport/ getting-around) [54] Airports in Uttarakhand (http:/ / www. uttaranchal-india. com/ airports-in-uttarakhand. html) [55] Dehradun Railways Station Trains Information Guide Railway Station in Dehradun Uttarakhand (http:/ / www. euttaranchal. com/ uttaranchal/ dehradun-railway-station. php) [56] List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Uttranchal Archaeological Survey of India (http:/ / www. asi. nic. in/ asi_monu_alphalist_uttranchal. asp) [57] UNESCO World Heritage Centre Tentative Lists (http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ tentativelists/ state=in) [58] Dilwali, A., & Pant, P. (1987). The Garhwal Himalayas, ramparts of heaven. New Delhi: Lustre Press. [59] PTI. (2002). "Dalai Lama Inaugurates World's Highest Stupa." 28 October. [60] Travel places in Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal) Lonely Planet (http:/ / www. lonelyplanet. com/ india/ uttarakhand-uttaranchal/ places) [61] "WILDLIFE ECO-TOURISM IN UTTRAKHAND" (http:/ / www. uttarakhandforest. org/ Data/ SC_WildlifeEco-tourism. pdf). uttarakhandforest.org. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [62] Uttaranchal Travel Map, Uttaranchal Tourist Map (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ maps/ uttaranchal/ uttaranchaltourist. htm) [63] About Riddles of the Dead Show National Geographic Channel Asia (http:/ / natgeotv. com/ asia/ riddles-of-the-dead/ about) [64] "Primary schools in Uttarakhand as of 30 September 2010 [[Hindi|in Hindi (http:/ / schooleducation. uk. gov. in/ files/ statistics/ primary_schools. pdf)]"]. Government of Uttarakhand. . Retrieved 18 07 2012. [65] "Enrollment of (General) Children in Primary School" (http:/ / schooleducation. uk. gov. in/ files/ statistics/ Primary. pdf). Government of Uttarakhand. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [66] "Status of teachers (districtwise) as of 30 September 2010" (http:/ / schooleducation. uk. gov. in/ files/ statistics/ teachers/ Primary_teacher. pdf). Government of Uttarakhand. . Retrieved 17 07 2012. [67] Dasgupta, Reshmi R (10 05 2004). "Dooned if you do, damned if..." (http:/ / articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/ 2004-05-10/ news/ 27376408_1_doon-school-doscos-singh-and-vishvjeet-singh). The Economic Times. . Retrieved 18 07 2012. [68] Chopra, Jaskiran (02 07 2012). "Big Bs alma mater completes 143 yrs" (http:/ / dailypioneer. com/ state-editions/ dehradun/ 77449-big-bs-alma-mater-completes-143-yrs. html). The Pioneer (Indian newspaper). . Retrieved 18 07 2012.

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Further reading
Rivett-Carnac, J. H. (1879). Archaeological notes on ancient sculpturings on rocks in Kumaon, India (http:// www.archive.org/stream/archaeologicalno00rive#page/n7/mode/2up). Calcutta : G.H. Rouse. Upreti, Ganga Dutt (1894). Proverbs & folklore of Kumaun and Garhwal (http://www.archive.org/stream/ cu31924089930774#page/n7/mode/2up). Lodiana Mission Press. Oakley, E Sherman (1905). Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal) (http://www.archive.org/stream/holyhimalayareli00oaklrich#page/n7/mode/2up). Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London. of Kumaon, Raja Rudradeva; (Ed. with English tr. Haraprasada Shastri) (1910). Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking (http://www.archive.org/stream/syanikasatraorbo00rudruoft#page/n3/mode/2up). Asiatic Society, Calcutta. Umachand Handa (2002). History of Uttaranchal. Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-134-5. Excerpts (http:// books.google.com/books?id=7_Ct9gzvkDQC&pg=PA153&dq=Uttaranchal&lr=&as_brr=0#PPP1,M1) Husain, Z. (1995). Uttarakhand movement: the politics of identity and frustration, a psycho-analytical study of the separate state movement, 18151995. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot. ISBN 81-85897-17-4 arm, D. (1989). Tibeto-Himalayan languages of Uttarakhand. Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages, 3. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-171-4 Fonia, K. S. (1987). Uttarakhand, the land of jungles, temples, and snows. New Delhi, India: Lancer Books. Mukhopadhyay, R. (1987). Uttarakhand movement a sociological analysis. Centre for Himalayan Studies special lecture, 8. Raja Rammohunpur, Dt. Darjeeling: University of North Bengal. Uma Prasad Thapliyal (2005). Uttaranchal: Historical and cultural perspectives. B.R. Pub. Corp.,. ISBN 81-7646-463-5. Nationalistic part of Greater Nepal Region Vijaypal Singh Negi, Jawahernagar, Post -Agastyamuni,Dist.- Rudraprayag, The Great HimalaysPublication Date- 1998,

External links
Government Official web-site of Uttarakhand Government (http://www.uk.gov.in/) Other on uttrakhand hotels and places site (http://www.nainitalhotels.info''directory) Uttarakhand travel guide from Wikitravel Uttarakhand (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Uttarakhand/) at the Open Directory Project

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Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh
State

Seal

Location of Himachal Pradesh in India

Map of Himachal Pradesh Coordinates (Shimla): 31612N 771020E Country Established Capital Largest city India 25 January 1971 Shimla Shimla

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Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Urmila Singh Prem Kumar Dhumal Unicameral [2] [1] (BJP)

(68 seats)

Parliamentary constituency 4 High Court Area Total Area rank Elevation Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 6,856,509 21st 123/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-HP 0.681 (medium) 8th (2005) 83.78% Hindi, [3] [4] 55673km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 17th 2319m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) Himachal Pradesh High Court

himachal.nic.in

Himachal Pradesh /hmtlprd/ (Hindi: Punjabi: ) Hindustani pronunciation:[matl prde]( listen)) is a state in Northern India. It was a part of Nepal. It is spread over unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','km2),[5] and is bordered by Jammu and Kashmir on the north, Punjab on the west and south-west, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh on the south, Uttarakhand on the south-east and by the Tibet Autonomous Region on the east. Himachal Pradesh is known to be abundant in natural beauty[6] After the war between Nepal and Britain also known as Anglo Gorkha War, the British colonial government came into power. In 1950 Himachal was declared as a union territory but after the State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1971, Himachal emerged as the 18th state of the Republic of India. Himachal has many prestigious boarding schools. Hima means snow in Sanskrit, and the literal meaning of the state's name is In the lap of Himalayas.[7] It was named by one of the great Sanskrit scholars of Himachal Pradesh, Acharya Diwakar Datt Sharma. Its name means "Abode of Snow". The Economy of the Himachal Pradesh is currently the third fastest growing economy in India.[8] Himachal Pradesh has been ranked fourth in the list of the highest per capita incomes of Indian states. Due to the abundance of perennial rivers, Himachal also sells hydro electricity to other states such as Delhi, Punjab and Rajasthan.[9] The economy of the state is highly dependent on three sources: hydroelectric power, tourism and agriculture.[10][11] Hindus make up 95% of the state population, making it the most Hindu state (proportionally), in India. According to a 2005 Transparency International survey, Himachal Pradesh is ranked the second-least corrupt state in the country after Kerala.[12]

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History
The history of the area that now constitutes Himachal Pradesh dates back to the time when the Indus valley civilisation flourished between 2250 and 1750 BCE.[13] Tribes such as the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats inhabited the region from pre-historic era. During the Vedic period, several small republics known as "Janapada" existed which were later conquered by the Gupta Empire.[14] After a brief period of supremacy by king Harshavardhana, the region was once again divided into several local powers headed by chieftains, including some Rajput principalities. These kingdoms that enjoyed a large degree of independence were devastated by Muslim invaders a number of times.[13] Mahmud Ghaznavi conquered Kangra at the beginning of the 10th century. Timur and Sikander Lodi also marched through the lower hills of the state and captured a number of forts and fought many battles.[13] Several hill states acknowledged Mughal suzerainty and paid regular tribute to the Mughals.[15]
Sansar Chand (c.17651823)

The Gurkhas, a martial tribe came to power in Nepal in the year 1768. They consolidated their military power and began to expand their territory.[13] Gradually the Gorkhas annexed Sirmour and Shimla. With the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa, Gorkhas laid siege to Kangra. They managed to defeat Sansar Chand Katoch, the ruler of Kangra, in 1806 with the help of many provincial chiefs. However Gorkhas could not capture Kangra fort which came under Maharaja Ranjeet Singh in 1809. After the defeat the Gorkhas began to expand towards the south of the state. However, Raja Ram Singh, Raja of Siba State managed to capture the fort of Siba from the remnants of Lahore Darbar in Samvat 1846,[13] during the First Anglo-Sikh War. They came into direct conflict with the British along the tarai belt after which the British expelled them from the provinces of the Satluj.[13] Thus the British gradually emerged as the paramount powers.[13] The revolt of 1857 or first Indian war of independence resulted due to the building up of political, social, economic, religious and military grievances against the British government.[13] People of the hill states were not as politically active as the people in other parts of the country.[13] They remained more or less inactive and so did their rulers, with the exception of Bushahr.[13] Some of them even rendered help to the British government during the revolt. Among them were the rulers of Chamba, Bilaspur, Bhagal and Dhami. The rulers of Bushars rather acted in a manner hostile to the interests of British.[13]
[13]

The British territories in the hill came under British Crown after Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858. The states of Chamba, Mandi and Bilaspur made good progress in many fields during the British rule.[13] During World War I, virtually all rulers of the hill states remained loyal and contributed to the British war effort both in the form of men and materials. Amongst these were the states of Kangra, Jaswan, Datarpur, Guler, Nurpur, Chamba, Suket, Mandi and Bilaspur.[13] After independence the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Simla Hills States & four Punjab southern hill States by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 & 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956.[13] Following area of Punjab State namely Simla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil

Himachal Pradesh of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Kanungo circle of Pathankot tehsil of Gurdaspur District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.[13]

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Geography and climate

Dal Lake

A summer view of Khajjiar.

Climate
Temperature Avg. Winter 7 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F)

Avg. Summer 28 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) Precipitation 1469mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in)

Himachal is situated in the western Himalayas. Covering an area of 55673 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' mi),[5] Himachal Pradesh is a mountainous state with elevation ranging from about 350 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) to 7000 metres (unknown operator: u'strong' ft) above the sea level.[16] The drainage system of Himachal is composed both of rivers and glaciers. Himalayan rivers criss-cross the entire mountain chain. In fact the rivers are older than the mountain system.[17] Himachal Pradesh provides water to both the Indus and Ganges basins.[18] The drainage systems of the region are the Chandra Bhaga or the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. These rivers are perennial and are fed by snow and rainfall. They are protected by an extensive cover of natural vegetation.[18]

Asian Paradise Flycatcher in Kullu

There is great variation in the climatic conditions of Himachal due to extreme variation in elevation. The climate varies from hot and sub-humid tropical in the southern tracts to cold, alpine and glacial in the northern and eastern mountain ranges with more elevation.[19] The state has areas like Dharamsala that receive very heavy rainfall, as well

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as those like Lahaul and Spiti that are cold and almost rainless. Broadly Himachal experience three seasons; hot weather season, cold weather season and rainy season. Summer lasts from mid April till the end of June and most parts become very hot (except in alpine zone which experience mild summer) with the average temperature ranging from 28 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) to 32 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F). Winter lasts from late November till mid March. Snowfall is common in alpine tracts (generally above 2200 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) i.e. in the Higher and Trans-Himalayan region).

Himalyan Monal at Birds Park in Shimla

Flora and fauna

According to 2003 Forest Survey of India report, legally defined forest areas constitute 66.52% of the area of Himachal Pradesh, although area under tree cover is only 25.78%.[20] Vegetation in the state is dictated by elevation and precipitation. The southern part of the state, which is at the lowest elevations, has both tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests and tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests.[20] These are represented by northwestern thorn scrub forests along the border with Haryana and Uttar Pradesh and by Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests in the far southeast. Sal and shisham are found here. Rising into the hills, we find a mosaic of western Himalayan broadleaf forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests. Various deciduous and evergreen oaks live in the broadleaf forests, while Chir pine dominates the pine forests. Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests grow near treeline, with species that include East Himalayan Fir, West Himalayan Spruce, Deodar (State tree), and Blue pine. In the uppermost elevations we find western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows in the northeast and northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows in the northwest. Trees are sturdy with a vast network of roots. Alders, birches, rhododendrons and moist alpine shrubs are there as the regional vegetation. The rhododendrons can be seen along the hillsides around Shimla from March to May. The shrublands and meadows give way to rock and ice around the highest peaks. Himachal is also said to be the fruit bowl of the country with orchards scattered all over the place. Meadows and pastures are also seen clinging to steep slopes. After the winter season, the hillsides and orchards bloom with wild flowers, while gladiolas, carnations, marigolds,[21] roses, chrysanthemums, tulips and lilies are carefully cultivated. The state government is gearing up to make Himachal Pradesh as the flower basket of the world. Himachal Pradesh is a well known habitat to a variety of animals. There are around 1200 bird and 359 animal species in the state.[22] This includes the Leopard, Snow leopard (State animal), ghoral, musk deer and Western Tragopan. It has 12 major national parks and sanctuaries the largest number in the Himalayan region. The Great Himalayan National Park in Kullu district was created to conserve the flora and fauna of the main Himalayan range, while the Pin Valley National Park to conserve the flora and fauna of the cold desert.

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Subdivisions

Bilaspur Chamba Hamirpur Kangra Kinnaur Kullu Lahaul and Spiti Mandi Shimla Sirmaur Solan Una

Subdivisions of Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is divided into 12 districts namely, Kangra, Hamirpur, Mandi, Bilaspur, Una, Chamba, Lahaul and Spiti, Sirmaur, Kinnaur, Kullu, Solan and Shimla. The state capital is Shimla which was formerly British India's summer capital under the name Simla. A district of Himachal Pradesh is an administrative geographical unit, headed by a Deputy Commissioner or District Magistrate, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service. The district magistrate or the deputy commissioner is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Himachal Administrative Service and other Himachal state services. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. A Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues of the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Himachal Police Service and other Himachal Police officials.

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Government
The Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh has no pre-Constitution history. The State itself is a post-Independence creation. It came into being as a centrally administered territory on 15 April 1948 from the integration of thirty erstwhile princely states.[23] Himachal Pradesh is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The legislature consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Town Hall in Shimla. Speaker and the Deputy Speaker who are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Himachal Pradesh High Court and a system of lower courts. Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 68 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).[24] Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs. Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Chief Ministers of Himachal Pradesh

Prem Kumar Dhumal Shanta Kumar Thakur Ram Lal Virbhadra Singh Yashwant Singh Parmar

Economy

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Gross State Domestic Product at Current Prices figures in millions of Indian Rupees
Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 7,940 1985 13,720 1990 28,150 1995 66,980 2000 135,900 2005 230,240 2007 254,350

The era of planning started in Himachal in 1948 along with the rest of India. The first five year plan allocated .5.27 crore to Himachal. More than 50% of this expenditure was incurred on road construction since it was felt that without proper transport facilities, the process of planning and development could not be carried to the people, who mostly lived an isolated existence in far away areas. Himachal now ranks fourth in respect of per capita income among the states of the Indian Union.[9] Agriculture contributes over 45% to the net state domestic product. It is the main source of income and employment in Himachal. Over 93% of the population in Himachal depend directly upon agriculture which provides direct employment to 71% of its people. The main cereals grown are wheat, maize, rice and barley. Himachal has a rich heritage of handicrafts. These include woolen and pashmina shawls, carpets, silver and metal ware, embroidered chappals, grass shoes, Kangra and Gompa style paintings, wood work, horse-hair bangles, wooden and metal utensils and various other house hold items. These aesthetic and tasteful handicrafts declined under competition from machine made goods and also because of lack of marketing facilities. But now the demand for handicrafts has increased within and outside the country. Himachal is extremely rich in hydro electric resources. The state has about 25% of the national potential in this respect. It has been estimated that about 20,300MW of hydro electric power can be generated in the State by constructing various major, medium, small and mini/micro hydel projects on the five river basins. The state is also the first state in India to achieve the goal of having a bank account for every family.[9] As per the current prices, the total GDP was estimated at 25,435 crore ( 254,350,000,000), as against 23,024 crore ( 230,240,000,000) in the year 200405, showing an increase of 10.5%.[25]

Transport
Road: Roads are the major mode of transport in the hilly terrains of Himachal Pradesh. The state has road network of 28208km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi),[26] including eight national highways (NH) that constitute 1234km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) and 19 state highways with total length of 1,625km.[26] Some roads get closed during winter and monsoon seasons due to snowfall and landslides. Regular bus services connect Shimla with Chandigarh, Kullu, Manali, Delhi, Mandi, Pathankot, Ambala, Chail and Dehradun. Local taxis are the major local transport here. District Hamirpur has got the highest road density in the country.[27]

Kalka-Shimla Railway

Himachal Pradesh Railway: Railway track is accessible only to a few places in Himachal Pradesh. The PathankotJogindernagar line connects Punjab with Himachal Pradesh. The other railway tracks pass through Shimla, Solan and Una. Shimla is connected with Kalka by a narrow gauge railway line, which in turn is connected with the major cities in India. Himachal has two narrow gauge rail tracks. The Kalka-Shimla Railway track has a length of 96 kilometres. It passes through 102 tunnels and crosses 864 bridges.[28][29] Bilaspur-Mandi-Leh Railway is a proposed railway project which will be longest in Himachal Pradesh and it is expect to be highest railway track in the world. Air: There are three domestic airports in the stateShimla Airport, Bhuntar Airport serving Kullu and Manali, and Gaggal Airport serving Kangra and Dharamsala. The air routes connect the state with Delhi and Chandigarh. There are no international airports in Himachal Pradesh. Deccan, Air India, MDLR has flights from Delhi, Chandigarh to Kullu and back. Jagson Airlines has flights from Delhi to Shimla.[30]

448

Demographics

Traditional home, Manali

Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 2386000 2812000 3460000 4281000 5171000 6077900 6856509 % 17.9% 23.0% 23.7% 20.8% 17.5% 12.8%

Source:Census of [31] India

Himachal Pradesh has a total population of 6,856,509 including 3,473,892 males and 3,382,617 females as per the provisional results of the Census of India 2011. This is only 0.57 per cent of India's total population, recording a growth of 12.81 per cent. Total fertility rate (TFR) per woman is 1.8 which is one of lowest in India. Himachal Pradesh has a literacy rate of 83.78 per cent and gender ratio at 974/1000, according to the 2011 Census figures. Census-wise, the state is placed 21st on the population chart followed by Tripura at 22nd place. Kangra district was top ranked with a population strength of 1,507,223 (21.98%), Mandi district 999,518 (14.58%), Shimla district 813,384 (11.86%), Solan district 576,670 (8.41%), Sirmaur district 530,164 (7.73%), Una district 521,057 (7.60%),

Himachal Pradesh Chamba district 518,844 (7.57%), Hamirpur district 454,293 (6.63%), Kullu district 437,474 (6.38%), Bilaspur district 382,056 (5.57%), Kinnaur district 84,298 (1.23%) and Lahaul Spiti 31,528 (0.46%). The main communities are Brahmins, Gujjars, Rathis, Saini, Jats, Rajputs Gaddis, Ghirth (choudhary), Kanets, and Kolis. The Ghirth (choudhary) community is found mainly in Kangra District. Himachal has a sizeable population of Tibetans.[32] Himachal Pradesh has the highest proportion of Hindu population in India (95%). Other religions that form a small percentage are Buddhism and Sikhism. The Lahaulis of Lahaul and Spiti region are mainly Buddhists. Sikhs mostly live in towns and cities. For example they form 10% of the population in Una District adjoining the state of Punjab and 17% in Shimla, the state capital. The Buddhists are mainly natives and tribals from Lahaul and Spiti, where they form majority of 60% and Kinnaur where they form 40%, however the bulk are refugees from Tibet.[33] The life expectancy at birth in Himachal Pradesh is 62.8 years (higher than the national average of 57.7 years) for 19861990. The infant mortality rate stood at 62 in 1999 and crude birth rate has declined from 37.3 in 1971 to 22.6 in 1998, below the national average of 26.5 in 1998. The crude death rate was 7.7 in 1998. Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate grew by 34.65% between 1981 and 2001.[34]

449

Languages
Hindi is used in official businesses. Pahari is spoken in most of Himachal as mean of communication between common people. Bhoti and Kinnauri is spoken in districts of Kinnaur and Lahul and Spiti. The major spoken languages include Hindi, Punjabi, Mahasui, Kulluyi, Lahauli, Kinnauri, Chambyali, Sirmauri, Gojri (by Gujjars), Bilaspuri, Pahari, Dogri, Kangri.[32] Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in Himachal Pradesh are the Sunam language 558 (1998), Gahri language 4,000 (1997), Jangshung language 1,990 (1998), Kanashi language 1,400 (2002 Chauhan), Kinnauri language 48,778, Kinnauri Bhoti language 6,000 (1998), Chitkuli language 1,060 (1998), Pattani language 11,000 (1997), Shumcho language 2,174 (1998) and the Tukpa language 723 (1998).[35]

Culture
Himachal[36] was one of the few states that had remained largely untouched by external customs, largely due to its difficult terrain. With the technological advancements the state has changed very rapidly. It is a multireligional, multicultural as well as multilingual state like other Indian states. Some of the most commonly spoken languages includes Hindi, Pahari, Dogri, Mandeali Kangri, Gojri, Punjabi and Kinnauri.[32] The caste communities residing in Himachal include the Brahmins, Rajputs, Gujjars, Gaddis, Grith (choudhary), Kannets, Rathis and Kolis.[37] There are tribal populations in the state which mainly comprise Kinnars, Pangawals, Sulehria, and Lahaulis.[38] The state is well known for its handicrafts. The carpets, leather works, shawls, metalware, woodwork and paintings are worth appreciating. Pashmina shawls are a product that is highly in demand in Himachal and all over the country. Himachali caps are famous art work of the people. Extreme cold winters of Himachal necessitated wool weaving. Nearly every household in Himachal owns a pit-loom. Wool is considered as pure and is used as a ritual cloth. The well-known woven object is the shawl, ranging from fine pashmina to the coarse desar. Kullu is famous for its shawls with striking patterns and vibrant colours. Kangra and Dharamshala are famous for Kangra miniature paintings. Local music and dance reflect the cultural identity of the state. Through their dance and music, they entreat their gods during local festivals and other special occasions. Apart from the fairs and festivals that are celebrated all over India, there are number of other fairs and festivals that are of great significance to Himachal Pradesh. Shimla, the state capital, is home to Asia's only natural ice skating rink.[39]

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Food
The day to day food of Himachalis is very similar to the rest of the north India. They have lentil, broth, rice, vegetables and bread. Some of the specialties of Himachal include paneer, chouck, bhagjery, jhoul, patrode, siddu ( wheat flour mixed with yeast make thick bread), beduan, chutney, khatti dal, mahni, khatta and ambua, madra,lingree( unfolded fern twigs),, lachede,karale, pahari aloo and pahari murgh, rehroo. .

Famous people
Prominent people associated with Himachal include The Great Khali, Anupam Kher, Amrish Puri (who studied here), Prem Chopra (brought up here), Mohit Chauhan, Anand Sharma (member of Rajya Sabha and Union Cabinet Minister for Commerce and Industry[40] of the Government of India), Third Supreme Court Chief-Justice and former Prime Minister of Kashmir in 1947 Mehr Chand Mahajan, economist and former vice-president of World Bank Shahid Javed Burki, NSG Commando, Pritam Singh, Bollywood actresses Preity Zinta, Kangna Ranaut, Hollywood actress Namrata Singh Gujral, Satyananda Stokes who introduced apple in the region, writer Idries Shah, ornithologist Allan Octavian Hume (had his home here), former general of Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and current president of Afghanistan Hamid Karzai who both studied here.

Education
Himachal Pradesh has one of the highest literacy rates in India next to Kerala.[41] Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy.[41] Education rates among women are quite encouraging in the state.[41] The standard of education in the state has reached a considerably high level as compared to other states in India[41] with several reputed educational institutes for higher studies. The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, the Central University Dharamshala, the Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, the Jaypee University of Information Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in 2006 at Sundernagar is an important milestone in higher technical education in the state.[41] The state government is working constantly to prepare plans and projects to strengthen the education system. The state government decided to start three nursing colleges to develop the health system. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal.[42] The state government
Indian Institute of Advanced Study at Shimla

IIT Mandi Campus

Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at Shimla

Himachal Pradesh has decided to start up with three major nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.[41] In meeting the constitutional obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has became the first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child.[43] The state has Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Kumarhatti. Besides that there is Himachal Dental College which is the state's first recognised dental institute.[44] Himachal has institutions to revive fading traditional skills such as those in art and architecture. The Chitera School of Art [45] teaches the delicate style of Kangra miniature paintings. The Dharmalaya Institute [46] is working to preserve the arts of the Kangra style of traditional, vernacular earthen architecture.[47]

451

Universities
Name Indian Institute of Technology Mandi National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur University Institute of Information Technology Central University of Himachal Pradesh Himachal Pradesh University Himachal Pradesh Technical University Type Institute of National Importance Mandi City Institute of National Importance Hamirpur State University Central University State University State University Shimla Dehra Gopipur and Dharamshala Shimla Hamirpur Nauni Palampur Waknaghat, Solan Baru Sahib Barotiwala Indora Solan Solan Baddi Palampur Una Kumarhatti Solan Kufri Location

Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry State University CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya Jaypee University of Information Technology Eternal University Chitkara University Arni University LR GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Baddi University of Emerging Sciences and Technologies Sri Sai University Indus International University Manav Bharti University Bahra University Institute of Hotel Management Catering & Nutrition State University State (Private) University Private University Private University Private University Private Institution Private University Private University Private University Private University Private University Private University Government University

W.R.S. College Dehri (Nurpur) is an ancient college of Himachal |Pradesh.

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Media and communication

Though situated in a remote part of the country, Himachal Pradesh has an active community of journalists and publishers. Several newspapers and magazines are published in more than one language, and their reach extends to almost all the Hindi speaking states. Radio and TV have permeated significantly. Judging by the number of people writing to these media, there is a very large media-aware population in the state. The Telegraph, The Statesman, Asian Age, Hindustan Times, Punjab Kesari, Amar Ujala, Divya Himachal and The Times of India are the newspapers published here. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Punjabi and Nepali are also read by selected readership. Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Doordarshan Shimla also provides programs in Pahari language.Multi system operators provide a mix of Nepali, Hindi, English, and international channels via cable. All India Radio is a public radio station. Private FM stations are also available in few cities like Shimla. BSNL, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom, Tata Docomo, Aircel, S Tel, Vodafone, Idea Cellular and Airtel are available cellular phone operators. Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by other private companies. Dial-up access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers.

State profile
State Symbols
State animal Snow leopard State bird State tree Jujurana Deodar

State flower Rhododendron

Source: Department of Information and Public Relations.[48]

Area Total Population Males Females Population Density Sex Ratio Rural Population Urban Population Scheduled Caste Population Scheduled Tribe Population Literacy Rate Male Literacy Female Literacy Districts Sub-Division 55673km2 68,56,509 34,73,892 33,82,617 123 974 [49] [49] [49] [50] [50]

61,67,805 6,88,704

[49]

1,502,171 244,587 83.78% 90.83% 76.60% 12 52 [50] [50] [50]

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75 34 75 59 3,243 75 12 53 1 20 32 20,690 17,495 3,835 17,000 30,000km 8 20,787 MW in five rivers basins i.e. (Yamuna, Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Himurja) 6353.12MW 16.69 lakh tonnes 9 lakh tonnes 6.95 lakh tonnes . 36,783 (20062007) Expected 237,250 Persons, Annual Expenditure: Over . 60 Crore . 27,380/- crore, Employment Opportunities: Over 337,391

Tehsils Sub-Tehsils Developmental Block Towns Panchayats Panchayat Smities Zila Parishad Urban Local Bodies Nagar Nigam Nagar Parishad Nagar Panchayats Census Villages Inhabited Villages Health Institutions Educational Institutions Motorable Roads National Highways Identified Hydroelectric Potential Potential harnessed Food grain production Vegetable production Fruit Production Per Capita Income Social security Pension Investment in Industrial Area

Employment generated in Government Sector 80,000

Notes
[1] Chief Minister (http:/ / himachal. gov. in/ cm. htm), Himachal Pradesh [2] "Himachal Pradesh Vidhan Sabha" (http:/ / hpvidhansabha. nic. in/ ). Hpvidhansabha.nic.in. 2011-04-18. . Retrieved 2011-06-15. [3] Himachal Pradesh adopted Hindi as the sole official language in 2008. Hindi to be official language of H.P. (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2008/ 08/ 21/ stories/ 2008082156920300. htm) [4] http:/ / www. himachal. nic. in/ [5] "Statistical Facts about India" (http:/ / www. indianmirror. com/ geography/ geo9. html). www.indianmirror.com. . Retrieved 2006-10-26. [6] Singh 2000, p.1 [7] "Literal meaning of Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. himachalpradesh. us/ geography/ himalayas_in_himachal. php). www.himachalpradesh.us. . Retrieved 2007-05-20. [8] "State Domestic Product of India 2011-12 | State-Wise GDP 2011 | District GDP of India | State-wise Population 2011 | VMW Analytic Services" (http:/ / unidow. com/ india home eng/ statewise_gdp. html). Unidow.com. . Retrieved 2012-04-05. [9] "Economy of Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ himachal/ economy/ econodeve. htm). Suni System (P). . Retrieved 2006-04-28. [10] NEW ERA OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN HIMACHAL PRADESH OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (http:/ / www. yesbank. in/ downloads/ KnowledgeBank_17Jan06/ YESBANK_Knowledge_ExecutiveSummary_Himachal. pdf) yesbank.in Retrieved on- April 2008

Himachal Pradesh
[11] "Himachal Tourism Complete Guide" (http:/ / www. himachaltouristguide. com). Sachin Gupta, Pathankot. . Retrieved 2011-03-22. [12] Page 11 of "India Corruption Study 2005" (http:/ / iri. org. in/ related_readings/ India Corruption Study 2005. pdf). Transparency International. . Retrieved 2007-05-29. [13] "History of Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / himachal. nic. in/ tour/ history. htm). National informatics center, Himachal Pradesh. . Retrieved 2008-03-31. [14] "History of Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. himachalpradeshindia. com/ history. html). HimachalPradeshIndia.com. . Retrieved 2008-03-31. [15] Verma 1995, pp.2835, Historical Perspective [16] "Himachal at a glance" (http:/ / www. himachalpradesh. us/ himachal/ himachal_glance. php). www.himachalpradesh.us. . Retrieved 2007-05-20. [17] "Rivers in Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. himachalpradesh. us/ geography/ himachal_rivers. php). www.himachalpradesh.us. . Retrieved 2006-10-26. [18] "Rivers in Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ himachal/ land/ rivers. htm#R). Suni Systems (P). . Retrieved 2006-04-28. [19] "Climate of Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. himachalpradesh. us/ geography/ himachal_climate. php). www.himachalpradesh.us. . Retrieved 2006-10-26. [20] Himachal Pradesh Forest Department. "The Forests" (http:/ / www. hpforest. nic. in/ frst2. htm). National Informatics Center, Himachal Pradesh. . Retrieved 2008-04-03. [21] "In Himachal Pradesh Striking gold with marigold" (http:/ / www. indianexpress. com/ oldStory/ 50139/ ). Indianexpress.com. 2004-07-02. . Retrieved 2011-06-15. [22] "Fauna" (http:/ / www. himachalpradeshindia. com/ geographical_info. html). . Retrieved 2007-05-28. [23] "Himachal Pradesh (gov) Introduction" (http:/ / legislativebodiesinindia. gov. in/ States/ Himachal/ himachal_w. htm). National informatics center. Computer Centre, Lok Sabha Secretariat. . Retrieved 2007-05-03. [24] "Legislative Assembly" (http:/ / legislativebodiesinindia. gov. in/ ). Legislative Bodies in India. National Informatics Centre. . Retrieved 2006-10-28. [25] "Current GDP" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2007/ 20070306/ himachal. htm#6). H. K. Dua, The Tribune House. . Retrieved 2007-05-23. [26] "Himachal Pradesh: Infrastructure" (http:/ / www. pppinindia. com/ states_hp_infrastructure. asp). Public Private Partnerships in India. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. . Retrieved 2008-04-06. [27] "Hamirpur road density" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2002/ 20020518/ himachal. htm). Hari Jaisingh, Published from The Tribune House. . Retrieved 2007-05-22. [28] Hughes, H., (1994) Indian Locomotives Part 3, Narrow Gauge, 18631940. The Continental Railway Circle, Harrow, UK. ISBN 0-9521655-0-3 [29] "MapsOfIndia article on [[Kalka-Shimla Railway (http:/ / india. mapsofindia. com/ transportation/ special-trains/ kalka-shimla-railway. html)]"]. . Retrieved 2007-03-13. [30] "Transportation in Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. himachalpradeshindia. com/ route. html). Himachal Transport Dep. Co.. . Retrieved 2011-12-31. [31] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [32] "The people and tribes" (http:/ / 123himachal. com/ himachal/ info. htm). www.123himachal.com. . Retrieved 2007-05-20. [33] "Ethnic composition" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070615002344/ http:/ / www. censusindia. net/ religiondata/ Summary+ Hindus. pdf). The First Report on Religion : Census of India 2001. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ) on 2007-06-15. . Retrieved 2007-01-31. [34] "Highlights of Himachal Pradesh HDR (2002)" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070615002344/ http:/ / www. undp. org. in/ media/ HDRC/ shdr/ Himachal+ Pradesh/ Himachal+ Pradesh. pdf) (PDF). Government of Himachal Pradesh (2002), Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2002, Government of Himachal Pradesh, pp. 40. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. undp. org. in/ media/ HDRC/ shdr/ Himachal Pradesh/ Himachal Pradesh. pdf) on 2007-06-15. . Retrieved 2007-05-26. [35] "Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto-Burman, Himalayish, Tibeto-Kanauri, Western Himalayish, Kanauri" (http:/ / www. ethnologue. com/ show_family. asp?subid=90419). Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. . Retrieved 2007-07-09. [36] "Being Himachali - News/Media" (http:/ / www. facebook. com/ BeingHimachali). Facebook. . Retrieved 2012-06-07. [37] "Ethnicity" (http:/ / www. himachalpradeshindia. com/ culture-of-himachal-pradesh. html). . Retrieved 2007-05-24. [38] "Culture of Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. indialine. com/ travel/ himachalpradesh/ culture. html). Indialine (2007). . Retrieved 2007-05-03. [39] "Ice-skating rink completes 100 sessions again" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2001/ 20010211/ himachal. htm#21). The Tribune, Chandigarh, India. . Retrieved 2001-02-11. [40] "Minister of Commerce of India Anand Sharma to visit Finland, Embassy of Finland, Washington, Consulate Generals of Finland, New York, Los Angeles : Current Affairs : Ministry for Foreign Affairs News" (http:/ / www. finland. org/ public/ default. aspx?contentid=188509& nodeid=40958& contentlan=2& culture=en-US). Finland.org. 2010-03-23. . Retrieved 2011-06-15.

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Himachal Pradesh
[41] "Educational Profile of Himachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. himachaleducation. net/ EducationProfile/ ). General Overview of Education in Himachal. . Retrieved 2007-03-16. [42] Himachal Govt. Website "Factual source on Education in Himachal" (http:/ / himachal. nic. in/ educ/ ). Government of India. Himachal Govt. Website. Retrieved 2007-03-16. [43] Dua, H.K.. "Educational updates- Himachal" (http:/ / www. tribuneindia. com/ 2003/ 20030629/ himachal. htm). The Tribune Trust, 2006. The Tribune House. . Retrieved 2007-03-16. [44] Indira Gandhi Medical college (http:/ / www. igmcshimla. org/ about_IGMC. htm) Retrieved on- April 2008 [45] http:/ / www. kangraarts. org/ [46] http:/ / dharmalaya. in/ [47] "Dharmalaya Institute: Our Himalayan Eco-Campus - Dharmalaya" (http:/ / dharmalaya. in/ dharmalaya-institute/ ). Dharmalaya.in. . Retrieved 2012-04-05. [48] "Himachal At A Glance" (http:/ / www. himachalpr. gov. in/ hpglance. asp). Himachalpr.gov.in. . Retrieved 2011-06-15. [49] census 2011 [50] http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ punjab/ 2. Paper-2_pb_at_a_glance. pdf

455

References
Ahluwalia, M.S. (1998). Social, Cultural and Economic History of Himachal Pradesh (http://books.google. com/?id=tG0fnF0VRk0C&dq=himachal+history). Indus Publishing. ISBN81-7387-089-6. Retrieved 2008-03-31. Batta, R.N. (2000). Tourism and the Environment: A Quest for Sustainability (http://books.google.com/ ?id=lDJrdjwM7qYC&dq=himachal). Indus Publishing. ISBN81-7387-110-8. Retrieved 2008-03-31. Singh, Mian Goverdhan (2000). C.L. Gupta & Kulbhushan Chandel. ed. Himachal Pradesh: History, Culture & Economy (extensively revised ed.). Shimla.: Minerva Publishers & Distributors. Singh, Sarina (2005). India (http://books.google.com/?id=Fk8FQa2ZSFQC&dq=himachal+history). Lonely Planet. ISBN1-74059-694-3. Retrieved 2008-03-31. Tiwari, A.K. (2000). Infrastructure and Economic Development in Himachal Pradesh (http://books.google. com/?id=aaXQwI5j9-MC&dq=himachal). Indus Publishing. ISBN81-7387-105-1. Retrieved 2008-03-31. Verma, V. (1995). The Emergence of Himachal Pradesh: A Survey of Constitutional Developments (http:// books.google.com/?id=QpWloqN5LTAC&dq=himachal+history). Himachal Pradesh (India): Indus Publishing. ISBN81-7387-035-7. Retrieved 2011-06-15. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (2002). Himachal Pradesh Human Development Report 2002 (http://www.undp.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=128&Itemid=216). Government of Himachal Pradesh. ISBN0-19-521915-5. Retrieved 2008-03-31. Statistics and Data, Planning Department, Government of Himachal Pradesh (http://hpplanning.nic.in/ statistics&data.htm)

External links
Himachal Pradesh travel guide from Wikitravel Himachal Pradesh Tour Packages (http://www.myhappyjourney.com/Himachal_Pradesh_Tour_Package. shtml) Himachal Pradesh Culture - Being Himachali (https://www.facebook.com/BeingHimachali) Official website of Himachal Pradesh Government (http://himachal.nic.in/) Himachal Pradesh Census 2001 (http://himachal.nic.in/tour/census.htm) Himachal tourism department Co. (http://www.hptdc.gov.in/) Himachal Tourism Website (http://www.himachaltourism.gov.in/) Himachal News (http://www.hillpost.in/) Himachal NGO (http://www.myhimachal.org/) Himachal Tourist Guide (http://www.himachaltouristguide.com/) Wooden Temples in Himachal Pradesh (http://www.kamit.jp/06_himalaya/mala_eng.htm)

Himachal Pradesh Himachal Month/Day in USA (http://himachal.us/oldone/himachalday) Explore Himachal (http://himachal.itzall.com/) Birds of Himachal Pradesh Butterflies of Himachal Pradesh Landscapes of Himachal Pradesh

456

Tripura
Tripura
State

Seal

Location of Tripura in India

Tripura

457

Map of the Tripura state Coordinates (Agartala): 2350N 9117E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature D Y Patil [1] [2] (CPI(M)) India 21 January 1972 Agartala Agartala 4

Manik Sarkar

Unicameral (60 seats)

Parliamentary constituency 2 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages 3671032 21st unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-TR 0.608 (medium) 23rd (2005) 87.75% (4th) Bengali, Kokborok 10491.69km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 26th Gauhati High Court Agartala Bench

Tripura
[3]

458
Website

tripura.nic.in

Tripura /trpr/ is a state in Northeast India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The third-smallest state of India, it occupies an area of unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','km2). Tripura is surrounded by Bangladesh on the north, south, and west. The Indian states of Assam and Mizoram lie to its east. The state capital is Agartala. A landlocked state, Tripura's geography is characterized by several north-south hill ranges with intervening valleys, and plain in the western part of the state. The area of the modern Tripura was part of an independent Tripuri kingdom that ruled for several centuries, probably millennia.[4] It was a Princely state during the British Raj in India. The kingdom merged with independent India in 1949 with the Tripura Merger Agreement. Ethnic strife between original tribes and largely migrant Bengali population has led to tension and scattered violence since its integration to India. Establishment of an autonomous tribal zone and other strategies soothed such tensions to a great extent, and the state remained peaceful, as of 2011. Tripura lies in a geographically disadvantageous location in India as only one major highway connects it with the rest of India; this hinders the economic prospects of the state. An agrarian state, most residents are involved in agriculture and allied activities, although service sector is the biggest contributor to the state's gross domestic product. Forests cover more than half the area of the state, and provide remarkable biodiversity for a relatively small state and also a source of livelihood for many tribes. Scheduled tribes are about 30% of the population in which Kokborok-speaking Tripuri people form the major tribe; Bengali people form the ethno-linguistic majority of the population. The mainstream Indian cultural elements led by Bengali culture coexists along with tribal traditional practices.

Etymology
Scholars have postulated several etymological roots of the name Tripura. Many scholars agree that Tripura is Sanskritized version of Tipra, the name of the aboriginal people inhabiting the area.[5] One popular theory suggests that Tripura is derived from two Kokborok words tui and pra. Tui means water, pra means near. In ancient times the boundaries of Tripura extended up to the Bay of Bengal when its ruler held sway from the Garo Hills to the Arakan.[5] According to another school of thought, the word Tripura may have originated from Tripura Sundari, the presiding deity of the Tripura Sundari Temple at Udaipur, famous as one of the 51 Shakti Peethas (pilgrimage centres of Shakti worshippers of Hinduism).[5][6] Yet another myth suggests the word Tripura is attributable to the legendary tyrant king of Tripur who reigned in the region. According to legend, Tripur was the 39th descendant of Druhya, who was a descendant of Yayati, one of the mythical lunar race kings.[7]

History
The Puranas (ancient Indian religious texts) and pillar inscriptions of Emperor Ashoka (third century BCE) mention Tripura.[7] An ancient name of Tripura is Kirat Desh, probably referring to the Kirata Kingdom or the more generic term Kirata.[8] Kings of Twipra Kingdom have reigned in the region for centuries, but the historical beginning of the kingdom is not documented. Rajmala, a chronicle of Tripuri kings that was first penned in the fifteenth century,[9] provides a list of 186 kings from antiquity to the present day. The boundaries of the kingdom changed over centuries of reign; at various points in time, the southern border reached to the jungles of Sundarbans on the Bay of Bengal, to Burma in the west, and to the borders of Kamarupa kingdom in the north.[9] Several Muslim invasions came to the region starting from the 13th century,[9] finally culminating in Mughal dominance in the plains of the kingdom in 1733.[9] The hilly region never came under Mughal rule though,[9] and the Mughal had some influence on the appointment of the kings in the dynasty.[9] Tripura was a princely state during the British rule in India. Udaipur, in the present day South Tripura district, was the capital

Tripura of the kingdom. The capital was shifted to Old Agartala by King Krishna Manikya in the 18th century, and then to the present Agartala in the 19th century. King Bir Chandra Manikya (18621896) modeled his administration on the pattern of British India and enacted various reforms including the formation of Agartala Municipal Corporation.[10] Following the independence of India, the Regent Maharani (queen) of Tripura signed the Tripura Merger Agreement on 9 September 1947. Tripura became a Part C state of India.[11]:3 Tripura became a Union Territory without legislature in November 1956 and an elected ministry was installed in July 1963.[11]:3 On 21 January 1972 Tripura attained statehood.[11]:3 Tripura was heavily affected by the partition of India and the majority of the population now comprises Bengalis, many of whom came as refugees from East Pakistan after independence in 1947.[11]:34 The partition of India also resulted in major economic and infrastructural setback for the state, as the road transport between the state and other major cities of India became significantly longer and more difficult. The road distance between Kolkata and Agartala before partition was less than 350km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi), which became 1700km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) following partition, as the road now winded around East Pakistan (later Bangladesh).[12] The geo-political isolation was aggravated by lack of rail transport. Some parts of the state received shelling from Pakistan Army during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Migration of Bengali people and settlement by Hindu Bengali increased around the Bangladesh Liberation War. Reversal of demographics led to tribes becoming a minority. Ethnic strife between the tribes and largely migrant Bengali community led to scattered violence in the state since the independence of India,[13] and an ebb and flow of insurgency spanning decades. The insurgencies gradually abated following establishment of a tribal autonomous district council and strategic counter-insurgency activities,[14] aided by overall socio-economic progress of the state. The state remains peaceful as of 2011.[15]

459

Geography and climate

Tripura is a landlocked state in Northeast India, the seven contiguous states of whichArunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripuraare collectively known as the Seven Sister States. With an area of 10491.69km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi), Tripura is the third-smallest state of the country. The state extends between 2256'N and 2432'N and 9109'E and 9220'E.[11]:3 Its maximum stretch measures about 184km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from north to south and 113km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from east to west. Tripura is bounded by the country of Bangladesh in the west, south and north; the Indian state of Assam lies to the north-east, and Mizoram forms the eastern boundary.[11]:3 The state is accessible to the rest of India through the Karimganj district of Assam and Aizawl district of Mizoram in the east.

Rural Tripura

The physiography is characterized by hill ranges, valleys and plains. The state has five anticlinal hill ranges running from north to south. From west to east, these ranges areBoromura, Atharamura, Longtharai, Shakhan and Jampui.[16]:4 The intervening synclinal valleys are AgartalaUdaipur, KhowaiTeliamura, Tripura's landscape KamalpurAmbasa, KailasaharManu, and DharmanagarKanchanpur valleys.[16]:4 Betling Shib in the Jampui hill range with an altitude of 939m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) is the highest point of the state.[11]:4 The small isolated hillocks interspersed in the state are known as tilla, whereas narrow

Tripura fertile alluvial valleys mostly present in the western part of the state are called lunga.[11]:4 In geologic time scale, the rocks found in the state date from the oligocene epoch (approximately 34 to 23million years ago) to the holocene epoch (started 12,000 Before Present), according to lithostratigraphy data published by the Geological Survey of India.[16]:7374 The hills have red laterite soil that is porous. The flood plains and narrow valleys have alluvial soil.[11]:4 Flood plains in the western and southern parts of the state contain most of its agricultural land.[11]:4 A number of rivers flow through the hilly regions carving valleys, and pass through the plains to enter Bangladesh.[11]:4 The rivers Khowai, Dhalai, Manu River, Juri and Langai flow towards north; Gumti is westward; Muhuri and Feni flow southwestward.[16]:73 The state has a tropical savanna climate designated Aw under the Kppen climate classification, although the undulating topography leads to local variations particularly in the hill ranges.[17] The four main seasons are as followsWinter (DecemberFebruary), Pre-monsoon or Summer (MarchApril), Monsoon (MaySeptember) and Post Monsoon (OctoberNovember).[18] The southwest monsoon brings heavy rains during the monsoon season.[11]:4 According to data from 19772008, the average annual rainfall of the state is 2196.4mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in).[19] Generally, the maximum and minimum temperatures during Winter (DecemberJanuary) are around 27 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) and 13 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F), and during Summer (MarchApril) are 36 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) and 24 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) respectively.[18] Heavy rainfall during the monsoon causes frequent floods in the state.[16]:73

460

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Tripura[20]
State animal Phayre's Langur State bird State tree Green imperial pigeon Agar

State flower Nagesar

Tripuralike the most of the Indian subcontinentlies within the Indomalaya ecozone. According to the Biogeographic classification of India, the state is in biogeographic zone 9B the North-East Hills.[21] Forests form 57.73% of the area of the state.[22] Tripura hosts different types of ecosystems including mountain, forest and freshwater ecosystems.[23] Hill slopes and sandy river banks have evergreen forest with species such as Dipterocarpus, Artocarpus, Amoora, Elaeocarpus, Syzygium and Eugenia dominating the canopy.[24] Major part of the forest in the state comprises two types of Moist deciduous forestmoist deciduous mixed forest and Sal (Shorea robusta)-predominant forests.[24] A notable peculiarity of the flora in the state is the presence of large tracts of bamboo and some cane forests interspersed with deciduous and evergreen flora.[24] Grassland and swamp are also present, particularly in the plains. The swamp lands are noted for herbaceous plants, shrubs, and trees such as Albizia, Barringtonia, Lagerstroemia, Macaranga; shrubs and grasses include Schumannianthus dichotoma (shitalpati), Phragmites and Saccharum (sugarcane).[24] A survey in 198990 concluded that Tripura hosts 90 land mammal species from 65 genera and 10 orders.[25] The main extant land mammal species include: elephant (Elephas maximus), bear (Melursus ursinus), binturong (Arctictis binturong), wild dog (Cuon alpinus), porcupine (Artherurus assamensis), barking deer (Muntiacus muntajak), sambar (Cervus unicolor), wild boar (Sus scrofa), gaur (Bos gaurus), leopard (Panthera pardus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and many species of small cats and primates.[25] Out of 15 free ranging primates of India, 7 are found in Tripura; this is the highest number of primate species found in any Indian state.[25] There are nearly 300 species of birds in the state.[26]

Tripura Wildlife sanctuaries of the state include Sipahijola Wildlife Sanctuary, Gumti Wildlife Sanctuary, Rowa Wildlife Sanctuary, and Trishna Wildlife Sanctuary.[27] National parks of the state include Clouded Leopard National Park and Rajbari National Park.[27] These protected areas cover a total of 566.93km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi).[27] Gumti is also an Important Bird Area.[28] In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes.[29]

461

Economy
Gross State Domestic Product at Constant Prices [30] (200405 base) figures in crores Indian rupee Year 200405 200506 200607 200708 200809 200910 201011 Gross State Domestic Product 8,904 9,482 10,202 10,988 11,596 12,248 12,947

Tripura's gross state domestic product for 201011 was 12947 crore (US$2.34 billion) at constant (200405) price,[30] recording 5.71% growth over the previous year. In the same period, the GDP of India was 4877842 crore (US$882.89 billion), with a growth rate of [30] 8.55%. Annual per capita income at current price of the state was 38493 (US$696.72), compared to the national per capita income 44345 (US$802.64).[31] In 2009, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 53.98% of the state's economy compared to 23.07% from primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining) and 22.95% from secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[31]

Rice field in Tripura

Tripura is an agrarian state, with more than 50% of its population depending on agriculture and allied activities.[32] However, due to hilly terrain and forest cover, only 27% of land is available for cultivation.[32] Rice is overwhelmingly major crop of the state, with 91% of cropped area being sown with rice.[32] 200910 statistics reveal that potato, sugarcane, mesta, pulses and jute are other major crops, in terms of production.[33] Jackfruit and pineapple top the list of horticultural products.[33] Traditionally, most of the tribal population of the state practiced jhum method (a type of slash-and-burn) cultivation. The number of people dependent on jhum has declined over the years since Tripura joined the union of India.[34]:3739 Pisciculture has made significant progress, since per capita consumption of fish in the state is high.[35] Rubber and tea are the important cash crops of the state. Tripura, known as the second rubber capital of India,[36] is the second largest producer of natural rubber in India, after Kerala.[37] The state is known for its handicraft, particularly hand-woven cotton fabric, wood carvings, and bamboo products, are also important. High quality timber including sal, garjan, teak, and Gamar are found abundantly in the forests of Tripura.

Tripura According to the Economic Census 2005 report, after agriculture, the maximum number of workers were engaged in retail trade (28.21% of total non-agricultural workforce), followed by manufacturing (18.60%), public administration (14.54%), and education (14.40%).[38] Government-sponsored organized sector remains the primary avenue of employment in organized sector in the state, as private presence in organized sector is minimal, except some brick fields and tea industry.[38] Tripura has poor mineral resources, with meagre deposits of different types of clay minerals, glass sand, lignite, and limestone but this state has considerable amount of natural gas.[16]:7881 According to estimate by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), the state has a reserve of 400billion cubic meter natural gas, out of which 16billion cubic meter is recoverable.[37] ONGC produced 480million cubic meter natural gas in the state in 200607.[37] The industrial sector of the state continues to be highly underdeveloped. ONGC has its natural gas gathering station & Gas Authority of India Limited has marketing terminals of natural gas in north, west and south part of Tripura. Heavy industries are conspicuous by their absence in the state. Tourism industry has shown an increasing trend, with the revenue earned in tourism sector crossing Rs.1 crore (US$181000) for the first time in 200910, and surpassing Rs.1.5 crore (US$271500) in 201011.[39] The Planning Commission estimates the poverty rate of all north east Indian states based on head count ratio in the state of Assam (the largest state in north east India). According to 2001 Planning Commission assessment, 22% of Tripura's rural residents were below the poverty line. However, Tripura government's independent assessment based on consumption distribution data reports that 55% of the rural population was below the poverty line, as of 2001.[38] Geographic isolation and communication bottleneck coupled with insufficient infrastructure has restricted economic growth of the state.[32] High rate of poverty and unemployment continues to be prevalent.[32]

462

Government and politics

Tripura is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature the state shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. There are three branches of government. The legislature, the Tripura Legislative Assembly, consists of elected members and special office bearers such as the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker in the Speaker's absence. The judiciary is composed of the Guwahati High Court (Agartala Bench) and a system of lower The 19th century Ujjayanta Palace, earlier used as courts.[40] Executive authority is vested in the Council of Ministers the meeting place of Tripura's State Legislative headed by the Chief Minister, although the titular head of government Assembly and now under reconstruction is the Governor. The Governor is the head of state appointed by the President of India. The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. The Council of Ministers reports to the Legislative Assembly. The Assembly is unicameral with 60 Members of the Legislative Assembly, or MLAs.[41] Terms of office run for 5 years, unless the Assembly is dissolved prior to the completion of the term. Tripura sends 2 representatives to the Lok Sabha and 1 representative to the Rajya Sabha. Auxiliary authorities known as panchayats, for which local body elections are regularly held, govern local affairs in many villages. A unique feature of the state is the presence of an autonomous tribal self-governance agency, the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council.[42] This council is responsible for some aspects of local governance in 527 villages with high tribal concentration.[42][43] The main political parties are the Left Front and the Indian National Congress. Tripura is currently governed by Left Front, with Manik Sarkar as Chief Minister. Until 1977 the state was governed by the Indian National Congress. The left front governed from 1978 to 1988, and then returned in power in 1993. During 19881993 the state was governed by a coalition of the Congress and Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti. On the last elections (23 February 2008)

Tripura the Left Front gained 49 out of 60 seats in the Assembly, 46 of which went to the CPI(M).[44]

463

Divisions
In January 2012, major changes were implemented in the administrative divisions of Tripura. Prior to these changes, Tripura had four districstsDhalai (headquarters Ambassa), North Tripura (headquarters Kailashahar), South Tripura (headquarters Udaipur), and West Tripura (headquarters Agartala). Four new districts were carved out of the existing four in January 2012Khowai, Unakoti, Sipahijala& Gomati.[45] Each district is governed by a district collector or district magistrate, usually appointed by the Indian Administrative Service. Each district is subdivided into Sub-Divisions, governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town municipalities. The eight districts of the state are subdivided into 29 subdivisions and 50 development blocks. National census and state statistical reports are available for the previous administrative divisions, as of April 2012. The largest city and capital is Agartala. Other major towns are Badharghat, Jogendranagar, Indranagar, Pratapgarh, Khowai, Teliamura, Bisramganj, Bishalgarh, Sonamura, Udaipur, Amarpur, Belonia, Sabroom, Ambassa, Kailashahar, and Dharmanagar.

Transport and communication

Tripura is remarkable in that only one major road, the National Highway 44 (NH-44), connects it to the rest of India.[46] The national highway starts at Sabroom in southern Tripura, goes north to the capital Agartala, turns east and then north-east to enter the state of Assam. Locally known as Assam Road, the NH-44 is often called the lifeline of Tripura.[46] However, the highway is single lane and of poor quality; often landslides, rains or other disruptions on the highway cut off the state from its neighbours.[16]:73[34]:44 Tripura Road Transport Corporation is the government agency overlooking public transport on A road crossing in Agartala road. A hilly and land-locked state, Tripura is dependent mostly on roads for transport.[46] The total length of roads in the state is 16931km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi), of which national highways constitute 448km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi); state highways 689km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi), as of 200910.[46] Rail transport was absent in the state until 200809 when a rail connection was established between the capital Agartala and Lumding junction in Assam.[46] This is a meter gauge rail track connecting to the usual Indian gauge at Lumding. The major railways stations in this line are in Agartala, Dharmanagar, and Kumarghat. As of 200910, the total length of railway tracks in the state is 153 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi). Extension of railway line from Agartala to the southernmost town of Sabroom is in progress, as of 2012.[46] Agartala Airport, which has flights to Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, and Silchar, is the main airport of the state. The AgartalaKolkata and AgartalaGuwahati flights are particularly important for rapid connectivity with the rest of India.[46] Passenger helicopter services are available between the capital and major towns (Kailashahar, Dharmanagar) as well as to more remote areas such as Kanchanpur, Tripura and Gandacherra.[46] Residents in rural areas frequently use waterways as a mode of transport.[47] Most of the major telecommunication companies of India are present in the state, with the state capital and regions of the state being served by Airtel, Aircel, Vodafone, Reliance, Tata Indicom, Idea and BSNL landline, mobile, and broadband networks. There are 84 telephone exchanges (for landlines) and 716 post offices in the state.[46]

Tripura

464

Demographics
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 639000 1142000 1556000 2053000 2757000 3199203 3671032 % 78.7% 36.3% 31.9% 34.3% 16.0% 14.7%

Source:Census of [48] India

Tripura is the second most populous state in North-East India, after Assam. According to the provisional results of 2011 census of India, Tripura has a population of 3,671,032 with 1,871,867 males and 1,799,165 females.[49] The sex ratio of the state is 961 females per thousand males.[49] The density of population is 350 persons per square kilometer.[50] Tripura constitutes 0.3% of India's total population. The literacy rate of Tripura in 2011 was 87.75%,[49] higher than the national average of 74.04%. In the 2001 census of India, Bengalis represented almost 70% of Tripura's population and the tribal population comprised 30% of Tripura's population. The tribal population comprises several different tribes and ethnic groups with diverse languages and cultures. The largest tribal group was the Kokborok-speaking tribe of the Tripuri who had a population of 543,848 in 2001 census,[51] representing 16.99% of the state population and 54.7% of the scheduled tribe population.[51] The other major tribes in order of decreasing population were Reang (16.6% of the tribal population), Jamatia (7.5%), Chakma (6.5%), Halam (4.8%), Mog (3.1%), Munda, Kuki tribes and Garo.[51] Bengali is the most spoken language, due to the predominance of Bengali people in the state. Kokborok is a prominent language among the tribes. Several other languages belonging to Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan families are spoken by the different tribes.
Religion in Tripura Religion Hinduism Islam Christianity Buddhists Others Percent 85.6% 7.9% 3.2% 3.1% 0.2%

Tripura ranks 22rd in the combined (rural and urban) Human Development Index, and 24th in the combined Human Poverty Index in India according to 2001 National Human Development Report, which was based on 1991 data.[52] According to 2001 census, Hinduism is the majority religion in the state, with 85.6% of the population following the religion.[53] Muslims make up 7.9% of the population, Christians 3.2%, and Buddhists 3.1%.[53] The Muslim percentage in the state gradually declined from 1971 due to heavy influx of Hindu populations from and the migration of Muslim population to Bangladesh. Majority of the tribes in the state are Hindu and practice Hindu religious rites. They believe in the existence of God in all the elements of nature as they are animistic.[54] Mogs and

Tripura Chakmas are the followers of Buddhism in Tripura. Christianity in the state is followed by Lushai, Kuki and Garo tribes.[55]

465

Culture
Tripura has several diverse ethno-linguistic groups, which has given rise to a composite culture.[56][57] The dominant cultures are Bengali, Manipuri, Tripuris, Jamatia, Reang, Noatia, Koloi, Murasing, Chakma, Halam, Garo, Kuki, Mizo, Mogh, Munda, Oraon, Santhal, and Uchoi. Tripura has a rich cultural heritage of music, fine arts, handicrafts and dance. Music is an integral part of the tribal people of Tripura. Some of their indigenous instruments are the sarinda, chongpreng, and sumui (a kind of flute). Songs are sung during religious occasions, marriages, and other festivals. Agricultural festivals are integral to the culture of the state. Dance is important to the tribal way of life. Dances are performed during Goria Puja. Hojagiri dance is performed by standing on a pitcher and is performed by the Reang clans. The Bizhu dance is performed by the Chakmas during the Bizhu festival (the last day of the month of Chaitra). Hindus believe that Tripureshwari is the patron goddess of Tripura and an aspect of Shakti. Several fertility gods are also worshipped by the Traditional Tripuri dress of the Tripuri tribe tribes, such as Lam-Pra (the twin deities of sky and sea), Mailu-ma (goddess of corn, identified with Lakshmi), Khulu-ma (goddess of the cotton plant), and Burha-cha (god of healing). Durga Puja, Navaratri, Kali Puja, and the worship of the Chaturdasha deities are important festivals. In the Ganga festival, Tripura's tribal peoples worship the Ganges River. Football and cricket are the most popular sports in the state. The state capital Agartala has its own club football championships every year where many local clubs compete in a league and knockout format. Tripura participates as an eastern state team in the Ranji Trophy, the Indian domestic cricket competition. The state also is a regular participant of the Indian National Games and the North Eastern Games.

Education
Tripura schools are run by the state government or by private organisations, including religious institutions. Instruction is mainly in English or Bengali, though Kokborok and other tribal languages are also used. The schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), the National Institute of Open School (NIOS) or the Tripura Board of Secondary Education.[58] Under the 10+2+3 plan, after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college, also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Tripura Board of Secondary Education or any central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce or science.[58] Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs. Notable education institutions of Tripura are Holy Cross College, MBB College, National Institute of Technology, Tripura Institute of Technology, Agartala Government Medical College, Tripura Medical College, Tripura Institute Of Paramedical Science, Tripura University, Indira Gandhi National Open University and ICFAI University all located in Agartala and outskirts of it.

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References
[1] [2] [3] [4] "Our Governor" (http:/ / tripura. nic. in/ govr3. htm). Government of Tripura. . Retrieved 8 April 2012. "Profile of Chief Minister" (http:/ / tripura. nic. in/ ocmm. htm). Government of Tripura. . Retrieved 8 April 2012. http:/ / tripura. nic. in Henry, Soszynsky (1996-2004). "Tripura (Princely State)" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20080605163318/ http:/ / www. uq. net. au/ ~zzhsoszy/ ips/ t/ tripura. html). The Indian Princely States Website. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. uq. net. au/ ~zzhsoszy/ ips/ t/ tripura. html) on 5 June 2006. . Retrieved 27 October 2011. [5] Das, J.K. (2001). "Chapter 5: old and new political process in realization of the rights of indigenous peoples (regarded as tribals) in Tripura". Human rights and indigenous peoples. APH Publishing. pp.208209. ISBN9788176482431. [6] "Tripura A Profile" (http:/ / tripura. nic. in/ kt3. htm). National Informatics Centre. . Retrieved 2011-10-27. [7] Acharjya, Phanibhushan (1979). Tripura (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=BMAtAAAAMAAJ). Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p.1. ASINB0006E4EQ6. . Retrieved 9 July 2012. [8] Tripura district gazetteers (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=N6oJAQAAIAAJ). Educational Publications, Department of Education, Government. of Tripura. 1975. p.155. . Retrieved 9 July 2012. [9] "Hill TipperaHistory." (http:/ / dsal. uchicago. edu/ reference/ gazetteer/ pager. html?objectid=DS405. 1. I34_V13_124. gif) (GIF). The Imperial Gazetteer of India 13: 118. 1909. . Retrieved 27 October 2011. [10] "AMC at a glance" (http:/ / agartalacity. nic. in/ about_amc1. htm). Agartala Municipal Corporation. . Retrieved 8 June 2012. [11] "The state of human development" (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ nhdr/ support/ other/ national/ Tripura_india_hdr_2007. pdf) (PDF). Tripura Human Development Report 2009. Government of Tripura. 2007. . Retrieved 19 March 2012. [12] "Economic review of Tripura 201011" (http:/ / www. destripura. nic. in/ review2010_11. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp.36. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [13] Kumra, Braja Bihr (1 January 2007). Problems of ethnicity in the North-East India (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=QTCJTIBHJHEC). Concept Publishing Company. pp.6869. ISBN978-81-8069-464-6. . Retrieved 11 July 2012. [14] Sahaya, D.N. (19 September 2011). "How Tripura overcame insurgency" (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ opinion/ lead/ article2465348. ece). The Hindu. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [15] "Tripura assessmentyear 2012" (http:/ / www. satp. org/ satporgtp/ countries/ india/ states/ tripura/ index. html). South Asia terrorism portal. Institute for Conflict Management. . Retrieved 10 July 2012. [16] (PDF) Geology and mineral resources of Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura (http:/ / www. portal. gsi. gov. in/ gsiImages/ information/ miscpub30-4-2_man-mizo-naga-tripura. pdf) (Report). Miscellaneous publication No. 30 Part IV. 1 (Part-2). Geological Survey of India, Government of India. 2011. . Retrieved 10 July 2012. [17] "Land, soil and climate" (http:/ / www. agritripura. in/ Agriculture/ Pages/ land. htm). Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. . Retrieved 1 April 2012. [18] "Agro climactic condition" (http:/ / www. agritripura. in/ Agriculture/ Pages/ agro. htm). Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. . Retrieved 1 April 2012. [19] "Rainfall data for the state of Tripura" (http:/ / www. agritripura. in/ Agriculture/ Pages/ rain. pdf) (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Government of Tripura. . Retrieved 1 April 2012. [20] "State animals, birds, trees and flowers" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20090304232302/ http:/ / www. wii. gov. in/ nwdc/ state_animals_tree_flowers. pdf) (PDF). Wildlife Institute of India. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. wii. gov. in/ nwdc/ state_animals_tree_flowers. pdf) on 4 March 2009. . Retrieved 5 March 2012. [21] Wildlife Institute of India. Biogeographic classification of India (http:/ / www2. wii. gov. in/ envis/ envisdec99/ bzone. htm) (Map). . Retrieved 2 April 2012. [22] "Forest and tree resources in states and union territories: Tripura" (http:/ / www. fsi. org. in/ cover_2011/ tripura. pdf) (PDF). India state of forest report 2011. Forest Survey of India, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. pp.225229. . Retrieved 1 April 2012. [23] "Biodiversity" (http:/ / www. tripura. nic. in/ tspcb/ TSPCB-Websit/ bioderversity. htm). State of Environment Report of Tripura2002. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. . Retrieved 2 April 2012. [24] "Forest" (http:/ / www. tripura. nic. in/ tspcb/ TSPCB-Websit/ forest. htm). State of Environment Report of Tripura2002. Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. . Retrieved 2 April 2012. [25] Gupta, A.K. (December 2000). "Shifting cultivation and conservation of biological diversity in Tripura, Northeast India" (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/ content/ m16w416706145187/ ). Human Ecology 28 (4): 614615. doi:10.1023/A:1026491831856. ISSN0300-7839. . Retrieved 2 April 2012. [26] Choudhury, A.U. (2010). Recent ornithological records from Tripura, north-eastern India, with an annotated checklist. Indian Birds 6(3): 6674. [27] "Protected area network in India" (http:/ / moef. nic. in/ downloads/ public-information/ protected-area-network. pdf) (PDF). Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. p.28. . Retrieved 2 April 2012. [28] Choudhury, A.U. (2009). GumtiTripuras remote IBA. Mistnet 10 (3): 78. [29] Choudhury, A.U. (2008). Rudrasagar a potential IBA in Tripura in north-east India. Mistnet 9 (2): 45. [30] "Gross State Domestic Product of Tripura" (http:/ / databank. nedfi. com/ content/ gross-state-domestic-product-tripura). North Eastern Development Finance Corporation. . Retrieved 3 April 2012.

Tripura
[31] "Economic review of Tripura 20092010" (http:/ / destripura. nic. in/ review2009_10. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. p.9. . Retrieved 4 April 2012. [32] "Economic review of Tripura 201011" (http:/ / www. destripura. nic. in/ review2010_11. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp.810. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [33] "Tripura at a glance2010" (http:/ / destripura. nic. in/ tripuraGlance2010. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. Section: Agriculture 200910. . Retrieved 4 April 2012. [34] "The economy" (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ nhdr/ support/ other/ national/ Tripura_india_hdr_2007. pdf) (PDF). Tripura Human Development Report 2009. Government of Tripura. 2007. . Retrieved 19 April 2012. [35] "Economic review of Tripura 201011" (http:/ / www. destripura. nic. in/ review2010_11. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp.133138. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [36] Dholabhai, Nishit (25 June 2007). "After barbed wire, social fencing ministry suggests extending border rubber plantations to stop smuggling" (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1070625/ asp/ northeast/ story_7968300. asp). The Telegraph. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [37] "Economic review of Tripura 201011" (http:/ / destripura. nic. in/ review2009_10. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp.1416. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [38] "Economic review of Tripura 201011" (http:/ / www. destripura. nic. in/ review2010_11. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp.7782. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [39] "Economic review of Tripura 201011" (http:/ / www. destripura. nic. in/ review2010_11. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp.228230. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [40] "About us" (http:/ / tsu. trp. nic. in/ highcourt/ ). Gauhati High Court, Agartala Bench. . Retrieved 21 July 2012. [41] "Tripura Legislative Assembly" (http:/ / legislativebodiesinindia. gov. in/ States/ Tripura/ tripura-w. htm). Legislative Bodies in India. National Informatics Centre. . Retrieved 2007-04-21. [42] "State and district administration: fifteenth report" (http:/ / darpg. nic. in/ darpgwebsite_cms/ Document/ file/ sdadmin15. pdf) (PDF). Second Administrative Reforms Commission, Government of India. 2009. p.267. . Retrieved 18 May 2012. [43] "About TTAADC" (http:/ / www. ttaadc. nic. in/ introduction. htm). Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council. . Retrieved 5 July 2012. [44] Das, Haripada (2008-03-16). "6th Left Front Govt Assumes Office" (http:/ / www. cpim. org/ pd/ 2008/ 0316_pd/ 03162008_leaded. htm). People's Democracy (Weekly Organ of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) 32 (11). . Retrieved 2011-10-27. [45] "Four new districts, six subdivisions for Tripura" (http:/ / ibnlive. in. com/ generalnewsfeed/ news/ four-new-districts-six-subdivisions-for-tripura/ 876579. html). IBN Live. 26 October 2011. . Retrieved 10 April 2012. [46] "Economic review of Tripura 201011" (http:/ / www. destripura. nic. in/ review2010_11. pdf) (PDF). Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Planning (Statistics) Department, Government of Tripura. pp.195201. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [47] Bareh, Hamlet (2001). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC). Mittal Publications. p.140. ISBN978-81-7099-795-5. . Retrieved 22 April 2012. [48] "Census population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [49] "Provisional population totals paper 2 of 2011: Tripura" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ tripura/ paper 2-Data Sheet. pdf) (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [50] "Provisional population totals at a glance figure : 2011 Tripura" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ prov_data_products_tripura. html). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [51] "Tripura data highlights: the scheduled tribes" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Tables_Published/ SCST/ dh_st_tripura. pdf) (PDF). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [52] "National human development report 2001" (http:/ / planningcommission. nic. in/ reports/ genrep/ index. php?repts=nhdcont. htm) (PDF). Planning Commission, Government of India. 2002. pp.141143. . Retrieved 5 July 2012. [53] "Population by religious communities" (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm). Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 20 April 2012. [54] Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, Shankarlal C. (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories. 26. Tripura (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=wtlXBWKCcpcC& pg=PA13). Kalpaz Publications. p.29. ISBN978-81-7835-382-1. . Retrieved 22 April 2012. [55] Bareh, Hamlet (2001). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Tripura (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Fk8kq9PUapkC& pg=PA135). Mittal Publications. pp.135136. ISBN978-81-7099-795-5. . Retrieved 21 April 2012. [56] Das, J.K (2001). Human rights and indigenous peoples. APH Publishing. p.215. ISBN9788176482431. [57] Chaudhury, Saroj (2009). "Tripura: a composite culture" (http:/ / www. knowledgecommission. gov. in/ downloads/ documents/ nkc_northEast. pdf). Glimpses from the North-East. National Knowledge Commission. pp.5561. . Retrieved 5 July 2012. [58] "Boards of secondary & senior secondary education in India" (http:/ / mhrd. gov. in/ recognized_boards). Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. . Retrieved 18 April 2012.

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Further reading
Jagadis Gan-Chaudhuri (1985), An Anthology of Tripura, Inter India Publications ISBN 81-210-0075-0 Roychoudhury, N.R. (1977), Tripura Through the Ages: A Short History of Tripura from the Earliest Times to 1947 A.D., Bureau of Research & Publications on Tripura. Bhattacharjee, P.R. (1994), Economic Transition in Tripura (Hardcover), Vikas Publishing House ISBN 978-0-7069-7171-2 Palit, P.K. (2004), History of Religion in Tripura (Hardcover) Kaveri Books ISBN 978-81-7479-064-4 Debbarma, Chandramani (2006), Glory of Tripura Civilisation Parul Prakashani, Agartala

External links
Official website (http://tripura.nic.in) Tripura travel guide from Wikitravel Tripura (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Tripura/) at the Open Directory Project

Meghalaya
Meghalaya
State

Seal

Location of Meghalaya in India

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Map of Meghalaya Coordinates (Shillong): 2534N 9153E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Ranjit Shekhar Mooshahary Mukul Sangma (INC) Unicameral (60 seats) India 21 January 1972 Shillong Shillong 7

Parliamentary constituency 2 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 2964007 23rd unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-ML 0.585 (medium) 19th (2005) 72.1% (15th) Khasi, Pnar, Garo, Hindi, English meghalaya.nic.in [1] 22720km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 22nd Gauhati High Court - Shillong Bench

Meghalaya Meghalaya /mle/ (Hindi: ; pronounced Hindustani pronunciation:[mealj]) is a state in the north-east of India. The word "Meghalaya" literally means the Abode of Clouds in Sanskrit and other Indic languages. Meghalaya is a hilly strip in the eastern part of the country about 300km long (east-west) and 100km wide, with a total area of about 8,700 sqmi (22,720km). The population numbered 2,175,000 in 2000. The state is bounded on the north by Assam and by Bangladesh on the south. The capital is Shillong also known as the Scotland of the East, which has a population of 260,000. About one third of the state is forested. The Meghalaya subtropical forests ecoregion encompasses the state; its mountain forests are distinct from the lowland tropical forests to the north and south. The forests of Meghalaya are notable for their biodiversity of mammals, birds, and plants. It was previously part of Assam, but on January 21, 1972, the districts of Khasi, Garo and Jaintia hills became the new state of Meghalaya. Meghalaya is predominantly an agrarian economy. The important crops of the state are potatoes, rice, maize, pineapples, bananas etc. The service sector is made up of real estate and insurance companies. The state has also become a hub of illegal mining activity. Meghalaya's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $1.6 billion in current prices. Shillong, the capital of the state, is a popular hill station. There are several falls in and around Shillong. Shillong Peak is highest in the state and is good for trekking. It is also known as the "abode of the gods" and has excellent views. If one is not in a mood for camping, the state also offers many good hotels and lodging facilities.

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History
Meghalaya was formed by carving out two districts from the state of Assam: the United Khasi Hills and Jaintia Hills, and the Garo Hills on January 21, 1972. Prior to attaining full statehood, Meghalaya was given semi-autonomous status in 1970. The Khasi, Garo, and Jaintia tribes each had their own kingdoms until they came under British administration in the 19th century. Later, the British incorporated Meghalaya into Assam in 1835. The region enjoyed semi-independent status by virtue of a treaty relationship with the British Crown. When Bengal was partitioned on 16 October 1905 by Lord Curzon, Meghalaya became a part of the new province of "Eastern Bengal and Assam." However, when the partition was reversed in 1912, Meghalaya became a part of the province of Assam. On 3 January 1921 in pursuance of Section 52A of the Government of India Act of 1919, the Governor-General-in-Council declared the areas now in Meghalaya, other than the Khasi States, as "backward tracts." Subsequently however, the Government of India Act of 1935 regrouped the backward tracts into two categories, "excluded" and "partially excluded" areas. At the time of Indian independence in 1947, present day Meghalaya constituted two districts of Assam and enjoyed limited autonomy within the state of Assam. The Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act of 1969 accorded an autonomous status to the state of Meghalaya. The Act came into effect on 2 April 1970, and an Autonomous State of Meghalaya was created within the State of Assam. The Autonomous state had a Legislature in accordance with the Sixth schedule to the Constitution. The Legislature had 37 members. In 1971, the Parliament passed the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971, which conferred full statehood on the Autonomous State of Meghalaya. Meghalaya attained statehood on 21 January 1972, with a Legislative Assembly of its own.

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Demographics
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 606000 769000 1012000 1336000 1775000 2319000 2964007 % 26.9% 31.6% 32.0% 32.9% 30.6% 27.8%

Source: Census of [2] India

Tribal people make up the majority of Meghalaya's population. The Khasis are the largest group, followed by the Garos. These were among those known to the British as "hill tribes". Other groups include the Jaintias, the Koch, the related Rajbongshi, the Boro, Hajong, Dimasa, Hmar, Kuki, Lakhar, Mikir, Rabha and Nepali. In Meghalaya state prior to 1987 there are more than 200,000 people of Nepali origin spread in all districts. Recent census shows that there are no more than 40 to 50 thousand nepalis in Meghalaya. The East Khasi and Jayantia Hills are Nepali belts. Agriculture and cattle rearing are the main occupations. A large number of retired Indian Army soldiers (Gorkha) live in Shillong. The Nepalese of Shillong and Tura are generally inclined towards business. The majority of Nepalese are Hindus though some are Christians. Meghalaya is one of three states in India to have a Christian majority with 70.3% of the population practicing Christianity;[3] the other two (Nagaland A Khasi man and Mizoram) are also in the north-east of India. Hinduism is the next sizable faith in the region with 13.3% of the population practicing it.[3] A sizable minority, 11.5% of the population, follow traditional animist religions (classified as other on the census).[3] Muslims make up 4.3% of the population.[3] In 1991 when Christians made up 65% of the population of Meghalaya, the 1.1 million (11 lakh) Christians made it the state in Northeast India with the most Christians.[4] At that point more Christians lived in Meghalaya than there were people in Mizoram. As per the census of India 2011, the sex ratio in the state was 986 females per thousand males which was far higher than the national average of 940. The percentage of females has grown steadily from a 1981 level of 954. Traditionally the female sex ratio in the rural areas has been higher than that in the urban areas. However, as per the census figures for 2001, the urban female sex ratio of 985 was higher than the rural sex ratio of 972. This has often been attributed to the belief that, unlike most other parts of India, there is no special preference for male children in Meghalaya.

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Religion
Religion in Meghalaya Religion Christianity Hinduism other religions (Animist) Islam Sikhism,Jainism,Buddhist Percent 70.25% 13.27% 11.52% 4.27% 0.71%

Religion in Meghalaya is closely related to ethnicity. Close to 90% of the Garo and nearly 80% of the Khasi are Christian, while more than 97% of the Hajong, 98.53% of the Koch are Hindu. Out of the 689,639 Garo living in Meghalaya, only 49,917 follow their original religion (Songsarek) as of 2001 Census (down from 90,456 in 1991). 9,129 of the Garo were Hindu (Up from 2,707 in 1991) and 999 were Budhist (Up from 109 in 1991). There were also 8,980 Muslims. Unlike the Garo, a significant number of the Khasi still follow their original religion (Niam Shnong / Niamtre). Out of the 1,123,490 Khasi, 202,978 followed the indigenous religion (slightly up from 189,226 in 1991). 17,641 of the Khasi were Hindu (8,077 in 1991) and 2,977 were Muslim. A number of minor tribes live in Meghalaya, including Hajong (31,381 - 97.23% Hindu), Koch (21,381 - 98.53% Hindu), Synteng (18,342 - 80% Christian), Rabha (28,153 - 94.60% Hindu), Mikir (11,399 - 52% Christian and 30% Hindu), and Kuki-Chin (10,085 - 73% Christian and 26% Hindu).

Urban Areas in Meghalaya

Municipalities: Shillong, Tura, Jowai Municipal Boards: Williamnagar, Resubelpara, Baghmara Cantonment Board: Shillong Cantonment Town Committees: Nongstoin, Mairang, Nongpoh Census Towns: Sohra/Cherrapunjee, Mawlai, Madanrting, Nongthymmai, Nongmynsong, Pynthorumkhrah

Areas under Shillong Urban Agglomoration: Shillong, Shillong Cantonment, Mawlai, Madanrting, Nongthymmai, Nongmynsong, Pynthorumkhrah

New Proposal for Urban Areas

Municipal Corporations: 1 Shillong (including Shillong Cantonment, Mawlai, Madanrting, Nongthymmai, Nongmynsong, Pynthorumkhrah) Municipalities: 2 Tura, Jowai Municipal Boards: 7 Williamnagar, Resubelpara, Baghmara, Nongstoin, Mairang, Nongpoh, Sohra/Cherrapunjee

Languages

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languages in Meghalaya language Khasi Garo Bengali Nepali Hindi Marathi Asamiya Maram Rabha Koch language family Austro-Asiatic Tibeto-Burman Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan Indo-Aryan

[5] share 45,05 % 31,41 % 8,04 % 8,26 % 2,17 % 1,67 % 1,58 %

Tibeto-Burman languages 1,53 % Tibeto-Burman languages 0,97 % Tibeto-Burman languages 0,90 %

The principal languages in Meghalaya are Khasi, Pnar and Garo with English as the official language of the State.[6] Khasi is one of the chief languages of Meghalaya. Khasi, which is also spelled Khasia, Khassee, Cossyah and Kyi, is a branch of the MonKhmer family of the Austroasiatic stock; and is spoken by about 900,000 people residing in Meghalaya. Many words in the Khasi language have been borrowed from Indo-Aryan languages such as Nepali, Bengali and Assamese. Moreover, the Khasi language originally had no script of its own. The Khasi language is one of the very few surviving MonKhmer languages in India today. The Garo language has a close affinity with the Koch and Bodo languages. Garo, spoken by the majority of the population, is spoken in many dialects such as Abeng or Ambeng,[7] Atong, Akawe (or Awe), Matchi Dual, Chibok, Chisak Megam or Lyngngam, Ruga, Gara-Ganching and Matabeng. Another language of Meghalaya is the language spoken by the people of the Jaintia hills. This language is closely related to the standard Khasi language. The Jaintia language is spoken, along with the Khasi language, by the Khynriam, Bhoi, Pnar and War tribal groups . Nepali is also spoken in almost all parts of the state.

Culture and society

The main tribes in Meghalaya are the Jaintias, the Khasis and the Garos. One of the unique features of the state is that a majority of the tribal population in Meghalaya follows a matrilineal system where lineage and inheritance are traced through women. The Khasi and Jaintia tribesmen follow the traditional matrilineal norm, wherein the "Khun Khadduh" (or the youngest daughter) inherits all the property and acts as the caretaker of aged parents and any unmarried siblings. However, the male line, particularly the mothers brother, may indirectly control the ancestral property since he may be involved in important decisions relating to property including its sale and disposal. In the Garo lineage system, the youngest daughter inherits the family property by default, unless another daughter is so named by the parents. She then becomes designated as 'nokna' meaning 'for the house or home'. In case there are no daughters, then a chosen daughter-in-law (bohari) or an adopted child (deragata) comes to stay in the house as well as inherits the property. The tribal people of Meghalaya are therefore a part of what may be the world's largest surviving matrilineal culture.

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Spirituality
According to legend, from the 13th century, a Shivalinga (called "Hatakeswarat") has existed in the Jaintia Hills under the reign of Ranee Singa.[8] Several members of the Jaintia tribe even participate in the Hindu festival of Shivratri (Night of Lord Shiva).[9]

Geography
Meghalaya is one of the Seven Sister States of India. The State of Meghalaya is also known as the "Meghalaya Plateau". It consists mainly of Archean rock formations. These rock formations contain rich deposits of valuable minerals like coal, limestone, uranium and sillimanite. Meghalaya has many rivers. Most of these are rainfed and are therefore seasonal. The important rivers in the Garo Hills Region are Daring, Sanda, Bandra, Bhogai, Dareng, Simsang, Nitai and the Bhupai. In the central and eastern section of the plateau, the important rivers are Umkhri, The Umiam Lake near Shillong Digaru, Umiam, Kynchiang (Jadukata), Mawpa, Umiam or Barapani, Myngot and Myntdu. In the southern Khasi Hills Region, these rivers have created deep gorges and several beautiful waterfalls. The elevation of the plateau ranges between 150 m to 1961 m. The central part of the plateau comprising the Khasi Hills has the highest elevations, followed by the eastern section comprising the Jaintia Hills Region. The highest point in Meghalaya is Shillong Peak, which is also a prominent IAF station in the Khasi Hills overlooking the city of Shillong. It has an altitude of 1961 m. The Garo Hills Region in the western section of the plateau is nearly plain. The highest point in the Garo Hills is Nokrek Peak with an altitude of 1515 m.

Districts
Meghalaya currently has 11 districts. Jaintia Hills: Jaintia Hills (Jowai) Khliehriat Khasi Hills Division: East Khasi Hills (Shillong) West Khasi Hills (Nongstoin) Mawkyrwat Ri-Bhoi (Nongpoh) Garo Hills Division: North Garo Hills (Resubelpara) East Garo Hills (Williamnagar) South Garo Hills (Baghmara) West Garo Hills (Tura) Ampati
Workers outside a coalmine in the Jaintia Hills

Meghalaya The Jaintia Hills district was created on 22 February 1972. It has a total geographical area of 3819 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) and a population of 295,692 as per the 2001 census. The district headquarters is located at Jowai. Jaintia Hills district is the largest producer of coal in the state. Coal mines can be seen all over the district. Limestone production in the state is also increasing, as there is high demand from cement industries. The East Khasi Hills district was carved out of the Khasi Hills on 28 October 1976. The district has covers an area of 2748 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) and has a population of 660,923 as per the 2001 census. The headquarters of East Khasi Hills are located in Shillong. The Ri-Bhoi district was formed by further division of East Khasi Hills district on 4 June 1992. It has an area of 2448 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). The total population of the district was 192,795 in the 2001 census. The district headquarters is located at Nongpoh. It has a hilly terrain, and a large part of the area is covered with forests. The Ri-Bhoi district is famous for its pineapples and is the largest producer of pineapples in the state. The West Khasi Hills district is the largest district in the state with a geographical area of 5247 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). The district was carved out of Khasi Hills District on 28 October 1976. The district headquarters are located at Nongstoin. The East Garo Hills district was formed in 1976 and has a population of 247,555 as per the 2001 census. It covers an area of 2603 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). The District Headquarters are located at Williamnagar, earlier known as Simsangiri. Nongalbibra, a town in this district, has a large number of coal mines. The coal is transported to Goalpara and Jogighopa via NH62. The West Garo Hills district lies in the western part of the state and covers a geographical area of 3714 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). The population of the district is 515,813 as per the 2001 census. The district headquarters are located at Tura. The South Garo Hills district came into existence on 18 June 1992 after the division of the West Garo Hills district. The total geographical area of the district is 1850 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). As per the 2001 census the district has a population of 99,100. The district headquarters are located at Baghmara.

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Climate
With average annual rainfall as high as 1200cm in some areas, Meghalaya is the wettest place on earth. The western part of the plateau, comprising the Garo Hills Region with lower elevations, experiences high temperatures for most of the year. The Shillong area, with the highest elevations, experiences generally low temperatures. The maximum temperature in this region rarely goes beyond 28 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F)[10], whereas sub-zero winter temperatures are common. The town of Cherrapunji in the Khasi Hills south of capital Shillong holds the world record for most rain in a calendar month, while the village of Mawsynram, near the town of Cherrapunji, holds the record for the most rain in a year. The best time to visit Meghalaya is during the months of March to July.

Economy
Meghalaya is predominantly an agrarian economy. A sign board in Cherrapunji Agriculture and allied activities engage nearly two-thirds of the total work force in Meghalaya. However, the contribution of this sector to the States NSDP is only about one-third. Agriculture in the state is characterized by low productivity and unsustainable farm practices, giving rise to a high incidence of rural poverty. As a result, despite the large percentage of population engaged in agriculture, the state is still dependent upon imports from other states for most food items such as meat, eggs, food grains etc. Infrastructural constraints have also prevented the economy of the state from growing at a pace commensurate with that of the rest of the country. Meghalaya is considered to have a rich base of natural resources. These include minerals such as coal, limestone, sillimanite, Kaolin and granite among others. Meghalaya also has a large forest cover, rich biodiversity and numerous water bodies. The low level of industrialization and the relatively poor infrastructure base in the state acts as an impediment to the exploitation of these natural resources in the interest of the state's economy. However, in recent years two large cement manufacturing plants with production capacity more than 900 MTD have come up in Jantia Hills district and several more are in pipeline to utilise the rich deposit of very high quality limestone available in this district. Meghalaya also has much natural beauty, and the State government has been trying to exploit this for promoting tourism in the State. However, infrastructural constraints and security concerns have hampered the growth of tourism in the state.

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Macro-economic trends
This is a chart of trends in the gross state domestic product of Meghalaya at market prices estimated [48] by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.

View of MCL Cement plant, Thangskai, P.O. Lumshnong, Jaintia Hills

Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 2,000 1985 3,930 1990 8,900 1995 19,950 2000 37,280

Meghalaya's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $1.6 billion in current prices.

Incidence of poverty
Planning Commission, the apex planning body under the Government of India, has estimated the percentage of population below poverty line in Meghalaya at nearly one-third the total population of the state in 2000. The incidence of poverty in rural areas at about 55% is almost double the percentage of poverty in the urban areas.

Mining
Some places in Meghalaya, such as Lad Rymbai[11], have become hubs of illegal mining. Balpakram National Park, located in South Garo Hills District, is constantly being encroached as forest areas are cleared for coal mining. The Garo Hills Anti-Mining and Conservation Forum is constantly shutting down these illegal mines, and accuses the Government of ignoring the issue. In the Jaintia Hills District, illegal mining has poisoned all the rivers except for Myntang River and Umngot River. Illegal mining is a well kept secret of the state, but it is slowly being exposed. Recently France 24, a TV channel, exposed the use of child labor in these illegal coal mines. Local newspapers have also started to expose the illegal mining activities in the state.

Agriculture
Nearly 10% of the total geographical area of Meghalaya is under cultivation. Agriculture in the state is characterized by limited use of modern techniques and low productivity. As a result, despite the vast majority of the population being engaged in agriculture, the contribution of agricultural production to the states GDP is low, and most of the population engaged in agriculture remain poor. A substantial portion of the cultivated area is under the traditional shifting agriculture known locally as Jhum cultivation.

Meghalaya Food grains are the most important crop in Meghalaya. These are grown in over 1,330km, nearly 60% of the states cultivated area. The production of food grains is over 230 thousand tonnes. Rice is the dominant food grain crop accounting for over 80% of the food grain production in the state. Other important food grain crops are maize, wheat and a few other cereals and pulses. Oilseeds such as rape, mustard, linseed, soybean, castor and sesame are grown on nearly 100km. Rape and mustard are the most important oilseeds accounting for well over two-thirds of the oilseed production of nearly 6.5 thousand tonnes. Fibre crops such as cotton, jute and Mesta had traditionally been among the only cash crops in Meghalaya, grown almost exclusively in Garo Hills. These have been losing popularity in recent years as indicated by their declining yield and area under cultivation. Climatic conditions in Meghalaya also permit a large variety of horticulture crops including fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices and medicinal plants. These are considered to be higher value crops but traditional values and food security concerns have prevented farmers at large from embracing these crops. The important fruits currently grown in the state include citrus fruits, pineapples, papayas, bananas etc. The mandarin oranges grown in Meghalaya are of very high quality. In addition to this, a large variety of vegetables are grown in the state, including cauliflower, cabbages and radishes. Areca nut plantations can be seen all over the state, especially around the road from Guwahati to Shillong. Other plantation crops like tea, coffee and cashews have been introduced lately and are becoming popular. A large variety of spices, flowers, medicinal plants and mushrooms are also grown in the State.

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Transportation
The partition of the country has created severe infrastructure constraints for the Northeastern region, with merely 2% of the perimeter of the region adjoining the rest of the country. A narrow strip of land, often called the Siliguri Corridor or the Chicken's Neck connects the region with the State of West Bengal. Meghalaya is a landlocked state with a large number of small settlements in remote areas. Road is the only means of transport within the state. While the capital Shillong is relatively well connected, road connectivity in most other parts of the state is relatively poor. A significant portion of the roads in the state are still unpaved. Most of the arrivals into the Meghalaya take place through Guwahati in neighboring Assam, which is nearly 103km away. Assam has a major railhead as well as an airport with regular train and air services to the rest of the country. The state still has a large number of old timber bridges. Meghalaya does not have any railhead. The Cherra Companyganj State Railways was a former mountain railway through the state.[12] It has a small airport at Umroi, about 40km from Shillong on the Guwahati-Shillong highway. The small size of the airport does not allow the operation of large aircraft, and only small aircraft operate from Kolkata and Agartala, the capital of the neighboring state of Tripura.

Flora and fauna

As per the State of Forest Report 2003, published by the Forest Survey of India, Meghalaya has a forest cover of 9,496km, which is 42.34% of the total geographical area of the state. The Meghalayan subtropical forests are considered to be among the richest botanical habitats of Asia. These forests receive abundant rainfall and support a vast variety of floral and faunal biodiversity. A small portion of the forest area in Meghalaya is under what is known as sacred groves (see Sacred groves of India). These are small pockets of ancient forest that have been preserved by the communities for hundreds of years due to religious and cultural beliefs. These forests are reserved for religious rituals and generally remain protected from any exploitation. These sacred groves harbour many rare plant and animal species. The Nokrek Biosphere Reserve in the West Garo Hills and the Balaphakram National Park in the South Garo Hills are considered to be the most biodiversity-rich sites in Meghalaya. In addition, Meghalaya has

Meghalaya three wildlife sanctuaries. These are the Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary, the Siju Sanctuary and the Bhagmara Sanctuary, which is also the home of the insect eating pitcher plant Nepenthes khasiana. Due to diverse climatic and topographic conditions, Meghalayan forests support a vast floral diversity, including a large variety of Parasites and Epiphytes, Succulent plants and Shrubs. Two of the most important tree varieties include: Shorea robusta (sal tree) and Tectona grandis (teak). Meghalaya is also the home to a large variety of fruits, vegetables, spices and medicinal plants. Meghalayan is also famous for its large variety of orchids nearly 325 of them. Of these the largest variety is found in the Mawsmi, Mawmluh and Sohrarim forests in the Khasi hills.
Nepenthes khasiana

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Animals

Meghalaya also has a large variety of mammals, birds, reptiles and insects.[13] The important mammal species include elephants, bear, civets, mongooses, weasels, rodents, gaur, wild buffalo, deer, wild boar and a number of primates. Meghalaya also has a large variety of bats. The limestone caves in Meghalaya such as the Siju Cave are home to some of the nation's rarest bat species. There is an interesting population of red pandas in Garo Hills.[14] The state has a remnant population of Wild Water Buffaloes in South Garo and West Khasi Hills districts.[15] The hoolock gibbon still occurs in all districts of Meghalaya.[16] Prominent bird species in Meghalaya include the Magpie-Robin, the Red-vented Bulbul, the Hill Myna is usually found in pairs or in flocks in the hill forests of Meghalaya, the Large Pied Hornbill and the Great Indian Hornbill, which is the largest bird in Meghalaya. Other birds include the Peacock Pheasant, the Large Indian Parakeet, the Common Green Pigeon and the Blue Jay.[17] Meghalaya is also home to over 250 species of butterflies, nearly a quarter of all butterfly species found in India. Common reptiles in Meghalaya are lizards, crocodiles and tortoises. Meghalaya also has a number of snakes including the python, the Copperhead, the Green Tree Racer, the Indian Cobra the King Cobra, the Coral Snake and Vipers.

Education
There are lots of good schools and colleges in Shillong. As part of a developmental program in north eastern states, the Ministry of Human Resource Development opened the seventh Indian Institute of Management in Shillong, which is named as the Rajiv Gandhi Indian Institute of Management. This institute started admissions from the academic year 2008. Recently the National Institute of Fashion Technology Shillong and the NEIGRIHMS opened in Shillong. Shillong is fast becoming the center of learning in the North Eastern region. Apart from Shillong, good schools and colleges are available in Jowai and Tura
IIM Shillong

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Tourism
Earlier, foreign tourists required special permits to enter the areas that now constitute the state of Meghalaya. However, the restrictions were removed in 1955. Meghalaya is considered to be one of the most picturesque states in the country. It has enough tourism content to attract tourists of many different interests.

Tourism content
Meghalaya has some of the thickest surviving forests in the country and therefore constitutes one of the most important ecotourism circuits in the India today. The Meghalayan subtropical forests support a vast variety of flora and fauna. Meghalaya has 2 National Parks and 3 Wildlife Sanctuaries. Meghalaya also offers many adventure tourism opportunities in the form of mountaineering, rock climbing, trekking and hiking, water sports etc. The state offers several trekking routes, some of which also afford an opportunity to encounter rare animals such as slow loris, assorted deer and bear. The Umiam Lake has a water sports complex with facilities such as rowboats, paddleboats, sailing boats, cruise-boats, water-scooters and speedboats. Meghalaya has an estimated 500 natural limestone and sandstone caves spread over the entire state including most of the longest and deepest caves in the sub-continent. Krem Shillong Golf Course, one of the oldest golf courses of India. Liat Prah is the longest cave, and Synrang Pamiang is the deepest cave. Both are located in the Jaintia Hills. Cavers from United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Ireland and the United States have been visiting Meghalaya for over a decade exploring these caves. Not many of these have however been developed or promoted adequately for major tourist destinations.

Shillong from Shillong peak.

Important tourist spots

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Cherrapunji is one of the most popular tourist locations in North East of India. The town is well known and has guided tours of Tree Root Bridges. It lies to the south of the capital Shillong. A rather scenic 50 kilometer long road connects Cherrapunji with Shillong. The popular waterfalls in the state are the Elephant Falls, Shadthum Falls, Weinia falls, Bishop Falls, Nohkalikai Falls, Langshiang Falls and Sweet Falls. The hot springs at Jakrem near Mawsynram are believed to have curative and medicinal properties. Meghalaya is also known for its "Sacred Groves". These have been preserved by the traditional religious sanction since the ancient days. The Mawphlang sacred forest, also known as "Law Lyngdoh," is one of the most famous sacred forests. It's located about 25 kilometres from Shillong. It's a must visit for nature lovers. Nongkhnum Island located in the West Khasi Hills district is the biggest river island in Meghalaya and the second biggest in Asia. Its 14 kilometres from Nongstoin. The island is formed by the bifurcation of Kynshi River into the Phanliang River and the Namliang River. Adjacent to the sandy beach the Phanliang River forms a very beautiful lake. The river then moves along and before reaching a deep gorge, forms a pretty waterfall about 60 meters high called Shadthum Fall.
Nohkalikai Falls

Standing stones, (Maw bin nah) below Cherrapunji.

The Mawlynnong village located near the India-Bangladesh border is known for its cleanliness.[18] The travel magazine Discover India declared the village as the cleanest in Asia in 2003, and the cleanest in India in 2005.[19] Some of the interesting features include the presence of a Living Root Bridges and another natural phenomenon of a boulder balancing on another rock. Meghalaya also has many natural and manmade lakes. The Umiam Lake (popularly known as Bara Pani meaning Big water) on the Guwahati-Shillong road is a major tourism attraction for tourist. Meghalaya has several parks; Thangkharang Park, the Eco-park, the Botanical Garden and Lady Hydari Park to name a few. Dawki, which is located at about 96 Kilometres from Shillong is the gateway to Bangladesh and affords a scenic view of some of the tallest mountain ranges in Meghalaya and the Bangladesh border lands. Balpakram National Park with its pristine habitat and scenery is a major attraction also in Garo Hills has its own charm with lot of wildlife.[21]
[20]

The Nokrek National Park,

Problems and constraints

The state has a relatively poor road and communication network specially NH 62. While some of the major circuits such as Shillong-Jowai, Shillong-Tura and Shillong-Sohra are well developed; the internal road networks are rather poor and inadequately maintained. There are few markets outside the state capital Shillong. Banking facilities are also limited and only a few establishments in the state accept credit cards. The Garo Hills region which has some of the most important tourist spots is not well connected with the rest of the state. Tourism in the North East in general has also suffered on account of years of insurgency and the resulting security concerns. Many governments had in the past issued advisories against traveling to the Northeast of India, worsening

Meghalaya the security perception. It may however be mentioned that Meghalaya is perhaps the least affected by insurgency in the Northeast region. The current ground scenario for Shillong is one in which tourists are welcome to come and enjoy the beauty of Meghalaya.

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Government and politics

State government
Like most other states in India, Meghalaya has a unicameral legislature. The Meghalaya Legislative Assembly has 60 members at present. Meghalaya has two representatives in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India; one each from Shillong and Tura. It also has one representative in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament. The ceremonial head of the State is the Governor appointed by the Government of India. However, the real executive powers are held by the Chief Minister. Meghalaya does not have a high court of its own. The Gauhati High Court has jurisdiction in Meghalaya. A Circuit Bench of the Guwahati High Court has been functioning at Shillong since 1974. See also List of political parties in the state

Autonomous district councils

In order to provide local self governance machinery to the rural population of the country, provisions were made in the Constitution of India and accordingly the Panchayati Raj institutions were set up. However, on account of the distinct customs and traditions prevailing in erstwhile state of Assam (of which Meghalaya and most of the Northeast was a part), it was felt necessary to have a separate political and administrative structure in Assam. Moreover, some of the tribal communities in the region also had their own traditional political systems and it was felt that Panchayati Raj institutions may come into conflict with these traditional systems. To provide a simple and inexpensive form of local self governance to the tribal population, the Sixth Schedule was appended to the Constitution on the recommendations of a sub committee formed under the leadership of Gopinath Bordoloi. The Sixth Schedule provided for the constitution of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) in certain rural areas of the Northeast including some areas that now fall in Meghalaya. The Sixth Schedule carries detailed provisions for the constitution and management of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) and laid down the powers of the ADCs. At present Meghalaya has three ADCs, viz., Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, Garo Hills Autonomous District Council and Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council.

Traditional political institutions

All the three major ethnic tribal groups, namely, the Khasis, Jaintias and the Garos also have their own traditional political institutions that have existed for hundreds of years. These political institutions were fairly well developed and functioned at various tiers, such as the village level, clan level and state level. In the traditional political system of the Khasis, each clan had its own council known as the Durbar Kur, which was presided over by the clan headman. The council or the Durbar managed the internal affairs of the clan. Similarly, every village had a local assembly known as the Durbar Shnong, i.e. village Durbar or council, which was presided over by the village headman. These councils or Durbars played an administrative role in issues of common interest, such as sanitation, water supply, health, roads, education and conflict resolution. However, the inter-village issues were dealt with through a political unit comprising adjacent Khasi Villages. This political unit was known as the raid. The raid had its own council the Raid Durbar, which was presided over by the elected headman known as Basans, Lyngdohs or Sirdars. Above the Raid was a the supreme political authority

Meghalaya known as the Syiemship. The Syiemship was the congregation of several raids and was headed an elected chief known as the Syiem (or the king). The Syiem ruled the Khasi state through the State Assembly, known as the Durbar Hima. Most of the elections were through adult male suffrage. No male is allowed to enter the Durbar (Assembly) without a mustache which is the rule of Khasi traditional. The Jaintias also had a three tier political system somewhat similar to the Khasis. The supreme political authority was the Syiem. The second tier of this structure was the congregation of Jaintia villages known as Raids. These were headed by Dolois, who were responsible for performing the executive, magisterial, religious and ceremonial functions at the Raid level. At the lowest level were the village headmen. Each administrative tier had its own councils or durbars. Most elections were through adult male suffrage. In the traditional political system of the Garos a group of Garo villages comprised the Aking. The Aking functioned under the supervision of the Nokmas, which was perhaps the only political and administrative authority in the political institution of the Garos. The Nokma performed both judicial and legislative functions. The Nokmas also congregated to address inter-Aking issues. There were no well-organized councils or durbars among the Garos. Frankenstein Momin, Billy Kid Sangma and Adolf Lu Hitler Marak were three men among dozens of others with equally colorful names who competed for legislative seats in Meghalaya, a remote northeast Indian state, on 3 March 2008. There were about 60 seats up for grabs, 331 candidates vying, and no shortage of unusual names it was reported on 25 February 2008.[22]

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Facts and figures

Area: 22,429km Population: 2,175,000 (2000) Ethnic groups: Khasi: 35% Garo: 27.5% Jaintia: 18% Nepali: 10.5% Koch: 2.8% Bengali: 2.5% Hajong: 1.8% Shaikh: 0.3% Other: 4.4% Religion:[23] Christian: 70.3% Animist: 11.5% Hindu: 13.3% Muslim: 4.3% Capital: Shillong (population 260,000)

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Media
Shilong Samay-Shillong Samay is a first Hindi Daily Of the State.

References
[1] http:/ / meghalaya. nic. in [2] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [3] Indian Census (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ) [4] Amrit Kumar Goldsmith. Christianity in North-east India in a Historical Perspective [5] Percentages for the India's 2001 census (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_Data_Online/ Language/ Statement3. htm) [6] "Department of Tourism Government of Meghalaya -About Meghalaya" (http:/ / megtourism. gov. in/ aboutmeghalaya. html). Megtourism.gov.in. 1972-01-21. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [7] "The People" (http:/ / www. westgarohills. gov. in/ people. htm). Westgarohills.gov.in. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [8] Roy 1981, p.139 [9] Roy 1981, p.132 [10] "Basic facts of Meghalaya" (http:/ / megipr. gov. in/ basic_facts. htm). . Retrieved January 13, 2012. [11] Rupa China (July 2006). "Coal calculations" (http:/ / www. frontline. in/ fl2313/ stories/ 20060714001904200. htm). Frontline 23 (13). . Retrieved 2012-01-31. [12] http:/ / zeenews. india. com/ news/ north-east/ a-mountain-railway-that-existed-125-years-ago_763894. html [13] Choudhury, A.U.(2003) Meghalaya's vanishing wilderness. Sanctuary Asia 23(5): 30-35 [14] Choudhury, A.U. (1996) Red panda in Garo Hills. Environ IV(I): 21 [15] Choudhury, A.U. (2010)The vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan, Guwahati, India [16] Choudhury, A.U. (2006) The distribution and status of hoolock gibbon, Hoolock hoolock, in Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland in Northeast India. Primate Conservation 20: 79-87 [17] Choudhury, A.U. (1998) Birds of Nongkhyllem Wildlife Sanctuary & adjacent areas. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. 31pp. [18] Mawlynnong - The Cleanest Village of Asia (http:/ / www. neblog. in/ 2011/ 06/ mawlynnog-cleanest-village-of-asia. html) Neblog.in [19] Eco Destination (http:/ / megtourism. gov. in/ ecodestination. html), Department of Tourism, Government of Meghalaya [20] Choudhury, A.U. (2008) Balpakram Meghalayas heritage IBA. Mistnet 10 (4): 11-13 [21] Choudhury, A.U. (2010) Nokrek national park an IBA in Meghalaya. Mistnet 11 (1): 7-8 [22] Hitler, Frankenstein battle for votes in India (http:/ / edition. cnn. com/ 2008/ WORLD/ asiapcf/ 02/ 25/ india. names/ index. html) [23] Census GIS HouseHold (http:/ / www. censusindiamaps. net/ page/ Religion_WhizMap1/ housemap. htm)

Bibliography
Roy, Hira Lal Deb (1981). A Tribe in Transition. Cosmo.

External links
Official website (http://meghalaya.nic.in/) Tourism of Meghalaya (http://megtourism.gov.in/) (Official) Meghalaya (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Meghalaya/) at the Open Directory Project Meghalaya travel guide from Wikitravel Strangler fig trees made into "living bridges" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apBO9pujP5E) in Meghalaya

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Manipur
Manipur
State

Seal

Location of Manipur in India

Map of Manipur Coordinates (Imphal): 244901N 935700E Country Established India 21 January 1972

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Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy 2721756 22nd unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-MN 0.707 (medium) 5th (2005) 79.85% (2011 Census) 22347km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 23rd Gurbachan Jagat Okram Ibobi Singh (INC) Unicameral (60 seats) Imphal Imphal 9

Official languages Meiteilon Website Manipur Official Website [1]

Manipur pronunciation (Meitei: maipur) is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur consist of Kangleipak kingdom (Meitei, Bhramin, and Meitei Pangal (Muslim))and the hills of the tribals and is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to the east. It covers an area of 22347 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). Geographically, it falls under the Southeast Asia region. The Meiteis (Meeteis), who live primarily in the state's valley region, form the primary ethnic group (60% of the total population) but occupy only 10% of the total land area. Their language, Meiteilon (Meeteilon), (also known as Manipuri), is also the lingua franca in the state, and was recognized as one of the national languages of India in 1992. The Muslims (Meitei-Pangal) also live in the valley; the Kukis, Nagas, Hmars and other smaller groups form about 40% of the population but occupy the remaining 90% of the total land area of Manipur State . Manipur is considered a sensitive border state. Foreigners entering Manipur prior to January 1, 2011 (including foreign citizens born in Manipur) were required to possess Restricted Area Permit. As of January 1, 2011 foreign citizens are no longer required to have a Protected Areas Permit (PAP). This change will remain in effect for one year.

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History
Manipur came under British rule as a princely state (kanglapak) in 1891 and existed until 1947, when it acceded to the newly independent Union of India. During the Second World War, Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between the Japanese and the Allied forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal, and this proved to be one of the turning points of the war. After the War, the Manipur Constitution Act of 1947 established a democratic form of government with the Maharaja as the Executive Head and an elected legislature. In 1949, Maharaja Budhachandra was summoned to Shillong, capital of the then Indian province of Assam. The legislative assembly was dissolved on the controversial annexation of the state with the republic of India in October 1949. Manipur was a union territory from 1956 and later became a full-fledged state in 1972. Manipur became a Union Territory in 1956 and later, in 1972, a full-fledged state of India with Muhammad Alimuddin becoming the first statehood Chief Minister (197274). There has been a separatist movement in Manipur since 1964 with the establishment of United National Liberation Front, with several violent groups desirous of a sovereign Manipur.[2] Special permission must also be obtained for those who wish to enter Manipur, as it is considered a "sensitive area" on account of its political troubles and geographical location.[3]

The Kangla Sha, the state emblem

The Kangla Gate (west entrance to the Kangla Fort

Geography, vegetation and climate

Geography
Manipur is one of the seven states of Northeast India, and one of the Seven Sister States. The state is bounded by Nagaland in the north, by Mizoram in the south, by Assam in the west, and by the borders of the country Burma in the east as well as in the south. The state capital of Manipur is Imphal. The state lies at latitude of 2383N 2568N and longitude of 9303E 9478E. The total area covered by the state is 22,347km. The capital lies in an oval-shaped valley of approximately 700 square miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km2) surrounded by blue mountains and is at an elevation of 790 metres above the sea level.[4] The slope of the valley is from north to south. The presence of the mountain ranges not only prevents the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley but also acts as a barrier to the cyclonic storms originating from the Bay of Bengal.

Singda-The place where the Highest Mud Dam in India is located

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There are four major river basins in Manipur State, the Barak River Basin (Barak Valley) to the west, the Manipur River Basin in central Manipur, the Yu River Basin in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north.[5] The total water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham. The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 Mham in the annual water budget.[6] (By way of comparison, India receives 400 Mham (million hectare meters) of rain annually[7]) The Barak river, the largest river of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by a number of Barak River in its upper course in Manipur tributaries such as the Irang, Maku, and Tuivai. After its junction with the Tuivai, the Barak River turns north and forms the border with Assam State, and then enters the Cachar Assam just above Lakhipur. The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers: the Manipur, Imphal, Iril, Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from the surrounding hills. Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and, therefore, deposit their sediment load in the Loktak lake.[4] The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young, due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are corrosive in nature and assume turbulent form in the rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku, Barak, Jiri, Irang and Leimatak. Rivers draining the eastern part of the state, the Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams. Physiographically, Manipur may be characterised in two distinct physical regions an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated land forms. These two areas are not only distinct in respect of physical features but are also conspicuous with regard to various flora and fauna. The valley region would have been a monotonous, featureless plain but for a number of hills and mounds rising above the flat surface. The Loktak lake is an important feature of the central plain. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600km. The altitude ranges from 40 m at Jiribam to 2,994 m at Mt. Iso Peak near Mao Songsong. The soil cover can be divided into two broad types, viz. the red ferruginous soil in the hill area and the alluvium in the valley. The valley soils generally contain loam, small rock fragments, sand and sandy clay, and are quite varied. On the plains, especially flood plains and deltas, the soil is quite thick. The top soil on the steep slopes is very thin. Soil on the steep hill slopes is subject to high erosion, resulting in gullies and barren rock slopes. The normal pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.8.[8] The climate of the State is salubrious with approximate average annual rainfall varying from 933mm at Imphal to 2593mm at Tamenglong. The temperature ranges from sub-zero to 36C.

Districts
Manipur has currently nine administrative districts.
District Bishnupur Area Population Headquarters 496 208,368 227,905 118,327 394,876 444,382 283,621 111,499 364,140 Bishnupur Churachandpur Chandel Porompat Lamphelpat Senapati Tamenglong Thoubal

Churachandpur 4570 Chandel Imphal East Imphal West Senapati Tamenglong Thoubal 3313 709 519 3271 4391 514

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Ukhrul 4544 140,778 Ukhrul

Vegetation
The natural vegetation occupies an area of about 14,365km which is nearly 64% of the total geographical area of the state. The vegetation consists of a large variety of plants ranging from short and tall grasses, reeds and bamboos to trees of various species. Broadly, there are four types of forests: Tropical Semi-evergreen. Dry Temperate Forest Sub-Tropical Pine Tropical Moist Deciduous Teak, pine, oak, uningthou, leihao, bamboo, cane, etc. are important forest resources growing in plenty. In addition, rubber, tea, coffee, orange, and cardamom are grown in hill areas. Rice is a staple food for Manipuris. Rice and cash crops make up the main vegetation cover in the valley.

Flowers lining up the Foothills

A tree standing alone amidst the wilderness

Climate
The climate of Manipur is largely influenced by the topography of this hilly region which defines the geography of Manipur. Lying 790 meters above sea level, Manipur is wedged between hills on all sides. This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate, though the winters can be a little chilly. The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 degree C. In winter the temperature often falls below zero, bringing frost. Snow sometimes falls in some hilly regions due to the Western Disturbance. The coldest month is January, and the warmest July. The ideal time for tourism in the state, in terms of climate, is from October to February, when the weather remains bright and sunny without the sun being too hot.

The Dzuko Valley lying on the border of Manipur and Nagaland has a temperate climate

The state is drenched in rains from May until mid-October. It receives an average annual rainfall of 1467.5mm. However, the rain distribution varies from 933mm in Imphal to 2593mm in Tamenglong. The precipitation ranges from light drizzles to heavy downpour. The normal rainfall of Manipur enriches the soil and helps

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in agricultural processes and irrigation. The South Westerly Monsoon picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and heads toward Manipur, hits the eastern Himalaya ranges and produces a massive amount of rain in the state.

Monsoon clouds in Manipur

Population
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Pop. 578000 780000 1073000 1421000 1837000 2294000 % 34.9% 37.6% 32.4% 29.3% 24.9% [9]

Source:Census of India

Manipur has a population of 2,388,634. Of this total, 58.9% live in the valley and the remaining 41.1% in the hilly region. The hills are inhabited mainly by the Nagas, Kukis (Chin-Mizos) and smaller tribal communities and the valley mainly by the Meiteis, Pangal, and "Bhamons" who are literally non-Meiteis). Some Naga,Kuki and Hmar settlements are also found in the valley region. Racially, Manipuri people are far more similar to Southeast Asians than to mainland Indians.[10] The distribution of area, population and density, literacy rate, etc. as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below:

Demographics of Manipur
Total Population Male Population 2,388,634 1,207,338

FemalePopulation 1,181,296 Rural Population Urban Population Sex Ratio Density (per km) Literacy Towns 1,818,224 570,410 978 female to 1000 male 107 1,429,656 (68.87%) 33

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Language
The official languages of the state are Manipuri and English.

Manipuri language (Meiteilon)

Meiteilon, the official language of Manipur, has a long history. Courses on Manipuri Language and Literature are offered as a subject up to M.A. level in both Central and State Universities. It is the main language of communication among all different tribes and people inhabiting Manipur. English is also slowly gaining ground as a common language of communication.Hindi is also in use by the migrants from northern India. Meiteilon has been recognized as the Manipuri language by the Indian Union and has been included in the list of scheduled languages (included in the 8th schedule by the 71st amendment of the constitution in 1992). Meitei is taught as a subject up to postgraduate level (Ph.D.) in Indian universities, apart from being a medium of instruction up to the undergraduate level in Manipur.

Meitei Mayek (Manipuri script)

Meitei Mayek is a script, commonly referred as Mayek, which has been used since ancient times. Though out of vogue for a certain period, in the recent past it has gained popularity.

Languages of hill people

There are 29 different dialects spoken in Manipur. Six main hill dialects recognised by Government of Manipur for medium of instruction & examination up to class XII are : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thadou-Kuki, dialect of Kuki people, the second language in the state after Meiteilon during Colonial Period. Tangkhul, dialect of Tangkhul people Hmar, dialect of Hmar people Paite, dialect of Paite people Mao, dialect of Mao People Rongmei dialect of Rongmei people

Transportation
Tulihal Airport,Changangei, Imphal, the only airport of Manipur, connects directly with Delhi, Kolkata Guwahati and Agartala. National Highway NH-39 links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at Dimapur in Nagaland at a distance of 215km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Imphal. National Highway 53 (India) connects Manipur with another railway station at Silchar in Assam, which is 269km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) away from Imphal. The road network of Manipur, with a length of 7170km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) connects all the important towns and distant villages. On April 9, 2010, Union Minister of India, Shashi Tharoor announced that the central government is considering a rail link from Manipur to Vietnam.[11]

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Religion

Pakhangba

Hinduism and Sanamahi

The people of Manipur follow several faiths and religions which can be traced down to its unique historical past. Sanamahism is an ancient indigenous religion, rich in mythology and colorful in ritual. The Sanamahi worship is concentrated around the Sun God/Sanamahi. Early Manipuris were the devotees of a Supreme deity "Lainingthou Soralel" following the footprint of their Godly ancestors. That particular kind of ancestor worship and animism, with the central focus of worship on Umang Lai that is, ethnic governing deities worshipped in sacred groves. Some of the gods(Lais) Manipuris worship are Atiya Sidaba, Pakhangba, Sanamahi, Leimaren, Oknarel, Panganba, Thangjing, Marjing, Wangbaren, Koubru. The religious life Ningthoukhong Gopinath Mandir of the people, even when they adopted non-mainstream Hinduism, retained many characteristics inherited from their prehistoric ancestors. The essentials of this religion remain recognizable to the present day. Hinduism has an ancient presence in Manipur,[12] but did not win widespread adoption until relative recent history. It was in the 15th century that a particular form of Vaisnavism was adopted and spread under the reign of King Kyamba through to King Khagemba in the 19th century. Towards the end of the 19th century and at the advent of the 20th century, a great force of Gaudiya Vaishnavism came and spread in Manipur. Over the last couple of decades there has been a revival of Sanamahi religion and this was evident in the significant growth of the "non-mainstream" religion category in the 2001 census which amounted to 17% of the population. Due to the revival of demographic profile of the state, Sanamahism will now be included in the next Government of India population census in 2011.[13] According to the 2001 census Hinduism is identified with 47% of the population.

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Christianity
Christianity in Manipur started to spread in the 19th century onwards by missionaries. The 20th century saw the establishment of a few Christian schools which then introduced Western-type education in this remote part of the world. Some of the finest schools in Manipur are Little Flower School in Imphal, Don Bosco High School in Imphal, St. Joseph's Convent, Nirmalabas High School. These schools have produced achievers in various professions such as medicine, engineering, and other branches of science. A sizeable Meitei population have joined Christianity. Christianity constitutes 34% of the population.

St.Joseph's Cathedral at Imphal

Islam
Muslims numbering 190,939 form about 8.32% of the state population as per 2001 census. Influence of religious preceptors- Shaikh Shah Jalal Yemeni who came to Sylhet in 1303 AD and Azan Fakir Baghdadi in 1690 AD in Assam is also felt among Manipuri Muslims. There are Arab, Turani, Bengali and Mughal or Chaghtai Turk sections among Manipuri Muslims.

Culture
Kapil ois cm of Manipur
Theatre and society in Manipur are intimately linked, as in many parts of the world. Manipuris are a culturally enthusiastic people. Cultural spirit has never been allowed to be blown out despite the area's remoteness from the outside world. This is why it still thrives in the Manipur valley. Theatre has always been part of the Laiharaoba festivals since time immemorial. Theatre in Manipur today can be broadly divided, based on the texts, into religious and secular. The former is the adaptation of religious epics or some episodes from them, performed mainly in the The Chorus Repertory Theater, Imphal, founded sacred sphere such as temples. Within this Gauralila (the story of the by Ratan Thiyam childhood days of Caitanya Mahaprabhu), Sanjenba (an episode from the play between Krishna and his cows and his Gopis), and Udukhol (an episode from Krishna's childhood days) can be incorporated. They are seasonal performances commanding spiritual devotions among the audience. Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious and is performed in the secular or profane spheres. Within these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Though the religious genre is loved profoundly by the audience, the torch of theatre is being held aloft by the secular ones. Among the latter also Shumang lila commands a very wide rustic popularity among the audience though the stage drama still does not lack its serene and dignified position mostly because of its community-based themes and styles. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance). It is performed in an area of 13/13ft in the centre of any open space, in a very simple style without a raised stage or any set design or heavy props such as curtains, background scenery, visual effects, etc. It uses only one table and two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space. Its claim to be the theatre of the masses is underlined by the way it is performed in the middle of an audience that surrounds it, leaving only one passage as both entrance and exit.

Manipur Shumang lila is performed by a touring band of 12-13 professional artists on invitation basis. These troupes may be exclusively female (Nupi Shumang Lila) or exclusively male (Nupa Shumang lila). Though the male characters are played by the female artists in the case of the former, what is most intriguing is the acting of the female roles by the male artists or nupishabis (male actresses). They are feminine in their looks, bodily gestures and facial expressions guised in masculine souls. Historically the seed of Shumang lila was sown in Phagee lila (farce), performed during the reign of Ningthourel Chandrakirti (18501886), though traces of it were already present in the episode of Tangkhul-Nurabi Loutaba of Laiharaoba festival. Then it was succeeded by such plays as Ramlila, Sabha parba, Kabul lila, etc. But the real Shumang lila with various rasas (sentiments) was ushered in with the epic play Harishchandra (1918). Then it was followed by others such as Meiraba charan, Thok lila, etc. One of the most successful of this era was Moirang parba, an epic play based on the legendary lovers Khamba and Thoibi of Moirang. On the other hand, the world of Phampak lila (stage drama) performed in the proscenium theatre is similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian Natyasastra model though its contents are indigenous. The so-called modern theatre descended on Manipuri theatre culture with the performance of Pravas Milan (1902) under the enthusiastic patronage of Sir Churchand Maharaj (18911941). The pace of theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of various groups such as Manipur Dramatic Union (MDU) (1930), Arian Theatre (1935), Chitrangada Natya Mandir (1936), Society Theatre (1937), Rupmahal (1942), Cosmopolitan Dramatic Union (1968), and the Chorus Repertory Theatre of Ratan Thiyam (1976). These groups started experimenting with various types of plays apart from historical and pauranic ones. Today Manipuri theatre is well respected because of various excellent productions shown in various parts of the country and abroad. Manipuri plays, both Shumang lila and stage lila, have been a regular feature in the annual festival of the National School of Drama, New Delhi.

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Manipuri dance (Ras Lila)

A classical form of Manipuri dance based and inspired by the theme of Lord Krishna and his beloved Radha's love story and the devotion of the Gopis (companions) toward Lord Krishna. This graceful and slow movement of the dance makes it one of the most acclaimed classical dances of India. The costume is elegant, as there are nicely embroidered clothes that give luster to the beauty of the art.This dance is very exciting dance.

Ras Lila

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Chorus Repertory Theater

The auditorium of the theater is situated on the outskirts of Imphal and the campus stretches for about 2 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'm2). It has housing and working quarters to accommodate a self-sufficiency of life. The theater association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like Chakravyuha and Uttarpriyadashi. Its 25 years of existence in theater had disciplined its performers to a world of excellence. Chakravyuha taken from the Mahabharat epic had won Fringe Firsts Award, 1987 at the Edinburgh International Theater Festival. Chakravyuha deals with the story of Abhimanyu (son of Arjun) of his last battle and approaching death whereas Uttarpriyadashi is an 80-minute exposition of Emperor Ashoka's redemption.

The Shrine the main theater

Indigenous games
The indigenous games of Manipur can be classified as Outdoor and Indoor.

Outdoor
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Mukna Mukna Kangjei (Khong Kangjei) Sagol Kangjei (Polo) Yubi lakpi (Coconut Rugby) Oo-Laobi Hiyang-Tannaba Arambai Hunba

Mukna (Manipuri wrestling) Mukna is a popular form of wrestling. It has fundamental rules agreed by all Mukna organizations and with Royal Consent. Traditionally the game is controlled and organised by Pana Loisang of the Ruler of the state and village organizations. There are four, Panas-Ahallup, Naharup, Khabam and Laipham, who control all fixtures and times for the games and the State Meet in which the Final is invariably graced by the ruler, who presents the title of Jatra (Champion) for the year along with reward of Thum Nama (A full bag of salt) and Ngabong Phi (hand made cloth of cotton yarn), exemption of all state duties and Ningham Samjin dress (traditional). The game has two categories (1) Takhatnabi (League), (2) Naitom (Knockout). The young talents work and play all the year round with dedication for the title of 'Jatra' (Champion) of Mukna of Manipur.

Mukna is a popular sport in Manipur

Manipur Mukna Kangjei (Khong Kangjei) Mukna Kangjei is a game which combines the arts of mukna (wrestling) and Kangjei (Cane Stick) to play the ball made of seasoned bamboo roots. The origin of the game goes back well to Aniconic worship. People celebrate Lai Haraoba (festival to please traditional deities) and include this item to mark the end of the festival. It was believed that Khagemba Ningthou (King, 15971652) patronised this game. In later generations, the game is organised in the villages. Presently, associations are formed in Panas with rules and regulations of Mukna Kangjei. The game is played by two teams of seven players each. All players hold a natural cane stick with root, gradually increasing the size of the root, to the length of about seven inches to play the ball made out of seasoned bamboo roots of approximately a diameter of four inches (102mm). The players put on Mukna Kisi Phijet (dress of cloth knot) to secure protection and holding each other. At present a short pant is added below Kisi (like cloth belt with knots). The game starts by throwing the ball in front of the panjenbas (leaders) of the two teams standing face to face to each other on the line. If possible they can pick up the ball and run. The process of running and obstructing each other to put the ball on the goal line of the ground is allowed, Pun onba (change of side) and end of the game is given by the command of the umpire. The rules for the game are known as Kangjei lon. It has improved a lot and was demonstrated during the Fifth National Games 1999 at Imphal. Sagol Kangjei (Polo) To Manipuris according to Chaitharol-Kumbaba, a Royal Chronicle of Manipur King Kangba who ruled Manipur much earlier than Nongda Lairen Pakhangba (33 AD) introduced Sagol Kangjei (Kangjei on horse back). Further regular playing of this game commenced in 1605 during the reign of King Khagemba under newly framed rules of the game. The game requires perfect control of the pony, the stick and the ball with proficiency of riding. The sense of 'fair Play' was the main guided factor of this game. This is played between two teams of Seven players a side. During the time of the late Sir Chandrakirti Singh, K.C.S.I Maharaja of Manipur introduced regular game at Mapal Kangjeibung (now near Tikendrajit Park) on the ground of Sana-Lamjei (length 160 and 80 width in dimension) being one Lamjei equal to 6ft (unknown operator: u'strong'm) The game can be played in smaller ground also if occasion demands. Earlier, there was no definite rules for foul in traditional Sagol Kangjei.Manipur has produced players of outstanding calibres like Jubaraj Bir Tikendraji (Senapati of Manipur Army) as legendary player described by Mrs. Grimhood (188790). After 1891, Manipur produced outstanding players like (L) Ojha Tombi and Shyamjai Sharma who never had the chance to play in international tournament. From the history it is an established fact and accepted that Manipur is the birthplace of Polo of the World. Yubi lakpi Yubi lakpi is a traditional football game played in Manipur, India, using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to rugby. Despite these similarities, the name is not related to the game of rugby or Rugby School in England, it is in fact of Manipuri origin, and means literally "coconut snatching". Oolaobi Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (seven deitiesseven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders (Avoiders). The Raiders say "oo" without stopping as long as they can continue and try to touch the Avoiders. If a Raider touches an Avoider is out, the Avoider is out. This process goes on till Avoiders are out or surrender. If a raider fails to say "oo" or is out of breath, the Raider is out. Points are counted on the elimination of Raiders/Defenders. If Raiders are tired they declare for change and a time limit is decided on. The principles of Oolaobi are very similar to Kabaddi in India. The ground (court) is not marked; normally the open space in the premises of the house or temple is used for the game. Oolaobi is very popular with girls and a source of talent in Kabaddi.

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Manipur Hiyang Tannaba Hiyang Tannaba (Boat Race) : Hiyang tannaba (Hi Yangba Tannaba) is a traditional function of the Panas. This is held during the month of November. This was introduced during the time of Ningthourel Khunjaoba, the second son of King Khagemba, who dug the Kangla Moat around the Palace to make it impregnable in the year of 1660 after he ascended the throne in 1652.In the traditional function two boats "Tanahi" (Race Boat) are detailed for leaders known as "Tengmai Lappa". In each boat forty Hiroys (Boatsman) operate the boat. The boat which reaches the finishing line is the winner and all boatsman raise their (Now) oars high in the air as a sign of reaching the finishing line first and thus the winner of the race is declared. The leader pays his respect to the deity and the King of Manipur. Arambai Hunba People of Manipur are very fond of riding horses specially those who are in the village near the breeding areas. Since the ponies are easily available, the young boys get the chance of riding ponies without saddle on horse back. Sometimes they ride horse using a rope in place of regular bridle throwing branches of small trees in place of Arambai. This practice helped the Manipur Arambai force as a martial art which was very much required during the advance and withdrawal of forces. This art was very popular as an indigenous game of the youth of Manipur. This game is displayed even now, during the festival "Kwak Jatra" after Durga Puja. Apart from these games, some outdoor games, which are played by children, are in a position of extinction. The games like Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba, Chaphu Thugaibi etc. are very popular game in Cambodia. Such games are played especially during the Khmer New Year.[14]

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Hiyang Tannaba in progress

Indoor Indigenous Games

Kang Kang is played by both male and female Meities of Manipur. Manipuris believe Kang is a game played by deity " Panthoibi". It is also believed that Manipuris began to play this game well before Vaishnavism came to Manipur. It is culturally a fine game of Manipur specially of Meiteis. It is played under a shed of building on an earth ground (court) smoothly levelled to suit the course of the 'Kang' the target on the court. It is well marked for the respective positions of the players of both to hit the target on the court. It has rules and regulations Kang game formed by the associations to suit the occasions of the games either for tournaments or Friendly. The dignitaries of the Palace, even Queen and King also participated on social functions. In olden days 'Kang' was played during summer, starting from Cheiraoba (Manipur New Year) to Kang Chingba. Presently the game is played in several tournaments throughout the year, organised by the Associations. Rules and regulations have been modified to suit the improved process of the game.

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Festivals
The various festivals of Manipur are Lui-ngai-niNingol Chakouba, Yaoshang, Ramjan ID, Kut, Gan-ngai, Chumpha, Christmas, Cheiraoba, Kang and Heikru Hidongba. Most of these festivals are usually celebrated on the basis of lunar calendar. Almost every festival celebrated in other states is observed here and it makes Manipur a mini metropolis.

Ningol Chakouba (November)

A social festival of the Meiteis and many communities of Manipur where the married women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba-literally calling to a meal;for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house along with their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the girls married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have also started celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival. It is held every year mostly during the month of November. Sometimes it falls in October. "Ningol" can mean a family's woman or a girl child and is not necessarily married.

Yaoshang (February/March)
Yaoshang is one of the colourful festival of Manipur similar to holy festival. Another feature of this premiere festival is the Thabal Chongba (Dancing in the Moonlight). The boys from various places will come to the site of the festival and dance with the girls by holding on to their hands and moving in circles. It is celebrated for five days starting from the full moon of Phalguna (February/March).

Christmas (December)
The Hill dwellers consisting of various tribes (Kuki,Naga,Hmar etc.)in Manipur are Christians and celebrate Christmas for two days with prayers, reading of gospels, eating, singing of hymns, lectures on Christ, sports etc. It is usually observed on 24 December and 25. The Kuki are the second largest people in terms of population, next to the Meitei people. Few of them living in the plain area but most of them living in the hill area from generation to generation. Nowadays, one can find a small but rapidly expanding Meitei Christian population both in the urban and rural areas.

Kut (Post Harvest festival) (November)

A post harvest festival predominantly celebrated by Kuki-Chin tribes in Manipur has become one of the leading festivals of the state. Kut is not restricted to a particular community or tribe but the whole state populace participates in merriment. On 1 November of every year the state declared holiday for Kut celebration. The festival is marked by various cultural events such as traditional dances, folk dances, songs, sports and the most popular Miss Kut contest. It is a festival of peace and thanksgiving to the Almighty for the harvests.

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Gaan-Ngai
Gaan-Ngai is the greatest festival of the Zeliangrong people. Its a 5 day long festival and is usually performed on the 13th day of the Meitei month of Wakching as per the Meitei Calendar of the lunar year.really in this festival Zeliangrong people enjoys a lot

Ramjan Id
The Manipuri Muslims observed this festival in the very spirits of joy and festivities as in other Muslim world. During this month the Muslims practice self denial by taking a fast, abstaining from smoke and drink from pre-dawn till sunset. After the second day of shawwal, when the new moon is visible they break fast which is also popularly known as Id-Ul-Fitre. They offer prayers at the mosques, have delicious dishes, exchange greetings and call on the friends and relatives. Ramjan is the ninth month of the Hijri year.

Cheiraoba (New Year of Manipur (Sajibugi Nongma Panba), March/April)

People of Manipur clean and decorate their houses and make a sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering food to the deity on this day. This is the first date of the Meitei Lunar calendar. After the feast, as a part of the rituals, people climb the nearest hill tops or the "CHEIRAOCHING" located in Chingmeirong; in the belief that it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life. It is observed during the month of March/April.

Separatist insurgency

Cheiraoching Kaba

A separatist insurgency began in 1964, although momentum to a more violent phase did not occur until 1978.[15] The Separatists demand a sovereign state separate from the Union of India, a claimed lack of development, plundering of local resources, and a general discontent is part of their argument.[15][16][16] The international Human Rights Watch, argues that human rights violations by Indian Security Forces have only fuelled the insurgency.[17][17] It adds that the Indian Army have at times acted with impunity as anti-terrorism laws in the state make prosecution of human rights violators difficult.[10][18][19][20] There are currently 34 groups, including non-violent ones, that demand independence from India.[15] In 1999, some of these groups coalesced into an alliance organization called the "Manipur People's Liberation Front." Of these, the three most prominent are the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), Peoples Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK), and PLA of Manipur. The UNLF is estimated to have 2500 active militants, the PREPAK with 1500, and PLA with 3000.[15] The Indian news organization, Rediff, contends: As of today, Manipur is the worst case scenario in the north-east as far as militancy is concerned. Apart from the fact that there are more militant groups in the state than anywhere else -- at least seven prominent groups operate in Manipur -- the rivalries between these outfits often leads to greater violence.[21] The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisation, Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.[22] The situation is further complicated because insurgent groups are not united in the same cause. The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state.[15] There were many tensions between the different tribes and have witnessed numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.

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Tourism
Manipur, as the name suggests, is a land of jewels. Its rich culture excels in every aspects as in martial arts, dance, theater and sculpture. The charm of the place is the greenery with the moderate climate making it a tourists' heaven. The beautiful and seasonal Shirui Lily at Ukhrul (district), Sangai (Brow antlered deer) and the floating islands at Loktak Lake are few of the rare things found in Manipur. Polo, which can be called a royal game, also originated from Manipur. Some of the main tourist attractions are:

Imphal (Capital)
The city is mainly inhabited by the Meitei with a large migrant population from Bihar, UP, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, etc. and it is just 7km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from the airport of Manipur (Tulihal Airport). The district is divided into East and West and the recently constructed sports complex (Khuman Lampak Sports Complex) for the 1997 National Games is also one of the attractions consisting of every thing from a cyclists velodrome to the main stadium. Most of the imported goods are sold here at its Paona Bazar, Gam-bir Sing Shopping Complex, Ningthibi Collections and Leima Plaza.

Shree Govindajee Temple

This temple in Manipur diplomatically adjoins the palaces of the former rulers of the then kingdom, dull in design with gold domes, a paved court and a large, raised congregation hall. The deity in the center has other idols of Radha Govinda, Balaram and Krishna and Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra on either side of it.

Shree Shree Govindajee Temple

Keibul Lamjao National Park

Keibul Lamjao National Park, 48km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) away from Imphal is an abode of, rare and endangered species of Brow Antlered deer (also known as Sangai). This ecosystem is home to 17 rare species of mammals. The greenery of the place and the moderate temperature makes a pleasant experience to visit.[4] It is the only floating national park of the world.

Loktak Lake
Loktak Lake is a freshwater lake where most of the people of Manipur get their share of fish. The special treat to watch are the floating islands popularly known as Phumdi which is made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. With a nominal fee, people can hire small boats and see the fascinating way of life on these floating islands. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species to thrive on. It is in the district of Moirang. Etymology of Loktak is "Lok = stream and tak= the end" (End of the Streams).[4]
Sangai at Keibul Lamjao National Park

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Churachandpur
Churachandpur is the second largest town in Manipur. The town is thriving business centre in the Khuga Valley. The main attraction of the district is the Khuga Dam, which is some 7km south of the proper town.

Moreh
Moreh is a small border town in the Indo-Burmese border. It is inhabited mainly by the Kukis and some other ethnic communities like the Meiteis, Nagas, Nepalis, Sikhs, Bengalis, Biharis, Rajasthanis, Tamils, Nepalese, etc. There is a thriving trade between India and Burma through this town. With the legal trade there also exist thrives illegal trade, mostly opium, going on through this town. To control this town there was a huge tussle between the militant groups, KNA of the Kukis and NSCN(IM) of the Nagas, which resulted in ethnic conflict between the two resulting in the loss of thousands of lives in the early 1990s. Of late, the Kukis want to benefit largely from this thriving border trade and increasing their livelihood.[23] 1. More on Places of Interest In manipur [24]

Other places of interest

War cemeteries
Commemorating the memories of the British and Indian soldiers who died during the Second World War, these cemeteries are managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Serene and well maintained, the graves carry small stone markers and bronze plaques.

Khonghampat Orchidarium
7km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Imphal, on National Highway 39 (India) is the Central Orchidarium, which covers 200 acres (unknown operator: u'strong'km2) and houses over 110 rare varieties of orchids, which include almost a dozen endemic species. The peak blooming season is March April.

Manipur Zoological Gardens

6km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) to the west of Imphal, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kangchup Road are the Zoological Gardens. Not to be missed is an opportunity to see the graceful brow antlered deer (Sangai) one of the rarest species in the world, in sylvan surroundings.

Moirang
45km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Imphal, the town is one of the main centres of early Meitei folk culture with the ancient temple of the pre-Hindu deity Lord Thangjing, situated here. In the month of May, men and women, dressed in colourful traditional costumes, sing and dance in honour of the Lord at the Moirang "Lai Haraoba" which is a ritual dance festival held each year. The town also has a special place in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. It was at Moirang that the flag of the Indian National Army was first unfurled on 14 April 1944.

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Loktak Lake and Sendra Island

48km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Imphal, lies the largest fresh water lake in the North East India, the Loktak Lake, a veritable miniature inland sea. From the Tourist Bungalow set atop Sendra Island, visitors get a bird's eye view of life on the Lake-small islands that are actually floating weed on which live the Lake people, the shimmering blue waters of the Lake, labyrinthine boat routes and colourful water plants. The Sendra Tourist Home with an attached cafeteria in the middle of the lake is an ideal tourist spot.

Bird's eye view of Floating Cafe' on Loktak Lake from Sendra Hill

Kaina
It is a hillock about 921 metres above sea level and a sacred place of the Manipuri Hindus. So goes the story that one night, Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an image of Shri Govindajee. It was to be carved out of a jack fruit tree, which was then growing at Kaina. The scenery in this place is charming and the hill shrubs and natural surroundings give the place a religious atmosphere. It is only 29km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Imphal.

Khongjom
36km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) on the Indo-Burmese road, a war broke out between Manipur and British India in 1891. It is here that Major General Paona Brajabashi, one of the great warriors of Manipur proved his valor against the superior force of the invading British Army in 1891. A War Memorial has been constructed on the top of the Kheba Hill. 23 April is celebrated as Khongjom Day every year and is a state holiday.

Tengnoupal
69km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Imphal. The highest point on the Indo-Burmese Road, from here, you can have a full view of the valley of Burma.

Ukhrul
83km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) to the east of Imphal, this district headquarters of Manipur East is the highest hill station of the state. A centre of the colourful warrior tribe Tangkhul Nagas, it is well developed and famous for its peculiar type of land-lily, the Shirui, grown in the Shirui hills. Shirui Hills and Khangkhui Lime Caves are interesting places for excursions.

Manipur State Museum

The interesting museum near the Polo Ground in the heart of Imphal has a fairly good display of Manipur's Tribal heritage and a collection of portraits of Manipur's former rulers.

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Maibam Lotpa Ching

It is a hillock about 16km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Imphal on Tiddim Road. It is a thrilling spot where a fierce battle took place between the British and the Japanese force in World War II and regarded as a holy place. There is also a monument in memory of the Japanese Martyrs who sacrificed their lives in this fierce battle.

Willong Khullen & Yangkhullen

Willong Khullen is a village located some 37km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from National Highway 39 (India) (Maram) on the Maram-Peren Road. It is home to a stone erection very similar to Stonehenge. Some of the tallest stones are seven meters tall and one meter thick. The village of Yangkhullen is built on a steep slope on the hills.

Sadu Waterfall
Stone Erections of Willong Khullen

A popular tourist and picnic spot in Sadu (near Ichum Keirap village [25]) 27km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Imphal, in the Sadar hill area, Senapati district. Hundreds of tourist flocks to this place to enjoy the view of this waterfall and the natural beauty surrounding it. Consisting of three falls with the first fall about thirty meters high. On the side of it, a newly park or garden-'Agape park' is situated. It is owned and managed by Kamlun Telien of Ichum Keirap.

Entry to Manipur
Until recently, entry to Manipur was controlled by the central government, for both foreigners and citizens of India. The state government as per directives from the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India on 9 November, relaxed existing guidelines of the ministry's circular No. 249 under letter no. 15011/7/95-F.I dated 29/6/1998 and delegated powers to issue Protected Area Permits (PAP): To visiting foreign tourists in a group of two or more persons with a recognized travel agent who would act as an escort of the group up to a maximum period of 30 days. Foreigners married to Indian nationals belonging to Manipur can visit the state on tourist visa for a maximum period of 90 days. IO/OCI card holder hailing from Manipur, visiting foreign nationals engaged in development/welfare project would continue to require prior permission of MHA after examining proposal in consultation with security agencies, MHA may consider issue of PAP to such visits of foreign nationals initially for a period up to 180 days. The official order of state Home department also mentioned the permitted areas of foreigners to be visit in the state including, Loktak Lake, Imphal, INA Memorial Moirang, Keibul Lamjao Deer Sanctuary, Waithou Lake, Imphal-Bishnupur-Phubala-Moirang-sendra-Keibul Lamjao-Imphal, Imphal _Moirang Lake-Keibul Lamjao-Churachandpur-Khuga River-Imphal, Imphal-Litan-Ukhrul-Shiroy-Sangshak-Imphal, Imphal-ThoubalWaithou LakeKhongjom-KakchingThongjao-Waikhong-Sugunu-Imphal, Imphal-Khonghampat-Kanglatombi-Kangpokpi-Senapati-Karong-Mao gate-Imphal and Imphal Noneh-Khongsang-Nungba-Jiribam-Imphal. The official order further mentioned whereas until now foreigners were required to travel by air from Calcutta to Imphal, henceforth, foreign tourists will also be allowed to enter by road along with NH-39 and NH-53. This circuit would be Dimapur-Kohima-Imphal-Jiribam-Silchar, the official order mentioned.

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Media
Radio
1. All India Radio, Akashvani Imphal (On AM). 2. All India Radio, Akashvani Imphal (On FM). 3. All India Radio, Akashvani Churachandpur(On FM)

Television
1. Doordarshan, DD Imphal.

Cable Tv Network
ISTV Imphal. [26]

News websites and Manipuri Vernaculars

1. Poknapham Daily (Manipuri Daily).[27] 2. The Sangai Express (Manipuri Daily).[28] 3. Hueiyen Lanpao (Manipuri Daily).[29] 4. Ireibak (Manipuri Daily).[30] 5. Naharolgi Thoudang (Manipuri Daily).[31] 6. E-Pao [32] (English web).[33] 7. Kanglaonline [34] (English web).[35] 8. Imphal Free Press (English Daily).[36] 9. The Goesem (Thadou/Kuki Language Daily) 10. Zlen Banner (Thadou/Kuki Language Weekly News) 11. AJA (Tangkhul Daily).[37] 12. Manipur Express (Paite Language Daily) 13. Lamka Post (Paite Language Daily) 14. Zogam dot com (Bilingual website).[38] 15. Hmasawnnathar(Hmar language daily)[39]

Economy
Macro-economic trends
This is a chart of trends of gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in ten millions of Indian Rupees.[40]

Market in Imphal

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Period

Gross State Domestic Product (in Rupees, Crores***)

19992000 3260 20002001 3112 20012002 3369 20022003 3506 20032004 3979 20042005 4568 20052006 5066 20062007 5403 20072008 5848 20082009 6344

References
[1] http:/ / manipur. gov. in [2] Prabhakara, M.S. (September 9, 2006). "Degrees of separatism" (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ fline/ fl2318/ stories/ 20060922002604200. htm). The Hindu. . Retrieved November 4, 2010. [3] http:/ / www. manipur. we. bs/ [4] Fate of Loktak Lake (http:/ / www. e-pao. net/ epSubPageExtractor. asp?src=education. Scientific_Papers. fate_of_loktak_lake) [5] Haokip, Shri Ngamthang (2007) "Basine Delineation Map of Manipur" Profile on State of Environment Report of Manipur, 2006-07 Ministry of Environment and Forests, Manipur, p. 4 (http:/ / www. manenvis. nic. in/ stateprofile1. pdf) [6] Govt. of Manipur. "Irrigation And Water Management" (http:/ / www. manipur. nic. in/ planning/ DraftMSDR/ Draft_SDR_pdf/ Chapter 7_irrigation. pdf). . Retrieved October 31, 2010. [7] Centre for Science and Environment (India). "The Arithmetic of Water in India" (http:/ / www. rainwaterharvesting. org/ Solution/ Water-Arithmetic. htm). . Retrieved October 31, 2010. [8] Director of Commerce and Industries, Manipur. ""Soil and Climate of Manipur"" (http:/ / investinmanipur. nic. in/ gp_soil. htm). . Retrieved October 31, 2010. [9] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [10] Datta, Tanya (8 August 2007). "India's 'forgotten' war" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ programmes/ crossing_continents/ 6935673. stm). BBC News. . Retrieved 12 May 2010. [11] "Rail link from Manipur to Vietnam on cards: Tharoor - Times Of India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ india/ Rail-link-from-Manipur-to-Vietnam-on-cards-Tharoor/ articleshow/ 5778641. cms). The Times Of India. . [12] macks nigombam. "A Brief history of the Meiteis of Manipur" (http:/ / themanipurpage. tripod. com/ history/ puwarimeitei. html). Themanipurpage.tripod.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [13] Indian Census (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ) [14] Singh, Atom Sunil; Borderless Connectivity on Indigenous Games between Cambodia and Manipur, The Sangai Express, 4 June 2008. (http:/ / thesangaiexpress. manipur. us/ 2008/ 06/ 04/ Others/ Articles. htm) [15] chandru. "MANIPUR- in a strange whirlpool of Cross-Current Insurgency" (http:/ / www. southasiaanalysis. org/ papers13/ paper1210. html). Southasiaanalysis.org. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [16] "Insurgency In Manipur :: KanglaOnline ~ Your Gateway" (http:/ / classic. kanglaonline. com/ index. php?template=kshow& kid=834). Kanglaonline.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [17] "India: Army Killings Fuel Insurgency in Manipur | Human Rights Watch" (http:/ / www. hrw. org/ en/ news/ 2008/ 09/ 14/ india-army-killings-fuel-insurgency-manipur). Hrw.org. 2008-09-15. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [18] ibid [19] Manipur (http:/ / www. hinduonnet. com/ thehindu/ thscrip/ print. pl?file=2009083050140300. htm& date=2009/ 08/ 30/ & prd=mag& ), The Hindu, 30 August 2009 [20] "India's Independent Weekly News Magazine" (http:/ / www. tehelka. com/ story_main42. asp?filename=Ne080809murder_in. asp). Tehelka. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [21] "'Insurgency is biggest business in northeast'" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2004/ oct/ 04spec1. htm). Rediff.com. 1986-10-03. . Retrieved 2010-07-18. [22] www.kukination.net

Manipur
[23] Thongkholal Haokip, Looking East via Moreh: Prospects and Challenges for the Kukis, in The Kuki Society: Past, Present and Future New Delhi: Maxford Publishers, 2011, pp. 190-202 [24] http:/ / www. gomanipur. com/ your-story/ itemlist/ category/ 5-places-of-interest [25] http:/ / ichumkeirap. blogspot. com [26] http:/ / istvimphal. com [27] Manipur News | Manipur Daily | Poknapham - Manipuri News! (http:/ / www. poknapham. in) [28] # The Sangai Express (English) The Sangai Express - Largest Circulated News Paper In Manipur (http:/ / www. thesangaiexpress. com) [29] Hueiyen Lanpao - Breaking News, Current News, North East India, Manipur News, News Online (http:/ / www. hueiyenlanpao. com) [30] : IREIBAK - Daily Manipuri Newspaper : (http:/ / ireibak. com) [31] Naharolgi Thoudang - Sunday, March 27, 2011 Naharolgi Thoudang celebrates 15th Anniversary. We are very thankful to all our esteem readers for being with us (http:/ / naharolgithoudang. com/ ) [32] http:/ / www. e-Pao. net [33] Manipur - E-Pao! :: Complete e-platform for Manipuris (http:/ / www. e-Pao. net) [34] http:/ / kanglaonline. com [35] Kanglaonline | Your Gateway to Manipur, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Tripura, Meghalaya (http:/ / www. kanglaonline. com/ ) [36] Imphal Free Press - Leading Newspaper in Manipur (http:/ / ifp. co. in) [37] Reclaiming our past - Tangkhul.com (http:/ / www. tangkhul. com/ ) [38] ZOGAM.COM - Bridging The Zomis (http:/ / zogam. com/ ) [39] Hmasawnna Thar (http:/ / hmasawnnathar. blogspot. com) [40] Statement: Gross State Domestic Product at current prices (http:/ / mospi. gov. in/ State-wise_SDP_1999-2000_20nov09. pdf) Government of India, Ministry of Statistics retrieved: 16 December 2009

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External links
Manipur Government Official Website (http://manipur.gov.in)

Nagaland
Nagaland
State

Seal

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Location of Nagaland in India

Map of Nagaland Coordinates (Kohima): 2540N 9407E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Nikhil Kumar Neiphiu Rio (Nagaland People's Front) Unicameral (60 seats) India December 1, 1963 Kohima Dimapur 11

Parliamentary constituency 1 High Court Area Total 16579km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) Gauhati High Court - Kohima Bench

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Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 1,980,602 24th 119/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-NL 0.770 (high) 4th (2005) 80.11% (13th) English nagaland.nic.in [1] 25th

Nagaland /nlnd/ is a state in the far north-eastern part of India. It borders the state of Assam to the west, Arunachal Pradesh and part of Assam to the north, Burma to the east and Manipur to the south. The state capital is Kohima, and the largest city is Dimapur. The state of Nagaland has an area of 16,579km2 with a population of 1,980,602 (nineteen lakhs eighty thousand six hundred two) as per the 2011 census making it one of the smallest states of India. The state is mostly mountainous except those areas bordering Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak in Nagaland with a height of 3,840 metres and its range forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Burma. It lies between the parallels of 98 degree and 96 degree East Longitude and 26.6 degree and 27.4 degree latitude North of the Equator. Nagaland, the 16th state of the Indian Union, was established on December 1, 1963. It is divided into eleven districts: Kohima, Phek, Mokokchung, Wokha, Zunheboto, Tuensang, Mon, Dimapur, Kiphire, Longleng and Peren. It is a largely mountainous state. Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland. Principal crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes and fibres. Other economy boosters are forestry, cottage industries, insurance, real estate and tourism.

History
The early history of the Nagas is the story of the customs and economic activities of the Naga tribes. The people were originally referred to as Naka in Burmese languages, which means 'people with pierced ears'.[2] The Naga tribes had socio-economic and political links with tribes in Assam and Burma (Myanmar); even today a large population of Naga inhabits Assam. There are claims of nagas residing in Manipur but these tribes are culturally and socially different from the tribes of Nagaland and Assam. They are referred to as "Kaccha Nagas(Fake nagas)" because of the dissimilarity with the tribes of Nagaland and naga tribes in general. Following an invasion in 1816, the area, along with Assam, came under direct rule of Burma. This period was noted for oppressive rule and turmoil in Assam and Naga Hills. When the British East India Company took control of Assam in 1826, Britain steadily expanded its domain over modern Naga Hills. By 1892, all of the Naga Hills except the Tuensang area in the northeast was governed by the British. It was politically amalgamated into Assam. Missionaries played an important part in converting Nagaland's Naga tribes to Christianity.[3] Not much is known about the history before the Burmese invasion or before the Naga people were converted to Christianity.

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Road to statehood
During World War I, the British recruited several hundred Nagas and sent them to France to work as aides at the front. While in Europe, the Nagas, who had always been fractured by tribal differences, began to think that they should work towards becoming unified in order to protect their common interests. On their return to their homeland in 1918, they organized, and thus began the Naga nationalist movement.[4] After the independence of India in 1947, the area remained a part of the province of Assam. Nationalist activities arose amongst a section of the Nagas. The Phizo-led Naga National Council demanded a political union of their ancestral and native groups, damaged government and civil infrastructure and attacked government officials and civilians from other states of India. The Union government sent the Indian Army in 1955, to restore order. In 1957, the government began diplomatic talks with representatives of Naga tribes, and the Naga Hills district of Assam and the Tuensang frontier were united in a single political entity, Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA),[5] that became a Union territory directly administered by the Central government with a large degree of autonomy. This was not satisfactory to the tribes, however, and soon agitation and violence increased across the stateincluded attacks on Army and government institutions, as well as civil disobedience and non-payment of taxes. In July 1960, following discussion between the Prime Minister of India and the leaders of the Naga People Convention (NPC), a 16-point Agreement was arrived at whereby the Government of India recognized the formation of Nagaland as a full-fledged State within the Union of India.[6] Accordingly, the territory was placed under the Nagaland Transitional Provisions Regulation, 1961[7] which provided for an Interim Body consisting of 45 members to be elected by various tribes according to the customs, traditions and usage of the respective tribes. Subsequently, Nagaland attained Statehood with the enactment of the State of Nagaland Act, 1962,[8] by the Parliament. The Interim Body was dissolved on November 30, 1963 and the State of Nagaland was formally inaugurated on December 1, 1963 and Kohima was christened as the state capital. After elections in January, 1964, the first Nagaland Legislative Assembly was constituted on February 11, 1964.[5]

Battle of Kohima
In 1944 during World War II the Battle of Kohima was the turning point of the Japanese U Go offensive into India. For the first time in South-East Asia the Japanese lost the initiative to the Allies which they then retained until the end of the war. This hand-to-hand battle and slaughter prevented the Japanese from gaining a high base from which they might next roll across the extensive flatlands of India like a juggernaut.[9] The battle was fought from 4 April to 22 June 1944 around the town of Kohima. It is often referred to as the "Stalingrad of the East".[10][11]

Geography and climate

Nagaland is largely a mountainous state. The Naga Hills rise from the Brahmaputra Valley in Assam to about 2000 feet (unknown operator: u'strong'm) and rise further to the southeast, as high as 6000 feet (unknown operator: u'strong'm). Mount Saramati at an elevation of 12552 feet (unknown operator: u'strong'm) is the state's highest peak; this is where the Naga Hills merge with the Patkai Range in Burma. Rivers such as the Doyang and Diphu to the north, the Barak river in the southwest and the Chindwin river of Burma in the southeast, dissect the entire state. 20 percent of the total land area of the state is covered with wooded forest, rich in flora and fauna. The evergreen tropical and the sub tropical forests are found in strategic pockets in the state.[12] Nagaland has a largely monsoon climate with high humidity levels. Annual rainfall averages around 70100 inches (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u'strong' unknown operator: u'strong'), concentrated in the months of May to September. Temperatures range from 70F (unknown operator: u'strong'C) to 104 F (unknown operator: u'strong'C). In winter, temperatures do not generally drop below 39 F (unknown operator: u'strong'C), but frost is common at high elevations. The state enjoys a salubrious climate. Summer is the shortest season in the state that lasts for only a few months. The temperature during the summer season remains between 16 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F) to 31 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F).

Nagaland Winter makes an early arrival and bitter cold and dry weather strikes certain regions of the state. The maximum average temperature recorded in the winter season is 24 C (unknown operator: u'strong'F). Strong north west winds blow across the state during the months of February and March.[13]

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Flora and Fauna

Nagaland is rich in flora and fauna. About one-sixth of Nagaland is under the cover of tropical and sub-tropical evergreen forestsincluding palms, bamboo, and rattan as well as timber and mahogany forests. While some forest areas have been cleared for jhum cultivation, many scrub forests, high grass, reeds; secondary dogs, pangolins, porcupines, elephants, leopards, bears, many species of monkeys, sambar, harts, oxen, and buffaloes thrive across the state's forests. The Great Indian Hornbill is one of the most famous birds State Bird of Nagaland- Blyth's Tragopan found in the state. Blyths Tragopan, a vulnerable species of pheasant, is also found in the state and is the State Bird of Nagaland. It is sighted in mount Japf and Dzkou valley of Kohima district, Satoi range in Zunheboto district and Pftsero in Phek district. Of the mere 2500 tragopans sighted in the world, Dzkou valley is the natural habitat of more than 1,000.[14] Mithun (a semi domesticated Gaur) found only in the North Eastern states of India, is the State animal of Nagaland and has been adopted as the official seal of the Government of Nagaland. It is the ritually most valued species in the state. With a view to conserve and protect this magnificent animal in the North East, the National Research Centre on Mithun (NRCM) was established by the Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) in the year 1988 in the state of Nagaland.[15]

Culture
The 16 main tribes of Nagaland are Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma, Sangtam, Sumi, Yimchunger, Kuki and Zeliang. The Konyaks, Angamis, Aos, Lothas, and Sumis are the largest Naga tribes; there are several smaller tribes as well (see List of Naga tribes). Tribe and clan traditions and loyalties play an important part in the life of Nagas. Weaving is a traditional art handed down through generations in Nagaland. Each of State Animal of Nagaland- Mithun the tribe has its own unique designs and colours, producing shawls, shoulder bags, decorative spears, table mats, wood carvings, and bamboo works. Among many tribes the design of the shawl denotes the social status of the wearer. Some of the more known shawls include Tsungkotepsu and Rongsu of the Ao tribe; Sutam, Ethasu, Longpensu of the Lothas; Supong of the Sangtams, Rongkhim and Tsungrem Khim of the Yimchungers; the Angami Lohe shawls with thick embroidered animal motifs etc. Folk songs and dances are essential ingredients of the traditional Naga culture. The oral tradition is kept alive through the media of folk tales and songs. Naga folks songs are both romantic and historical, with songs narrating entire stories of famous ancestors and incidents. There are also seasonal songs which describe various activities done in a particular agricultural season. Tribal dances of the Nagas give an insight into the inborn Naga reticence of the people. War dances and other dances belonging to distinctive Naga tribes are a major art form in Nagaland. The tribes of Nagaland celebrate their festivals with gusto and fervor. More than 60% of the population of Nagaland depends on agriculture and therefore most of their festivals revolve round agriculture. They consider their festivals sacred and so participation in these festivals is compulsory. Nagaland is known as the land of festivals as each tribe celebrates its own festival with dedication and passion. Some of the important festivals celebrated are: Tsukhenyie

Nagaland by the Chakhesangs in January, Mimkut by the Kukis in January, Bushu by the Kacharis in January, Sekrenyi by the Angamis in February, Aoling by the Konyaks in April, Moats by the Aos in May, Tuluni by the Sumis in July, Nyaknylum by the Changs in July, Mongmong by the Sangtams in September, Tokhu Emong by the Lothas in November and Yemshe by the Pochuris in October.[16]

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Hornbill Festival of Nagaland

Hornbill Festival[17] was launched by the Government of Nagaland in December 2000 to encourage inter-tribal interaction and to promote cultural heritage of the state. Organized by the State Tourism and Art & Culture Departments, Hornbill Festival showcases a mlange of cultural displays under one roof. This festival takes place between the 1st and the 7th of December every year. The week long Hornbill Festival is held at Naga Heritage Village, Kisama which is about 12 km from Kohima. All the tribes of Nagaland take part in this festival. The aim of the festival is to revive and protect the rich culture of Nagaland and display its extravaganza and traditions.[18] The Festival is named after the Hornbill, the globally respected bird and which is displayed in folklore in most of the states tribes. The week long festival unites one and all in Nagaland and people enjoy the colourful performances, crafts, sports, food fairs, games and ceremonies. Traditional arts which include paintings, wood carvings, and sculptures are also on display. Festival highlights include Traditional Naga Morungs Exhibition and sale of Arts and Crafts, Food Stalls, Herbal Medicine Stalls, Flower shows and sales, Cultural Medley - songs and dances, Fashion shows, Beauty Contest, Traditional Archery, Naga wrestling, Indigenous Games and Musical concerts. Additional attractions include Konyak Fire Eating demonstration, Pork Fat eating competitions, Literature fest, Hornbill Global Film Fest, Hornbill Ball, Choral Panorama, North East India Drum Ensemble, Naga King Chilly eating competition, Hornbill National Rock Contest,[19] Hornbill International Motor Rally and WW-II Vintage Car Rally.[20][21]

Religion
Religion in Nagaland Religion Christians Hindus Muslims Others* Distribution of religions

Percent 90.02% 7.7% 1.8% 0.5%

Includes Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Animism.

Nagaland

512 Christianity is the predominant religion of Nagaland. The state's population is 1.988 million, out of which 90.02% are Christians.[22] The census of 2001 recorded the state's Christian population at 1,790,349, making it, with Meghalaya and Mizoram, one of the three Christian-majority states in India and the only state where Christians form 90% of the population. The state has a very high church attendance rate in both urban and rural areas. Huge churches dominate the skylines of Kohima, Dimapur, and Mokokchung.

Mon Town Baptist Church rising from the early mist.

Nagaland is known as "the only predominantly Baptist state in the world."[23] Among Christians, Baptists are the predominant group, constituting more than 75% of the state's population, thus making it more Baptist (on a percentage basis) than Mississippi in the southern United States, where 55% of its population is Baptist.[24][25] Roman Catholics, Revivalists, and Pentecostals are the other Christian denomination numbers. Catholics are found in significant numbers in parts of Wokha district and Kohima district as also in the urban areas of Kohima and Dimapur. Hinduism and Islam practiced by the non-Naga community are minority religions in the state, at 7.7% and 1.8% of the population respectively.

Baptist Church, Alichen, Nagaland

Out of the total of 1,741,692 ethnic Naga living in Nagaland, close to 99% are Christian. 8,723 are Hindu (0.50%), and 4,168 are Heraka. 94% of the Kuki living in Nagaland are also Christian.

Languages
Each tribe of Nagaland has its own unique language. Nagas speak 20 different dialects(16 tribes in Nagaland including kuki and dimasa) belonging to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The traditional languages do not have any script of their own. The Christian missionaries used Roman script for these languages. In 1967, the Nagaland Assembly proclaimed English as the official language of Nagaland and is the medium for education in Nagaland. Nagamese, a creole language form of Indo-Aryan Assamese and local dialects is the most widely spoken market language. Every tribe has its own mother tongue but communicates with other tribes in Nagamese. As such Nagamese is the lingua franca of the people of Nagaland. The "Kaccha nagas" of Manipur communicate with each other in Meitei language which is the common language of the people of Manipur.

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Demography
The population of Nagaland is nearly two million people. The population mostly consists of Agriculturalist and around 75% of the population live in the rural areas. About one-third of this rural population can be considered to be below the poverty line. Among the people living in urban areas one-fifth of them are below the poverty line.

Population change
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 213000 369000 516000 775000 1210000 1990000 1980602 % 73.2% 39.8% 50.2% 56.1% 64.5% -0.5%

Source:Census of [26] India

Administration
The Governor is the constitutional head of state, representative of the President of India. He possesses largely ceremonial responsibilities apart from law and order responsibilities. The Legislative Assembly of Nagaland (Vidhan Sabha) is the real executive and legislative body of the state. The 60-member Vidhan Sabha all elected members of legislature forms the government executive and is led by the Chief minister. Unlike most states in India, Nagaland has been granted a great degree of state autonomy, as well as special powers and autonomy for Naga tribes to conduct their own affairs. Each tribe has a hierarchy of councils at the village, range, and tribal levels dealing with local disputes.
District map of Nagaland

Districts District Headquarters Dimapur District Dimapur-Chumukedima Kiphire District Kiphire Kohima District Greater Kohima Longleng District Longleng Mokokchung District Mokokchung Mon District Mon Peren District Peren Phek District Phek Tuensang District Tuensang Wokha District Greater Wokha Zunheboto District Zunheboto

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514

Urban centres
Greater cities and towns
Dimapur, Kohima, Mokokchung, Tuensang, Wokha, Mon, Zunheboto

Urban agglomerations
There are four urban agglomeration areas with population of more than 40,000 in the state:
Rank Metropolitan/Agglomeration Area 1 2 3 4 Dimapur-Chumukedima Greater Kohima Mokokchung Metropolitan Area Greater Wokha District Dimapur District Kohima District Mokokchung District Wokha District 2001 Census 230,106 99,795 60,161 43,089

Greater (non-district headquarter) towns

Tuli town, Naganimora, Changtongya, Tizit, Tseminyu, Bhandari, Akuluto, Pfutsero

Economy
Macro-economic trend
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Nagaland at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian rupees.[27]

Terrace Cultivation, Pftsero, Nagaland

Year

1980 1,027 1985 2,730 1990 6,550 1995 18,140 2000 36,790

Agriculture is the most important economic activity in Nagaland, with more than 90% of the population employed in agriculture. Crops include rice, corn, millets, pulses, tobacco, oilseeds, sugarcane, potatoes, and threads. However, Nagaland still depends on the import of food supplies from other states. The widespread practice of jhum, tilling, has led to soil erosion and loss of fertility, particularly in the eastern districts. Only the Angami and Chakesang tribes in the Kohima and Phek districts use terracing techniques. And most of the Aos, Lothas, and Zeliangs in Mokokchung,

Nagaland Wokha, and Peren districts respectively till in the many valleys of the district. Forestry is also an important source of income. Cottage industries such as weaving, woodwork, and pottery are also an important source of revenue. Tourism is important, but largely limited due to insurgency since the last five decades. Nagaland's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $1.4 billion in current prices.

515

Transportation
The railway network in the state is minimal. Broad gauge lines run 7.98 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km), National Highway roads 227.0 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km), and state roads 680.1 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km). There is one airport in Dimapur.

Railways
Railway: North East Frontier Railway Broad gauge: 7.98 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km) Total: 7.98 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km) [Data Source: N. F. Railway, CME Office, Guwahati-781011]

Highways and towns served

National highways: 227.0 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km) NH 61: Kohima, Wokha, Tseminyu, Wokha, Mokokchung, Changtongya, Tuli NH 39: Dimapur-Kohima-Mao-Imphal (134.2mi/unknown operator: u'strong'km) NH 36: Dimapur-Doboka-Nagonan (105.6mi/unknown operator: u'strong'km) NH 150: Kohima-Jessami via Chakhabama-Pfutsero (74.6mi/unknown operator: u'strong'km) NH 155: Mokukchung-Jessami via Tuesang-Kiphire (206.9mi/unknown operator: u'strong'km)

State highways: 680.1 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km) ChakabamaMokokchung Via Chazuba and Zunheboto KohimaMeluri via Chakhabama MokokchungMariani MokokchungTuensang NamtolaMon TuensangMonNaginimora TuensangKiphireMeluri WokhaMerapani Road

[Source: Office of The Chief Engineer, P.W.D., Kohima, Nagaland] Airways Dimapur: 43.5 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km) from the capital

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Newspapers
Nagaland Post [28] Morung Express [29] Nagaland Page [30] Eastern Mirror [31] [NE-INDIA,regional social network,http://www.ne-india.ning.com/]

References
[1] http:/ / nagaland. nic. in/ [2] Inato Yekheto Shikhu (2007). A re-discovery and re-building of Naga cultural values. Daya Books. p.4. ISBN978-81-89233-55-6. [3] Tezenlo Thong, Thy Kingdom Come: The Impact of Colonization and Proselytization on Religion among the Nagas, Journal of Asian and African Studies, no. 45, 6: 595609 [4] The Naga Story Then and Now (http:/ / www. combatlaw. org/ information. php?article_id=7& issue_id=1) [5] "Naga Hills Tuensang Area Act, 1957" (http:/ / www. indiankanoon. org/ doc/ 727141/ ). . [6] The 16-point Agreement arrived at between the Government of India and the Naga Peoples Convention, July, 1960 (http:/ / www. satp. org/ satporgtp/ countries/ india/ states/ nagaland/ documents/ papers/ nagaland_16point. htm) [7] Suresh K. Sharma (2006). Documents on North-East India: Nagaland. Mittal Publications. pp.225228. ISBN81-8324-095-X, 9788183240956. [8] The State Of Nagaland Act, 1962 (http:/ / www. indiankanoon. org/ doc/ 1490539/ ) [9] Bert Sim, Mosstodloch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland: Pipe Major of the Gordon Highlanders at Kohima: his home is named "Kohima." -RJWilliams, Slingerlands, NY/USA [10] Dougherty, Martin J.. Land Warfare. Thunder Bay Press. p.159. [11] Dennis, Peter; Lyman, Robert (2010). Kohima 1944: The Battle That Saved India. Osprey. [12] Geography of Nagaland (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ nagaland/ geography/ ) [13] Climate of Nagaland (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ nagaland/ geography/ climate. html) [14] (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1100705/ jsp/ northeast/ story_12646762. jsp) Nagaland struggles to save state bird- The Telegraph Calcutta Monday, July 5, 2010 [15] (http:/ / www. nrcmithun. res. in/ ) NRCM Nagaland [16] Naga Festivals (http:/ / www. festivalsofindia. in/ hornbill/ ) www.festivalsofindia.in [17] Hornbill Festival official website (http:/ / www. hornbillfestival. com/ ) [18] Hornbill Festival (http:/ / www. festivalsofindia. in/ hornbill/ ) www.festivalsofindia.in [19] Hornbill National Rock Contest (http:/ / www. hornbillmusic. com/ ) official website [20] 2 crore 7-day Hornbill Festival to enthrall (http:/ / www. nagalandpost. com/ ChannelNews/ State/ StateNews. aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDAwOTc3NA==-1dcVCWhUBdM=) nagalandpost.com retrieved 3-12-2011 [21] Hornbill International Motor Rally starts (http:/ / www. nagalandpost. com/ ChannelNews/ Sports/ SportsNews. aspx?news=TkVXUzEwMDAwOTg4Mw==-wWhyNwKSFz0=) nagalandpost.com retrieved 3-12-2011 [22] Indian Census (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ) [23] Olson, C. Gordon. What in the World Is God Doing. Global Gospel Publishers: Cedar Knolls, NJ. 2003. [24] American Religious Identification Survey (http:/ / www. gc. cuny. edu/ Faculty/ GC-Faculty-Activities/ ARIS--American-Religious-Identification-Survey/ Key-findings) www.gc.cuny.edu. [25] Mississippi Denominational Groups, 2000 (http:/ / www. thearda. com/ mapsReports/ reports/ state/ 28_2000. asp) Thearda.com. Retrieved 2010-07-30. [26] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [27] Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation estimates (http:/ / mospi. nic. in/ mospi_nad_main. htm) [28] http:/ / nagalandpost. com/ [29] http:/ / www. morungexpress. com [30] http:/ / nagalandpage. co. in/ [31] http:/ / easternmirrornagaland. com/

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Further reading
Stirn, Aglaja & Peter van Ham. The Hidden world of the Naga: Living Traditions in Northeast India. London: Prestel. Oppitz, Michael, Thomas Kaiser, Alban von Stockhausen & Marion Wettstein. 2008. Naga Identities: Changing Local Cultures in the Northeast of India. Gent: Snoeck Publishers. Kunz, Richard & Vibha Joshi. 2008. Naga A Forgotten Mountain Region Rediscovered. Basel: Merian. Glancey, Jonathan. 2011. Nagaland: a Journey to India's Forgotten Frontier. London: Faber Hattaway, Paul. 2006. 'From Head Hunters To Church Planters'. Authentic Publishing Hutton, J. 1986. 'Report on Naga Hills' Delhi: Mittal Publication.

External links
Official website (http://nagaland.nic.in) State Portal of the Government of Nagaland (http://nagaland.gov.in/) Department of IT & Technical Education (http://itngl.nic.in/) Department of Forest, Ecology, Environment and Wildlife (http://nagaforest.nic.in/) Department of Horticulture (http://hortingl.nic.in/)

Nagaland - Journey Through The Choir Of Clouds (Documentary) (http://www.efi-news.com/2011/08/ nagaland-journey-through-choir-of.html) Naga people social media site (http://nagapeople.com/) Nagaland travel guide from Wikitravel A photojournalist in Nagaland (http://humanplanet.com/timothyallen/2010/12/nagaland/)

Goa
Goa
State

Seal

Goa

518

Location of Goa in India

Map of Goa Coordinates (Panaji): 153347N 734905E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Parliamentary constituency High Court Area Total 3702km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) B. V. Wanchoo Manohar Parrikar (BJP) Unicameral (40 seats) 2 Bombay High Court - Panaji, Goa Bench India 30 May 1987 Panaji Vasco da Gama 2

Goa

519
Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density 1457723 25th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-GA 0.779 (high) 3rd (2005) 87% (3rd) Konkani www.goa.gov.in [1] 28th

Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website

Konkani languageKonkani is the sole official language but Marathi languageMarathi is also allowed to be used for any or all official purposes. "Goa". Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd Report, July 2003 to June 2004. National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. . Retrieved 17 July 2007. "Konkani is the official language of the state. There actually is no second official language. However, as per notification, Marathi will be used for the purpose of reply by the Government whenever communications are received in that language. In the Official Language Act, it is provided that "the Marathi, shall also be used for all or any of the official purposes" and also at present, Marathi and Konkani are two major languages of Goa Further it is provided that "nothing contained in this sub section shall be deemed to affect the use of the Marathi language in educational, social or cultural fields"."UNI (30 May 2007). "Marathi vs Konkani debate continues in Goa". rediff.com (Rediff.com India Limited). . Retrieved 17 July 2007.Government of Goa. "About Goa". goa.gov.in. Goa Government. . "At present, Marathi and Konkani are two major languages of Goa."

Goa i/o./ is India's smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Located in West India in the region known as the Konkan, it is bounded by the state of Maharashtra to the north, and by Karnataka to the east and south, while the Arabian Sea forms its western coast. Goa is India's richest state with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole.[5] It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.[5] Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is the largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first landed in the early 16th century as merchants and conquered it soon thereafter. Goa is a former Portuguese colony, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.[6][7] Renowned for its beaches, places of worship and world heritage architecture, Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year. It also has rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the Western Ghats range, which is classified as a biodiversity hotspot.

Mythological origins
The first literary reference to Goa is mentioned in the Bhishma Parva of Mahabharata as Gomanta which means the region of cows.[8] Hindu scriptures state that the region was created by Parashurama, an avatar of Lord Vishnu (see:Skanda Purana:Sahyadrikhanda). He is said to have settled ten sages in this land and performed fire sacrifices. Another legend has that after performing the penance, the seven sages or the Saptarshis were blessed by lord Shiva therefore known as Saptakoteshwar. Further Lord Shiva is believed to have taken up temporary residence after having tiff with his consort Parvati. Yet another legend says that Lord Krishna defeated Jarasandha the king of Magadha on Gomanchal mountain in Goa. (see:Hari Vamsha purana)[9]

Goa In Suta Samhita Govapuri or Goa is associated with spiritually cleansing touch:... The very sight of Govapuri destroys any sin committed in former existence just as sunrise dispels darkness... Certainly there is no other kshetra equal to Govapuri[10] A similar hymn praising Govapuri city is found in Sahyadrikhanda of Skanda Purana, which says the extent of Goapuri was about seven Yojanas.

520

Lord Parshuram with Saraswat brahmin settlers commanding Lord Varuna to make the seas recede to make the Konkan .

The Parashurama Legend

According to the Parashurama legend, Parashurama, the sixth reincarnation of lord Vishnu faces with an order of banishment from the lands that he had once conquered, sets seven arrows fly from the Sahyadris to push back the sea and create a stretch of land which he could claim for himself. The sea-god is believed to have acceded to his wish and created a region Shurparaka (literally:winnowing fan). This region is also known as Parashurama Kshetra.[11] The legend further tells us that having created Goa thus, Parashurama brought Brahmins from the North and settled them in this land.(See:Shree Scanda Puran (Sayadri Khandha) -Ed. Dr. Jarson D. Kunha, Marathi version Ed. By Gajanan shastri Gaytonde). The Parashurama legend personifies the geological process of elevation of submerged land along the west coast, which must have taken place around 12,000 BC. There is evidence to support this theory as indicated by presence of marine fossils, buried seashells and other features of reclaimed topography in the coastal belt.[9] The evidence provided by the conch (Shankh) at Surla Village, fossilised marine conches discovered in 1863, petrified roots, fossilied branches have been found later in many villages on the foothills of the Sahyadri dating back more than 10,000 BC. Thus the geologists concluded that Goa has risen up from seabed as a result of violent tectonic movements. At the decline of the intensity of pluviation in the last Pleistocenic age around 10.000 BC, the bottom of Deccan plateau was lifted up and out of sea-waters by the tectonic movements, formed the West-coast of India, Goa being a part thereof.[12][13]

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Etymology
The origin of the city name Goa is unclear. In ancient literature, Goa was known by many names such as Gomanta, Gomanchala, Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, Govapuri, Govem, and Gomantak.[14] The Indian epic Mahabharata refers to the area now known as Goa, as Goparashtra or Govarashtra which means a nation of cowherds. Gopakapuri or Gopakapattanam were used in some ancient Sanskrit texts, and these names were also mentioned in other sacred Hindu texts such as the Harivansa and the Skanda Purana. In the latter, Goa is also known as Gomanchala. Parashurambhoomi is a name that the region is referred to in certain inscriptions and texts such as the Puranas.[15] In the third century BCE, Goa was known as Aparantha, and is mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy. The Greeks referred to Goa as Nelkinda in the 13th century. Some other historical names for Goa are Sindapur, Sandabur, and Mahassapatam.[16]

History
Goa's history goes back to 20,00030,000 years. The rock art engravings exhibit earliest traces of human life in India.[17]:p.254Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic rock art engravings have been found on the bank of river Kushavati at Usgalimal.[18] Petroglyphs, cones, stone-axe, and choppers dating back 10,000 years back have been found in many places in Goa like Kazur, Mauxim, and the Mandovi-Zuari basin.[19] Palaeolithic cave existence is seen at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigao, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, and Aquem-Margaon etc. Difficulty in carbon dating the laterite rock compounds poses problems in determination of exact time period.[20] These discoveries have shed light on Goa's prehistory.

Rock cut engraving at Usgalimal

The Sumerians inhabited Goa around 2200 BC which was followed by several waves of Indo-Aryan people and the Dravidians from the Deccan. The early Goan society underwent radical changes when aboriginal locals and the migrants amalgamated, forming the base of early Goan culture.[21] In 3rd century BC, it formed part of the Mauryan Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha. Buddhist monks laid the foundation of Buddhism in Goa. Between the 2nd century BCE and the 6th century CE, Goa was ruled by the Chutus of Karwar as feudatories of the Satavahanas of Kolhapur (2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE), Western Kshatrapas (around 150 CE), the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra, Bhojas of the Yadav clans of Gujarat, and the Konkan Mauryas as feudatories of the Kalachuris.[22] The rule later passed on to the Chalukyas of Badami, who controlled it between 578 to 753, and later the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed from 753 to 963. However from 765 to 1015, the Southern Silharas of Konkan ruled Goa as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas.[23] Over the next few centuries, Goa was successively ruled by the Kadambas as the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. They patronised Jainism in Goa.[24]
Gold coins issued by the Kadamba king of Goa, Shivachitta Paramadideva. Circa 11471187 AD.

In 1312, Goa came under the governance of the Delhi Sultanate. However, the kingdom's grip on the region was weak, and by 1370 they were forced to surrender it to Harihara I of the Vijayanagara empire. The Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469, when it was appropriated by the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga. After that dynasty crumbled, the area fell to the hands of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur who established as their auxiliary capital the city known under the Portuguese as Velha Goa.

Goa

522 In 1510, the Portuguese defeated the ruling Bijapur kings with the help of a local ally, Timayya, leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (or Old Goa). In 1843 the capital was moved to Panjim from Velha Goa. By the mid-18th century the area under occupation had expanded to most of Goa's present day state limits. Simultaneously the Portuguese lost other possessions in India until their borders stabilised and formed the Estado da India Portuguesa, of which Goa was the largest territory.
The S Cathedral at Old Goa, an example of Portuguese influence.

After India gained independence from the British in 1947, Portugal refused to negotiate with India on the transfer of sovereignty of their Indian enclaves. On 19 December 1961, the Indian Army commenced with Operation Vijay resulting in the annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu into the Indian union. Goa, along with Daman and Diu was made into a centrally administered Union Territory of India. On 30 May 1987, the Union Territory was split, and Goa was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining a Union Territory.

Geography and climate

Coat of Arms of Goa as a Portuguese enclave 19351961.

Geography
Goa encompasses an area of unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u','unknown operator: u',' (unknown operator: u'strong'unknown operator: u','sqmi). It lies between the latitudes 145354 N and 154000 N and longitudes 734033 E and 742013 E. Most of Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it from the Deccan Plateau. The highest point is the Sonsogor, with an altitude of 1,167meters (3,827feet). Goa has a coastline of 101km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi).
Goa coastline

Goa's main rivers are the Mandovi, the Zuari, the Terekhol, Chapora River and the Sal. The Mormugao harbour on the mouth of the River Zuari is one of the best natural harbours in South Asia. The Zuari and the Mandovi are the lifelines of Goa, with their tributaries draining 69% of its geographic area. These rivers are some of the busiest rivers in India. Goa has more than forty estuarine, eight marine and about ninety riverine islands. The total navigable length of Goa's rivers is 253km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi). Goa has more than three hundred ancient tanks built during the rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over a hundred medicinal springs. Most of Goa's soil cover is made up of laterites which are rich in ferric aluminium oxides and reddish in colour. Further inland and along the riverbanks, the soil is mostly alluvial and loamy. The soil is rich in minerals and humus, thus conducive to plantation. Some of the oldest rocks in the Indian subcontinent are found in Goa between Molem

Goa and Anmod on Goa's border with Karnataka. The rocks are classified as Trondjemeitic Gneiss estimated to be 3,600 million years old, dated by the Rubidium isotope dating method. A specimen of the rock is exhibited in the Goa University.

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Climate
Goa features a tropical monsoon climate under the Kppen climate classification. Goa, being in the tropical zone and near the Arabian Sea, has a hot and humid climate for most of the year. The month of May is the hottest, seeing day temperatures of over 35 C (95 F) coupled with high humidity. The monsoon rains arrive by early June and provide a much needed respite from the heat. Most of Goa's annual rainfall is received through the monsoons which last till late September.

Monsoon clouds loom over the Mandovi River, Goa.

Goa has a short winter season between mid-December and February. These months are marked by nights of around 21C (68F) and days of around 28C (84F) with moderate amounts of humidity. Further inland, due to altitudinal gradation, the nights are a few degrees cooler. During March 2008 Goa was lashed with heavy rain and strong winds. This was the first time in 29 years that Goa had seen rain during March.
Climate data for Goa Month Average high C (F) Average low C (F) Jan
31.6

Feb
31.5

Mar
32.0

Apr
33.0

May
33.0

Jun
30.3

Jul
28.9

Aug
28.8

Sep
29.5

Oct
31.6

Nov
32.8

Dec
32.4

Year
31.28

19.6

20.5

23.2

25.6

26.3

24.7

24.1

24.0

23.8

23.8

22.3

20.6

23.21

0.1 1.2 11.8 112.7 868.2 994.8 512.7 251.9 124.8 30.9 16.7 2926 Precipitation 0.2 (0.008) (0.004) (0.047) (0.465) (4.437) (34.181) (39.165) (20.185) (9.917) (4.913) (1.217) (0.657) (115.2) mm (inches)

Avg. precipitation days Mean monthly sunshine hours

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.8

4.2

21.9

27.2

13.3

13.5

6.2

2.5

0.4

90.1

313.1

301.6

291.4

288.0

297.6

126.0

105.4

120.9

177.0

248.0

273.0

300.7

2842.7

Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),

[25]

Hong Kong Observatory

[26]

for data of sunshine hours

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524

Subdivisions
The state is divided into two districts: North Goa and South Goa. Each district is governed by a district collector, an administrator appointed by the Indian government. North Goa District: Panaji is the headquarters of the North Goa district. The North Goa District is further divided into four subdivisions Mapusa, Bicholim, Panaji, and Ponda; and six taluks, Pernem, Bardez (Mapusa), Bicholim, Sattari (Valpoy), Tiswadi (Panaji) and Ponda. South Goa District: Margao is the headquarters of the South Goa district. The South Goa District is further divided into three subdivisions Margao, Mormugao (Vasco), and Quepem; and six taluks, Mormugao, Salcete (Margao), Quepem, Canacona (Chaudi), Sanguem, and Dharbandora.

Talukas of Goa. Talukas in purple shades belong to North Goa district, and orange denote South Goa.

Municipal Corporation & Municipal Councils

Goa's major cities include Ponda, Mapusa, Margao, Mormugao, Vasco and Panaji. The region connecting the last four cities is considered a de facto conurbation, or a more or less continuous urban area. Municipal Corporation (1): Panaji Municipal Councils (13): Pernem, Mapusa, Bicholim, Sanquelim, Valpoi, Ponda, Mormugao (including Vasco), Margao, Cuncolim, Quepem, Curchorem Cacora, Sanguem, Chaudi (Canacona)

Flora and fauna

Equatorial forest cover in Goa stands at 1424km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi),[14] most of which is owned by the government. Government owned forest is estimated at 1224.38km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) whilst private is given as 200km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). Most of the forests in the state are located in the interior eastern regions of the state. The Western Ghats, which form most of eastern Goa, have been internationally recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. In the February 1999 issue of National Geographic Magazine, Goa was compared with the Amazon and Congo basins for its rich tropical biodiversity. Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over 275 species of birds, over 48 kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles.[27] Rice is the main food crop with pulses, ragi and other food crops are also grown. Main cash crops are coconuts, cashewnuts, arecanuts, sugarcane and fruits like pineapples, mangos and bananas.[14] The State has a rich forest cover of more than 1,424km. Goa's state animal is the Gaur, the state bird is the Ruby Throated Yellow Bulbul, which is a variation of Black-crested Bulbul, and the state tree is the Asan.

Goa

525 The important forests products are bamboo canes, Maratha barks, chillar barks and the bhirand. Coconut trees are ubiquitous and are present in almost all areas of Goa barring the elevated regions. A large number of deciduous vegetation consisting of teak, sal, cashew and mango trees are present. Fruits include jackfruits, mangos, pineapples and 'black-berry' ('podkoam' in konkani). Goa's forests are rich with medicinal plants. Foxes, wild boars and migrating birds are found in the jungles of Goa. The avifauna includes kingfishers, mynas and parrots. Numerous types Rice paddies are common in rural Goa. of fish are also caught off the coast of Goa and in its rivers. Crabs, lobsters, shrimps, jellyfish, oysters and catfish form some of the piscine catch. Goa also has a high snake population, which keeps the rodent population under control. Goa has many famous National Parks, including the renowned Salim Ali bird sanctuary. Other wildlife sanctuaries include the Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary, Molem Wildlife Sanctuary, Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, Madei Wildlife Sanctuary, Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary, Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary and the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary located on the island of Chorao. Goa has more than 33% of its geographic area under government forests (1224.38km) of which about 62% has been brought under Protected Areas (PA) of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Park. Since there is a substantial area under private forests and a large tract under cashew, mango, coconut, etc. plantations, the total forest and tree cover constitutes 56.6% of the geographic area.

Economy
Gross State Domestic Product (in millions of Rupees) Year 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 3,980 6,550 12,570 33,190 76,980 GSDP
[28]

Goa's gross state domestic product for 2007 is estimated at $3 billion in current prices. Goa is one of India's richest states with the highest GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country as a whole and one of its fastest growth rates: 8.23% (yearly average 19902000).[29] Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it handles 12%[30] of all foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the climate. In the summer time (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays.

Train carrying iron ore to Marmagao Port, Vasco

The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores and mining forms the second largest industry. Mining in Goa focuses on ores of

Goa

526 iron, Bauxite, manganese, clays, limestone and silica. The Marmagao Port handled 31.69 million tonnes of cargo last year, and accounts for over 39% of India's Iron Ore exports. The leaders in the Goan Iron Ore industry include Sesa Goa (now owned by Vedanta Resources) and Dempo. Rampant mining in areas rich in Iron Ore and other minerals is now threatening the forest cover as well as posing a health hazard to the local population. Mining corporations are also indulging in illegal mining in some areas without proper permits. Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past four decades, offers Commercial area in Panaji. part-time employment to a sizeable portion of the populace. Rice is the main agricultural crop, followed by areca, cashew and coconut. The fishing industry provides employment for about forty thousand people, though recent official figures indicate a decline of the importance of this sector and also a fall in catch, perhaps coupled with the fact that traditional fishing has given way to large-scale mechanised trawling. Medium scale industries include the manufacturing of pesticides, fertilisers, tyres, tubes, footwear, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, wheat products, steel rolling, fruits and fish canning, cashew nuts, textiles, brewery products. The Goa government has recently decided to not allow any more special economic zones (SEZs) in Goa. This is in stark contrast to policy followed by other states of India. SEZs are known to bring tax revenues for the government and employment option for local citizens since industries flock there for lower tax rates as compared to other areas. Currently there are 16 planned SEZs in Goa. This decision was taken by state government after strong opposition to SEZs by political parties and Goa Catholic Church.[31] Goa is also notable for its low beer, wine and spirits prices due to its very low excise duty on alcohol. Another source of cash inflow into the state comes from many of its citizens who work abroad and remit money to their families.

Transport
Air
Goa's sole airport, the Dabolim Airport, is a military and civilian airport catering to domestic and international airlines that stop en route to other Indian destinations. The airport also handles a large number of chartered flights. Goa receives international flights from Qatar, Dubai, Sharjah and Kuwait in the Middle East and from Britain, Germany, Netherlands and Russia during the charter flight tourist season. Dabolim Airport is serviced by the following carriers Air Arabia, Indian Airlines, Kingfisher Airlines, Go Air, SpiceJet, Jet Airways, Qatar Airways besides charter flights from the UK, Netherlands, Russia, Germany operated by Thomas Cook, Condor, Arkefly, Monarch Airlines, etc. Another international airport at Mopa is proposed.

Road
Goa's public transport largely consists of privately operated buses linking the major towns to rural areas. Government-run buses, maintained by the Kadamba Transport Corporation, links major routes (like the PanjimMargao route) and some remote parts of the state. In large towns such as Panjim and Margao, intra-city buses ply. However, public transport in Goa is less developed, and residents depend heavily on their own transport, usually motorised two-wheelers.

Most of Goa is well connected by roads.

Goa Goa has two National Highways passing through it. NH-17 runs along India's west coast and links Goa to Mumbai in the north and Mangalore to the south. NH-4A running across the state connects the capital Panjim to Belgaum in east, linking Goa to cities in the Deccan. The NH-17A connects NH-17 to Mormugao Harbour from Cortalim. The new NH-17B is a four-lane highway connecting Mormugao Harbour to NH-17 at Verna, via Dabolim airport. Goa has a total of 224km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) of national highways, 232km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) of state highway and 815km of district highway. Hired forms of transport include unmetered taxis and, in urban areas, auto rickshaws. A unique form of transport in Goa is the motorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are locally called "pilots". These vehicles transport a single pillion rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. River crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomed ferry boats, operated by the river navigation departments.

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Rail
Goa has two rail lines one run by the South Western Railway and the other by the Konkan Railway. The line run by the South Western Railway was built during the colonial era linking the port town of Vasco da Gama, Goa with Belgaum, Hubli, Karnataka via Margao. The Konkan Railway line, which was built during the 1990s, runs parallel to the coast connecting major cities on the western coast.

Sea
The Mormugao harbour near the city of Vasco handles mineral ore, petroleum, coal, and international containers. Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goa's hinterland. Panjim, which is on the banks of the Mandovi, has a minor port, which used to handle passenger steamers between Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania Shipping in the 1990s.
Margao railway station

Demographics
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 547000 590000 795000 1008000 1170000 1347668 1457723 % 7.9% 34.7% 26.8% 16.1% 15.2% 8.2% [32][33]

Source:Census of India

A native of Goa is called a Goan in English, Goenkar in Konkani, Govekar in Marathi. Goa has a population of 1.344 million residents, making it India's fourth smallest (after Sikkim, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh). The population has a growth rate of 14.9% per decade.[34] There are 363 people for each square kilometre of land.[33] Goa is the state with highest proportion of urban population with 49.76% of the population living in urban areas.[35] The literacy rate of Goa is over 87%.[36] The sex ratio is 968 females to 1000 males. The birth rate is 15.70 per 1,000 people in 2007.[37] Goa also is the state with lowest proportion of Scheduled Tribes at 0.04%.[38]

Goa According to the 2001 census, out of a total population of 1,343,998 people, 886,551 (65.7%) were Hindus, 359,568 (26.6%) were Christians, 92,210 (6.8%) were Muslims, 970 (0.01%) were Sikhs, 649 (0.001%) were Buddhists, 820 (0.005%) were Jains and 353 (0.0005%) belonged to other religious communities.[39]

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Hindu-Christianity Unity Memorial at Miramar Beach.

Religion in Goa Religion Hinduism Christianity Islam Others

[39]

Percent 65.7% 26.6% 6.8% 2%

Distribution of religions Includes Sikhs (0.01%), Buddhists (0.01%), Jains (0.01%) and Others (0.01%).

Languages
The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani in the Devanagari script the sole official language of Goa, but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Portuguese language was used extensively as an administrative language during the colonial era but today is not widely spoken. The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi.[40] Whilst there have been demands for according Konkani in the Roman script official status in the state, there is widespread support for keeping Konkani as the sole official language of Goa.[41][42][43] Konkani is spoken as a native language by about 61% of the people in the state but almost all Goans can speak and understand Konkani. Other linguistic minorities in the state as per the 2001 census are Marathi (21%), Kannada (5%), Hindi (5%), and Urdu (4%)[44].

Goa

529

Languages in Goa Language Konkani Marathi Hindi Kannada Urdu Others Percent 61% 21% 5% 5% 4% 4%

Tourism
Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with decreased tourist activity inland. In 2010, there were more than two million tourists reported to have visited Goa, about 1.2 million of whom were from abroad.[45] The tourism board appointed Prachi Desai, a young Bollywood actress as the face of Goa. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In the winter time, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come to Goa to enjoy the climate. In the summertime (which, in Goa, is the rainy season), tourists from across India come to spend the holidays. With the rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years and the consequential influence of Portuguese culture, Goa presents a somewhat different picture to the foreign visitor than other parts of the country. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, churches, and temples. The Bom Jesus Cathedral, Fort Aguada and a new wax museum on Indian history, culture and heritage in Old Goa are other tourism destinations.

Taj Hotels Fort Aguada Beach Resort

Baga Creek

Historic sites and neighbourhoods

Goa has two World Heritage Sites: the Bom Jesus Basilica[46] and churches and convents of Old Goa. The Basilica holds the mortal remains of St. Francis Xavier, regarded by many Catholics as the patron saint of Goa (the patron of the Archdiocese of Goa is actually the Blessed Joseph Vaz). The relics are taken down for veneration and for public viewing, as per the prerogative of the Church in Goa, not not every ten or twelve years as popularly thought and propagated. The last
Vagator Beach.

Goa exposition was held in 2004. Goa also has the Sanctuary of Blessed Joseph Vaz in Sancoale, Pilar monastery which holds novenas of Venerable Padre Agnelo Gustavo de Souza from November 10 to 20 November yearly. There is also a claimed Marian Apparition at the Church of Saints Simon and Jude at Batim Ganxim, near Pilar, where a number of Goans and non resident Goans visit. There is also the statue of the bleeding Jesus on the Crucifix at the Santa Monica Convent in Velha Goa. There are a number of churches (Igorzo), like the Baroque styled Nixkollounk Gorb-Sombhov Saibinnich Igorz (Church of the Our Lady of Immaculate Conception) in Panjim, the Gothic styled Mater Dei (Dv Matechi Igorz/ Mother of God Church in Saligao and each church having its own style and heritage, besides Kopelam/ Irmidi (Chapels). The Velhas Conquistas regions are also known for its Goa-Portuguese style architecture. There are many forts in Goa such as Tiracol, Chapora, Corjuem, Aguada, Reis Magos, Nanus, Mormugao, Fort Gaspar Dias and Cabo de Rama. In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style architecture still stand, though in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition. Fontainhas in Panaji has been declared a cultural quarter, showcasing the life, architecture and culture of Goa. Some influences from the Portuguese era are visible in some of Goa's temples, notably the Shanta Durga Temple, the Mangueshi Temple and the Mahalasa Temple, although after 1961, many of these were demolished and reconstructed in the indigenous Indian style.

530

Museums and science centre

Goa also has a few museums, the two important ones being Goa State Museum and the Naval Aviation Museum. The Aviation museum is one among three of its kind in the India, the other two being in Delhi and Bengaluru. Also, a place not well known to tourists is the Goa Science Centre, which is located in Panjim.[47] The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) is also located in Goa at Dona Paula.[48]

People and culture

The tableau of Goa showcases religious harmony by focusing on the Deepastambha, the Cross, Ghode Modni followed by a chariot. Western royal attire of kings and regional dances being performed depict the unique blend of different religions and cultures of the State. The festival of music and dance, Shigmo Mel or the Holi and Spring celebrations, signify unity in diversity.[49] Prominent local festivals are Chavoth, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Shigmo, Samvatsar Padvo, Dasara etc. The Goan Carnival and new year celebration is known to attract a large number of tourists.

Shanta Durga temple at Kavlem.

Dance and music

Goan Hindus are very fond of Natak, Bhajan and Kirtan. Many famous Indian Classical singers hail from Goa, including Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar Karekar. Some traditional Goan art forms are dekhnni, fugdi, corridinho, Mando and dulpod. Goa is also known as the origin of Goa trance. While Goa trance has achieved widespread popularity itself, it also heavily influenced later forms of music such as psytrance.

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531

Theatre
Natak, Tiatr and Zagor are the chief forms of Goa's traditional performance arts. Other forms are Ranmale, Dashavatari, Kalo, Goulankala, Lalit, Kala and Rathkala. Stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata along with more modern social subjects are narrated with song and dance.[50][51] Traditional drums like Pakhawaj, Ghumot,taso, Dhol, Cymbals, Tabla are part of the show and give the background score

Food
Rice with fish curry (Xit kodi in Konkani) is the staple diet in Goa. Goan cuisine is famous for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers, spices and vinegar giving the food a unique flavour. Goan food can be divided into Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes, characteristics and cooking styles. Pork dishes such as Vindaloo, Xacuti, chorisa and Sorpotel are cooked for major occasions among the Goan Catholics. An exotic Goan vegetable stew, known as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and special Goan spices that add to the aroma. Sannas, Hitt are variants of idli and Polle,Amboli,Kailoleo are variants of dosa;are native to Goa. A rich egg-based multi-layered sweet dish known as bebinca is a favourite at Christmas. The most popular alcoholic beverage in Goa is feni; Cashew feni is made from the fermentation of the fruit of the cashew tree, while coconut feni is made from the sap of toddy palms.

Architecture
The architecture of Goa is a combination of Indian, Islamic and Portuguese styles. Since the Portuguese ruled for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking element of the Portuguese style of architecture. Goan Hindu houses do not show any Portuguese influence, though the modern temple architecture is an amalgam of original Goan temple style with Dravidian, Hemadpanthi, Islamic, and Portuguese architecture.[52] The original Goan temple architecture fell into disuse as the temples were demolished by the Portuguese and the Sthapati known as Thavayi in Konkani were converted to Christianity though the wooden work and the Kavi murals can still be seen.[53] (see:Goa:Hindu temples and deities by Rui Gomes Periera).

Goan-Portuguese villa

Sports
Football is a popular sport in Goa and is embedded in Goan culture.[54] Its origins in the state are traced back to 1883 when the visiting Irish priest Fr. William Robert Lyons established the sport as part of a "Christian education".[54][55] On 22 December 1959, the Associao de Futebol de Goa was formed, which continues to administer the game in the state under the new name, Goa Football Association.[54] Goa, along with West Bengal and Kerala.[54] is the locus of football in the country and is home to many football clubs in India's I-League. The state's football powerhouses include Salgaocar, Dempo, Churchill Brothers, Vasco Sports Club and Sporting Clube de Goa. The state's main football stadium, Fatorda (or Nehru stadium), is located at Margao and also hosts cricket matches.[56] A number of Goans have represented India in football, and four of them, namely Brahmanand Sankhwalkar, Bruno Coutinho, Mauricio Afonso, and Roberto Fernandes have all captained the national team at one time or another. Goa also has its own state football league. The biggest peak of the league is Goa pro league which is sponsored by Kingfishers. It is probably the only state in India where cricket is not considered as important as any other sports. Goa has its own cricket team. Dilip Sardesai remains the only Goan to date to play international cricket for India.[57]

Goa

532

Government and politics

In the Parliament of India, Goa has two seats in the Lok Sabha, one representing each district, and one seat in the Rajya Sabha. Goa's capital is Panaji, known as Panjim in English and earlier called Pangim in Portuguese times, and known in the local language as Ponnje is the administrative capital of Goa lying on the left bank of the Mandovi near Panaji. Goa's legislative assembly building is located in Porvorim the seat of the Goa assembly, which lies across the Mandovi River. The state's judicial hierarchy relates to Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay, which is the capital of Goa's neighbouring Maharashtra state), as the state comes under the Bombay High Court. A bench of the High Court is present in Panaji. Unlike other states, which follow the British Indian model of civil laws framed for individual religions, the Portuguese Uniform Civil Code, based on the Napoleonic code, has been retained by the Goa government. Goa has a unicameral legislature consisting of a forty member Legislative Assembly, headed by a Chief Minister who wields the executive power. The ruling government consists of the party or coalition garnering the most seats in the state elections and enjoying the support of a simple majority of the House. The governor is appointed by the President of India. The governor's role is largely ceremonial, but plays a crucial role when it comes to deciding who should form the next government or in suspending the legislature as has happened in the recent past. After having stable governance for nearly thirty years up to 1990, Goa is now notorious for its political instability having seen fourteen governments in the span of the fifteen years between 1990 and 2005.[58] In March 2005 the assembly was dissolved by the governor and President's Rule was declared, which suspended the legislature. A by-election in June 2005 saw the Congress coming back to power after winning three of the five seats that went to polls. The Congress party and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) are the two largest parties in the state. In the assembly poll of 2007, Congress-led coalition won and started ruling the state.[59] In the recent 2012 Vidhan Sabha Elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party along with the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party won a clear majority, forming the new government with Manohar Parrikar as the Chief Minister. Other parties include the United Goans Democratic Party, the Nationalist Congress Party.[60]

Media and communication

Goa is served by almost all television channels available in India. Channels are received through cable in most parts of Goa. In the interior regions, channels are received via satellite dishes. Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, has two free terrestrial channels on air. DTH (Direct To Home) TV services are available from Dish TV, Tata Sky & DD Direct Plus. The All India Radio is the only radio channel in the state that broadcasts on both FM and AM bands. Two AM channels are broadcast, the primary channel at 1287kHz and the Vividh Bharati channel at 1539kHz. AIR's FM channel is called FM Rainbow and is broadcast at 105.4MHz. A number of independent FM radio channels are available, Big FM at 92.7MHz, Radio Mirchi at 98.3MHz, and Radio Indigo at 91.9MHz. There is also an educational radio channel, Gyan Vani, run by IGNOU broadcast from Panaji at 107.8MHz. In 2006, St Xavier's College, Mapusa, became the first college in the state to launch a campus community radio station 'Voice of Xavier's'. Major cellular service operators include Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Essar (Previously Hutch), Idea Cellular, Uninor, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Indicom/Tata DoCoMo and BSNL CellOne. Local newspaper publications include the English language The Herald (Goa's oldest, once a Portuguese language paper known as O Heraldo), the Gomantak Times and the Navhind Times. In addition to these, The Times of India and the Indian Express are also received from Mumbai and Bangalore in the urban areas. The Times of India has recently started publication from Goa itself serving the local population news directly from the state capital. Among the list of officially-accredited newspapers are Sunaparant in Konkani (Devanagari script), The Navhind Times, The Herald Times and The Gomantak Times in English; and Tarun Bharat,Gomantak, Navprabha, Goa Times, Sanatan

Goa Prabhat, Govadoot, Lokmat (all in Marathi). All are dailies. Other publications in the state include Goa Today (English-language, monthly), Goan Observer (English, weekly), Vavraddeancho Ixtt (Roman-script Konkani, weekly) Goa Messenger',Vasco Watch,Gulab (Konkani, monthly), Bimb (Devanagari-script Konkani) .

533

Education
According to the 2011 census, Goa has a literacy rate of 87% with 90% of males and 84% of females being literate.[61] Each taluka is made up of villages, each having a school run by the government. Due to the low levels of corruption and the quality of the government schools, private schools are less in demand, compared to the rest of the country. All schools come under the Goa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education whose syllabus is prescribed by the state Education department. There are also a few schools run by the all-India ICSE board or NIOS board. Most students in Goa complete their high Goa University school using English as the medium of instruction. Primary schools, on the other hand are largely run in Konkani and marathi (in private, but government-aided schools). As is the case in most of India, enrolment for vernacular media has seen a fall in numbers in favour of English medium education. As per a report published in The Times of India, 84% of Goan schools run without an administrative head.[62] After ten years of schooling, students join a Higher Secondary school, which offers courses in popular streams such as Science, Arts, Law and Commerce. A student may also opt for a course in vocational studies. Additionally, many join three year diploma courses. Two years of college is followed by a professional degree. Goa University is the sole university in the state located in Taleigao and all Goan colleges are affiliated to it. There are five engineering colleges and one medical college in the state. Goa Engineering College, National Institute of Technology, Goa are government funded colleges whereas the private engineering colleges include Don Bosco College of Engineering, Fatorda, Shree Rayeshwar Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, Shiroda, and Padre Conceicao College of Engineering, Verna. There are three Medical institutions viz. Goa Medical College (Govt. funded), Shri Kamaxidevi Homeopathical Medical College and Hospital and Bharatiya Sanskriti Prabodhinis Gomantak Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya. In 2004, BITS Pilani started its third Campus, BITS Pilani Goa Campus at Zuarinagar near Dabolim. The National Institute of Technology Goa was started in 2010. There are also colleges offering pharmacy, architecture and dentistry along with numerous private colleges offering law, arts, commerce and science. There is also two National Oceanographic Science related centres, NCAOR and the National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) in Vasco and Panjim. The best known schools in Goa include Vidya Prabhodini at Porvorim, K.B. Hedgewar High School, the Progress High School, Don Bosco High School, People's High School, Mushtifund High School in Panaji, Sunshine Worldwide school in Old Goa, Shiksha Niketan and Nisha's Playschool in Torda, A. J. De Almeida High School in Ponda, S.S.Samiti's I.V.B.D. High school in Dhawali-Ponda, Vidya Bharati, Mahila And Nutan English High School in Margao, Manovikas in Margao and the prestigious Sharada Mandir School in Miramar. Among the best known colleges in Goa include V.V.M's R.M.Salgaocar Higher Secondary School in Margao G.V.M's S.N.J.A higher secondary school, Don Bosco College, D.M's college of Arts Science and Commerce, St Xavier's College, Carmel College, Chowgule College, Dhempe College, Damodar College, MES College, S. S. Samiti's Higher Secondary School of Science, etc. In addition to the engineering colleges, there are quite a few polytechnic institutions such as the Father Agnel Polytechnic, Verna and the Institute of Shipbuilding Technology, Vasco da gama which impart technical and vocational training.

Goa Many residents, however, choose to take up courses in other states as the demand for a course in Goa is more than that available. Goa is also well known in India for courses in marine engineering, fisheries, hotel management and cuisine. The State also hosts one of the best business school in the country the Goa Institute of Management which is autonomous and was founded in 1993 by Romuald D'Souza. Portuguese is taught as a part of the school curriculum, often as a third language in some schools. The Goa University also offers Bachelors and Masters degrees in Portuguese.

534

Citations
[1] http:/ / www. goa. gov. in/ [2] "Goa" (http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 35. htm). Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, 42nd Report, July 2003 to June 2004. National Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. . Retrieved 17 July 2007. "Konkani is the official language of the state. There actually is no second official language. However, as per notification, Marathi will be used for the purpose of reply by the Government whenever communications are received in that language. In the Official Language Act, it is provided that "the Marathi, shall also be used for all or any of the official purposes" and also at present, Marathi and Konkani are two major languages of Goa Further it is provided that "nothing contained in this sub section shall be deemed to affect the use of the Marathi language in educational, social or cultural fields"." [3] UNI (30 May 2007). "Marathi vs Konkani debate continues in Goa" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2007/ may/ 30goa. htm). rediff.com (Rediff.com India Limited). . Retrieved 17 July 2007. [4] Government of Goa. "About Goa" (http:/ / www. goa. gov. in/ knowgoa/ aboutgoa. html). goa.gov.in. Goa Government. . "At present, Marathi and Konkani are two major languages of Goa." [5] Reports of the finance commissions of India: First Finance Commission to the Twelfth Finance Commission : the complete report. India. Finance Commission. Academic Foundation. 2005. p.268. ISBN81-7188-474-1, 9788171884742. [6] "Liberation of Goa" (http:/ / gpp. nic. in/ Liberation. html). Government Polytechnic, Panaji. . Retrieved 17 July 2007. [7] Pillarisetti, Jagan. "The Liberation of Goa: an Overview" (http:/ / www. bharat-rakshak. com/ IAF/ History/ 1960s/ Goa01. html). The Liberation of Goa:1961. bharat-rakshak.com. . Retrieved 17 July 2007. [8] Satoskar, Ba.Da (1982). Gomantak:Prakruti ani Sanskruti, khand ek(in Marath). Pune: Sharda publications. pp.Page 2021. [9] A Historical and archeological sketch of Goa. New Delhi: Asian Educational services. 1986. pp.See pages-115116. [10] Esteves, Sarto (1966). Goa and its features. Mumbai: Manaktalas. p.page 8. [11] yadzani, G (1960). The early history of Deccan. London: Oxford university. p.Page 33. [12] Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (, 1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp.355 pages (see pages 925). [13] Goa. Lonely Planet. , 1998. pp.249 pages (see page 11). [14] "Goa" (http:/ / www. india. gov. in/ knowindia/ st_goa. php). National Informatics Centre(NIC). . Retrieved 4 January 2009. [15] "Goa The Vibrant State on March" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ release/ release. asp?relid=45884) (Press release). Press Information bureau. . Retrieved 5 January 2009. [16] Sakshena 2003, p. 5 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=7kUE7TV3ZWEC& pg=PA5& dq=goa+ silharas& lr=#v=onepage& q=goa silharas& f=false) [17] Indian Archaeological Society (2006). Purtattva, Issue 36. Indian Archaeological Society. [18] Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty, Robert G. Bednarik, Indir Gndh Rshrya Mnava Sagrahlaya (1997). Indian rock art and its global context. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.,. pp.228 pages (see page 34). ISBN81-208-1464-9, 9788120814646. [19] C. R. Srinivasan, K. V. Ramesh, S. Subramonia Iyer (2004). r pupjali: recent researches in prehistory, protohistory, art, architecture, numismatics, iconography, and epigraphy : Dr. C.R. Srinivasan commemoration volume, Volume 1. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan,. pp.469 pages (see page4). ISBN81-8090-056-8, 9788180900563. [20] Sakhardande, Prajal. "7th National Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries : Session V" (http:/ / www. nio. org/ index. php?option=com_eventdisplay& task=view& tid=4& eid=32). Heritage and history of Goa. NIO Goa. . Retrieved 30 March 2011. [21] Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (, 1986). The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.. Ramesh Anant S. Dhume. pp.355 pages (see pages 100150). [22] De Souza 1990, p. 9 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C& pg=PA9& dq=bhojas+ goa& lr=#v=onepage& q=bhojas goa& f=false) [23] De Souza 1990, p. 10 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C& pg=PA10& dq=bhojas+ goa& lr=#v=onepage& q=bhojas goa& f=false) [24] De Souza 1990, p. 11 (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C& pg=PA11& dq=bhojas+ goa& lr=#v=onepage& q=bhojas goa& f=false) [25] "Weather Information for Goa" (http:/ / www. worldweather. org/ 066/ c00528. htm). . [26] "Climatological Information for Goa, India" (http:/ / www. weather. gov. hk/ wxinfo/ climat/ world/ eng/ asia/ india/ goa_e. htm). Hong Kong Observatory. 15 August 2011. . Retrieved 16 December 2011. [27] "Wildlife Sanctuaries in Goa" (http:/ / www. goahub. com/ wildlife-sanctuaries-in-goa/ index. html). . Retrieved 18 July 2008. [28] "Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation" (http:/ / mospi. nic. in/ mospi_nad_main. htm). . Retrieved 7 September 2006.

Goa
[29] Mohan, Vibhor (16 September 2008). "Chandigarh's per capita income is highest in India" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Chandigarhs_per_capita_income_highest_in_India/ articleshow/ 3487128. cms). The Times of India. . Retrieved 16 December 2011. [30] Economy of Goa (http:/ / goenkar. com/ book/ print/ 112), from goenkar.com (http:/ / goenkar. com/ ) verified 2 April 2005. [31] "Goa not to have any more SEZs" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Business/ India_Business/ Goa_not_to_have_any_more_SEZs_Digamber_Kamat/ rssarticleshow/ 2538932. cms). The Times Of India. 13 November 2007. . Retrieved 13 November 2007. [32] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF, 40 KB). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [33] "Area and population" (http:/ / goagovt. nic. in/ gag/ arepop. htm). Government of Goa. . Retrieved 5 January 2009. [34] "Goa Population Policy (March 2007)" (http:/ / goagovt. nic. in/ GoaPPp. doc) (DOC, 156 KB). Government of Goa. . Retrieved 5 January 2009. [35] "Rural-Urban Distribution" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ India_at_glance/ rural. aspx). Census Department of India. . Retrieved 5 January 2009. [36] "Education" (http:/ / goagovt. nic. in/ gag/ educ. htm). Government of Goa. . Retrieved 5 January 2009. [37] "Demographic status of Goa" (http:/ / www. navhindtimes. com/ articles. php?Story_ID=053150). Navhind Times. . Retrieved 5 February 2009. [38] "Scheduled Casts & Scheduled Tribes Population" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ India_at_glance/ scst. aspx). Census Department of India. . Retrieved 5 January 2009. [39] "Population by religious communities" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm). Census department of India. . Retrieved 22 December 2008. [40] Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. "42nd report: July 2003 June 2004" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071008113359/ http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 35. htm). p.para 11.3. Archived from the original (http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 35. htm) on 8 October 2007. . Retrieved 6 June 2007 [41] "Solving the Language Imbroglio" (http:/ / www. navhindtimes. com/ story. php?story=2008083147). Navhind Times. . Retrieved 15 October 2008. [42] "Konkani:The Tussule over the script" (http:/ / www. navhindtimes. com/ story. php?story=2008091733). Navhind Times. . Retrieved 18 October 2008. [43] Konkani should always remain the sole official language of Goa | Facebook (https:/ / www. facebook. com/ Konkani. Goas. Official. Language) [44] Census of India - DISTRIBUTION OF 10,000 PERSONS BY LANGUAGE (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_Data_Online/ Language/ Statement3. htm) [45] (http:/ / www. goatourism. gov. in/ About DOT/ tourist_arrivals. htm), Department of Tourism, Government of Goa website. Retrieved 4 August 2010. [46] "Basilica of Bom Jesus, Old Goa | Parish Ministry | Goa Jesuits" (http:/ / goajesuits. in/ bomjesus). www.goajesuits.in. . Retrieved 18 July 2010. [47] (http:/ / www. nehrusciencecentre. org/ GSCP/ gscp. htm), Nehru Science Centre website. Retrieved 4 August 2010. [48] (http:/ / www. nio. org/ index/ title/ HOME), NIO Website. Retrieved 4 August 2010. [49] "Twenty eight tableaux to participate in year's Republic Day Parade" (http:/ / pib. nic. in/ archieve/ lreleng/ lyr2002/ rjan2002/ 21012002/ r210120025. html) (Press release). Press Information Bureau. . Retrieved 5 January 2009. [50] Tiatr folk drama of Goa http:/ / www. goablog. org/ posts/ tiatr-folk-drama-of-goa/ [51] Smitha Venkateswaran (14 Apr 2007). "Konkan goes Tiatrical" (http:/ / economictimes. indiatimes. com/ articleshowarchive. cms?msid=1907414). The Economic Times. . Retrieved 14 December 2008. [52] Mankekar, Kamla (2004). Temples of Goa. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India,. pp.99 pages(see pages 117). ISBN81-230-1161-X, 9788123011615. [53] Kamat, Krishnanand. Konkanyali Kavikala. Panaji: Goa Konkani Akademi. [54] Mills, James (Summer 2001). "Football in Goa: Sport, Politics and the Portuguese in India". Soccer & Society 2 (2): 7588. doi:10.1080/714004840. [55] "Goan football has little cause to look back" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070928191006/ http:/ / www. goa-fa. com/ node/ 45). Goa Football Association. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. goa-fa. com/ node/ 45) on 28 September 2007. . Retrieved 19 July 2007. [56] "Nehru stadium" (http:/ / content-www. cricinfo. com/ india/ content/ ground/ 58301. html). Cricinfo.com. . Retrieved 19 July 2007. [57] "[Goanet] Goa Govt. institutes award in memory of Dilip Sardesai" (http:/ / www. mail-archive. com/ goanet@lists. goanet. org/ msg15601. html). Mail-archive.com. 8 August 2007. . Retrieved 18 July 2010. [58] Odds stacked against Parrikar (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2005/ 01/ 31/ stories/ 2005013104051100. htm), Anil Sastry, The Hindu, 31 January 2005, verified 2 April 2005 [59] Banerjee, Sanjay (6 June 2007). "Congress set to rule Goa again." (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ articleshow/ 2101667. cms). indiatimes.com (Times Internet Limited). . Retrieved 5 August 2007. [60] "North Goa District website" (http:/ / northgoa. nic. in/ ). northgoa.nic.in. . Retrieved 16 December 2011. [61] "District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001" (http:/ / educationforallinindia. com/ page157. html). Education for all in India. . Retrieved 18 July 2007.

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Goa
[62] Malkarnekar, Gauree (6 April 2009). "No Administrative head" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ Cities/ 84-Goa-schools-without-heads/ articleshow/ 4363801. cms). Times of India. . Retrieved 6 April 2009.

536

References
de Souza, Teotonio R. (1989). Essays in Goan history (http://books.google.com/?id=ruTu9oaUgUgC& printsec=frontcover&q=). Concept Publishing Company. ISBN978-81-7022-263-7. Retrieved 24 August 2009 de Souza, Teotonio R. (1990). Goa Through the Ages: An economic history (http://books.google.com/ ?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&printsec=frontcover&q=). Goa University publication. 2. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN978-81-7022-259-0. Retrieved 25 August 2009 Sakshena, R.N. (2003). Goa: Into the Mainstream (http://books.google.com/?id=7kUE7TV3ZWEC& printsec=frontcover&q=). Abhinav Publications. ISBN978-81-7017-005-1. Retrieved 24 August 2009 Isadora Tast: Mother India. Searching For a Place. Peperoni Books: Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-941825-00-0.

Further reading
Andrada (undated). The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664). Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London. Facsimilie edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0900-X.

External links
Goa travel guide from Wikitravel Government of Goa official website (http://www.goa.gov.in/) Goa (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Goa//) at the Open Directory Project Resources on Goa, India Environment Portal (http://indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/4547) Goa beaches (http://www.goabeaches.com/)

Arunachal Pradesh

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Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh
State

Seal

Location of Arunachal Pradesh in India

Map of Arunachal Pradesh Coordinates (Itanagar): 2704N 9322E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts India 20 February 1987 Itanagar Itanagar 16

Arunachal Pradesh

538
Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Joginder Jaswant Singh Nabam Tuki (INC) Unicameral (60 seats)

Parliamentary constituency 2 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages Website 1382611 26th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-AR 0.617 (medium) 18th (2005) 66.95% English [1][2][3] [4] 83743km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 14th Gauhati High Court - Itanagar Bench

arunachalpradesh.nic.in

Arunachal Pradesh /rntlprd/ is a state of India. Located in northeast India, Arunachal Pradesh borders the states of Assam and Nagaland to the south, and shares international borders with Bhutan in the west, Burma in the east and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the north. Arunachal Pradesh means "land of the dawn-lit mountains".[5] It is also known as "land of the rising sun"[6] ("pradesh" means "state", "territory" or "region") in reference to its position as the easternmost state of India. Like other parts of Northeast India, a majority of the people native to the state are of Tibeto-Burman origin. A large and increasing number of migrants have reached Arunachal Pradesh from many other parts of India, although no reliable population count of the migrant population has been conducted, and percentage estimates of total population accordingly vary widely. Part of the famous Ledo Burma Road, which was a lifeline to China during World War II, passes through the eastern part of the state. The northern border of Arunachal Pradesh follows the McMahon Line, a border delineated in the Simla Accord that was signed by the United Kingdom and Tibet in 1914 but not by China (since Tibet was not Chinese-controlled at that time). Both the Republic of China (ROC) and the PRC claim the northern portion of Arunachal Pradesh as part of the former provinces of the Tibet Area and Xikang (for the ROC), respectively the Tibet Autonomous Region (for the PRC). The PRC often refers to the claimed areas as South Tibet. Itanagar is the capital of the state.

Arunachal Pradesh

539

History
Early history
The history of pre-modern Arunachal Pradesh remains shrouded in mystery. Oral histories possessed to this day by many Arunachali tribes of Tibeto-Burman stock are much richer and point unambiguously to a northern origin in modern-day Tibet. Again corroboration remains difficult. From the point of view of material culture it is clear that most indigenous Arunachali groups align with Burma-area hill tribals, a fact that could either be explainable in terms of a northern Burmese origin or from westward cultural diffusion. From the same perspective the most unusual Arunachali group by far is the Puroik/Sulung, whose traditional staple food is sago palm and whose primary traditional productive strategy is foraging. While speculatively considered to be a Tibeto-Burman population, the uniqueness of Puroik culture and language may well represent a tenuous reflection of a distant and all but unknown pre-Tibeto-Burman, Tai and Indo-Aryan past. According to the Arunachal Pradesh Government, the region was mentioned in the Hindu texts Kalika Purana and Mahabharata, and is attested to be the Prabhu Mountains of the Puranas, and was where sage Parashuram washed away sins, the sage Vyasa meditated, King Bhishmaka founded his kingdom and Lord Krishna married his consort Rukmini.[7] Recorded history from an outside perspective only became available in the Ahom chronicles of the 16th century. The Monpa and Sherdukpen do keep historical records of the existence of local chiefdoms in the northwest as well. Northwestern parts of this area came under the control of the Monpa kingdom of Monyul, which flourished between 500 B.C. and 600 A.D. This region then came under the loose control of Tibet and Bhutan, especially in the Northern areas. The remaining parts of the state, especially those bordering Myanmar, came under the titular control of the Ahom and the Assamese until the annexation of India by the British in 1858. However, most Arunachali tribes remained in practice largely autonomous up until Indian independence and the formalization of indigenous administration in 1947. Recent excavations of ruins of Hindu temples such as the 14th century Malinithan at the foot of the Siang hills in West Siang are somewhat automatically associated with the ancient history of Arunachal Pradesh, inasmuch as they fall within its modern-day political borders. However, such temples are generally south-facing, never occur more than a few kilometers from the Assam plains area, and are perhaps more likely to have been associated with Assam plains-based rather than indigenous Arunachali populations. Another notable heritage site, Bhismaknagar, has led to suggestions that the Idu (Mishmi) had an advanced culture and administration in pre-historical times. Again, however, no evidence directly associates Bhismaknagar with this or any other known culture. The third heritage site, the 400-year-old Tawang Monastery in the extreme north-west of the state, provides some historical evidence of the Buddhist tribal people.The sixth Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso was born in Tawang.[8]

Drawing of McMahon line

In 1913-1914 representatives of China, Tibet and Britain negotiated a treaty in India: the Simla Accord.[9] This treaty's objective was to define the borders between Inner and Outer Tibet as well as between Outer Tibet and British India. British administrator, Sir Henry McMahon, drew up the 550 miles (unknown operator: u'strong'km) McMahon Line as the border between British India and Outer Tibet during the Simla Conference. The Tibetan and British representatives at the conference agreed to the line, which ceded Tawang and other Tibetan areas to the British Empire. The Chinese representative had no problems with the border between British India and Outer Tibet, however on the issue of the border between Outer Tibet and Inner Tibet the talks broke down. Thus, the Chinese representative refused to accept the agreement and walked out. The Tibetan Government and British Government went ahead with the Simla Agreement and declared that the benefits of other articles of this treaty would not be bestowed on China as long as it stays out of the purview.[10] The Chinese position was that Tibet was not independent from China, so Tibet could not have independently signed treaties, and per the Anglo-Chinese (1906)

Arunachal Pradesh and Anglo-Russian (1907) conventions, any such agreement was invalid without Chinese assent.[11] Simla was initially rejected by the Government of India as incompatible with the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention. However, this agreement (Anglo-Russian Convention) was renounced by Russia and Britain jointly in 1921. However, with the collapse of Chinese power in Tibet the line had no serious challenges as Tibet had signed the convention, therefore it was forgotten to the extent that no new maps were published until 1935, when civil service officer Olaf Caroe called attention to this issue. The Survey of India published a map showing the McMahon Line as the official boundary in 1937. In 1938, the British finally published the Simla Convention as a bilateral accord two decades after the Simla Conference; in 1938 the Survey of India published a detailed map showing Tawang as part of NEFA. In 1944 Britain established administrations in the area, from Dirang Dzong in the west to Walong in the east. Tibet, however, altered its position on the McMahon Line in late 1947 when the Tibetan government wrote a note presented to the newly independent Indian Ministry of External Affairs laying claims to the Tibetan district (Tawang) south of the McMahon Line.[12] The situation developed further as India became independent and the People's Republic of China was established in 1949. With the China poised to take over Tibet, India unilaterally declared the McMahon Line to be the boundary in November 1950, and forced the last remnants of Tibetan administration out of the Tawang area in 1951.[13][14] The PRC has never recognized the McMahon Line, and claims Tawang on behalf of Tibetans.[15] The 14th Dalai Lama, who led the Tibetan government from 1950 to 1959, was quoted in 2003 as saying that Tawang was "actually part of the Tibetan administration" before the Simla Accord.[16] He clarified his position in 2008, saying that as far as Tibet was concerned "Tawang is part of India".[16] According to the Dalai Lama [17], "In 1962 during the India-China war, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) already occupied all these areas (Arunachal Pradesh) but they announced a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew, accepting the current international boundary.[18]" Besides, as early as 1917, The Government of China had also published the Postal map of China, published at Peking in 1917. "It shows the whole northern Boundary of India more or less according to the traditional Indian alignments".[19]

540

Sino-Indian War
The NEFA (North East Frontier Agency) was created in 1955. The issue was quiet for nearly a decade, a period of cordial Sino-Indian relations, but the reemergence of the issue was a major cause of the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The cause of the escalation into war is still disputed by both Chinese and Indian sources. During the war in 1962, the PRC captured most area of Arunachal Pradesh. However, China soon declared victory, voluntarily withdrew back to the McMahon Line and returned Indian prisoners of war in 1963. The war has resulted in the termination of barter trade with Tibet, although in 2007 the state government has shown signs to resume barter trade with Tibet.[20]

After the war

Arunachal Pradesh became a separate state of India in 1987[21] despite the fact that the dispute over its sovereignty has not been settled with China.
The Postal map of China, 1917 , a Government of Chinas Official Government publications, published at Peking in 1917.

More recently, Arunachal Pradesh has come to face threats from certain insurgent groups, notably the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN), who are believed to have base camps in the districts of Changlang and

Arunachal Pradesh Tirap.[22] There are occasional reports of these groups harassing local people and extorting protection money.[23]

541

Geography
Much of Arunachal Pradesh is covered by the Himalayas. However, parts of Lohit, Changlang and Tirap are covered by the Patkai hills. Kangto, Nyegi Kangsang, the main Gorichen peak and the Eastern Gorichen peak are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas. At the lowest elevations, essentially at Arunachal Pradesh's border with Assam, are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the Patkai hills, are home to Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests. Toward the northern border with China, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of Eastern and Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests followed by Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows and ultimately rock and ice on the highest peaks. In 2006 Bumla pass in Tawang was opened to traders for the first time in 44 years. Traders from both sides of the pass were permitted to enter each other's territories, in addition to postal workers from each country. The Himalayan ranges that extend up to the eastern Arunachal separate it from Tibet. The ranges extend toward Nagaland, and form a boundary between India and Burma in Changlang and Tirap district, acting as a natural barrier called Patkai Bum Hills. They are low mountains compared to the Greater Himalayas.[24]

Arunachal Pradesh is famous for its mountainous landscape.

The Himalayas bordering Arunachal Pradesh

Climate
The climate of Arunachal Pradesh varies with elevation. Areas that are at a very high elevation in the Upper Himalayas close to the Tibetan border enjoy an alpine or tundra climate. Below the Upper Himalayas are the Middle Himalayas, where people experience a temperate climate. Areas at the sub-Himalayan and sea-level elevation generally experience humid, sub-tropical climate with hot summers and mild winters. Arunachal Pradesh receives heavy rainfall of 80 to 160 inches (unknown operator: u'strong' to unknown operator: u'strong' mm) annually, most of it between May and September. The mountain slopes and hills are covered with alpine, temperate, and subtropical forests of dwarf rhododendron, oak, pine, maple, fir, and juniper; sal (Shorea) and teak are the main economically valuable species.

Arunachal Pradesh

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Sub-divisions
Arunachal Pradesh is divided into seventeen districts, each administered by a district collector, who sees to the needs of the local people. Especially along the Tibetan border, the Indian army has a considerable presence due to concerns about Chinese intentions in the region. Special permits called Inner Line Permits (ILP) are required to enter Arunachal Pradesh through any of its checkgates on the border with Assam. Districts of Arunachal Pradesh: Tirap District Changlang District Lohit District Anjaw District Lower Dibang Valley Upper Dibang Valley East Siang West Siang Upper Siang Lower Subansiri Upper Subansiri Kurung Kumey Papum Pare East Kameng West Kameng Tawang District Longding District

Economy
The chart below displays the trend of the gross state domestic product of Arunachal Pradesh at market prices estimated [48] by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.
Year Gross Domestic Product 1,070 2,690 5,080 11,840 17,830

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Arunachal Pradesh's gross state domestic product for 2004 was estimated at $706 million in current prices. Agriculture primarily drives the economy. Jhum, the local word for a shifting cultivation widely practiced among the tribal groups, is now less practiced. Arunachal Pradesh has close to 61,000 square kilometers of forests, and forest products are the next most significant sector of the economy. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation units, and handloom handicrafts. Sawmills and plywood trades are prohibited under law.[25] Arunachal Pradesh accounts for a large percentage of India's untapped hydroelectric power production potential. In 2008, the state government of Arunachal Pradesh signed deals with various Indian companies planning some 42

Arunachal Pradesh hydroelectric schemes that will produce electricity in excess of 27,000 MW.[26] Construction of the Upper Siang Hydroelectric Project, which is expected to generate between 10,000 to 12,000 MW, began in April 2009.[27]

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Languages
Modern-day Arunachal Pradesh is one of the linguistically richest and most diverse regions in all of Asia, being home to at least thirty and possibly as many as fifty distinct languages in addition to innumerable dialects and subdialects thereof. Boundaries between languages very often correlate with tribal divisions - for example, Apatani and Nyishi are both tribally and linguistically distinct - but shifts in tribal identity and alignment over time have also ensured that a certain amount of complication enters into the picture - for example, Galo is and has seemingly always been linguistically distinct from Adi, whereas the earlier tribal alignment of Galo with Adi (i.e., "Adi Gallong") has only recently been essentially dissolved. The vast majority of languages indigenous to modern-day Arunachal Pradesh belong to the Tibeto-Burman language family. The majority of these in turn belong to a single branch of Tibeto-Burman, namely Tani. Almost all Tani languages are indigenous to central Arunachal Pradesh, including (moving from west to east) Nyishi/Nishi, Apatani, Bangni, Tagin, Hills Miri, Galo, Bokar, Lower Adi (Padam, Pasi, Minyong, and Komkar), Upper Adi (Aashing, Shimong, Karko and Bori), and Milang; only Mising, among Tani languages, is primarily Apatani tribal women spoken outside Arunachal Pradesh in modern-day Assam, while a handful of northern Tani languages including Bangni and Bokar are also spoken in small numbers in Tibet. Tani languages are noticeably characterized by an overall relative uniformity, suggesting relatively recent origin and dispersal within their present-day area of concentration. Most Tani languages are mutually intelligible with at least one other Tani language, meaning that the area constitutes a dialect chain, as was once found in much of Europe; only Apatani and Milang stand out as relatively unusual in the Tani context. Tani languages are among the better-studied languages of the region. To the east of the Tani area lie three virtually undescribed and highly endangered languages of the "Mishmi" group of Tibeto-Burman, Idu, Digaru and Miju. A certain number of speakers of these languages are also found in Tibet. The relationships of these languages, both amongst one another and to other area languages, are as yet uncertain. Further south, one finds the Singpho (Kachin) language, which is primarily spoken by large populations in Burma, and the Nocte and Wancho languages, which show affiliations to certain "Naga" languages spoken to the south in modern-day Nagaland. To the west and north of the Tani area are found at least one and possibly as many as four Bodic languages, including Dakpa and Tshangla; within modern-day India, these languages go by the cognate but, in usage, distinct designations Monpa and Memba. Most speakers of these languages or closely related Bodic languages are found in neighbouring Bhutan and Tibet, and Monpa and Memba populations remain closely adjacent to these border regions.
Aka Tribe of West Kameng

Arunachal Pradesh Between the Bodic and Tani areas lie a large number of almost completely undescribed and unclassified languages, which, speculatively considered to be Tibeto-Burman, exhibit many unique structural and lexical properties that probably reflect both a long history in the region and a complex history of language contact with neighbouring populations. Among them are Sherdukpen, Bugun, Aka/Hruso, Koro, Miji, Bangru and Puroik/Sulung. The high linguistic significance of all of these languages is belied by the extreme paucity of documentation and description of them, even in view of their highly endangered status. Puroik, in particular, is perhaps one of the most culturally and linguistically unique and significant populations in all of Asia from proto-historical and anthropological-linguistic perspectives, and yet virtually no information of any real reliability regarding their culture or language can be found in print even to this day. Finally, there is an unknown number of Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal-area origin spoken in modern-day Arunachal Pradesh, including Gurung and Tamang; not classified as "tribal" in the Arunachali context, such languages generally go unrecognized, while their speakers are largely viewed as itinerant "Nepalis". An unknown number of Tibetan dialects are similarly spoken by recent migrants from Tibet, although they are not generally recognized or classified as tribal or indigenous. Outside of Tibeto-Burman, one finds in Arunachal Pradesh a single representative of the Tai language family, namely the Khamti language, which is closely affiliated to the Shan dialects of northern Burma; seemingly, Khamti is a recent arrival in Arunachal Pradesh whose presence dates from 18th and/or early 19th-century migrations from northern Burma. In addition to these non-Indo-European languages, the Indo-European languages Assamese, Bengali, English, Nepali and especially Hindi are making strong inroads into Arunachal Pradesh. Primarily as a result of the primary education system - in which classes are generally taught by Hindi-speaking immigrant teachers from Bihar and other Hindi-speaking parts of northern India - a large and growing section of the population now speaks a semi-creolized variety of Hindi as its mother tongue. Despite, or perhaps because of, the linguistic diversity of the region, English is the only official language recognized in the state.

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Demographics

Children in Bomdila, Arunachal Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

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Population Growth
Census 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 337000 468000 632000 865000 1098000 1382611 [28] % 38.9% 35.0% 36.9% 26.9% 25.9%

Source:Census of India First ever census was carried out in 1961.

Arunachal Pradesh can be roughly divided into a set of semi-distinct cultural spheres, on the basis of tribal identity, language, religion, and material culture: the Tibetic area bordering Bhutan in the west, the Tani area in the centre of the state, the Mishmi area to the east of the Tani area, the Tai/Singpho/Tangsa area bordering Burma, and the "Naga" area to the south, which also borders Burma. In between there are transition zones, such as the Aka/Hruso/Miji/Sherdukpen area, which provides a "buffer" of sorts between the Tibetic Buddhist tribes and the animist Tani hill tribes. In addition, there are isolated peoples scattered throughout the state, such as the Sulung. Within each of these cultural spheres, one finds populations of related tribes speaking related languages and sharing similar traditions. In the Tibetic area, one finds large numbers of Monpa tribespeople, with several subtribes speaking closely related but mutually incomprehensible languages, and also large numbers of Tibetan refugees. Within the Tani area, major tribes include Nishi, which has recently come to be used by many people to encompass Bangni, Tagin and even Hills Miri. Apatani also live among the Nishi, but are distinct. In the centre, one finds predominantly Galo people, with the major sub-groups of Lare and Pugo among others, extending to the Ramo and Pailibo areas (which are close in many ways to Galo). In the east, one finds the Adi, with many subtribes including Padam, Pasi, Minyong, and Bokar, among others. Milang, while also falling within the general "Adi" sphere, are in many ways quite distinct. Moving east, the Idu, Miju and Digaru make up the "Mishmi" cultural-linguistic area, which may or may not form a coherent historical grouping. Moving southeast, the Tai Khamti are linguistically distinct from their neighbours and culturally distinct from the majority of other Arunachali tribes; they are religiously similar to the Chakmas who have migrated from erstwhile East Pakistan. They follow the same Theraveda sect of Buddhism. The Chakmas consist of the majority of the tribal population. Districts of Lohit, Changlang, Dibang and Papumpare have a considerable number of Chakmas. They speak a linguistic variant derived from Assamese and Bengali. Assam also have a large population of Chakmas who reside in the district of Karbi Anglong, Nagaon and Kachar. They also exhibit considerable convergence with the Singpho and Tangsa tribes of the same area, all of which are also found in Burma. Finally, the Nocte and Wancho exhibit cultural and possibly also linguistic affinities to the tribes of Nagaland, which they border. In addition, there are large numbers of migrants from diverse areas of India and Bangladesh, who, while legally not entitled to settle permanently, in practice stay indefinitely, progressively altering the traditional demographic makeup of the state. Finally, populations of "Nepalis" (in fact, usually Tibeto-Burman tribespeople whose tribes predominate in areas of Nepal, but who do not have tribal status in India) and Chakmas are distributed in different areas of the state (although reliable figures are hard to come by).

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Literacy has risen in official figures to 66.95% in 2011 from 54.74% in 2001. The literate population is said to number 789,943. Number of literate males are 454,532 (73.69%) and number of literate females are 335,411 (59.57%).[29] An uncertain but relatively large percentage of Arunachal's population are animist, and follow shamanistic-animistic religious traditions such as Buddhism is practiced by 13% of the population. Shown here is a Donyi-Polo (in the Tani area) and Rangfrah (further statue of the Buddha in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh. east). A small number of Arunachali peoples have traditionally identified as Hindus, although the number is growing as animist traditions are merged with Hindu traditions. Tibetan Buddhism predominates in the districts of Tawang, West Kameng, and isolated regions adjacent to Tibet. Theravada Buddhism is practiced by groups living near the Burmese border. Around 19% of the population are said to be followers of the Christian faith,[30] and this percentage is probably growing due to Christian missionary activities in the area. According to the 2001 Indian Census, the religions of Arunachal Pradesh break down as follows:[31] Hindu: 379,935 (34.6%) Others (mostly Donyi-Polo): 337,399 (30.7%) Christian: 205,548 (18.7%) Buddhist: 143,028 (13.0%) Muslim: 20,675 (1.9%) Sikh: 1,865 (0.1%) Jain: 216 (<0.1%)
Religion in Arunachal Pradesh Religion Hinduism Others (mostly Donyi-Polo) Christianity Buddhism Islam Sikhism Jainism Percent 34.6% 30.7% 18.7% 13.0% 1.9% 0.1% 0.1%

A law has been enacted to protect the indigenous religions (e.g., Donyi-Poloism, Buddhism) in Arunanchal Pradesh against the spread of other religions, though no comparable law exists to protect the other religions. Out of the 705,158 tribals living in Arunachal, 333,102 are Animist (47.24%), 186,617 are Christian (26.46%), 92,577 are Hindu (13.13%), and 82,634 are Budhhist (11.72%). Out of the 101 recognized tribes, 37 are having an animist majority (Nissi, Adi Gallong, Tagin, Adi Minyong, Adi, Apatani.etc.), 23 are having a Christian majority (Wancho, Dafla, Mossang Tangsa, Bori, Yobin.etc.), 15 are having a Hindu majority (Mishmi, Mishing/Miri, Deori, Aka, Longchang Tangsa.etc.), and 17 are having a Buddhist majority (Monpa, Khampti, Tawang Monpa, Momba, Singpho, Sherdukpen.etc.). The remaining 8 tribes are multi-faith, i.e. doesn't have a dominant religion (Nocte, Tangsa, Naga.etc.).[32]

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Transport
The state's airports are located at Daparjio, Ziro, Along, Tezu and Pasighat. However, owing to the rough terrain, these airports are mostly small and cannot handle many flights. Before being connected by road, they were originally used for the transportation of food. Arunachal Pradesh has two highways: the 336km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) National Highway 52, completed in 1998, which connects Jonai with Dirak,[33] and another highway, which connects Tezpur in Assam with Tawang.[34] As of 2007, every village has been connected by road thanks to funding provided by the central Switchbacks in the Himalayas government. Every small town has its own bus station and daily bus services are available. All places are connected to Assam, which has increased trading activity. An additional National Highway is being constructed following the famous Stillwell Ledo Road, which connects Ledo in Assam to Jairampur in Arunachal.

Education
The current education system in Arunachal Pradesh is relatively underdeveloped. The state government is expanding the education system in concert with NGOs like Vivekananda Kendra. With this, the state's literacy rate has had a sharp improvement in the recent past through the schools run by the Catholic Diocese of Miao [35], under the leadership of Bishop George Pallipparambil. The state has 33 schools under his patronage, expanding from Tirap District in the extreme east and Lohit and Changlang Districts in the central part of Arunachal Pradesh. There are nine Government Colleges, affiliated to the Rajiv Gandhi University Central university. The first college, Jawaharlal Nehru College, Pasighat, was established in 1964; the college has been recognised by the UGC as a College with Potential For Excellence. The College was awarded B++ by the NAAC. The state has several reputable schools, colleges, and institutions. There are also trust institutes like Pali Vidyapith run by Buddhists. They teach Pali and Khamti scripts in addition to typical education subjects. Khamti is the only tribe in Arunachal Pradesh that has its own script. Libraries of sciptures are in a number of places in Lohit district, the largest one in Chowkham. Rajiv Gandhi University (formerly known as Arunachal University) is the premier educational institution, the only university, and North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology the only deemed university in the state. Additionally, there are nine government colleges and four private colleges in different districts, providing students a higher education. NERIST plays an important role in technical and management higher education. The directorate of technical education conducts examinations yearly, so that students who qualify can continue on to higher studies in other states. The state has two polytechnic institutions: Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic in Itanagar and Tomi Polytechnic College in Basar. The state has only one law college called Arunachal Law Academy,Itanagar Linked edited by Techi Nagga.

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Sl. No. 1 2

Polytechnic colleges

Location Established 2002 2006

Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Polytechnic Itanagar Tomi Polytechnic College Basar

Tourism
Arunachal Pradesh attracts tourists from many parts of the world. Tourist attractions include Tawang, a beautiful town famous for its Buddhist monastery, Ziro, famous for cultural festivals, the Namdapha tiger project in Changlang district and Sela lake near Bomdila with its bamboo bridges overhanging the river. Religious places of interest include Malinithan in Lekhabali, Rukhmininagar near Roing (the place where Rukmini, Lord Krishna's wife in Hindu mythology, is said to have lived), and Parshuram Kund in Lohit district (which is believed to be the lake where Parshuram washed away his sins). Rafting and trekking are common activities. A A view of Tawang Monastery. visitor's permit from the tourism department is required. Places like Tuting have wonderful, undiscovered scenic beauty. Over the years, the Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar has also become an important tourist destination in the state capital.[36][37] The state is rich in wildlife. Perhaps the highest diversity of mammals in India is in Arunachal Pradesh (200+ species).[38] The diversity of birds is also very high, 700+ and is second only to Assam.[39]

State Symbols
State Bird State Flower State Animal State Tree Hornbill [40][41] Foxtail Orchid Bos Frontalis Hollong

Notes
[1] Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. "43rd report: July 2004 - June 2005" (http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ index1. asp?linkid=203). pp.para 2.4. . Retrieved 2007-07-16. [2] The official language of the state is English and Hindi is taught as a second language in school.Das, Varsha. "Production of Literacy Materials in Minor Languages" (http:/ / www. accu. or. jp/ litdbase/ pub/ dlperson/ 94srw/ 94SRW_03. pdf). National Book Trust of India. . Retrieved 21 May 2011. [3] Five languages spoken by the principal tribes in Arunachal Pradesh - Adi, Apatani, Bhoti, Khampti and Nishi are offered to students in state schools, however English is the language of administration and recruitment. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities. "43rd report: July 2004 June 2005" (http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ index1. asp?linkid=203). pp.para 2.32.4. . Retrieved 2007-07-16. [4] http:/ / arunachalpradesh. nic. in [5] Usha Sharma (2005). Discovery of North-East India. Mittal Publications. p.65. ISBN978-81-8324-034-5. [6] "Arunachal Pradesh - The Land of the Rising Sun" (http:/ / www. indyahills. com/ arnp/ ). Indyahills.com. . Retrieved 2010-10-06. [7] Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh (http:/ / arunachalpradesh. nic. in/ tourism. htm) [8] (http:/ / www. tibet. cn/ t/ 040616zazc_cyjc/ 200402004617135758. htm) (Biography of Cangyang Gyaco; in Chinese) [9] "Simla Convention" (http:/ / tibetjustice. org/ materials/ treaties/ treaties16. html). Tibetjustice.org. . Retrieved 2010-10-06. [10] Lamb, Alastair, The McMahon line: a study in the relations between India, China and Tibet, 1904 to 1914, London, 1966, p529

Arunachal Pradesh
[11] Ray, Jayanta Kumar (2007). Aspects of India's International relations, 1700 to 2000: South Asia and the World. History of science, philosophy, and culture in Indian civilization: Towards independence. Pearson PLC. p.202. ISBN978-81-317-0834-7. [12] Lamb, 1966, p580 [13] "The battle for the border" (http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2003/ jun/ 21spec. htm). Rediff.com. 2003-06-23. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20101016133743/ http:/ / www. rediff. com/ news/ 2003/ jun/ 21spec. htm) from the original on 16 October 2010. . Retrieved 2010-10-06. [14] Indias China War (http:/ / www. centurychina. com/ plaboard/ uploads/ 1962war. htm) by Neville Maxwell [15] Ramachandran, Sudha (2008-06-27). "China toys with India's border" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ South_Asia/ JF27Df01. html). South Asia (Asia Times). Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100811003928/ http:/ / atimes. com/ atimes/ South_Asia/ JF27Df01. html) from the original on 11 August 2010. . Retrieved 2010-09-18. [16] "Tawang is part of India: Dalai Lama" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ India/ Tawang_is_part_of_India_Dalai_Lama_/ articleshow/ 3097568. cms). TNN. 4 June 2008. . Retrieved 4 June 2008. [17] http:/ / www. hindustantimes. com/ India-news/ HimachalPradesh/ Dalai-Lama-s-visit-to-Arunachal-nostalgic-Top-aide/ Article1-474148. aspx [18] "Dalai Lama's visit to Arunachal nostalgic: Top aide" Hindustan Times dated Dharamsala, November 08, 2009 [19] Himalayan Frontiers by Dorothy Woodman. Pg.67-68,81, published inter alia by London Barrie and Rockliff The Cresset Press 1969. [20] PM to visit Arunachal in mid-Feb (http:/ / in. news. yahoo. com/ 061227/ 48/ 6amqn. html) [21] "Arunachal pradesh-At a Glance" (http:/ / arunachalpradesh. nic. in/ glance. htm). . [22] "Apang rules out [[Chakma people|Chakma (http:/ / www. telegraphindia. com/ 1030812/ asp/ northeast/ story_2255514. asp)] compromise"]. Telegraphindia.com. 2003-08-12. . Retrieved 2010-10-06. [23] (http:/ / in. news. yahoo. com/ 040611/ 43/ 2dkto. html) [24] "Trekking in Arunachal, Trekking Tour in Arunachal Pradesh,Adventure Trekking in Arunachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. north-east-india. com/ arunachal-pradesh/ trekking-arunachal. html). North-east-india.com. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100830032326/ http:/ / www. north-east-india. com/ arunachal-pradesh/ trekking-arunachal. html) from the original on 30 August 2010. . Retrieved 2010-10-06. [25] Arunachal Pradesh Economy (http:/ / www. thisismyindia. com/ arunachal-pradesh/ arunachal-pradesh-economy. html), This Is My India [26] "Massive dam plans for Arunachal" (http:/ / www. indiatogether. org/ 2008/ feb/ env-arunachal. htm). Indiatogether.org. . Retrieved 2010-10-06. [27] India pre-empts Chinese design in Arunachal (http:/ / www. expressbuzz. com/ edition/ story. aspx?Title=India+ pre-empts+ Chinese+ design+ in+ Arunachal& artid=3CoV5eK0GKk=& SectionID=b7ziAYMenjw=& MainSectionID=b7ziAYMenjw=& SEO=DPR,+ Siang+ river& SectionName=pWehHe7IsSU=) [28] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20081219073658/ http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) from the original on 19 December 2008. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [29] "Census of India: Provisional Population Tables - Census 2011" (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ data_files/ Table-2(3)_literacy. pdf). Censusindia.gov.in. . Retrieved 2011-04-11. [30] "Census Reference Tables, C-Series Population by religious communities" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm). Censusindia.gov.in. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20101113151109/ http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm) from the original on 13 November 2010. . Retrieved 2010-10-06. [31] 2001 Indian Census (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Census_Data_2001/ Census_data_finder/ C_Series/ Population_by_religious_communities. htm) [32] Table ST-14, Census of India 2001 [33] Oral Answers to Questions September 13, 1991 (http:/ / parliamentofindia. nic. in/ ls/ lsdeb/ ls10/ ses1/ 0113099101. htm), Parliament of India [34] (http:/ / www. icar. org. in/ nrcyak/ background. html) [35] http:/ / www. miaodiocese. org [36] "Itanagar" (http:/ / arunachalpradesh. nic. in/ itanagar. htm). Government of Arunachal Pradesh. . "Jawaharlal Nehru State Museum.." [37] "President to visit Arunachal Pradesh" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2002/ 10/ 14/ stories/ 2002101403721300. htm). The Hindu. Oct 14, 2002. . "..Jawaharlal Nehru State Museum.." [38] Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2003) The mammals of Arunachal Pradesh. Regency Pub., New Delhi. [39] Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2006) A pocket guide to the birds of Arunachal Pradesh. Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by OBC,UK), Guwahati, India. [40] "Web India" (http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ arunachal/ index. htm). Webindia123.com. 2007-10-03. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20100831224640/ http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ arunachal/ Index. htm) from the original on 31 August 2010. . Retrieved 2010-10-06. [41] "Arunachal Pradesh at a glance". Govt. of Arunachal Pradesh url=http:/ / www. arunachalpradesh. nic. in/ glance. htm.

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External links
Official website (http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/) Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh (http://arunachaltourism.com/) (Official) Arunachal Pradesh travel guide from Wikitravel Arunachal Pradesh Territorial Dispute between India and China (http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/ india-china.htm), Inventory of Conflict and Environment reviewNE - all things North East India (http://reviewne.com/) STD Codes of Arunachal Pradesh (http://std-codes.in/stdcodes-of-Arunachal-Pradesh.html)

Mizoram
Mizoram
State

Aizawl

Seal

Location of Mizoram in India

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Coordinates (Aizawl): 2322N 9200E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Vakkom Purushothaman Pu Lalthanhawla (INC) Unicameral (40 seats) India 20 February 1987 Aizawl Aizawl 8

Parliamentary constituency 1 High Court Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official language Website 1091014 27th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-MZ 0.790 (high) 2nd (2005) 89.9% (2nd) Mizo. [1] [2] 21081km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 24th Gauhati High Court

mizoram.gov.in

Mizoram /mzrm/ (Mizo pronunciation: /m.'zo.'rm/, listen) (from mi 'people', zo 'hill', ram 'country', Land of the Hill People / Mizo people") is one of the Seven Sister States listed as in North Eastern India, sharing borders with the states of Tripura, Assam, Manipur and with the neighboring countries of Bangladesh and Burma. Mizoram became the 23rd state of India on 20 February 1987. Its capital is Aizawl. Mizoram is located in the northeast of India.

Climate
Mizoram has a mild climate, comfortable in summer 20 to 29 C (68to 84F) and never freezing during winter, with temperatures from 7 to 21 C (45to 70F). The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from May to September with little rain in the dry (cold) season. The average state rainfall is 254cm (unknown operator: u'strong'in) per annum. In the capital Aizawl, rainfall is about 208 centimetres (unknown operator: u'strong'in) and in Lunglei, another major center, about 350 centimetres (unknown operator: u'strong'in)

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Geography
Mizoram is a land of rolling hills, valleys, rivers and lakes. As many as 21 major hills ranges or peaks of different heights run through the length and breadth of the state, with plains scattered here and there. The average height of the hills to the west of the state are about 1000metres (unknown operator: u'strong' feet). These gradually rise up to 1300metres (unknown operator: u'strong' feet) to the east. Some areas, however, have higher ranges which go up to a height of over 2000metres (unknown operator: u'strong' feet). Phawngpui Tlang also known as the Blue Mountain, situated in the south-eastern part of the state, is the highest peak in Mizoram at 2210metres (unknown operator: u'strong' feet). The biggest river in Mizoram is Chhimtuipui, also known as Kaladan. It originates in Chin State in Burma and passes through Saiha and Lawngtlai districts in the Southern tip of Mizoram, goes back to Burma's Rakhine state, and finally enters the Bay of Bengal at Akyab, which is a very popular port in Sittwe, Burma. The Indian government has invested millions of rupees to set up inland water ways along this river to trade with Burma. The project is known as the Kaladan Multipurpose project. Although many more rivers and streams drain the hill ranges, the most important and useful rivers are the Tlawng, Tut, Tuirial and Tuivawl which flow through the northern territory and eventually join the Barak River in Cachar District. The Chhimtuipui which originates in Burma, is an important river in the south of Mizoram. It has four tributaries and the river is in patches. The western part is drained by (Khawthlang tuipui) and its tributaries. A number of important towns, including Chittagong in Bangladesh, are situated at the mouth of the river. Before Independence, access to other parts of the country was only possible through the river routes via Cachar in the north, and via Chittagong in the south. Entry through the latter was cut off when the subcontinent was partitioned and ceded to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1947. The Palak lake, the biggest in Mizoram is situated in Saiha District which is part of southern Mizoram covering 30hectares (unknown operator: u'strong' acres). It is believed that the lake was created as a result of an earthquake or a flood. The local people believe that a village which was submerged still remains intact deep under the waters. The Tamdil lake is a natural lake situated 85km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Aizawl. Legend has it that a huge mustard plant once stood in this place. When the plant was cut down, jets of water sprayed from the plant and created a pool of water, thus the lake was named amdil which means of 'Lake of Mustard Plant'. Today the lake is an important tourist attraction and a holiday resort. The most significant lake in Mizo history, Rih Dil, is ironically located in Burma, a few kilometres from the India-Burma border. It was believed that the departed souls pass through this lake before making their way to Pialral or heaven.

Geology and minerals

The folded structure of the Mizoram ranges are at the junction of two moving tectonic plates(Indian and Burmese Desi Kachar 1974). On 19 April 2011 there was a 4.3 earthquake about 10km North of Kolasib and a 6.4 was recorded on 4 February 2011. Mizoram is in the highest zone 5 for earthquakes.[3] The folded hilly or mountainous North South belts, with perpendicular faults, comprise sediments of the Surma (Middle Bhuban Formation), Barail and Tipam groups. There is Aluvium in river beds consisting of deposits of argillaceous and arenaceous sandstones, Hills of Mamit district shale, siltstones and mudstones and greywacke. A 560m thick rock succession of the Middle Bhuban type exposed between Bawngkawn and Durtlang shows 7 normal

Mizoram and 7 reverse magneto strata (North and South pole reversals) showing its age to be around 20 Million years old.[4] The rock system is generally weak, unstable, weathered and prone to seismic and weather influence producing landslides. The soft, black to grey rock is used locally for building materials and for low trafficked road construction work. There are no useful minerals of economic significance apart from clays in the River Tlawng beds. Typical soils are sandy loam, clay loam that have been heavily leached due to the high slopes leaving it porous and lacking in minerals or humus. A number of oil and gas exploration activities have taken place due the geological condition with which Mizoram has been formed, leading to the possibilities and high expectation that reserves would be confirmed. France, Russia and Cyprus as well as several Indian companies have already signed a 12% oil and 10% gas royalty arrangement with proceeds going direct to Mizoram state on any production (April 2009)

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History
The origin of the Mizo people, like those of many other tribes in the northeastern India, is shrouded in mystery. Mizo history in the 18th and 19th century is marked by many instances of tribal raids and head hunting led by the village chieftains. The Lushai Hills Autonomous District Council was formed in 1952 and it led to the abolition of chieftainship.The autonomy however only partially met the aspirations of the Mizo people so representatives of the District Council and the Mizo Union pleaded with the States Reorganization Commission (SRC) in 1954 for integrating the Mizo-dominated areas of Tripura and Manipur with the District Council in Assam. The tribal leaders in the northeast were unhappy with the final SRC recommendations and met in Aizawl in 1955 to form a new political party, Eastern India Tribal Union (EITU). This group raised their demand for a separate state comprising all the hill districts of Assam. The demand for a separate Hill state by EITU was kept in abeyance.

Independence movement
There was little development in the state and many people were in hardship including food shortages. The Mizo National Famine Front dropped the word 'famine' and a new political organisation, the Mizo National Front (MNF) was born on 22 October 1961 under the leadership of Laldenga with the specified goal of achieving sovereign independence of Mizoram. Large scale insurgency broke out on 28 February 1966 at the government installations at Aizawl, Lunglei, Chawngte, Chhimluang and other places and the Government of India responded militarily. This was the first time that India had used its air force to quell a movement of any kind among its citizens.In the afternoon of 4 March 1966, jet fighters attacked Aizawl. The next day, a more excessive bombing took place for several hours which left most houses in Dawrpui and Chhinga veng area in ashes, recollected 62-year-old Rothangpuia in Aizawl.[5] The Mizo National Front was outlawed in 1967 and the demand for statehood increased. The Mizo District Council delegation met prime minister Indira Gandhi in May 1971 and demanded full fledged statehood for Mizoram. The Indian government offered to convert the Mizo Hills into a Union Territory (U.T.) in July 1971. The Mizo leaders accepted on the condition that Statehood occurred sooner rather than later.

Founding of Mizoram state

Rajiv Gandhi's election to power following his mother's death signalled the beginning of a new era in Indian politics. Laldenga met the prime minister on 15 February 1985. Some contentious issues which could not be resolved during previous talks were referred to him for his advice. With Pakistan having lost control of Bangladesh and no support from Pakistan, the Mizo National Front which had evolved from the Mizo National Famine Front after the great famine of 1958 used the opportunity that had now presented itself. New Delhi felt that the Mizo issue had been dragging on for a long time, while the Mizo National Front was convinced that disarming, to live as respectable Indian citizens, was the only way of achieving peace and development. Statehood was a prerequisite to the implementation of the accord signed between the Mizo National Front and the Union Government on 30 June 1986. The document was signed by Pu Laldenga on behalf of the Mizo National Front, and the Union Home Secretary

Mizoram R.D. Pradhan on behalf of the government. Lalkhama, Chief Secretary of Mizoram, also signed the agreement. The formalisation of the state of Mizoram took place on 20 February 1987. Chief Secretary Lalkhama read out the proclamation of statehood at a public meeting organised at Aizawl's parade ground. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi flew in to Aizawl to inaugurate the new state. Hiteshwar Saikia was appointed as Governor of Mizoram.

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Demographics
According to 2011 census report, Mizoram is the only state without homeless. It has literacy rate of 91.58%, second only to Kerala. It scores approximately 93.4% in sanitation. Details are shown in the figures.

Population growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 196000 266000 332000 494000 690000 889000 1091000 % 35.7% 24.8% 48.8% 39.7% 28.8% 22.7% [6]

Source:Census of India

Sociology
The great majority of Mizoram's population is several ethnic tribes who are either culturally or linguistically linked. These ethnic groups are collectively known as Mizos (Mi= People, Zo= Hill). One should note that 'Mizo' is a generic term which denotes a particular group of hillmen who are closely linked culturally and linguistically. Moreover these group of people of hillmen share close physical similarities. There is an increasing unity among Mizo tribes who are spread throughout the northeastern states of India, Burma and Bangladesh. The Mizos are divided into numerous tribes, however, to name a particular tribe as the largest would be an unreliable task as no concrete census has ever been undertaken till date. In order to better understand the Mizos, a substantial knowledge and understanding of the various Mizo Tribes (Tribes who fall under the term Mizo) is a requirement. The Mizos include Gangte, Lushei, Paite, Lai, Mara, Ralte etc. and a few among others. These tribes are divided into numerous clans within themselves, and these clans are further sub-divided into sub-clans, for example the Hmars are divided into Thiek, Lungtau, Darngawn, Khawbung, Zote etc. These clans sometimes have slight liguistics differences. The Bru(Riang), a sub-tribe of Tripuri, Chakma, Tanchangya, Arakanese origin, are a non-Mizo tribes living in Mizoram. The Bnei Menashe tribe claim Jewish descent. The Mizo people usually suffix their descriptive given names with their tribe.

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Music
Mizo traditional tunes are very soft and gentle, with locals claiming that they can be sung the whole night without the slightest fatigue. The guitar is a popular instrument and Mizos enjoy country style music. Within the church services are drums, commonly used and known locally as "khuang". The "Khuang" is made from wood and animal hide and are often beaten enough to instigate a trance like state with worshipers as they dance in a circular fashion. Mizos enjoy singing and even without musical instruments, they enthusiastically sing together, clapping hands or by using other rhythmic Mizo khuang methods. Informal instruments are called chhepchher. The early Mizos were close to nature and music is still an essential part of the cultural life. Whilst gospel music remains an integral part of Mizo culture, Western influence is evident from the contemporary music scene as young people experiment with rock, metal, rap, pop and hip-hop.

Festivals
Young Mizos are leaving traditional customs and adopting new ways of life which are greatly influenced by Western culture. Christmas is probably the biggest festival and local communities contribute towards large feasts, typically organised by nearby churches, where many hundreds in a local community would eat together. Traditional Mizo social gatherings revolve around the agricultural calendar.

Mim Kut
The Mim Kut festival is usually celebrated during the months of August and September, after the harvest of maize. Mim Kut is celebrated with great fanfare by (illegally) drinking rice-beer, singing, dancing, and feasting. Samples of the year's harvests are consecrated to the departed souls of the community.

Chapchar Kut
Chapchar Kut is another festival celebrated during March after completion of their most arduous task of Jhum operation i.e., jungle-clearing (clearing of the remnants of burning). This is a spring festival celebrated with great fervour and gaiety.

Pawl Kut
Pawl means Straw hence pawl kut means a straw harvest festival. It is typically celebrated in December and is another important festival.

Dances
Cheraw
The most colourful and distinctive dance of the Mizo is called Cheraw. Long bamboo staves are a feature of this dance and it is known to many as the Bamboo Dance. Originally, the dance was performed to wish a safe passage and victorious entry into the abode of the dead (Pialral) for the soul of a mother who had died in childbirth. To dance Cheraw takes great skill and alertness. On 12 March 2010 Mizoram also sets Guinness World Records with a 10-minute performance of its famous Cheraw "Bamboo Dance", featuring 10,736 participants in 671 groups.

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Khuallam
Khuallam was originally a dance performed by honoured guests while entering into the village arena where a community feast was held. To attain a position of distinction, a Mizo traditionally underwent a series of ceremonies and performed the dance before the guests. Khuallam is a group dance performed in colourful dress to the tune of gongs and drums.

Chheih Lam
Chheih Lam is the dance done over a round of rice-beer in the cool of the evening. The lyrics in triplets are usually spontaneous compositions, recounting their heroic deeds and escapades and also praising the honoured guests present in their midst.

Mizo life
The fabric of social life in the Mizo society has undergone tremendous change over the last few years. Previously the village and the clan formed units of Mizo society. The Mizo code of ethics or dharma focused on "Tlawmngaihna", an untranslatable term meaning that it was the obligation of all members of society to be hospitable, kind, unselfish, and helpful to others. Tlawmngaihna to a Mizo stands for that compelling moral force which finds expression in self-sacrifice for the service of others. The old belief, Pathian, is still used to mean God. Mizos often gather together to help in disaster management like landslides or famine. Mizos are a close-knit society with no class distinction and no sexual discrimination. 90% of them are cultivators and the village functions as a large family. Birth, marriage, and death in the village are important occasions and the whole village would typically become involved. In time of death, the whole local community, as well as all family members of the deceased, mourn together, in the residence of the deceased. This particular process of mourning together lasts anywhere from a few weeks to over 3 months. There are a few community establishments in urban centres that frequently arrange various social events, musical concerts, comedy shows, reality TV shows, discussion groups, and scientific or technological conferences. However, generally speaking the region is lacking in Western-style social meeting establishments. Much of the social life often revolves around church. An active church life is perhaps one of the reasons why Mizos are such a tight-knit community.

Media and communication

Mizorams media is growing quickly. Internet access is average, and private television cable channels are popular. Doordarshan, the national television service of India provides terrestrial broadcasting services and All India Radio broadcasts programs related to the indigenous culture and local news. Broadband access is available. In addition to these, there are several websites in local dialects. Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Mizoram; local newspapers include Vanglaini and The Zozam Times. The Mizo News [7] website provides local news in English.

Languages
Mizo is the official language and the most widely used language for verbal interactions; but English, being important for education, administration, formalities and governance is widely used. The Duhlian dialect, also known as the Lusei was the first language of Mizoram and has come to be known as the Mizo language. The language is mixed with other dialects like the Hmar, Mara, Lai, Paite, Gangte, etc. Christian missionaries developed the Mizo script. Writing is a combination of the Roman script and Hunterian transliteration methodology with prominent traces of a phonetics-based spelling system. There are 25 letters in the alphabet: A, AW, B, CH, D, E, F, G, NG, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, , U, V, Z. Mizo is one of the languages with official status in India (at the state level). Hindi is a compulsory subject for all students till Class VIII. In spite of this, it's still not a popular spoken language. Nepali is

Mizoram also spoken by the Nepali immigrants in the state.

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Religion
The majority (87%) of Mizos are Christian.[8] in various denominations, predominantly Presbyterian. Hindus form a small minority (3.6%) and there are also around 8.3% Buddhists according to the 2001 census, mostly made up from Chakma settlers of Arakan origin.[8] There are about 8,000 mostly ethnic Mizo followers of a Judaic group Bnei Menashe, who claim descent from the biblical Menasseh. Muslims make up about 1.1% of the state population.
Religion in Mizoram Religion Christianity Buddhist Hinduism Islam Mizo Religion Judaism Others Percent 86.97% 7.93% 3.55% 1.13% 0.15% 0.10% 0.17%

Christianity
The major Christian denomination is the Presbyterian Church. The church Mizoram Presbyterian Church was established by a Welsh Missionary named Rev. D.E. Jones and is one of the constituted bodies of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of India, which has its headquarters at Shillong in Meghalaya (India). The administration of the Presbyterian Church is highly centralised. The Synod, with its headquarters at Aizawl, is the highest decision making body of the church with considerable influence. The financial operation, personnel (including selection ATC, Mizoram of missionaries), administration, management and operation of the church are directly or indirectly controlled by the Synod Headquarters. Other Christian churches include the Baptist Church of Mizoram, United Pentecostal Church, the Salvation Army, the Seventh-day Adventist Church, Kohhran Thianghlim, Roman Catholic, Lairam Jesus Christ Baptist Church(LIKBK), and the Evangelical Church of Maraland, Independent Church of India (ICI) and Evangelical Free Church of India (EFCI).

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Buddhism
According to 2001 census report there are more than 70,494 people who follow Buddhism in Mizoram. The Chakmas and Tongchangya or Tanchangya have been Buddhist since historical times and there are approximately one hundred monasteries (known as vihara in Pali) in Mizoram. Of the many schools of Buddhism that existed in ancient times only Theravada Buddhism exists in Mizoram today.

Hinduism
According to the 2001 Census, there were 31,562 Hindus in Mizoram. Out of this, 26,448 were non-indigenous and 5,114 were indigenous tribal. Earlier there were significant Hindu population among the Reang-Kuki-Chin (Bru) communities, but after the ethnic riots of 1990s, most of them migrated to Tripura and Assam (According to the 1991 Census, 90% of all indigenous Hindus of Mizoram were Reang-Kuki-Chin). Hindu population among the Mizo tribe is negligible, with only 2,616 Hindus out of a population of 646,117 (0.40%). A total of 1,666 Hindus from the Reang-Kuki-Chin community remained in Mizoram at the time of 2001 Census.

Others
There are also a few Mizos who practice Judaism (866 according to the 2001 Census) and a modernised traditional Mizo religion called Hnam sakhua, which puts a particular emphasis on Mizo culture and seeks to revive traditional Mizo values, while at the same time attacking the influence brought about by Christianity on Mizo people.[9] A total of 1,367 people practiced the Mizo religion according to the 2001 census. This number included, in addition to the original Mizo religion (755 people), adherents of other tribal religions such as Lalchhungkua (279), Lalhnam (122), and Nunna Lalchhungkua (211).[10]

Education
Until 1894, when the missionaries introduced elementary education, Mizos were illiterate without any written language. The first primary school was set up in 1898 at Aizawl. In 1901 it was thought that literacy was only 0.9% but by 2005 census had reached 89%. Today Mizoram is second only to Kerala for literacy in India at 95%. There are several educational establishments under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education, including universities, colleges and other institutions. Within Mizoram University, there are 29 undergraduate colleges including 2 professional institutions affiliated with the university. The total enrollment in these institutions is approximately 5200 students. The National Institute of Technology Mizoram along with Indian Institute of Mass Communication Aizawl has started operations in Mizoram.. ICFAI University, Mizoram also offers Business studies in Aizawl. Plans are underway to start a Medical College by the Mizoram Government. The College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram[11] is the premier institute of Veterinary Medicine catering the needs of north-eastern states of India.

Politics
Originally land tenure was invested with the head of the tribe or chief assisted by a council that ruled locally. After annexation by the British in the 1890s, Mizoram was administered as the Lushai Hills district of Assam. The colonial power introduced inner line regulation, restricting access to any outsiders. It was renamed as the district of Mizo Hills within Assam State in 1954 and in the same year the Young Mizo association was formed which is still an important institution in Mizoram. In order to protect ethno-cultural identity, and with various political differences, friction developed with mainland India and insurgency started with an armed revolt in 1966. The region was subsequently declared Mizoram after the insurgency, receiving status as a Union territory in 1972. It became a State of India in 1986, formalised the following year.

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Administration
After the 1986 signing of the Historic Memorandum of Settlement between the Government of India and the Mizo National Front, Mizoram was granted Statehood on 20 February 1987 (as per the Statehood Act of 1986). Mizoram became the 23rd State of the Indian Union. As in other Indian states, the ceremonial head of the state government is a governor appointed by the Union Government. The appointment is largely ceremonial. The Chief Minister, who holds executive power in the state, is the elected head. The governor appoints the cabinet ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister. Mizoram has a unicameral legislature like most other Indian states. The Lais, Maras and Chakmas have separate autonomous District Councils. The present Chief Minister of Mizoram is Pu Lalthanhawla Assembly election results of Mizoram The Mizoram State Legislative Assembly has 40 seats and the Village Councils are the grassroots of democracy and leadership in Mizoram. There are three Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) for ethnic tribes in Mizoram, namely Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) for ethnic Chakmas in South-western Mizoram bordering Bangladesh, Lai Autonomous District Council (LADC) for Lai people in Southern part of the state, and Mara Autonomous District Council (MADC) for Mara people in the Southern-eastern corner.
Distrists of Mizoram

Economy
Mizoram lags behind economically within India with little development due to the geographical lack of markets and raw materials. Cottage industry and other small-scale industries play an important role in the economy. Forest products are being encouraged (see bamboo below) and the 9th Five Year Plan (19972002) gives priority to "agro-based industries." Around 70% of the population is engaged in agriculture. The Industry Department actively promotes the following: Zoram Industrial Development Corporation. (ZIDCO) Mizoram Khadi and Village Industry Board. (MKVIB) Zoram Handloom and Handicraft Corporation Limited. (ZOHANCO) Mizoram Food and Allied Industries Corporation Limited. (MIFCO) Zoram Electronics Development Corporation. (ZENICS)

Macro-economic trend
Below is a chart of trends in gross state product of Mizoram at market prices estimated[12] by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian rupees.

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Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 680 1985 1,810 1990 3,410 1995 9,370 2000 17,690

Mizoram's gross domestic state product for 2004 is estimated at $685 million in current prices.

Bamboo industry
There are at least 20 identifiable species of bamboo indigenous to mizoram. Some 30% of the state is covered with wild bamboo forests, many of which are largely unexploited. Mizoram harvests 40% of India's 80 million-ton annual bamboo crop. The current state administration wishes to increase revenue streams from bamboo and aside from uses as a substitute for timber, there is research underway to utilise bamboo more widely such as using bamboo chippings for paper mills, bamboo charcoal for fuel, fertiliser and the manufacture of pressed wall panels. Bamboo flowering, rats and famine Mizoram has always suffered from famine known locally as 'mautam' or 'thingtam' every few decades. The problem is caused by the synchronous flowering of bamboo species which naturally flower and then die at regular intervals. When bamboo has flowered it produces many seeds and fruit causing rodent feeding frenzies. The mautam always leads to dramatic increases in local rat populations as well as producing swarms of insects, which then spread to the human food storage areas after the natural harvest is expired destroying stocks and food crops. Historically it led to death by starvation (102 in 1859) and even today presents much hardship to many rural communities whose very survival depends on a successful harvest. The famines are called after the name of the bamboo that flowers. Meloccana baccifera is called "Mautak" in mizo and the famine that is caused by its flowering is named "Mautam". When Bambusa Tulda flowers, called "Rawthing" in mizo, the consequent famine is known as "Thingtam". The first Thingtam famine in 1739 was followed by a Mautam in 1769. A Mautam famine occurs 30 years after a Thingtam famine and the latter occurs 18 years after a Mautam. This gives a cycle of around 48 years. There was a Mautam famine in 20062007 and so a Thingtam is expected in 2025. The next more severe Mautam famine is expected in 2055. It was in October 2005 that the initial heavy flowering of the bamboo was first noticed at Chawngtlai bamboo forest in the southern district of Champhai. It then spread rapidly in 20062007 throughout the state. After the Mautam, desperate to control the rising rat population, the state government announced a reward of one rupee for every rat-tail taken. During 2006 alone more than 221,636 rats were killed. The famines have played their part in Mizoram's history. The famine in 1958 led to the formation of the Mizo National Famine Front which lobbied for and set up relief to villagers by mobilising the youth to distribute rice and provisions. The MNFF later changed its name to the MNF and operated as a political unit to fight for the rights of Mizo people. Under the then Chief Minister Laldenga together with his supporters including the ex Chief Minister Zoramthanga, the group fought a bitter separatist struggle for twenty years against the Indian Army for self rule.

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Agriculture
The agro-climatic conditions of Mizoram having both temperate and semi tropical climates with tropic and temperate zones, is conducive to a wide variety of crops. Mizoram has well-distributed rainfall of 1900 to 3000 mm (unknown operator: u'strong' to unknown operator: u'strong' in) spread over eight to ten months in the year and agriculture is the mainstay of the Mizos. More than 70% of the total population is engaged in some form of agriculture. The age-old practice of Jhum cultivation is conducted by most people living in rural areas. Recently, Godrej Agrovet Limited[13] has entered into a new venture wherein Oil Palm and Jatropha cultivation, for biofuels is being promoted. A low calorie sugar substitute, Stevia rebaudiana, known as 'sweetleaf', has also recently been grown to improve economical agricultural diversity.

Food processing
Attempts to add value in food processing are ongoing and MIFCO have canned local bamboo shoots and also the tasty edible spadix of Alocasia fornicata, known as Baibing. The total production of fruits, vegetables, and spices increase yearly but attempts to wean local farmers away from shifting cultivation known locally as Jhum cultivation have been met with mixed success.

Handicrafts
Mizo women use hand loom to make clothing and cloth handicrafts.The local products are even fused with other materials to give them a fashionable and stylish designs. Mizos are fond of colourful hand woven wrap-around skirt called puan chei, and a matching beautiful top called Kawr chei. A multi colour Mizo traditional bag called Khiang kawi, which is creatively knitted out of bright coloured wools, is a welcome possession. A typical Mizo blanket known as Pawnpui is also used. Basket weaving is also common. Baskets known as Em, are used and Thlangra a plate for cleaning rice etc. are made from bamboos. In fact, a typical Mizo house is crafted out of bamboos, dry grasses, mud and wood. A traditional Mizo village has been reconstructed at Reiek a few kilometres away from Aizawl. Though modern houses made with bricks, concrete and tin sheets are now the norm.

Tourism
Mizoram is considered by many as a beautiful place due to its dramatic landscape and pleasant climate. There have been many attempts to increase revenue through tourism but many potential tourists find the lack of amenities to be a hurdle. However, the State continues to promote itself and many projects have been initiated. The tourism ministry continues to maintain or upgrade its tourist lodges throughout the state. Foreign tourists are required to obtain an 'inner Vantawng waterfall line permit' under the special permit before visiting. The permit can be obtained from Indian missions abroad for a limited number of days or direct from Mizoram Government authorities within India. The state is rich in bird diversity, which has the potentiality to make it a major birding destination.[14] For Mrs Hume's Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae, Mizoram is a stronghold.[15] There is also a rare record of the Wild Water Buffalo from the state.[16] There are several past records of the Sumatran rhinoceros from Mizoram, then Lushai Hills.[17] The small population of wild elephants can be seen in Ngengpui and Dampa Sanctuaries.[18] For tourists who are interested in

Mizoram Cultural Heritage, the eastern part of Mizoram is more attractive. Most interesting sites are Mizo Poets' Square [also knawn as Mizo Hlakungpui Mual in Mizo, the Great Megaliths locally known as 'Kawtchhuah Ropui', Lamsial Cave and so forth.

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Medicine
Mizoram Hospitals are well equipped and most medicines are available off the shelf without prescription. The rural communities use local herbal medicines gathered from the wild and obtain from Mini Hospital, like Sub-Centre, Public Health Centre, etc. In line with the growing use of all herbal medicines gathered internationally, many local species are now becoming rare. Attempts to sustainably promote and harvest local medicines have met with limited success.

Energy sector
Mizoram is not self sufficient in power. Despite having a rich potential in hydropower, it is yet to be developed. Some communities use solar power at least for light. There are 22 diesel power stations for power backup (26.14 MW)and 9 mini/micro hydel (hydroelectric) plants producing 8.25 MW. As per the 16th Electric Power Survey of India under CEA, Government of India, the restricted peak load demand of the state during the 20022003 year is 102 MW.

Transport infrastructure
Road Network: Mizoram has a road network of around 4000km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) or minor or village roads and a small number of national highways. The village roads are primarily single lane or unmetalled tracks that are typically lightly trafficked. The State is connected to the Indian network through National Highway 54. Another highway, NH-150 connects the state with Seling Mizoram to Imphal Manipur and NH-40A links the State with Tripura.A road between Champhai and Tiddim in Burma has been proposed but the Burmese authorities are unwilling to complete the link. Airport: Mizoram has an airport, Lengpui Airport, near Aizawl and this is linked from Kolkata a 40 minute flight. Inclement weather conditions mean that at certain times the flights are unreliable. Mizoram can also be reached from Kolkata via Silchar Airport, which is about 200km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi), around 6 hours) from Aizawl. Railway: There is a rail link at Bairabi rail station but it is primarily for goods traffic. The nearest practical station to Mizoram is at Silchar in Assam, some 6 hours drive from Aizawl. Bairabi is about 110km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) and Silchar is about 180km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from the state capital. Water Ways: Mizoram is in the process of developing water ways with the port of Akyab Sittwe in Burma along Chhimtuipui River. India is investing $103 million to develop the Sittwe port on Burma's northern coast, about 160km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Mizoram. Military government of Burma has committed $10 million for the venture, which is part of the Kaladan Multipurpose project,[19] though the connection is arguably of limited use.

Alcohol prohibition
In 1996 the Synod totally banned liquor under the Mizoram Liquor Total Prohibition (MLTP) Act. The church leaders or Mizoram Kohhran Hruaitute Committee continue to insists that state government keeps the state free of alcohol. Critics are of the opinion that the Liquor Ban Act, imposed in the Christian-dominated state from 1996, has totally failed and has only proliferated bootlegging of poor quality liquor, resulting in fatalities and increased prices of smuggled liquor. "If a law fails, it is either to be lifted or amended. We have experimented with the Liquor Ban Act for more than ten years, and witnessed that it has failed to stop what it is meant to stop. It only made Mizoram

Mizoram the wettest dry state. One can find plenty of liquor, only the prices are extraordinarily high," said former Mizoram chief secretary M. Lalmanzuala.[20] The retired IAS officer further blamed the wrong teaching of the European missionaries for the Church's negative attitude towards liquor which he claimed had never been a problem, but part of religious rituals before the Missionary era. The missionaries instruction, he said in his research paper, was compounded by the war-like confrontation between the well-to-dos and the poor in the pre-Christian Mizo society. "Only the well-to-dos afforded Zu or rice beer which was brewed from surplus rice. The poor people who did not afford the Zu were the first to adopt Christianity and these people started hating the Zu which was a status symbol of the well-to-do people," he said in his research paper Mizo Culture and Liquor. Some have argued that the complete ban on alcohol has led young people to search for other stimulants resulting in a growing drug abuse problem in the state. Although locally made alcohol is available and often in poor quality and taste, prohibition has checked the movement of liquor. Early missionaries had directly attacked liquor and converts felt that liquor consumption ravaged the community, occupying an unwelcome position in Mizo society. Many Mizos, especially the church elders, support the idea of prohibition though there is increasing discontent.

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References
[1] Commissioner, Linguistic Minorities, 41st report: July 2002 - June 2003 (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070224124226/ http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 23. htm), p.paras 28.4, 28.9, archived from the original (http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 23. htm) on 24 February 2007, , retrieved 16 July 2007 [2] http:/ / mizoram. gov. in [3] Quake measuring 4.3 on Richter scale jolts Mizoram - VIRTHLI (http:/ / virthli. com/ 2011/ 04/ 20/ quake-measuring-4-3-on-richter-scale-jolts-mizoram/ ) [4] Geology - Researchers at Mizoram University release new data on geology (http:/ / www. verticalnews. com/ newsletters/ Journal-of-India/ 2008-03-31/ 67596JI. html) [5] http:/ / www. newslink. in/ 2007/ 03/ 06/ memories-of-inferno-still-remain-fresh [6] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [7] http:/ / www. mizonews. net/ category/ mizo-news/ [8] THE SCHEDULED TRIBES Census of India 2001 (http:/ / censusindia. gov. in/ Tables_Published/ SCST/ dh_st_mizoram. pdf), p. 4 [9] "Zo sakhaw thuthlungpui" (http:/ / hnamsakhua. blogspot. fr/ ). Hnam sakhua. 2011. . Retrieved June 19, 2012. [10] Table ST-14a, Indian Census 2001 [11] (http:/ / www. vetcolcau. org) [12] National Accounts Division: Press Release and statements, M/O Statistics & PI (http:/ / mospi. nic. in/ mospi_nad_main. htm) [13] Godrej Agrovet Limited (GAVL) Top Diversified Agribusiness Company (http:/ / godrejagrovet. com) [14] Choudhury, A.U. (2008) A pocket guide to the birds of Mizoram. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, Guwahati, India. 122pp. [Supported by Oriental Bird Club, UK] [15] Choudhury, A.U. (2002). Survey of Mrs Hume's pheasant in North East India. Technical Report No. 5. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, India. 30pp. [Final report to the Oriental Bird Club, UK] [16] Choudhury, A.U. (2010). The vanishing herds: wild water buffalo. Gibbon Books & The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, India. 184pp. [Supported by CEPF & Taiwan Forestry Bureau] [17] Choudhury, A.U. (1997) The status of the Sumatran rhinoceros in north-eastern India. Oryx 31(2):151152 [18] Choudhury, A.U. (2001) The wild elephant Elephas maximus in Mizoram. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 98(3): 439441 [19] Govt to spend $100 million on linking Mizoram to Burma (http:/ / www. financialexpress. com/ fe_full_story. php?content_id=153748) [20] Mizoram Church no to liquor ban Act amendment (http:/ / news. webindia123. com/ news/ articles/ India/ 20090606/ 1269373. html)

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External links
Official website (http://mizoram.gov.in/) Mizoram Government Portal (http://mizoram.nic.in/) Directorate of Information & Public Relations, Govt. of Mizoram (http://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/) Tourism of Mizoram (http://mizotourism.nic.in/) Latest Mizoram News in English (http://mizonews.net/) Mizoram Latest News (http://www.sinlung.com/) Mizoram travel guide from Wikitravel

Sikkim
Sikkim
State

Flag

Seal

Location of Sikkim in India

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Map of Sikkim Coordinates (Gangtok): 2720N 8837E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Governor ChiefMinister Legislature Area Total Area rank Population (2011) Total Rank Density Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI HDI rank Literacy Official languages 607688 28th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) IST (UTC+05:30) IN-SK 0.684 (medium) 7th (2005) 76.6% (7th) Nepali (lingua franca), Bhutia, Lepcha (since 1977), Limbu (since 1981), Newari, Kulung (Rai), Gurung, Mangar, Sherpa, Tamang (since 1995) and Sunwar (since 1996) sikkim.gov.in [1] 7096km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 27th Balmiki Prasad Singh Pawan Chamling (SDF) Unicameral (32 seats) India 16 May 1975 Gangtok Gangtok 4

Website

Sikkim Sikkim (/skm/; Devanagari: , i.e. the "Goodly Region", or Shikim, Shikimpati or Sikkim;[2] Lepcha: Mayel Lyang; Limbu: Yuksom, "one of the fortified place";[3] Standard Tibetan: , Bras Ljongs, Denzong or Demojongs)[4] is a landlocked Indian state located in the Himalayan mountains. The state borders Nepal to the west, China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and east, and Bhutan to the southeast, while the state of West Bengal lies to the south.[5] With around 607,000 inhabitants as of 2011, Sikkim is the least populous state in India and the second-smallest state after Goa in total area, covering approximately 7096km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi).[6] Sikkim is nonetheless geographically diverse due to its location in the Himalayas; the climate ranges from subtropical to high alpine, and Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak, is located on Sikkim's border with Nepal.[7] Sikkim is a popular tourist destination, owing to its culture, scenery and biodiversity. It also has the only open land border between India and China. Sikkim's capital and largest city is Gangtok. According to legend, the Buddhist saint Guru Padmasambhava, better known in Tibet and Sikkim as Guru Rinpoche, visited Sikkim in the 8th century AD,[8] introduced Buddhism and foretold the era of the monarchy. Sikkim's Namgyal dynasty was established in 1642. Over the next 150 years, the kingdom witnessed frequent raids and territorial losses to Nepalese invaders. It allied itself with the British rulers of India, but was soon annexed by them. Later, Sikkim became a British protectorate, before merging with India following a referendum on abolishing the monarchy in 1975. Sikkim is the only state in India with an ethnic Nepali majority.[9] Sikkim has 11 official languages: Nepali (which is its lingua franca), Bhutia, Lepcha, Limbu, Newari, Rai, Gurung, Mangar, Sherpa, Tamang and Sunwar.[10][11] English is taught in schools and used in government documents. The predominant religions are Hinduism and Vajrayana Buddhism. Sikkim's economy is largely dependent on agriculture and tourism, and as of 2011 the state has the fourth-smallest GDP among Indian states,[12] although it is also among the fastest-growing.[13]

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Toponymy
The most widely accepted origin theory of the name Sikkim is that it is a combination of two Limbu words: su, which means "new", and khyim, which means "palace" or "house". The name is believed to be a reference to the palace built by the state's first ruler, Phuntsog Namgyal. The Tibetan name for Sikkim is Denjong, which means "valley of rice".[4] The Lepcha people, the original inhabitants of Sikkim, called it Nye-mae-el, meaning "paradise",[14] while the Bhutias call it Beyul Demazong, which means '"the hidden valley of rice".[14] In Hindu religious texts, Sikkim is known as Indrakil, the garden of the war god Indra.[15]

History
Founding of the monarchy
The earliest historical mention of Sikkim is a record of the passage of the Buddhist saint Guru Rinpoche through the land in the 8th century AD. The Guru is reported to have blessed the land, introduced Buddhism, and foretold the era of monarchy that would arrive in Sikkim centuries later. However, Dr. Sailen Debnath writes that the Tibetan Emperor Srongtsen Gampo had occupied Sikkim and Bhutan prior to Rinpoche's arrival, and that a Tibetan military establishment was constructed at Gangdoz (present-day Gangtok).[16] In the 14th century, according to legend, Khye Bumsa, a prince from the Minyak House in Kham in eastern Tibet, received a divine revelation

Statue of Guru Rinpoche, the patron saint of Sikkim. The statue in Namchi is the tallest statue of the saint in the world, at 36metres (120ft).

Sikkim instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. A fifth-generation descendant of Khye Bumsa, Phuntsog Namgyal, became the founder of Sikkim's monarchy in 1642, when he was consecrated as the first Chogyal, or priest-king, of Sikkim by the three venerated lamas at Yuksom.[17] Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded in 1670 by his son, Tensung Namgyal, who moved the capital from Yuksom to Rabdentse. In 1700, Sikkim was invaded by the Bhutanese with the help of the half-sister of the Chogyal, who had been denied the throne. The Bhutanese were driven away by the Tibetans, who restored the throne to the Chogyal ten years later. Between 1717 and 1733, the kingdom faced many raids by the Nepalese in the west and Bhutanese in the east, culminating with the destruction of the capital Rabdentse by the Nepalese.[18] In 1791, China sent troops to support Sikkim and defend Tibet against the Gurkhas. Following Nepal's subsequent defeat, the Chinese Qing Dynasty established control over Sikkim.[19]

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Sikkim during the British Raj

Following the beginning of British rule in neighboring India, Sikkim allied with Britain against their common enemy, Nepal. The Nepalese attacked Sikkim, overrunning most of the region including the Terai. This prompted the British East India Company to attack Nepal, resulting in the Gurkha War of 1814.[21] Treaties signed between Sikkim and Nepal resulted in the return of the territory annexed by the Nepalese in 1817. However, ties between Sikkim and the British weakened when the latter began taxation of the Morang region. In 1849, two British physicians, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker and Dr. Archibald Campbell, the latter being in charge of relations between the An 1876 map of Sikkim, depicting Chomto Dong British and Sikkim governments, ventured into the mountains of [20] Lake in northern Sikkim. However, the whole Sikkim unannounced and unauthorised.[22] The doctors were detained of Chumbi and Darjeeling are not depicted as part by the Sikkim government, leading to a punitive British expedition of Sikkim in the map. against the kingdom, after which the Darjeeling district and Morang were annexed to British India in 1853. The invasion led to the Chogyal of Sikkim becoming a titular ruler under the directive of the British governor.[23] In 1890, Sikkim became a British protectorate, and was gradually granted more sovereignty over the next three decades.[24]

After Indian independence

In 1947, when India became independent, a popular vote rejected Sikkim's joining the Indian Union, and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru agreed to a special protectorate status for Sikkim. Sikkim came under the suzerainty of India, which controlled its external affairs, defence, diplomacy and communications, but Sikkim otherwise retained administrative autonomy. A state council was established in 1953 to allow for constitutional government under the Chogyal. Meanwhile, the Sikkim National Congress demanded fresh elections and greater representation for Nepalese in Sikkim. Palden Thondup Namgyal, the Chogyal at the time, proved to be extremely unpopular with the people, and in 1973, riots in front of the Chogyal's palace led to a formal request for protection from India. In 1975, the Prime Minister of Sikkim appealed to the Indian Parliament for Sikkim to become a state of India. In April of that year, the Indian Army took over the city of Gangtok and disarmed the Chogyal's palace guards. Thereafter, a referendum was held in which 97.5% of voters supported abolishing the monarchy, effectively approving union with India. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union, and the monarchy was abolished.[25] To enable the incorporation of the new state, the Indian Parliament amended the Indian Constitution. First, the 35th Amendment laid down a set of conditions that made Sikkim an "Associate State," a special designation not used by any other state. Later, the 36th Amendment repealed the 35th Amendment, and made Sikkim a full state, adding its name to the First Schedule of the Constitution.[26]

Sikkim In 2000, the seventeenth Karmapa, Urgyen Trinley Dorje, who had been confirmed by the Dalai Lama and accepted as a tulku by the Chinese government, escaped from Tibet, seeking to return to the Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a quandary on this issue, as any protests to India would mean an explicit endorsement of India's governance of Sikkim, which the Chinese still regarded as an independent state occupied by India. China eventually recognized Sikkim as an Indian state in 2003, on the condition that India accepted the Tibet Autonomous Region as a part of China.[27] This mutual agreement led to a thaw in Sino-Indian relations.[28] New Delhi had originally accepted Tibet as a part of China in 1953 during the government of then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[29] On 6 July 2006, the Himalayan pass of Nathula in Sikkim was opened to cross-border trade.[30] On 18 September 2011, a magnitude 6.9Mw earthquake struck Sikkim, killing at least 116 people in the state and in Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Tibet.[31] More than 60 people died in Sikkim alone, and the city of Gangtok suffered significant damage.[32]

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Geography
Nestling as it does in the Himalayan mountains, the state of Sikkim is characterized by mountainous terrain. Almost the entire state is hilly, with an elevation ranging from 280metres (920ft) to 8,585metres (28,000ft). The summit of Kangchenjunga - the world's third-highest peak - is the state's highest point, situated on the border between Sikkim and Nepal.[7] For the most part, the land is unfit for agriculture because of the rocky, precipitous slopes. However, some hill slopes have been converted into terrace farms. Numerous snow-fed streams have carved out river valleys in the west and south of the state. These streams combine into the major Teesta River and its tributary, the Rangeet, which flow through the state from north to south.[33] About a third of the state is heavily forested. The Himalayan mountains surround the northern, eastern and western borders of Sikkim. The Lower Himalayas, lying in the southern reaches of the state, are the most densely populated. The state has 28 mountain peaks, more than 80 glaciers,[34] 227 high-altitude lakes (including the Tsongmo, Gurudongmar and Khecheopalri Lakes), five major hot springs, and more than 100 rivers and streams. Eight mountain passes connect the state to Tibet, Bhutan and Nepal.[35]

Kangchenjunga, which stands 8,586metres (28,170ft) tall, is the highest peak in India and the third-highest on Earth.

The Kangchengyao Himalayan mountains of northern Sikkim.

Sikkim's hot springs are renowned for their medicinal and therapeutic values. Among the state's most notable hot springs are those at Phurchachu, Yumthang, Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. The springs, which have a high sulphur content, are located near river banks; some are known to emit hydrogen.[36] The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50C (122F).[37]

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Geology
The hills of Sikkim mainly consist of gneissose and half-schistose rocks, producing generally poor and shallow brown clay soils. The soil is coarse, with large concentrations of iron oxide; it ranges from neutral to acidic and is poor in organic and mineral nutrients. This type of soil tends to support evergreen and deciduous forests.[38] Most of Sikkim is covered by Precambrian rock, which is much younger in age than the hills. The rock consists of phyllites and schists, is highly susceptible to weathering and erosion. This, combined with the state's heavy rainfall, causes extensive soil erosion and the loss of soil nutrients through leaching. As a result, landslides are frequent, often isolating rural towns and villages from the major urban centres.[39]

Climate
Sikkim's climate ranges from sub-tropical in the south to tundra in the northern parts. The tundra-type region in the north is clad by snow for four months every year, and the temperature drops below 0C (32F) almost every night.[36] The peaks of north-western Sikkim are perpetually frozen.[40] Most of the inhabited regions of Sikkim, however, experience a temperate climate, with the temperatures seldom exceeding 28C (82F) in summer or dropping below 0C (32F) in winter; the mean monthly summer temperature is 15C.[41] The state has five seasons: winter, summer, spring, autumn, and a monsoon season between June and September. The average annual temperature for most of Sikkim is around 18C (64F). Sikkim is one of the few states in India to receive regular snowfall. The snow line ranges from 20,000feet in the north of the state to 16,000feet in the south.[42] During the monsoon, heavy rains increase the risk of landslides. The record for the longest period of continuous rain in Sikkim is 11days. In the northern region, because of the high altitude, temperatures can drop below 40C (40F) in winter. Fog affects many parts of the state during winter and the monsoons, making transportation perilous.[43]

Subdivisions
Sikkim has four districts [ [East Sikkim]], West Sikkim, North Sikkim and South Sikkim. The district capitals are Gangtok, Geyzing, Mangan and Namchi respectively.[44] These four districts are further divided into subdivisions; Pakyong and Rongli are the subdivisions of the East district, Soreng is the subdivision of the West district, Chungthang is the subdivision of the North district and Ravongla is the subdivision of the South district.[45] Each of Sikkim's districts is overseen by a Central Government appointee, the district collector, who is in charge of the administration of the civilian areas of the district. The Indian Army has control over a large part of the state, as Sikkim forms part of a sensitive border area with the People's Republic of China. Many areas are restricted to foreigners, and official permits are needed to visit them.

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Flora and fauna

Sikkim is situated in an ecological hotspot of the lower Himalayas, one of only three among the ecoregions of India. The forested regions of the state exhibit a diverse range of fauna and flora. Owing to its altitudinal gradation, the state has a wide variety of plants, from tropical species to temperate, alpine and tundra ones, and is perhaps one of the few regions to exhibit such a diversity within such a small area. Nearly 81% of the area of Sikkim comes under the administration of its forest department.[46] Sikkim is home to around 5,000 species of flowering plants, 515 rare orchids, 60 primula species, 36 rhododendron species, 11 oak varieties, 23 bamboo varieties, 16 conifer species, 362 types of ferns and ferns allies, 8 tree ferns, and over 424 medicinal plants.[47] A variant of the Poinsettia, locally known as "Christmas Flower", can be found in abundance in the mountainous state. The orchid Dendrobium nobile is the official flower of Sikkim, while the rhododendron is the state tree.
The Rhododendron is the state tree of Sikkim.

Orchids, figs, laurel, bananas, sal trees and bamboo grow in the Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests of the lower altitudes of Sikkim. In the temperate elevations above 1500 metres (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) there are Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests, where oaks, chestnuts, maples, birches, alders, and magnolias grow in large numbers, as well as Himalayan subtropical pine forests, dominated by Chir pine. Alpine-type vegetation is typically found between an altitude of 3500 to 5000 metres (unknown operator: u'strong' to unknown operator: u'strong' ft). In lower elevations are found juniper, pine, firs, cypresses and rhododendrons from the Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests. Higher up are Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, home to a broad variety of rhododendrons and wildflowers. The fauna of Sikkim include the snow leopard,[48] the musk deer, the Himalayan Tahr, the red panda, the Himalayan marmot, the serow, the goral, the barking deer, the common langur, the Himalayan Black Bear, the clouded leopard,[49] the Marbled Cat, the leopard cat, the wild dog, the Tibetan wolf, the hog badger, the binturong, the jungle cat and the civet cat.[50] Among the animals more commonly found in the alpine zone are yaks, mainly reared for their milk, meat, and as a beast of burden. The avifauna of Sikkim include of the Impeyan pheasant, the crimson horned pheasant, the snow partridge, the snow cock, the lammergeyer and griffon vultures, as well as golden eagles, quail, plovers, woodcock, sandpipers, pigeons, Old World flycatchers, babblers and robins. Sikkim has more than 550 species of birds, some of which have been declared endangered.[51] Sikkim also has a rich diversity of arthropods, many of which remain unstudied; the most studied Sikkimese arthropods are butterflies. Of the approximately 1,438 butterfly species found in the Indian subcontinent, 695 have been recorded in Sikkim.[52] These include the endangered Kaiser-i-hind, the Yellow Gorgon and the Bhutan Glory.[53]
The red panda is the state animal of Sikkim.

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Economy
Sikkim's nominal state gross domestic product (GDP) was estimated at $730 million in 2010, constituting the fourth-smallest GDP among India's 28 states.[12] The state's economy is largely agrarian, based on the terraced farming of rice[54] and the cultivation of crops such as maize, millet, wheat, barley, oranges, tea and cardamom.[55] Sikkim has the highest production of cardamom in India, as well as the largest cultivated area of cardamom.[56] Because of its hilly terrain, and the lack of transport infrastructure, Sikkim lacks a large-scale industrial base. Brewing, distilling, tanning and watchmaking are the main industries, and are mainly located in the southern reaches of the state, primarily in the towns of Melli and Jorethang. Despite the state's minimal industrial infrastructure, Sikkim's economy has been among the fastest-growing in India since 2000, with the state's GDP expanding by over 13% in 2007 alone.[13] Sikkim has announced plans to become the first state in India to transition its agriculture to entirely organic cultivation by 2015.[57][58][59][60][61] In recent years, the government of Sikkim has extensively promoted tourism. As a result, state revenue has increased 14 times since the mid-1990s.[62] Sikkim has furthermore invested in a fledgling gambling industry, promoting both casinos and online gambling. The state's first casino, the Casino Sikkim, opened in March 2009, and seven further casino licences are being considered by the state Elaichi, or cardamom, is the chief cash crop of government.[63] The Playwin lottery has been a notable success in the Sikkim. [64][65] state. In October 2009, the government of Sikkim announced plans to offer three online sports betting licences.[66] Among the minerals mined in Sikkim are copper, dolomite, talc, graphite, quartzite, coal, zinc and lead.[67] The opening of the Nathula Pass on 6 July 2006, connecting Lhasa, Tibet to India, was billed as a boon for Sikkim's economy, though the expected financial benefits will be slow to arrive. The pass, closed since the 1962 Sino-Indian War, was an offshoot of the ancient Silk Road.[30]

Transport
Air
Sikkim currently does not have any airports or railheads because of its rough terrain. However, the state's first airport is expected to be ready by 2011 in Pakyong, 30km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) away from Gangtok. The airport will be capable of operating ATR aircraft.[68] Currently, the closest operational airport to Sikkim is Bagdogra Airport, near the town of Siliguri in West Bengal. The airport is about 124km away from Gangtok. A regular helicopter service run by the Sikkim Helicopter Service connects Gangtok to Bagdogra; the flight is thirty minutes long, operates only once a day, and can carry 4 people.[69] The Gangtok helipad is the only civilian helipad in the state.

The Teesta River is considered the state's key waterway.

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Rail
Sikkim lacks significant railway infrastructure. The closest major railway stations are Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri in neighbouring West Bengal.[70] However, the New Sikkim Railway Project has been launched to connect the town of Rangpo in Sikkim with Sevoke. The project is expected to be complete by 2015.[71][72] In addition, the Ministry of Railways has recently proposed plans for railway lines linking Mirik to Ranipool.[73]

Roads
National Highway 31A and National Highway 31 link Siliguri to Gangtok.[74] Sikkim National Transport runs bus and truck services. Privately run bus, tourist taxi and jeep services operate throughout Sikkim, and also connect it to Siliguri. A branch of the highway from Melli connects western Sikkim. Towns in southern and western Sikkim are connected to the hill stations of Kalimpong and Darjeeling in northern West Bengal.[75] The state is furthermore connected to Tibet by the mountain pass of Nathu La.

Demographics
Further information: Sikkimese people

Sikkimese woman with child.

Population growth in Sikkim

Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 138000 162000 210000 316000 406000 541000 607688 % 17.4% 29.6% 50.5% 28.5% 33.3% 12.3% [76]

Source: Census of India

Sikkim is India's least populous state, with 607,688 inhabitants according to the 2011 census.[77] Sikkim is also one of the least densely populated Indian states, with only 86 persons per square kilometre. However, it has a high population growth rate, averaging 12.36% between 2001 and 2011. The sex ratio is 889 females per 1000 males, with a total of 321,661 males and 286,027 females recorded in 2011. With 50,000 inhabitants, the capital Gangtok is the only significant town in the mostly rural state; the urban population in Sikkim constitutes around 11.06% of the total.[45] The per capita income in Sikkim stands at 11,356, which is one of the highest in the country.[78]

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Ethnicity
The majority of Sikkim's residents are of Nepali ethnic origin. The native Sikkimese consist of the Bhutias, who migrated from the Kham district of Tibet in the 14th century, and the Lepchas, who are believed to have migrated from the Far East. Tibetans reside mostly in the northern and eastern reaches of the state. Migrant resident communities include Biharis, Bengalis and Marwaris, who are prominent in commerce in South Sikkim and Gangtok.[79]

Religion
Hinduism has been the state's major religion since the arrival of the Nepalis; an estimated 60.93% of the total population are now adherents of the religion. Sikkim's second-largest religion is Buddhism, which accounts for 28.1% of the population. Sikkim has 75 Buddhist monasteries, the oldest dating back to the 1700s.[80] Christians in Sikkim are mostly descendants of the Lepcha people who were converted by British missionaries in the late 19th century, and constitute around 6.6% of the population. Other religious minorities include Muslims of Bihari ethnicity and Jains, who account for roughly 1% each.[81] The traditional religions of the native Sikkimese account for much of the remainder of the population. Although tensions between the Lepchas and the Nepalese escalated during the merger of Sikkim with India in the 1970s, there has never been any major degree of communal religious violence, unlike in other Indian states.[82][83]
The Dro-dul Chorten Stupa in Gangtok.

Languages
Nepali is the lingua franca of Sikkim, while Bhutia and Lepcha are spoken in certain areas. English and Hindi are also spoken and understood in most of Sikkim. Other languages include Dzongkha, Groma, Gurung, Limbu, Magar, Majhi, Majhwar, Nepal Bhasa, Rai, Sikkimese, Sherpa, Sunuwar, Tamang, Thulung, Tibetan, and Yakha.[84]

Rumtek Monastery, Sikkim.

Culture

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The Nepalese majority of Sikkim celebrate all major Hindu festivals, including Diwali and Dussera. Traditional local festivals, such as Maghe Sankranti and Bhimsen Puja, are also popular.[85] Losar, Loosong, Saga Dawa, Lhabab Duechen, Drupka Teshi and Bhumchu are among the Buddhist festivals celebrated in Sikkim. During the Losar (Tibetan New Year), most offices and educational institutions are closed for a week.[86] Sikkimese Muslims celebrate Eid ul-Fitr and Muharram.[87] Christmas has also been promoted in Gangtok to attract tourists during the off-season.[88]

The traditional Gumpa dance being performed in Lachung during the Buddhist festival of Losar.

Western rock music and Hindi songs have gained a wide following in Sikkim. Indigenous Nepali rock and Lepcha music are also popular.[89] Sikkim's most popular sport are football and cricket, although hang gliding and river rafting have also grown popular as part of the tourism industry.[90]

Cuisine
Noodle-based dishes such as thukpa, chowmein, thanthuk, fakthu, gyathuk and wonton are common in Sikkim. Momos steamed dumplings filled with vegetables, buff (buffalo meat) or pork and served with a soup are a popular snack.[91] Beer, whiskey, rum and brandy are widely consumed.[92] Sikkim has the third-highest per capita alcoholism rate amongst all Indian states, behind Punjab and Haryana.[93]

Government and politics

State symbols
State day 16 May (day of accession to India)

State animal Red Panda State bird State tree Blood Pheasant Rhododendron [94]

State flower Noble orchid[95]

Like all states of India, the head of Sikkim's state government is a governor appointed by the Central Indian Government. His/her appointment is largely ceremonial, and his/her main role is to oversee the swearing in of the Chief Minister. The Chief Minister, who holds the real executive powers, is the head of the party or coalition The White Hall complex houses the residences of garnering the largest majority in the state elections. The governor also the Chief Minister and Governor of Sikkim. appoints the cabinet ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister. Sikkim has a unicameral legislature like most other Indian states. Sikkim is allocated one seat in each of both chambers of India's national bicameral legislature, the Lok Sabha, and the Rajya Sabha. There are a total of 32 state assembly seats including one reserved for the Sangha. The Sikkim High Court is the smallest high court in the country.[96] In 1975, after the abrogation of Sikkim's monarchy, the Congress Party got the largest majority in the 1977 elections. In 1979, after a period of instability, a popular ministry headed by Nar Bahadur Bhandari, leader of the Sikkim Sangram Parishad Party was sworn in. Bhandari held on to power in the 1984 and 1989 elections. In the 1994 elections Pawan Kumar Chamling from the Sikkim Democratic Front became the Chief Minister of the state. The party has since held on to power by winning the 1999 and 2004 elections.[23][69] It won all the 32 seats of the state

Sikkim assembly in 2009.[97] In recent years, the Greater Nepal movement has proposed that the territory of Sikkim be returned to Nepal as part of the restitution of Nepalese lands seized by the British in the 19th and 20th centuries. The movement's supporters claim that, as the 1815 Sugauli Treaty was voided by the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship, the land on which the state of Sikkim exists legally belongs to Nepal.[98] However, this is largely a fringe viewpoint, lacking widespread support.

575

Infrastructure
Sikkim's roads are maintained by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO), an offshoot of the Indian army. The roads in South Sikkim and NH-31A are in relatively good condition, landslides being less frequent in these areas. The state government maintains 1857 kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) of roadways that do not fall in the BRO jurisdiction.[45] Sikkim receives most of its electricity from 19 hydroelectric power stations.[62] It has achieved 100% rural electrification.[99] Power is also The Tibetology Museum and research centre. obtained from the National Thermal Power Corporation and Power Grid Corporation of India.[100] However, the voltage is unstable and voltage stabilisers are needed. Per capita consumption of electricity in Sikkim is 182kWh. The state government has promoted biogas and solar power for cooking, but these have received a poor response and are used mostly for lighting purposes.[101] In 2005, 73.2% of Sikkim's households were reported to have access to safe drinking water,[45] and the large number of streams assures sufficient water supply. On 8 December 2008, it was announced that Sikkim had become the first state in India to achieve 100% sanitation coverage, becoming completely free of public defecation, thus attaining the status of "Nirmal State".[102][103]

Media
The southern urban areas have English, Nepali and Hindi dailies. Nepali-language newspapers, as well as some English newspapers, are locally printed, whereas Hindi and English newspapers are printed in Siliguri. Important local dailies and weeklies[104] are Hamro Prajashakti (Nepali daily), Himalayan Mirror (English daily), the Samay Dainik, Sikkim Express (English), Sikkim Now (English), Kanchanjunga Times (Nepali weekly), Pragya Khabar (Nepali weekly) and Himalibela. The regional editions of English newspapers include The Statesman and The Telegraph, which are printed in The Rumtek monastery is among Sikkim's most Siliguri, as well as The Hindu and The Times of India, printed in famous monuments. Kolkata, which are received with a day's delay in the towns of Gangtok, Jorethang, Melli and Geyzing. Himalaya Darpan, a Nepali daily published in Siliguri, is one of the leading Nepali daily newspapers in the region. The Sikkim Herald is an official weekly publication of the government. Online media covering Sikkim include the Nepali newspaper Himgiri, the English news portal Haalkhabar and the literary magazine Tistarangit. Avyakta, Bilokan, the Journal of Hill Research, Khaber Khagaj, Panda, and the Sikkim Science Society Newsletter are among other registered publications.[105] Internet cafs are well established in the district capitals, but broadband connectivity is not widely available. Satellite television channels through dish antennae are available in most homes in the state. Channels served are largely the

Sikkim same as those available in the rest of India, although Nepali-language channels are also available. The main service providers include Dish TV, Doordarshan and Nayuma.

576

Education
Literacy in Sikkim is 69.68%, which breaks down into 76.73% for males and 61.46% for females. There are a total of 1157 schools, including 765 schools run by the State government, 7 central government schools and 385 private schools.[106] Twelve colleges and other institutions in Sikkim offer higher education. The largest institution is the Sikkim Manipal University of Technological Sciences, which offers higher education in engineering, medicine and management. It also runs a host of distance education programs[107] in diverse fields. There are two state-run polytechnical schools, Advanced Technical Training Centre (ATTC) and Centre for Computers and Communication Technology (CCCT) in Sikkim which offer diploma courses in various branches of engineering. ATTC is situated at Bardang, Singtam and CCCT at Chisopani, Namchi. Sikkim University a central university, began operating in 2008 at Yangang, which is situated about 28km from Singtam.[108] Many students, however, migrate to Siliguri, Kolkata, Bangalore and other Indian cities for their higher education.

References
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Bibliography
Bareh, Hamlet (2001). "Introduction" (http://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC). Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim. Mittal Publications. ISBN81-7099-794-1. Retrieved 2011-06-19. Choudhury, Maitreyee (2006). Sikkim: Geographical Perspectives (http://books.google.com/ books?id=W9EwNfXkxZwC). New Delhi: Mittal Publications. ISBN81-8324-158-1. Evans, W. H. (1932). The Identification of Indian Butterflies (2nd ed.). Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society. ASINB00086SOSG. Haribal, Meena (2003) [1994]. Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and their Natural History. Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation. Natraj Publisher. ISBN81-85019-11-8. Hooker, Joseph Dalton Himalayan Journals: notes of a naturalist in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, the Khasia mountains etc. (http://books.google.com/books?id=wvO_GDMo7X8C) Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. Assistant-director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Holidaying in Sikkim and Bhutan published by Nest and Wings ISBN 81-87592-07-9. Sikkim Land of Mystic and Splendour - published by Sikkim Tourism. Manorama Yearbook 2003 ISBN 81-900461-8-7. Strachey, Henry (1854). "Physical Geography of Western Tibet" (http://books.google.com/ books?id=FLJKJVmKq-YC). Journal of the Royal Geographical Society XXIII: 169, plus map. ISBN978-81-206-1044-6. ISSN0266-6235.

Further reading
Ray, Arundhati; Das, Sujoy (2001). Sikkim: A Traveller's Guide (http://books.google.com/ books?id=Xnw-2sU1KMoC). Orient Blackswan, New Delhi. ISBN 81-7824-008-4.

External links
Official website of the Government of Sikkim, maintained by the Department of Information Technology (http:// www.sikkim.gov.in/). "Details of the census" (http://web.archive.org/web/20060619194905/http://www.censusindia.net/profiles/ sik.html). Archived from the original (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/) on 19 June 2006. Sinlung News (http://www.sinlung.com/). Buddhist Monasteries of Sikkim (http://sikkim.nic.in/sws/glim_mon.htm). China backs India's bid for U.N. Council seat (http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/12/stories/ 2005041210160100.htm); Amit Baruah; The Hindu 12 April 2005. Sikkim Railway Link Project (http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/01/25/stories/ 2010012551081500.htm). Historic India-China link opens (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5150682.stm), BBC News. Sikkim (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Sikkim/) at the Open Directory Project. Sikkim travel guide from Wikitravel.

Delhi

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Delhi
Delhi
Federal district National Capital Territory of Delhi

From top clockwise: Lotus temple, Humayun's Tomb, Connaught Place, Akshardham temple and India Gate.

Delhi Location of Delhi in India. Coordinates: 283636N 771348E Country Government Lt. Governor Chief Minister Area Federal district Land Water Elevation Population (2011 estimate) [[1 E+9_m 159.0km2 (61.4sqmi) 18.0km2 (6.9sqmi) 0125m (0409ft) Tejendra Khanna Sheila Dikshit(INC) India

Delhi

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Federal district Metro Demonym Time zone ZIP code(s) Area code(s) Website 11,007,835 16,314,838 Delhiite Indian Standard Time (UTC+5.30) 110001-110098, 1100xx +91 11 delhi.gov.in [1]

Delhi (/dli/; locally pronounced Dillee or Dehli), officially the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the capital of India as well as the country's largest and 2nd most populous metropolis.[2] With 16.7 million residents as of the 2011 census, Delhi is also the 8th most populous metropolis in the world. The region has been given special status of National Capital Region (NCR) under the Indian constitution's 69th amendment act of 1991. There are nearly 22.2 million residents in the greater NCR urban area, which includes the neighboring cities of Ghaziabad, Noida, Greater Noida, Gurgaon, Sonepat and Faridabad along with other smaller nearby towns.[3] Delhi is known to have been continuously inhabited since 6th century BC.[4] Through most period of its history, Delhi has served as a capital of kingdoms and empires. It has been invaded, ransacked and rebuilt several times, particularly during the Medieval era, and therefore today's city of Delhi is a cluster of many capital cities scattered across the city's dimensions. Delhi is also widely believed to have been the site of Indraprastha (the legendary capital of the Pandavas during the times of the Mahabharata).[5] Delhi re-emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain after the rise of the Delhi sultanates.[6][7] It houses many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains. In 1639 AD, the Mughal emperor Shahjahan built a new walled city in Delhi which served as a capital of the Mughal Empire from 1649 until 1857.[8][9] The British had captured Delhi by 1803 and George V announced in 1911 that the capital of British controlled parts of India would be Delhi.[10] So a new capital city, New Delhi, was built to the south of the old city during the 1920s.[11] When India gained independence from British rule in 1947, New Delhi was declared its capital and seat of government. The name Delhi is often also used to include urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. Although technically a federally administered union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi, jointly administered by both the federal Government of India and the local Government of Delhi, is also the capital of the NCT of Delhi.

Etymology and idioms

A very common view is that its eponym is Dhillu or Dilu, a king of the Mauryan dynasty, who built the city in 50 BC and named it after himself.[5][12][13] The Hindi/Prakrit word dhili (loose) was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the Iron Pillar built by Raja Dhava had a weak foundation and was replaced.[13] The coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal.[14] Some other historians believe that the name is derived from Dilli, a corruption of dehleez or dehaliboth terms meaning 'threshold' or 'gateway' and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain.[15][16] Another theory suggests that the city's original name was Dhillika.[17] As per Bhavishya Purana, Prithviraj Chauhan, the King of Indraprastha built a new fort for convenience of all four castes, in his kingdom. He ordered to construct a gateway to that Fort and later named the fort the same (dehali). This fort was constructed in Purana Qila area.[18] The people of Delhi are referred to as Dilliwallahs or Delhiites.[19] Delhi is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Examples include:

Delhi Abhi Dilli door hai (or, its Persian version, Hanouz Dehli dour ast, literally meaning Delhi is still far away, which is generically said about a task or journey still far from completion. In Persian del or dili can mean heart, while other meanings include cordial, centre, love, etc.[20][21] Dilli dilwalon ka shehr or Dilli Dilwalon ki meaning Delhi belongs to the large-hearted/daring.[22] Aas-paas barse, Dilli pari tarse, literally meaning it pours all around, while Delhi lies parched. An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when there is plenty all around.[21]

582

History
Human habitation was probably present in and around Delhi during the second millennium BC and before, and continuous inhabitation has been evidenced since at least the 6th century BC.[4] The city is believed to be the site of Indraprastha, legendary capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata.[5] Settlements grew from the time of the Mauryan Empire (c. 300 BC). Remains of seven major cities have been discovered in Delhi. Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty founded the city of Lal Kot in AD 736. The Chauhans conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora. The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by the invader Muhammad Ghori.[5] In 1206, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, the first ruler of the Turkic Slave Dynasty established the Delhi Sultanate. Qutb-ud-din started the construction the Qutub Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), the earliest extant mosque in India.[5][27] After the fall of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic dynasties, the Khilji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodhi dynasty held power in the late medieval period, and built a sequence of forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi.[28] In 1398, Timur Lenk invaded India on the pretext that the Turkic Muslim sultans of Delhi were too lenient towards their Hindu subjects. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins.[29] Near Delhi, Timur massacred 100,000 captives.[30] Delhi was one of the major centre of Sufism during the Sultanate period.[31] In 1526, Zahiruddin Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from the Fergana Valley (in modern day Uzbekistan), invaded India and defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra.[5] The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reign of Sher Shah Suri, from

The iron pillar of Delhi, is said to have been fashioned at the time of Chandragupta Vikramaditya (375413) [23][24] of the Gupta Empire.

A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Red fort is the location from which the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence Day

1540

to

1556.[32]

During

Delhi

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15531556, the Hindu king, Hemu Vikramaditya acceded to the throne of Delhi by defeating forces of Mughal Emperor Akbar at Agra and Delhi. However, the Mughals reestablished their rule after Akbar's army defeated Hemu during the Second Battle of Panipat.[33][34][35] Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that sometimes bears his name (Shahjahanabad), and commonly is known as the Old City or Old Delhi.[36] The old city served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638.[36] After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence.[37] In 1737, Maratha forces sacked Delhi, following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739, a weakened Mughal Empire lost the Battle of Karnal, following which the victorious forces of Nader Shah, the Turkic ruler of Afsharid dynasty, invaded and looted Delhi, carrying away many treasures, including the Peacock Throne.[38] A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.[39] In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi, ending the Maratha rule over the city.[40] In January 1757, Abdali invaded Delhi. He returned to Afghanistan in April 1757 giving the control of Delhi to Najib-ud-Daula. However, Marathas occupied Delhi after defeating Najib in the Battle of Red Fort. In 1761, the Marathas lost Delhi as a consequence of the third battle of Panipat, the city was again raided by Abdali. In early 1771, ten years after the collapse of Maratha supremacy in north India in the Third Battle of Panipat, Marathas under Mahadji Shinde recaptured Delhi and restored the Mughal king Shah Alam II as a titular head to the throne in 1772. Delhi remained under Maratha control till 1803 in which British captured the city defeating Maratha army in the Battle of Delhi ending the Maratha rule in Delhi. The city now came under the control of British East India Company.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site, Built in 1560, Humayun's Tomb is the first example of Mughal tomb [25] complexes.

At 72.5m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft), A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Qutub Minar is the [26] world's tallest free-standing brick minaret.

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi came under direct rule of the British Government and was made a district province of the Punjab.[5] In 1911, the capital of British India was transferred from Calcutta to Delhi.[10] New Delhi, also known as Lutyens' Delhi,[41] was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947.[42] During the partition of India, thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while many Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues, contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.[43] The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.[44] The Act gave Delhi its own legislative assembly in Civil lines, though with limited powers.[44] In December 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants resulting in the death of six security personnel.[45] India suspected the hand of Pakistan-based militant

The ancient Yogmaya temple, claimed to be one of the five temples of the Mahabharata era in Delhi.

Delhi groups in the attacks resulting in a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries.[46] Delhi again witnessed terrorist attacks in October 2005 and September 2008 resulting in the deaths of 62 and 30[47] civilians respectively.

584

Geography
The National Capital Territory of Delhi is spread over an area of 1484km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi), of which 783km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) is designated rural, and 700km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) urban. Delhi has a maximum length of 51.9km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) and the maximum width of 48.48km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi). There are three local bodies (statutory towns) namely, Municipal Corporation of Delhi (area is 1397.3 km2 or unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi), New Delhi Municipal Committee (42.7 km2 or unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) and Delhi Cantonment Board (43 km2 or unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi).[48]

River Yamuna near Delhi

Delhi is located at 2837N 7714E, and lies in northern India. It borders the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the east and Haryana on the north, west and south. During British Raj it was adjacent to the province of Punjab and still historically and culturally tied closely to the region of Punjab.[49] Almost entirely within the Gangetic plains, two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The low-lying Yamuna flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. Reaching up to a height of 318m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft),[50] the Delhi ridge forms a dominating feature in this region. It originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, northeast and northwest parts of the city. Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. Another river called the Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. Delhi falls under seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to major earthquakes, but earthquakes have not been common in recent history.[51] Delhi has the third highest tree-cover among cities in India.[52] Delhi was one of the world's ten most polluted cities in the 1990s, with vehicles producing 70% of the polluting emissions.[53] In 1996 the Centre for Science and Environment started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to be run on Compressed Natural Gas and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the United States Department of Energys first Clean Cities International Partner of the Year award for bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives.[53]

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585

Climate
Delhi features an atypical version of the humid subtropical climate (Kppen Cwa). Summers are long and extremely hot, from early April to mid-October, with the monsoon season in between.[54] Early March sees a reversal in the direction of wind, from the north-western direction, to the south-western. The months of March to May see time of hot climate.[54] Monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with increase in humidity.[54] The brief, mild winter starts in late November and peaks in January and is notorious for its heavy fog.[55]
Lightning strikes near India Gate, New Delhi. Delhi Extreme temperatures range from -0.6 to 46.7 C (30.9to [56] receives much of its rainfall during the monsoon 116.1F). The annual mean temperature is 25 C (unknown season which lasts from July to September operator: u'strong'F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 C (55to 90F). The highest temperature recorded in July was 45 degrees Celsius almost a century ago,in 1931.[57][58] The average annual rainfall is approximately 714mm (unknown operator: u'strong'in), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.[5] The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June.[59]

Climate data for Delhi Month Average high C (F) Average low C (F) Jan
21.1

Feb
24.2

Mar
30.0

Apr
36.2

May
39.6

Jun
39.3

Jul
35.1

Aug
33.3

Sep
33.9

Oct
32.9

Nov
28.3

Dec
23.0

Year
31.4

7.3

10.1

15.4

21.5

25.9

28.3

26.6

25.9

24.4

19.5

12.8

8.2

18.8

20.3 15.0 15.8 6.7 17.5 54.9 231.5 258.7 127.8 36.3 5.0 7.8 797.3 Rainfall mm (0.799) (0.591) (0.622) (0.264) (0.689) (2.161) (9.114) (10.185) (5.031) (1.429) (0.197) (0.307) (31.39) (inches)

Avg. rainy days Mean monthly sunshine hours

1.7

1.3

1.2

0.9

1.4

3.6

10.0

11.3

5.4

1.6

0.1

0.6

39.1

213.9

217.5

238.7

261.0

263.5

198.0

167.4

176.7

219.0

269.7

246.0

217.0

2688.4

Source #1: WMO

[60] [61]

Source #2: HKO (sun only, 19711990)

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Civic administration
As of July 2007, the National Capital Territory of Delhi comprises nine districts, 27tehsils, 59census towns, 300villages,[62] and three statutory towns the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC); and the Delhi Cantonment Board (DCB).[63] On 16 July 2012, the Delhi Government, decided to increase the number of districts from the existing nine to 11.[64] The Delhi metropolitan area lies within the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). The NCT has five local municipal corporations; North Delhi Municipal Corporation, South Delhi Municipal Corporation, East Delhi Municipal Corporation, NDMC and DCB. The former MCD was trifurcated into three smaller Municipal Corporations - North Delhi, South Delhi and East delhi.[65] According to the census of 2011, MCD is among the largest municipal bodies in the world, providing civic services to the population of 11 million in the capital city.[66]

Map showing the nine districts of Delhi

Delhi houses the Supreme Court of India, and the regional Delhi High Court has jurisdiction over Delhi along with the lower courts; the Small Causes Court for civil cases; the Magistrate Court and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. Delhi is administratively divided into nine police-zones, which are further subdivided into 95 local police stations.[67]

Government and politics

The National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, council of ministers and Chief Minister. The legislative assembly seats are filled by direct election from territorial constituencies in the NCT. However, the Union Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi, a city in Delhi, which is the capital and seat of government of both the National Capital Territory of Delhi and of India itself. Services like transport and others are taken care of by the Delhi government, services such as the police are directly under the Supreme court is the apex court in the country. control of the Central Government.[68] The legislative assembly was re-established in 1993 for the first time since 1956, with direct federal rule in the span. In addition, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj act. New Delhi, an urban area in Delhi, is the seat of both the State Government of Delhi and the Government of India. The Parliament of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), Cabinet Secretariat and the Supreme Court of India are located in New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian parliament's lower house) constituencies in Delhi.[69][70] Indian National Congress formed all the governments in Delhi till 1990s.[71] In the 1990s, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) under the leadership of Madan Lal Khurana came into power.[71] However in 1998, Congress regained power under Sheila Dikshit, the incumbent Chief Minister.[71] The Congress retained power in the Legislative Assembly in the 2003 and 2008 elections also and has formed the current government under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit.[71][72]

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Economy
Further information: Economy of IndiaandEconomic development in India With an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2010) of 157817 crore (US$28.56 billion) in nominal terms and ~ 630000 crore (US$114.03 billion) in PPP terms, Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India.[73] As of 2010, the per capita income of Delhi was 135820 (US$2458.34), the third highest in Connaught Place in Delhi is an important economic hub of the National Capital Region India after Chandigarh and Goa. Delhi's Gross domestic product GDP (at 2004-05 prices), on an average, has registered an astonishing 10.7% growth for the past five years, making it one of the fastest emerging city in the region. Being a rich city, it is also one of the most livable cities in the country. As per the Economic survey of Delhi (20052006), the tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors, with 25.20% and 3.85% contribution, respectively.[74] Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population showing an increase of 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[75] Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 19992000 to 4.63% in 2003.[75] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi.[75] In 2001 the total workforce in all government (union and state) and quasi-government sector was 620,000. In comparison, the organised private sector employed 219,000.[75] Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism.[76] Delhi's manufacturing industry has also grown considerably as many consumer goods industries have established manufacturing units and headquarters in and around Delhi. Delhi's large consumer market, coupled with the easy availability of skilled labour, has attracted foreign investment in Delhi. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers while the number of industrial units was 129,000.[77] Construction, power, telecommunications, health and community services, and real estate form integral parts of Delhi's economy. Delhi has India's one of the largest and fastest growing retail industries.[78]

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Utility services
The water supply in Delhi is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of 200506, it supplied 650million gallons per day (MGD), where as the consumption requirement is estimated to be 963MGD.[79] The remaining requirement is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240MGD, the Bhakra storage is the largest water source for DJB, followed by the Yamuna and the Ganges. With reducing groundwater level and increasing population density, most of the time the residents encounter severely acute water shortage.[79] In Delhi, daily domestic solid wastes production is 8000tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD.[80] The daily domestic waste water production is 470MGD and industrial waste water is 70MGD.[81] A large portion of the sewerage flows untreated into the river Yamuna.[81] The city's per capita electricity consumption is about 1,265kWh but actual demand is much more.[82] In 1997, Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) replaced Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking which was managed by the MCD. The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.[83] State-owned Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and private enterprises like Vodafone Essar, Airtel, Idea cellular, Reliance Infocomm, Aircel and Tata Indicom provide telephone and cell phone service to the city. Cellular coverage is available in GSM as well as CDMA
The headquarters of the New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC).

Transport

The Indira Gandhi International Airport is the second busiest airport in South Asia after Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai. Shown here is Terminal 1D of the airport.

[84]

The DTC operates the world's largest fleet of CNG buses, totaling 9000

[53][85]

The Delhi Metro

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589

Air
Indira Gandhi International Airport is situated in the western corner of Delhi and serves as the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 200607, the airport recorded a traffic of more than 23 million passengers,[86][87] making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. A new 96.8 billion (US$1.75 billion) Terminal 3 handles an additional 34 million passengers annually in 2010.[88] The Delhi Flying Club was established here in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara was established at Safdarjung Airport which started operations as an airport in 1929, when it was the India's second airport and Delhis only airport.[89] The airport functioned until 2001, however in January 2002, due to security considerations in the post 9/11 scenario, the government closed the airport for flying activities, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses today .[89] Today it is mostly used for VVIP helicopter rides to the Indira Gandhi International Airport including the President and the PM.[90]

Rail
The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi as well as the satellite city of Gurgaon in the neighbouring Haryana, Noida, and Ghaziabad in neighbouring Uttar Pradesh. As of August 2011, the metro consists of six operational lines with a total length of 189km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) and 146 stations while several other lines are under construction.[91] The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II will cost an additional 216 billion (US$3.91 billion).[92] Phase-II of the network is under construction and will have a total length of 128km and it was completed by 2010.[93] Delhi is a major junction in the rail map of India and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The five main railway stations are New Delhi railway station, Old Delhi, Nizamuddin Railway Station, Anand Vihar Railway Terminal and Sarai Rohilla.[94] In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists.[95]

Roads
As of 2007, private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport.[94] At 1922.32km of road length per 100km2, Delhi has one of the highest road densities in India.[94] Delhi is well connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, 2, 8, 10 and 24. Roads in Delhi are maintained by MCD (Municipal Corporation of Delhi), NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority.[96] Delhi's high population growth rate, coupled with high economic growth rate has resulted in an ever increasing demand for transport creating excessive pressure on the city's existent transport infrastructure. As of 2008. Also, the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, i.e., Delhi NCR is 112 lakhs (11.2 million).[97] In 2008, there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents.[98] In order to meet the transport demand in Delhi, the State and Union government started the construction of a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro.[94] In 1998, the Supreme Court of India ordered all public transport vehicles of Delhi to use compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel instead of diesel and other hydro-carbons.[99] The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway connects Delhi with Gurgaon and the international airport. The DND Flyway and Noida-Greater Noida Expressway connect Delhi with two prosperous suburbs of Noida and Greater Noida.[100][101] Buses are the most popular means of transport catering to about 60% of the total demand.[94] The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service provider for the city. The DTC operates the world's largest fleet of environment-friendly CNG buses.[102] Delhi BRTS is Bus rapid transit serving the city which runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate.

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590

Demographics

The Akshardham temple, the largest Hindu temple complex in the world. Hinduism is the predominant faith in Delhi. More than 80% of the people in the city are Hindus.

Population Growth of Delhi

Census 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 405819 413851 488452 636246 917939 1744072 2658612 4065698 6220406 9420644 13782976 16753235 % 2.0% 18.0% 30.3% 44.3% 90.0% 52.4% 52.9% 53.0% 51.4% 46.3% 21.6%

source: Huge population rise in 1951 due to large scale migration after Partition of India in 1947.

[103]

Delhi has a large expatriate population. According to the 2011 census of India, the population of Delhi is 16,753,235.[103] The corresponding population density was 11,297 persons per km2, with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate (per 1000 population) were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08, respectively.[104] According a 19992000 estimate, the total number of people living below the poverty line, defined as living on $11 or less per month, in Delhi was 1,149,000 (which was 8.23% of the total population, compared to 27.5% of India as a whole).[105] In 2001, the population of Delhi increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by an additional 215,000 as a result of natural population growth[104] this made Delhi one of the fastest growing cities in the world. By 2015, Delhi is expected to be the third-largest agglomeration in the world after Tokyo and Mumbai.[106] Dwarka, Asia's largest planned residential

Delhi colony, is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi.[107] Hinduism is the religion of more than 80% of Delhi's population. There are also large communities of Muslims (10%), Sikhs (7.9%), Baha'i (0.1%), Jains (1.1%) and Christians (0.9%) in the city.[108] Other minorities include Parsis, Anglo-Indians, Buddhists and Jews.[109] Hindustani language is the principal spoken language[110] while English is the principal written language of the city.[111] 52% of Delhi lives in slums[112] without basic services like water, electricity, sanitation, sewage system, proper housing etc.[113][114] In 2005, Delhi accounted for the highest percentage (16.2%) of the crimes reported in the 35 cities in India with populations of one million or more.[115] The city has highest rate of kidnapping and abduction cases with 9.3% while the national rate is 2.2%.[116] Delhi accounts for 15.4% of crime against women in Indian cities.[116]

591

Culture

Traditional pottery on display in Dilli Haat

Rice and Kadai chicken from Delhi

The Auto Expo is held annually at Pragati Maidan and showcases the technological prowess of the Indian automobile industry

The Pragati Maidan in Delhi hosts the World Book Fair annually.

Delhi's culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. This is exemplified by the many monuments of significance found in the city; the Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1200 heritage buildings[117] and 175 monuments in Delhi as national heritage sites.[118] The Old City is the site where the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architectural marvels like the Jama Masjid (India's

Delhi largest mosque)[119] and Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sitesthe Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Humayun's Tombare located in Delhi.[120] Other monuments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar (an 18th-century astronomical observatory) and the Purana Qila (a 16th century fortress). The Laxminarayan temple, Akshardham temple, the Bah' Lotus temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of the British colonial architecture. Important structures include the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung's Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style. Some of old regal havelis (palatial residences) are still there in the Old City.[121] Chandni Chowk, a three-century-old shopping area, is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris.[122] Delhi's arts and crafts work include, Zardosi[123] (an embroidery done with gold thread[124]) and Meenakari[125] (the art of enamelling[126]).

592

Festivals
Delhi's association and geographic proximity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events like Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.[127] The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.[128][129] Over the centuries Delhi is known for its composite culture, and a festival that symbolizes it truly is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place each year in September, and where flowers and fans embroidered with flowers, pankha are offered to the shrine of 13th century Sufi saint, Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki, along with the Yogmaya temple also situated in Mehrauli.[130] Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Chhath, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivaratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Moharram and Buddha Jayanti.[129] The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as the chosen backdrop of the event.[131] Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia's largest auto show,[132] is held in Delhi biennially. The World Book Fair, held biannually at the Pragati Maidan, is the second largest exhibition of books in the world with as many as 23 nations participating in the event.[133] Delhi is often regarded as the "Book Capital" of India because of high readership.[134]

Cuisine
As a national capital of India and centuries old Mughal capital, Delhi has a cosmopolitan settlement, which gradually influenced the food habits among the residents, it is a place where Mughlai cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine today there are variety of international cuisine's which are popular among the residents.[135] The dearth of food habits among the residents of Delhi had created a unique style of cooking, which became popular throwout the world, such as; Kebab, biryani, tandoori food, Butter chicken, Aloo Chaat, chaat, dahi bhalla, kachori, Jalebi and Lassi.[135][136]:40-50, 189-196 As a metropolitan city, the fast living habits of the people had motivated the growth of the street food joints in Delhi,[136]:41 a trend of dinning at local dhaba's is popular among the residents, where as some people prefer to eat at profile restaurants, which had gained popularity in the recent years, among those popular restaurants are Karim Hotel, Punjab Grill and Bukhara.[137] The Gali Paranthe Wali ("the street of fried bread") is a street located in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since 1870's, almost the entire street is occupied by the Fast food stalls or street vendors who regularly invites the street passer, It has almost been a tradition that almost all the Prime Minister of India had visited here to have Paratha at least once, and almost all the other Indian Cuisine are also

Delhi available here.[136]:40-50[138]

593

Education
Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government, or private organizations. In the year 2006, higher education institutions in the city included 165 colleges; five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges,[140] seven major universities (Delhi University, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Jamia Millia Islamia, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), National Law University (NLU Delhi), Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and Jamia Hamdard), and nine deemed universities.[140] Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University are the only state universities; IGNOU is for distance education learning; the rest are all central universities.[141]

Consistently ranked as India's top medical college, All India Institute of Medical Sciences is a global leader in medical research and [139] treatment

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi is ranked as Asia's fourth-best institute in science and [142] technology in the year 1999.

Private schools in Delhiwhich employ either English or Hindi as the language of instructionare affiliated to one of three administering bodies: the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In 200405, approximately 15.29lakh (1.529million) students were enrolled in primary schools, 8.22lakh (0.822million) in middle schools and 6.69lakh (0.669million) in secondary schools across Delhi.[140] Female students represented 49% of the total enrollment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.[140]

Higher education or research institutes in Delhi include All India Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Planning and Architecture, Dr.Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital & PGIMER, Maulana Azad Medical College, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Indian Statistical Institute, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, Delhi Technological University, National Law University, Delhi, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Indian Law Institute, Delhi School of Economics, Jamia Millia Islamia, AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre etc. As of 2008, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree.[143]

Delhi

594

Media
As the capital of India, Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many country-wide media agencies, among them the state-owned Press Trust of India, Media Trust Of India and Doordarshan, are based in the city. Television programming in the city includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English and regional-languages cable channels offered by multi system operators. Satellite television, in contrast, has yet to gain large-scale subscribership in the city.[144] Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. Newspapers, including Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Pavitra Bharat, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar and Dainik Desbandhu.[145] Amongst the English language newspapers, The Hindustan Times, with over a million copies in circulation, is the single largest daily.[146] Other major English newspapers include Times of India, The Hindu, Indian Express, Business Standard, The Pioneer and Asian Age. Regional dailies include Malayala Manorama and Delhi Uptodate (weekly) Dinakaran.[145]

Pitampura TV Tower broadcasts programming to Delhi

Radio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although FM radio has been gaining ground[147] since the inauguration of several new FM channels in 2006.[148] A number of state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi, including All India Radio (AIR).[149] Other city-based radio stations include "Aaj Tak", "Radio City (91.1 MHz)", "Big FM (92.7 MHz)", "Red FM (93.5MHz)", "Radio One (94.3 MHz)", "Hit FM( 95 MHz)", "Apna Radio", "Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz)", "FM Rainbow (102.6 MHz)", "Fever FM (104 MHz)", "Oye FM (104.8 MHz)", "FM Gold (106.4 MHz)".[150]

Sports
Many sporting events have been hosted in Delhi including 2010 Hockey World Cup, 2010 Commonwealth Games and 2011 Cricket World Cup at Feroz Shah Kotla. Commonwealth Games were one of the largest sports event held in India from 3 to 14 October 2010 in Delhi.[151][152] The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event, in New Delhi, India which began at 7:00pm 2010 Commonwealth Games's opening Ceremony at the Jawaharlal (IST) on 3 October 2010.[153] The ceremony featured Nehru Stadium, the third largest stadium in India over 8,000 performers, and lasted for two-and-a-half [154] hours. It is estimated that 350 crore (US$63.35 million) were spent to produce the ceremony.[155] Events took place at 12 competition venues. A total of 20 training venues were used in the Games. Of these 20, one was used for archery; three for aquatics; two for lawn bowls; two for netball; eight for rugby sevens, including seven venues within Delhi University; two for shooting; one for squash; two for table tennis; one for weightlifting, three for wrestling and two for tennis.[156]

Delhi Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi.[157] There are several cricket grounds (or maidans) located across the city. The Feroz Shah Kotla stadium is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches. The Delhi cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy, a domestic first-class cricket championship.[158] The city is also home to the IPL team Delhi Daredevils, and ICL team Delhi Giants (earlier named Delhi Jets). Ambedkar Stadium, a football stadium in Delhi which holds 20,000 people served as the host for Indian football team's World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012.[159] Delhi also witnessed India winning back to back trophies in football the 2007 Nehru Cup defeating Syria 10,[160] and the 2009 Nehru Cup.[161] In Elite Football League of India Delhi Defenders, the team's first season was played in Pune, and it was Delhi's first professional American football franchise.[162] The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games.[156][163] Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, a suburb of Delhi, is the annual host of the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix.[164] Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium and the Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium are other stadiums in Delhi. In the past, Delhi has hosted several domestic and international sporting events, such as the First and the Ninth Asian Games.[165] Delhi hosted the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the largest multi-sport event ever held in India. Delhi lost bidding for the 2014 Asian Games,[166] and considered making a bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics.[167] However, sports minister Manohar Singh Gill later stated that funding infrastructure would come before a 2020 bid.[168] The mess left behind after the Commonwealth Games prompted Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to replace Sports and Youth Affairs minister Manohar Singh Gill with Ajay Maken in the 19 January 2011 Cabinet reshuffle.[169]

595

Sister cities and twin regions

Delhi has the following sister cities[170]
City Seoul Chicago London Los Angeles Sydney Kuala Lumpur Moscow Tokyo Ulan Bator Saint Petersburg Paris (Partner City) Yerevan (Partner City) Geographical location Seoul National Capital Area Illinois England California New South Wales Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Moscow Kant region (Honsh island) Mid-East Mongolia Saint Petersburg le-de-France Yerevan Nation South Korea United States 2001 [171] Since

United Kingdom 2002[172] United States Australia Malaysia Russia Japan Mongolia Russia France Armenia Japan 2002 2002 2006 [173] [173] [174] 2002 [173]

2008 2007

Fukuoka Prefecture (Twin region) Kyushu

Delhi

596

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Further reading
Economic Survey of Delhi 20052006 (http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic Survey/ES 2005-06/ES2005-06. htm). Planning Department. Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. Retrieved on 12 February 2007 Horton, P (2002). Lonely Planet Delhi (3 ed.). Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN1-86450-297-5. Rowe, P; Coster, P (2004). Delhi (Great Cities of the World). World Almanac Library. ISBN0-8368-5197-8. Four-part series on Delhi (May 30-June 2, 2012). Metrocity Journal: Delhi's Changing Landscape (http://blogs. wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/05/30/metrocity-journal-delhis-changing-landscape//). The Wall Street Journal.

External links
Government NCT of Delhi Government Website (http://delhi.gov.in/) Department of Tourism, Government of NCT of Delhi (http://www.delhitourism.nic.in/) New Delhi / NCR Classified Advertisement Portal (http://www.clickdelhi.in/) Other Delhi travel guide from Wikitravel Delhi (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Delhi/) at the Open Directory Project

Pondicherry

603

Pondicherry
Union Territory of Puducherry Territoire de Pondichry
union territory

Map of Pondicherry/Pondichry Coordinates: 1156N 7950E Country Established India 1 July 1963

Capital and Largest city Pondicherry District(s) Government Lt. Governor Chief Minister Legislature Area Total Population Total Rank Time zone ISO 3166 code Official languages Website 1,244,464 2nd IST (UTC+05:30) IN-PY Tamil, French, Telugu, Malayalam www.pon.nic.in [1] 492km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) Iqbal Singh N. Rangaswamy (AINRC) Unicameral (30 seats) 4

Pondicherry /pndtri/ is a Union Territory of India formed out of four enclaves of former French India and named for the largest, Pondicherry.

Pondicherry The name, which means "New Town" in Tamil,[2] is Putuccri or Piccri in Tamil and Pondichry in French. In September 2006, the territory changed its official name from Pondicherry (Piccri) to Puducherry (Putuccri).[3] It is also known as "The French Riviera of the East" (La Cte d'Azur de l'Est).

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Geography
Pondicherry consists of four small unconnected districts: Pondicherry, Karaikal and Yanam on the Bay of Bengal and Mah on the Arabian Sea. Pondicherry and Karaikal are by far the larger ones and are both enclaves of Tamil Nadu. Yanam and Mah are enclaves of Andhra Pradesh and Kerala respectively. The territory has a total area of 492km: Pondicherry 293km, Karaikal 160km, Mah 9km and Yanam 30km. It has the total population of 900,000 inhabitants (2001). Some of those enclaves are themselves amalgamations of non-contiguous enclaves, often called pockets in India. Thus, Pondicherry district is made of 12 pockets, some of which are very small (see map) and entirely surrounded by the territory of Tamil Nadu. For its part, Mahe district is made of 3 pockets. This unusual geography is a legacy of the colonial period since the U.T. of Pondicherry has retained the borders of former French India.

History
The History of Pondicherry can be traced back to the 2nd century. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, of the early 2nd century, mentions a marketplace named Poduke (ch. 60), which G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly being Arikamedu (now part of Ariyankuppam), about 2 miles from the modern Pondicherry. Huntingford further notes that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937, and archeological excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was "a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century AD".[4]

Mah beach

French influence
A remarkable degree of French influence in Pondicherry exists to this date. Pondicherry was designed based on the French (originally Dutch) grid pattern and features neat sectors and perpendicular streets. The town is divided into two sections: the French Quarter (Ville Blanche or 'White town') and the Indian quarter (Ville Noire or 'Black Town'). Many streets still retain their French names, and French style villas are a common sight. In the French quarter, the buildings are typically colonial style with long compounds and stately walls. The Indian quarter consists of houses lined with verandas and houses with large doors and grills. These French and Indian style houses are identified and their architecture preserved from destruction by an organization named INTACH. The use of the French language can be still seen in Pondicherry. Pondicherry still has a large number of Indian and a small number of non-Indian descent residents with French passports. These are descendants of those who chose to remain French when the then-ruling French establishment presented the people of Pondicherry with an option to either remain French or become Indians at the time of Pondicherry's transfer to India in 1954. Apart from the monuments pertaining to the French period, there is the French Consulate in Pondicherry and several cultural organisations. Another important one is Le Foyer du Soldat legion hall for soldiers who served in French wars. Of the cultural organisations the French Institute of Pondicherry, the Pondicherry Centre of the cole franaise d'Extrme-Orient and a branch of the Alliance Franaise are noteworthy. A French-medium school system, the Lyce Franais de Pondichry, continues to operate under the aegis of the French Minister of National Education.

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Official languages of government

The official languages of Pondicherry are Tamil (89%), Malayalam (3.8%), Telugu (2.9% Yanam) and French (1%). The status of each language varies by district. When communicating between districts of different languages, generally English is used for convenience. Tamil is used by the Pondicherry government, especially used when communicating within and between the Tamil majority districts (Pondicherry and Karikal) along with issuing official decrees. Telugu is widely spoken in Pondicherry, Karaikal and Yanam districts. Malayalam is spoken in Mahe and Pondicherry regions. French is also the official language of Pondicherry Union territory. It was the official language of French India (16731954) and its official language status was preserved by the Treaty of Cession signed by the Indian Union and the French Republic on 28 May 1956.

Map of Pondicherry Region, Union Territory of Pondicherry, India

French remained as the de jure official language of Pondicherry U.T by the Article XXVIII of the Treaty of Cession, which states that: "The French language shall remain the official language of the Establishments so long as the elected representatives of the people shall not decide otherwise" [English version][5]

Regional official languages

Tamil: An official language of Pondicherry. It is the most widely spoken language in the territory. Pondicherry, being a neighbour of Tamil Nadu, shares much of its culture. French: As Pondicherry was once a colonial enclave of France, French remains an official language in the districts of Pondicherry itself and Karaikal.[6] Telugu: An official language of Pondicherry, but used more within Yanam (Telugu district). So, more correctly, it is considered a regional official language of Pondicherry while being the official language of Yanam District. Malayalam: An official language of Pondicherry used only in Mah (Kerala State). More correctly, it is considered a regional official language of Pondicherry while being the official language of Mah District.

Official symbols
On April 16, 2007, the government of Pondicherry announced that the following to be its state symbol:[7]
State bird Koel

State animal Squirrel State flower Cannonball tree's flower State tree Bael Fruit Tree

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Government and administration

Pondicherry is a Union Territory of India, and a separate state, which implies that the governance and administration of the territory falls directly under the federal authority in New Delhi. However, along with Delhi, Pondicherry is one of the two union territories in India which is entitled by special constitutional amendments to have an elected legislative assembly and a cabinet of ministers, thereby enjoying partial statehood powers. Under the special provision, the government is permitted to make laws with respect to specific matters. In many cases, such legislation may require the ratification from the federal government or the assent of the President of India. The Centre is represented by the lieutenant governor, who resides at the Raj Nivas (Le Palais du Gouverneur) at the Park, the former palace of the French governor. The central government is more directly involved in the financial well-being of the territory, as against the states where financial administration, given a budgeted central grant is the responsibility to the state governments. Consequently, Pondicherry has at various times, enjoyed lower taxes, especially in the indirect category.

Pondicherry Legislative Assembly

Special administration status

According to the Treaty of Cession of 1956, the four territories of former French India were guaranteed to retain their special administrative status. That is why Pondicherry is the only Union Territory with some special provisions like Legislative Assembly, French is an official language, etc. Article II of the Treaty states that "The Establishments will keep the benefit of the special administrative status which was in force prior to 1 November 1954. Any constitutional changes in this status which may be made subsequently shall be made after ascertaining the wishes of the people."

In Indian philosophy
Pondicherry was the residence of Sri Aurobindo. The Sri Aurobindo Ashram and its Auroville offshoot still operate from Pondicherry.

Pondicherry in literature
Pondicherry was the setting for the first third of the Booker prize-winning novel Life of Pi by Yann Martel. Lee Langley's novel A house in Pondicherry was likewise set there. "Prince Pondicherry" is an Indian character from Roald Dahl's novel Charlie and The Chocolate Factory. The prince orders Willy Wonka to build a palace of chocolate in India, which then melts in the hot sun.

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Economy
Macro-economic trend
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Pondicherry at market prices estimated [48] by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in millions of Indian rupees.
Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 1,840 1985 3,420 1990 6,030 1995 13,200 2000 37,810

Pondicherry's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $2 billion in current prices. The potential for fisheries is substantial in the Union Territory. The four regions of the Union Territory have a coastline of 45km with 675km2 of inshore waters, 1.347 ha of inland water and 800 ha of brackish water. There are 27 marine fishing villages and 23 inland fishing villages with fishermen population of about 65,000 of which 13,000 are actively engaged in fishing. Irrigation tanks and ponds are also tapped for commercial fish rearing. The Railways play a vital role for speedy economic growth. The entire cost towards execution of the new broad gauge line for 10.7km from Karaikal to Nagore would now be funded by the Ministry of Railways and work has already been awarded on turn key basis for laying the new railway line in a period of 18 months. The present availability of power is about 400 MW. The demand is likely to increase with the development of Port, Special Economic Zone, other industrial development, trade, commerce etc. The Government has decided to expand the Pondicherry Airport so that air services can be improved gradually over the years, to land aircraft like ATR-42 and Boeing 737NG, in order to meet the growing demand for air travel. A MoU has already been signed with Airports Authority of India for expansion of Pondicherry Airport in two phases.[8]

Transport
Rail
Pondicherry is connected by a railway branch line from the five-way junction at Viluppuram (town). The railway line is being gauge converted under Project Unigauge from metre gauge to broad gauge.[9]

Road network
Pondicherry is endowed with excellent infrastructural facilities on par with the best available in the country. A network of all weather metalled roads connecting every village exists in the territory. Pondicherry has a road length of 2552km (road length per 4.87km), the highest in the country. Road length comparison with Tamilnadu and India as a whole

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ROADS Total Road Length (in Pondicherry) Road Length per 1000km. Pondicherry Tamil Nadu 4575 1572 2552km. India 663

Classification of roads
Sl. No. 1 2 3 Type of road National Highways State Highways District & Other Roads Pondicherry 173.384 Karaikal 55.162 Mah 19.622 Yanam 26.460 274.628 4 Rural Roads Pondicherry 164.964 Karaikal 83.470 248.434 Grand Total 248.434 636.816 274.628 Length in (km) 64.450 49.304

Air
Pondicherry has an airport at Lawspet which the Pondicherry Government has decided to expand to accommodate larger aircraft. A new Terminal building is scheduled to be ready by August 2012.[10] Karaikal Airport, a greenfield airport to be ready by 2014, will be the first airport in the country to be built entirely with private capital.[11]

Educational institutions
Pondicherry University
Pondicherry is a Union Territory with one of the highest levels of quality of life in the country with moderate physical infrastructure and almost a hundred per cent literacy level. It is also the place where Sri Aurobindo and the Mother chose to stay and their writings remain a tremendous source of spiritual awakening that emphasizes the progress of humanity and its spiritual brotherhood. A unique experimental city, Auroville, the brainchild of the Mother, whose inhabitants are drawn from all parts of the world, is situated on the outskirts of the city. Pondicherry, which still carries several marks of French culture and heritage, was also the place where the national poet Shri Subramania Bharathiar wrote several of his masterpieces that fanned the flames of freedom and also enriched modern Tamil literature. Bharathidasan, a staunch disciple of Subramania Bharathiar, whose poems stressed social revolution and emancipation of women, was also an eminent son of Pondicherry. Therefore, it is, indeed, in the fitness of things that this city with such an illustrious history should also have the distinction of housing a Central University that would meet the needs of the people of the Southern states of India in general and those of Pondicherry in particular, for higher education.[12]

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Institutions
Universities and colleges in Pondicherry [13] Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research Rajiv Gandhi College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mahatma Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Dental Sciences Christ college of Engineering and technology RVS engineering College Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Perunthalaivar Kamarajar Institute of Engineering and Technology[14] Pondicherry Engineering College Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering and Technology Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology Sri Ganesh College of Engineering & Technology Sri Manakula Vinayagar Engineering College Sri Manakula Vinayagar Medical College & Hospital Pondicherry Institutes of Medical Sciences Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences Kasthurba College for Women, Villianur,Pondicherry Vinayaka Missions Medical College Regency Institute of Technology Shree Sathguru Engg. College University College of Engineering Bharathiyar College of Engineering and Technology Mahatma Gandhi Government Arts College, Mahe Aarupadai Veedu Medical College & Hospital[15] Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre Mahe co-operative college for higher studies and education Sri Aurobindo International Centre of Education Tagore Arts College National Institute of Technology, Puducherry Achariya College of Engineering & Technology [16] Orient Flight School [17]

References
[1] http:/ / www. pon. nic. in [2] South Asia | New name for old French territory (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 5365248. stm). BBC News (2006-09-20). Retrieved on 2012-04-10. [3] National : Bill to rename Pondicherry as Puducherry passed (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2006/ 08/ 22/ stories/ 2006082207481000. htm). The Hindu (2006-08-22). Retrieved on 2012-04-10. [4] The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, transl. G.W.B. Huntingford (Hakluyt Society, 1980), p. 119. [5] Le franais restera langue officielle des tablissements aussi longtemps que les reprsentants lus de la population n'auront pas pris une dcision diffrente [French version)] [6] (http:/ / www. tlfq. ulaval. ca/ axl/ EtatsNsouverains/ inde-pondicherry. htm) [7] The Hindu: Puducherry comes out with list of State symbols (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2007/ 04/ 21/ stories/ 2007042103560200. htm), April 16, 2007 [8] "Puducherry airport to go on stream in October" (http:/ / articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/ 2011-09-03/ news/ 30110146_1_puducherry-airport-runway-lawspet). The Economic Times. 03 Sept 2011. . Retrieved 3 January 2012.

Pondicherry
[9] Business Portal of India : Investment Opportunities and Incentives : State Level Investment : Puducherry : Infrastructure (http:/ / business. gov. in/ investment_incentives/ infrastructure_pc. php). Business.gov.in. Retrieved on 2012-04-10. [10] "Flight operations await new terminal" (http:/ / ibnlive. in. com/ news/ flight-operations-await-new-terminal/ 256422-60-118. html). IBN Live. 10 May 2012. . Retrieved 3 July 2012. [11] "Coimbatore firm to build India's first private airport in Karaikal" (http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2012-03-13/ coimbatore/ 31159347_1_greenfield-airports-private-airport-karaikal). Times of India. 13 March 2012. . Retrieved 3 July 2012. [12] University, Pondicherry. "Pondicherry University" (http:/ / www. pondiuni. edu. in/ about_uni. htm). . [13] http:/ / pondicherrycolleges. com/ [14] www.pkiet.edu.in [15] avmcpondy.com [16] http:/ / www. achariya. in/ acet/ [17] http:/ / www. orientflights. com/

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External links
Official website of the Government of the Union Territory of Pondicherry (http://www.pon.nic.in/) Future of French India. Russell H. Fifield (http://www.jstor.org/stable/3024284) Puducherry its Early Origins (http://www.pon.nic.in/open/regions/pondy/origin.htm) Freedom struggle in Pondicherry (http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f1808986.html)

Indian Ministry for External Affaires 1956 Treaty of Cession (http://meaindia.nic.in/treatiesagreement/ 1956/chap133.htm) Exploration Off Arikamedu by Archaeological Survey of India (http://asi.nic.in/index3.asp?sublink2id=24) About Pondicherry (http://about-pondicherry.blogspot.com)

Chandigarh
Or see Chandigarh district.

Chandigarh
City and Union Territory

Open Hand Monument Nickname(s): The City Beautiful

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Chandigarh Coordinates: 3045N 7647E Country Union Territory Capital Area City and Union Territory 114km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) Area rank Elevation Population City and Union Territory 960787 Rank Density Metro [1] 29th unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) 1025682 [2] Languages Official Other Time zone Telephone code ISO 3166 code Largest city Hindi, English and Punjabi Haryanvi dialect of Hindi IST (UTC+5:30) 91-172-XXX XXXX IN-CH Chandigarh [3] Mayor: Rajbala Malik (INC) 33 350m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) India Chandigarh Chandigarh

HDI 0.892 HDI Category Literacy Website very high 81.9 chandigarh.nic.in [4]

The city of Chandigarh comprises all of the union territory's area

Chandigarh Chandigarh [ti] is a city and union territory in India that serves as the capital of two states, Haryana and Punjab. The name Chandigarh translates as "The Fort of Chandi". The name is derived from an ancient temple called Chandi Mandir, devoted to the Hindu goddess Chandi, in the city.[5] It is also referred to as The City Beautiful due to its beautiful surroundings, central grid of gardens, each dedicated to different species of flora. The city of Chandigarh was the first planned city in India post independence in 1947 (pre-independence planned cities include Dispur in Assam, New Delhi in Delhi, Udaipur in Rajasthan, etc.) and is known internationally for its architecture and urban design.[6] The city has projects designed by architects such as Le Corbusier, Pierre Jeanneret, Jane Drew, and Maxwell Fry. The city tops the list of Indian States and Union Territories with the highest per capita income in the country at Rs.99,262 at current prices and Rs.70,361 at constant prices (20062007).[7] The city was reported in 2010 to be the "cleanest" in India, based on a national government study,[8] and the territory also headed the list of Indian states and territories according to research conducted using 2005 data by Human Development Index.[9]

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History
After the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, the former British province of Punjab was also split between India and Pakistan. The Indian state of Punjab required a new capital city to replace Lahore, which became part of Pakistan during the partition.[10] After several plans to make additions to existing cities were found to be unfeasible for various reasons, the decision to construct a new and planned city was undertaken. Of all the new town schemes in independent India, the Chandigarh project quickly assumed prime significance, because of the city's strategic location as well as the personal interest of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of independent India. Commissioned by Nehru to reflect the new nation's modern, progressive outlook, Chandigarh was designed by the French (born Swiss) architect and urban planner, Le Corbusier, in the 1950s. Le Corbusier was in fact the second architect of the city, after the initial master plan was prepared by the American architect-planner Albert Mayer (planner) who was working with the Polish-born architect Matthew Nowicki. On 1 November 1966, the newly formed Indian state of Haryana was carved out of the eastern portion of the Punjab, in order to create Haryana as a majority Hindi-speaking state (with a Hindu majority), while the western portion of Punjab retained a mostly Punjabi language-speaking majority (with a Sikh majority) and remained as the current day federated state of Punjab. However, the city of Chandigarh was on the border, and was thus created into a union territory to serve as capital of both these states.[11] Recently, political groups such as the Akali Dal have argued that Chandigarh should become solely the capital of Punjab.

Geography and climate

Chandigarh is located near the foothills of the Shivalik range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 44.5 sqmi or 114km. and shares its borders with the states of Haryana and Punjab. The exact cartographic co-ordinates of Chandigarh are 3044N 7647E.[12] It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053ft). The surrounding districts are of Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana and Mohali, Patiala and Roopnagar in Punjab. The boundary of the state of Himachal Pradesh is also minutes away from its north border.

Sukhna Lake

Chandigarh Chandigarh has a humid subtropical climate characterized by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall and great variation in temperature (-1 C to 41.2 C). In winter, pieces of snow sometimes occurs during December and January. The average annual rainfall is 1110.7 mm [13]. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the west.

613

Average temperature
Spring: The climate remains the most enjoyable part of the year during the spring season (from mid-February to mid-April). Temperatures vary between (max) 16 C to 25 C and (min) 9 C to 18 C. Autumn: In autumn (from Mid-September to mid November.), the temperature may rise to a maximum of 36 C. Temperatures usually remain between 16 to 27 in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 11 C. Summer: The temperature in summer (from Mid-May to Mid-June) may rise to a maximum of 45 C (rarely). Temperatures generally remain between 35 C to 40 C (94 - 101F). Monsoon: During monsoon(from mid-June to mid-September), Chandigarh receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during the month of August or September). Usually, the rain bearing monsoon winds blow from south-west/ south-east. Mostly, the city receives heavy rain from south (which is mainly a persistent rain) but it generally receives most of its rain during monsoon either from North-west or North-east. Maximum amount of rain received by the city of Chandigrah during monsoon season is 195.5mm in a single day. Winter: Winters (November to Mid-March) are mild but it can sometimes get quite chilly in Chandigarh. Average temperatures in the winter remain at (max) 7 C to 15 C and (min) 0C to 8 C. Rain usually comes from the west during winters and it is usually a persistent rain for 23 days with sometimes hail-storms.
Climate data for Chandigarh Month Average high C (F) Average low C (F) Precipitation mm (inches) Jan
20 6

Feb
23 8

Mar
28 13

Apr
35 19

May
38 23

Jun
39 25

Jul
34 24

Aug
33 23

Sep
33 22

Oct
32 17

Nov
27 11

Dec
22 7

Year

33 39 30 9 28 145 280 308 133 22 9 22 1058 (1.3) (1.54) (1.18) (0.35) (1.1) (5.71) (11.02) (12.13) (5.24) (0.87) (0.35) (0.87) (41.65) Source: World Weather Information Service
[14]

Environment
Most of Chandigarh is covered by dense Banyan and Eucalyptus plantations. Asoka, Cassia, Mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem.The city has forests surrounding it which sustain many animal and plant species. Deers, Sambars, Barking Deers, Parrots, Woodpeckers and Peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese, and attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in the winter season. A parrot sanctuary located in the city is home to a variety of bird species.

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Architecture and urban planning

Taking over from Albert Mayer (planner), Le Corbusier produced a plan for Chandigarh that conformed to the modern city planning principles of Congrs International d'Architecture Moderne CIAM, in terms of division of urban functions, an anthropomorphic plan form, and a hierarchy of road and pedestrian networks. This vision of Chandigarh, contained in the innumerable conceptual maps on the drawing board together with notes and sketches had to be translated into brick and mortar, as lead by the Chief Engineer appointed to the Legislative Assembly by Le Corbusier project, Ajit Gill. Le Corbusier retained many of the seminal ideas of Mayer and Nowicki, like the basic framework of the master plan and its components: The Capitol, City Center, besides the University, Industrial area, and linear parkland. Even the neighborhood unit was retained as the basic module of planning. However, the curving outline of Mayer and Nowicki was reorganized into a mesh of rectangles, and the buildings were characterized by an "honesty of materials". Exposed brick and boulder stone masonry in its rough form produced unfinished concrete surfaces, in geometrical structures. This became the architectural form characteristic of Chandigarh, set amidst landscaped gardens and parks. Chandigarh Museum and Art gallery have a separate section dedicated to the architecture of Chandigarh.

Chandigarh administration
Chandigarh Administration is under the control of the Administrator who is appointed under the provisions of Article 239 of the Constitution of India. The administrative control of Chandigarh is under the Ministry of Home Affairs. The Adviser to the Administrator, a very senior officer equivalent to the Chief Secretary of a state, belonging to one of the All India Services, is second in command after the Administrator. S/He generally belongs to the AGMU cadre of the Indian Administrative Service. The Deputy Commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service, is the in-charge of the General Administration in the Chandigarh UT. The Senior Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service, is responsible for maintaining Law & Order and related issues in the Chandigarh UT. The Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for the management of the Forests, Environment, Wild-Life and Pollution Control in the Chandigarh UT. The above three officers are generally from AGMU cadre and can also be from Haryana or Punjab cadres of the All India Services.

Demographics

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Chandigarh Population
Census 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Pop. 119881 257251 451610 642015 900635 % 114.6% 75.6% 42.2% 40.3%

source:Census of [15] India

As of 2011 India census, Chandigarh had a population of 960,787 with metro population of 1,025,682,[2] making for a density of about 7900 persons per square kilometre. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 829 females for every 1,000 males[2] which is the lowest in the country, up from 777 in 2001. Chandigarh has an average literacy rate of 86.77%, higher than the national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of 81.88%.[2] 10.8% of the population is under 6 years of age.[2]

Economy
The government is a major employer in Chandigarh with three governments having their base here. A significant percentage of Chandigarhs population therefore consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a Pensioner's Paradise. There are about 15 medium to large industries including two in the Public sector. In addition Chandigarh has over 2500 units registered under small scale sector. The important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys and machinery. Other industries are relating to food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals and electrical appliances. Yet, with a per capita income of 99,262, Chandigarh is the richest city in India.[16] Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $2.2 billion in current prices. Three major trade promotion organizations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional headquarters at Sector 31, Chandigarh. Chandigarh IT Park (also known as Chandigarh Technology Park) is the city's attempt to break into the IT world. Chandigarh's infrastructure, proximity to Delhi, Haryana, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, and the IT talent pool attracts IT businesses looking for office space in the area. Major Indian firms and multinational corporations to
Secretariat Building by Le Corbusier

Legislative Assembly by Le Corbusier

Punjab and Haryana High Court by Le Corbusier

Chandigarh the like of Quark, Infosys, Dell, IBM, TechMahindra have set up base in the city and its suburbs. According to a 2007 survey, Chandigarh is ranked ninth in the top 50 cities identified globally as "emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations".[17]

616

Education
There are numerous education institutions in Chandigarh. These range from private- and publicly-operated schools to colleges and the Panjab University.

Transport
Chandigarh has the largest number of vehicles per capita in India.[18] Wide, well maintained roads and parking spaces all over the city ease local transport. CTU buses run throughout the city. There are two major bus stands in the city. One of the bus stands is ISBT situated in sector-17 and second one at sector-43. Chandigarh is well connected by road by NH 22 (Ambala - Kalka - Shimla - Kinnaur) and NH 21 (Chandigarh Leh). Chandigarh also has a major railway junction of North India. Trains to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, lucknow, Amritsar, Kalka and major cities are available from here. Chandigarh Airport is the airport of Chandigarh. It is domestic airport but the work is underway for a international airport. Flights from major cities of India are available from here. The Chandigarh Metro Rail project is underway but recently, to reduce cost, it has been planned to partially replace metro projects with tram and monorail systems, which are a lot cheaper to construct.

Sporting venues and gardens

Sporting Venues Chandigarh is home to numerous inter state sporting teams like Kings XI Punjab in The IPL. The city is very near to The Punjab Cricket Association Stadium which is in Mohali and is one of the best cricket stadiums and also The Sector 42 Stadium which is a international hockey stadium. Facilities for sports such as swimming, shooting, skating, football and basketball are also there in the city. Gardens There are numerous display gardens across the city, including the Rock Garden that is built from mostly from waste material, the Terraced Garden in Sector 33 near Bhavan Vidyalaya School (Junior Wing) and the Rose Garden. Other gardens include Garden of Annuals, Fragrance Garden, Hibiscus Garden, Chrysanthemum Garden, Botanical Garden, leisure Valley, Shanti Kunj and several very well maintained Green Belts.

Notable people born in Chandigarh

Neerja Bhanot, Flight attendant and model Jeev Milkha Singh, professional golfer Yuvraj Singh, Indian international cricketer Kapil Dev, Former Indian international cricketer Dinesh Mongia, Indian international cricketer Abhinav Bindra, Olympic gold medalist shooter Poonam Dhillon, Indian actress Neelam Mann Singh, PadamShree Theatre artist

Kiron Kher, Indian actress and theatre artist Gul Panag, Indian actress Ayushman Khurrana, Indian actor

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Gallery

Punjab and Haryana High Court

Gandhi Bhavan built by Pierre Jeanneret for Panjab University

Chandigarh Architecture Museum

National History Museum

References
[1] "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ India2/ Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above. pdf) (pdf). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 26 March 2012. [2] "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ paper2/ data_files/ India2/ Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above. pdf) (pdf). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. . Retrieved 26 March 2012. [3] "Rajbala Malik elected city mayor" (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ city/ chandigarh/ Rajbala-Malik-elected-city-mayor/ articleshow/ 11346619. cms). The Times Of India. 2012-01-03. . [4] http:/ / chandigarh. nic. in/ [5] The Official Government Website (http:/ / chandigarh. gov. in/ knowchd_general. htm) [6] Business Portal of India (http:/ / business. gov. in/ investment_incentives/ chandigarh. php) [7] "Front Page News : Monday, July 26, 2010" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2008/ 09/ 17/ stories/ 2008091755600800. htm). Chennai, India: The Hindu. 2008-09-17. . Retrieved 2010-07-26. [8] "India's cleanest: Where does your city stand?: Rediff.com News" (http:/ / news. rediff. com/ slide-show/ 2010/ may/ 11/ slide-show-1-chandigarh-cleanest-of-all. htm). News.rediff.com. 2010-05-13. . Retrieved 2010-07-26. [9] Meghalaya Human Development Report 2008 (http:/ / megplanning. gov. in/ MHDR/ Human_De. pdf) (p. 23) [10] Chandigarh History - History Of Chandigarh India - Origin & History of Chandigarh (http:/ / www. chandigarh. co. uk/ history. html) [11] http:/ / www. haryana-online. com/ History/ history_1966-. htm [12] Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Chandigarh (http:/ / www. fallingrain. com/ world/ IN/ 5/ Chandigarh. html) [13] http:/ / chandigarh. nic. in/ knowchd_general. htm [14] http:/ / www. worldweather. org/ 066/ c00526. htm [15] "Census population" (http:/ / sampark. chd. nic. in/ images/ State_2006/ StatisticalAbstract2004/ Areapopulation/ area_pop_tab2. 1. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. http:/ / sampark. chd. nic. in. . Retrieved 2008-06-04. [16] Chandigarh's the richest of 'em all (http:/ / www. ibnlive. com/ news/ chandigarhs-the-richest-of-em-all/ 12571-3. html) [17] The Hindu Business Line (http:/ / www. thehindubusinessline. com/ 2007/ 10/ 03/ stories/ 2007100351450400. htm) [18] Top Ten Towns with Highest Nos. of Car Ownership in India (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ top-ten-cities-of-india/ top-ten-highest-no-of-car-ownership. html)

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Further reading
Evenson, Norma. Chandigarh. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1966. Joshi, Kiran. Documenting Chandigarh: The Indian Architecture of Pierre Jeanneret, Edwin Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing in association with Chandigarh College of Architecture, 1999. ISBN 1-890206-13-X Kalia, Ravi. Chandigarh: The Making of an Indian City. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999. Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew. Chandigarh and Planning Development in India, London: Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, No.4948, 1 April 1955, Vol.CIII, pages 315-333. I. The Plan, by E. Maxwell Fry, II. Housing, by Jane B. Drew. Nangia, Ashish. Re-locating Modernism: Chandigarh, Le Corbusier and the Global Postcolonial. PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, 2008. Perera, Nihal. "Contesting Visions: Hybridity, Liminality and Authorship of the Chandigarh Plan" Planning Perspectives 19 (2004): 175-199 Prakash, Vikramaditya. Chandigarhs Le Corbusier: The Struggle for Modernity in Postcolonial India. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2002. Sarin, Madhu. Urban Planning in the Third World: The Chandigarh Experience. London: Mansell Publishing, 1982.

External links
Chandigarh travel guide from Wikitravel Chandigarh Administration Official Site (http://chandigarh.gov.in/)

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Union Territory

Andaman and Nicobar Islands

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Location of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Coordinates (Port Blair): 1141N 9246E Country Established Capital Largest city Districts Government Lt. Governor Area Total Population (2011) Total Time zone ISO 3166 code HDI Official languages Website [1] 379,944 IST (UTC+05:30) IN-AN 0.778 (High) Hindi, English [2] 8250km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) Opind Singh India 1956-11-01 Port Blair Port Blair 3

[www.and.nic.in www.and.nic.in]

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands /ndmnandnkbr/ (local) are a group of islands at the juncture of the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea, and are a Union Territory of India. The territory is 150km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) north of Aceh in Indonesia and separated from Thailand and Burma by the Andaman Sea. It comprises two island groups, the Andaman Islands and the Nicobar Islands, separated by the 10 N parallel, with the Andamans to the north of this latitude, and the Nicobars to the south. The Andaman Sea lies to the east and the Bay of Bengal to the west. The territory's capital is the Andamanese town of Port Blair. The total land area of the territory is approximately 6496km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). The capital of Nicobar Islands is Car Nicobar.

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History
First inhabitants
The islands have been inhabited for several thousand years, at the very least. The earliest archaeological evidence yet documented goes back some 2,200 years; however, genetic and cultural studies suggest that the indigenous Andamanese people may have been isolated from other populations since the Middle Paleolithic.[3] In that time, the Andamanese have diversified into distinct linguistic, cultural and territorial groups. The Nicobar Islands appear to have been populated by people of various backgrounds. At the time of the European contact, the indigenous inhabitants were the Nicobarese people, speaking a Mon-Khmer language; and the Shompen, whose language is of uncertain affiliation. Both are unrelated to the Andamanese.

Pre-colonial era
Rajendra Chola I (1014 to 1042 CE), one of the Tamil Chola dynasty kings, occupied the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to use them as a strategic naval base to launch a naval expedition against the Sriwijaya Empire (a Hindu-Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia). They called the islands Timaittivu ("impure islands" in Tamil).[4] The islands provided a temporary maritime base for ships of the Marathas in the 17th century. The legendary admiral Kanhoji Angre established naval supremacy with a base in the islands and is credited with attaching those islands to India.[5][6]

Colonial period
The history of organized European colonization on the islands began when the Danish settlers of the Danish East India Company arrived in the Nicobar Islands on 12 December 1755. On January 1, 1756, the Nicobar Islands were made a Danish colony, first named New Denmark,[7] and later (December 1756) Frederick's Islands (Frederikserne). During 17541756 they were administrated from Tranquebar (in continental Danish India). The islands were repeatedly abandoned due to outbreaks of malaria between 14 April 1759 and 19 August 1768, from 1787 to 1807/05, 1814 to 1831, 1830 to 1834 and gradually from 1848 for good.[7] From 1 June 1778 to 1784, Austria mistakenly assumed that Denmark had abandoned its claims to the Nicobar islands and attempted to establish a colony on them,[8] renaming them Theresia Islands.[7] In 1789 the British set up a naval base and penal colony on Chatham Island next to Great Andaman, where now lies the town of Port Blair. Two years later the colony was moved to Port Cornwallis on Great Andaman, but it was abandoned in 1796 due to disease. Denmark's presence in the territory ended formally on 16 October 1868 when it sold the rights to the Nicobar Islands to Britain,[8] which made them part of British India in 1869. In 1858 the British again established a colony at Port Blair, which proved to be more permanent. The primary purpose was to set up a penal colony for dissenters and independence fighters from the Indian subcontinent. The colony came to include the infamous Cellular Jail. In 1872 the Andaman and Nicobar islands were united under a single chief commissioner at Port Blair.

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World War II
During World War II, the islands were practically under Japanese control, only nominally under the authority of the Arzi Hukumate Azad Hind of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Bose visited the islands during the war, and renamed them as "Shaheed-dweep" (Martyr Island) and "Swaraj-dweep" (Self-rule Island). General Loganathan, of the Indian National Army was made the Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. On 22 February 1944 he along with four INA officers Major Mansoor Ali Alvi, Sub. Lt. Md. Iqbal, Lt. Suba Singh and stenographer Srinivasanarrived at Lambaline Airport in Port Blair. On 21 March 1944 the Headquarters of the Civil Administration was established near the Gurudwara at Aberdeen Bazaar. On 2 October 1944, Col. Loganathan handed over the charge to Maj. Alvi and left Port Blair, never to return.[9] The islands were reoccupied by British and Indian troops of the 116th Indian Infantry Brigade on 7 October 1945, to whom the remaining Japanese garrison surrendered.

Indian state
At the independence of both India (1947) and Burma (1948), the departing British announced their intention to resettle all Anglo-Indians and Anglo-Burmese on the islands to form their own nation, although this never materialized. It became part of the Indian union in 1950 and was declared a union territory on 1956.[10]:33

The 2004 tsunami

On 26 December 2004 the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were devastated by a 10m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft) high tsunami following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. More than 2,000 people were confirmed dead, more than 4,000 children were orphaned or suffered the loss of one parent, and a minimum of 40,000 people were rendered homeless.[11] The worst affected Nicobar islands were Katchal and Indira Point; the latter subsided 4.25 m and was partially submerged in the ocean. The lighthouse at Indira Point was damaged but has been repaired since then. While newer settlers of the islands suffered the greatest casualties from the tsunami, most of the aboriginal people survived because oral traditions passed down from generations ago warned them to evacuate from large waves that follow large earthquakes.[12]

Geography
There are 572 islands in the territory having an area of 8249km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi). Of these, only 38 are permanently inhabited. The islands extends from 6 to 14 North latitudes and from 92 to 94 East longitudes. The Andamans are separated from the Nicobar group by a channel (the Ten Degree Channel) some 150km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) wide. The highest point is located in North Andaman Island (Saddle Peak at 732m (unknown operator: u'strong'ft)). The Andaman group has 325 islands which cover an area of 6408km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) while the Nicobar group has only 24 islands with an area of 1841km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi).[10]:33

Aerial view of the Andaman Islands

The capital of the union territory, Port Blair, is located 1255km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Kolkata, 1200km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Visakhapatnam and 1190km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Chennai.[10]:33 The northernmost point of the Andaman and Nicobars group is 901km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) away from the mouth of the Hooghly River and 190km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Burma. Indira Point at 64510N and 934936E at the southern tip of the southernmost island, Great Nicobar, is the southernmost point of India and lies only 150km (unknown operator: u'strong'mi) from Sumatra in Indonesia.

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Flora
Andaman & Nicobar Islands are blessed with a unique tropical rainforest canopy, made of a mixed flora with elements from Indian, Myanmarese, Malaysian and endemic floral strains. So far, about 2,200 varieties of plants have been recorded, out of which 200 are endemic and 1,300 do not occur in mainland India. The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of epiphytic vegetation, mostly ferns and orchids. The Middle Andamans harbours mostly moist deciduous forests. North Andamans is characterized by the wet evergreen type, with plenty of woody climbers. The North Nicobar Islands (including Car Nicobar and Battimalv) are marked by the complete absence of evergreen forests, while such forests form the dominant vegetation in the central and southern islands of the Nicobar group. Grasslands occur only in the Nicobars, and while deciduous forests are common in the Andamans, they are almost absent in the Nicobars. The present forest coverage is claimed to be 86.2% of the total land area. This atypical forest coverage is made up of twelve types, namely: 1. Giant evergreen forest 2. Andamans tropical evergreen forest 3. Southern hilltop tropical evergreen forest 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Cane brakes Wet bamboo brakes Andamans semi-evergreen forest Andamans moist deciduous forest Andamans secondary moist deciduous forest Littoral forest

Map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands with an extra detailed area around Port Blair

10. Mangrove forest 11. Brackish water mixed forest 12. Submontane hill valley swamp forest

Fauna
This tropical rain forest despite its isolation from adjacent land masses is surprisingly rich with a diversity of animal life. About 50 varieties of forest mammals are found to occur in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Some are endemic, including the Andaman Wild Boar. Rodents are the largest group with 26 species, followed by 14 species of bat. Among the larger mammals there are two endemic varieties of wild boar, Sus scrofa andamanensis from Andaman and Sus scrofa nicobaricus from Nicobar, which are protected by the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (Sch I). Around 1962 there was an attempt to introduce the leopard, which was unsuccessful because of unsuitable habitat. These were ill-considered moves as exotic introductions can cause havoc to island flora and fauna. About 270 species of birds are found in the territory; 14 of them are endemic, the majority to the Nicobar island group. The islands' many caves are nesting grounds for the Edible-nest Swiftlet, whose nests are prized in China for

Andaman and Nicobar Islands bird's nest soup.[13] The territory is home to about 225 species of butterflies and moths, including some of the larger and most spectacular of the world. Ten species are endemic to these Islands. Mount Harriet National Park is one of the richest areas of butterfly and moth diversity on these Islands. The islands are well-known for of prized shellfishs, especially from the genera Turbo, Trochus, Murex and Nautilus. Earliest recorded commercial exploitation began during 1929. Many cottage industries produce a range of decorative shell items. Giant clams, green mussels and oysters support edible shellfishery. The shells of scallops, clams, and cockle are burnt in kilns to produce edible lime.

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Demographics
Population growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 31000 64000 115000 189000 281000 356000 380000 % 106.5% 79.7% 64.3% 48.7% 26.7% 6.7%

Source:Census of [14] India

As of 2011 Census of India, the population of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands was 379,944, of which 202,330 (53.25%) were male and 177,614 (46.75) were female. The sex ratio was 878 females per 1,000 males.[15] Only 10% of the population lived in Nicobar islands. The major languages spoken in the Andamans in numerical order are Bengali (32.6%), Hindi (25.95%), Telugu including (17.84%) and Nicobarese language.[16] Presently there remain only approximately 400450 indigenous Andamanese in the Andaman islands, the Jarawa and Sentinelese in particular maintaining a steadfast independence and refusing most attempts at contact. In the Nicobar islands, the indigenous people are the Nicobarese, or Nicobari, living throughout many of the islands; and the Shompen, restricted to the hinterland of Great Nicobar. More than 2,000 people belonging to the Karen tribe live in the Mayabunder tehsil of North Andaman district, almost all of whom are Christians. Despite their tribal origins, the Karen of Andamans have OBC status in the Andamans. The majority of Andamans are Hindus, with significant Christian, Muslim and Sikh minorities.

Administration
In 1874, the British had placed the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in one administrative territory headed by a Chief Commissioner as its judicial administrator. On 1 August 1974, the Nicobar islands were hived off into another revenue district with district headquarters at Car Nicobar under a Deputy Commissioner. In 1982, the post of Lieutenant Governor was created who replaced the Chief Commissioner as the head of administration. Subsequently a "Pradesh council" with representatives of the people was constituted to advise the Lieutenant Governor.[10]

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Administrative divisions
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory is divided into 3 districts. Each district is sub-divided into sub-divisions and taluks. North and Middle Andaman district Headquarters: Mayabunder Diglipur Sub-Division Diglipur taluk Mayabunder Sub-Division Mayabunder taluk Rangat taluk South Andaman district Headquarters: Port Blair Port Blair Sub-Division Port Blair taluk Ferrargunj taluk Little Andaman Sub-Division Little Andaman taluka (Hut Bay) Nicobar District Headquarters: Car Nicobar Car Nicobar Sub-Division Car Nicobar taluk Nancowrie Sub-Division Nancowrie taluk Kamorta taluk Teressa taluk Katchal taluk Great Nicobar Sub-Division Great Nicobar taluk (Campbell Bay) Little Nicobar taluk

Economy
Agriculture
A total of 48675 hectares (unknown operator: u'strong' acres) of land is used for agriculture purposes. Paddy, the main food crop, is mostly cultivated in Andaman group of islands, whereas coconut and arecanut are the cash crops of Nicobar group of islands. Field crops, namely pulses, oilseeds and vegetables are grown, followed by paddy during Rabi season. Different kinds of fruits such as mango, sapota, orange, banana, papaya, pineapple and root crops are grown on hilly land owned by farmers. Spices such as pepper, clove, nutmeg, and cinnamon are grown under a multi-tier cropping system. Rubber, red oil, palm and cashew are grown on a limited scale in these islands.
Little Andaman Island seen by Spot satellite

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Industry
There are 1,374 registered small-scale, village and handicrafts units. Two units are export-oriented in the line of fish processing activity. Apart from this, there are shell and wood based handicraft units. There are also four medium sized industrial units. SSI units are engaged in the production of polythene bags, PVC conduit pipes and fittings, paints and varnished, fibre glass and mini flour mills, soft drinks and beverages, etc. Small scale and handicraft Ross Island a couple of days before the tsunami of units are also engaged in shell crafts, bakery products, rice milling, December 2004. furniture making, etc. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation has spread its wings in the field of tourism, fisheries, industries and industrial financing and functions as authorised agents for Alliance Air/Jet Airways.

Possible oil supply trade

There is a nebulous idea of setting up an oil terminus or jetty at Campal Bay in Great Nicobar Island to cater to international maritime traffic south of Indira Point to and from the Malacca Straits. With a cargo ship passing through these waters every few minutes, there is a good scope for such an oil terminus.

Macro-economic trend
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Andaman and Nicobar Islands at market prices, estimated by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, with figures in millions of Indian Rupees.[17]
Year Gross State Domestic Product 1980 530 1985 1,060 1990 1,900 1995 6,750 2000 9,560 2005 13,130

Andaman and Nicobar Islands' gross state domestic product for 2004 was estimated at $354 million in current prices.

Tourist places
Cellular Jail Baratang Barren Island Havelock Island Mount Harriot

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References
[1] Census of India (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ ), 2011. Census Data Online, Population. [2] "Most of Indian languages are spoken in Andaman and Nicobar Islands because of its cosmopolitan nature. The common language is Hindi whereas English and Hindi are used in official correspondence." Andaman District Administration, Profile (http:/ / andamandt. nic. in/ profile. htm), archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20070514061313/ http:/ / andamandt. nic. in/ profile. htm) from the original on 14 May 2007, , retrieved 2007-06-06 [3] Palanichamy, Malliya G. Suraksha Agrawal, Yon-Gang Yao, Quing-Peng Kong, Chang Sun, Faisal Khan, Tapas Kumar Chaudhuri, and Ya-Ping Zhang. 2006. Comment on "Reconstructing the Origin of Andaman Islanders. Science 311:470 (27 January 2006). Andamanese,Tamil and Malayalam are the major languages spoken here. [4] Government of India (1908), The Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Local Gazetteer (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=rrwBAAAAYAAJ), Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta, , "... In the great Tanjore inscription of 1050 AD, the Andamans are mentioned under a translated name along with the Nicobars, as Timaittivu, Islands of Impurity and as the abode of cannibals ..." [5] http:/ / www. andamanonline. in/ about/ Profile/ History/ index. html [6] http:/ / www. marathiecards. com/ Sarkhel_Kanhoji_Angre. htm [7] http:/ / www. worldstatesmen. org/ India_BrProvinces. htm [8] Ramerini, Marco. "Chronology of Danish Colonial Settlements" (http:/ / www. colonialvoyage. com/ DanishP. html). ColonialVoyage.com. . Retrieved January 2010. [9] "Black Days in Andaman and Nicobar Islands" by Rabin Roychowdhury, [Pub. Manas] Pubs. New Delhi [10] Planning Commission of India (2008). Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development Report (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC). State Development Report series (illustrated ed.). Academic Foundation. ISBN81-7188-652-3. . Retrieved 12 March 2011. [11] Carl Strand and John Masek, ed. (2007). Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 6, 2004: Lifeline Performance (http:/ / www. asce. org/ Product. aspx?id=2147486137& productid=5511). Reston, VA: ASCE, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering. ISBN9780784409510. . [12] "Tsunami folklore 'saved islanders'" (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ south_asia/ 4181855. stm). BBC News. 20 January 2005. . Retrieved 23 April 2010. [13] R. Sankaran (1998), The impact of nest collection on the Edible-nest Swiftlet in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (http:/ / www. traffic. org/ species-reports/ traffic_species_birds8. pdf). Slim Ali Centre for Orithology and Natural History,Coimbatore, India. [14] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. Archived (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20081219073658/ http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) from the original on 19 December 2008. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [15] "Census of India" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ 2011-prov-results/ data_files/ ani/ ani_press_release. pdf). . Retrieved 13 April 2012. [16] INDAX A comprehensive guide to India (http:/ / www. indax. com/ basic. html) [17] http:/ / mospi. nic. in/ mospi_nad_main. htm

External links
Official Andaman and Nicobar Tourism Website (http://andaman-tourism.com/) (http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/ani/ani_press_release.pdf) Andaman and Nicobar Administration Website (http://www.and.nic.in/) Andaman and Nicobar Administration Website (http://www.and.nic.in/hindiand08/Hindimain.htm) (Hindi) Andaman and Nicobar Islands (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands// ) at the Open Directory Project Andaman and Nicobar Islands travel guide from Wikitravel Travel Information Portal - go2andaman.com (http://www.go2andaman.com/)

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Dadra and Nagar Haveli

Dadra and_Nagar_Haveli
Union Territory

Dadra and_Nagar_Haveli Coordinates: 2016N 7301E Country State Established Capital Government Administrator Shri Narendra Kumar, IAS Area Total Area rank Population Total Rank Density Languages Official Time zone ISO 3166 code No. of districts HDI 0.618 (2005) HDI Category Website high [dnh.nic.in dnh.nic.in] Hindi, Gujarati, English IST (UTC+5:30) IN-DN 1 342853 33rd unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) 487km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 4th India Dadra and Nagar Haveli 1961-08-11 Silvassa

Dadra and Nagar Haveli Dadra and Nagar Haveli /ddrandnrhvli/ (Gujarati: , Marathi: , Portuguese: Dadr e Nagar Aveli) is a Union Territory in western India. Nagar Haveli is wedged between Maharashtra and Gujarat, whereas Dadra is an enclave lying a few kilometres north of Nagar Haveli in Gujarat. Its capital is Silvassa. The territory lies some ten to thirty kilometres up-river from the city of Daman. Dadra and Nagar Haveli are in the watershed of the Daman Ganga River, which flows through the territory. The towns of Dadra and Silvassa both lie on the north bank of the river. The Western Ghats range rises to the east, and the foothills of the range occupy the eastern portion of the district. The territory is landlocked, although the Arabian Sea coast lies just to the west in Gujarat. The major spoken languages in the territory are Gujarati, Hindi and Marathi.[1] In order to keep the English at bay and to enlist their support against the Moghals, the Marathas made friends with the Portuguese and signed with them a treaty in 1779. According to this historic treaty of friendship, the Maratha-Peshwa agreed that the Portuguese will be allowed to collect revenues from Dadra and Nagar Haveli which consisted of 72 villages, then known as parganas (now referred to as district places). These territories were earlier ruled by the Koli chiefs who were defeated by the Hindu kings of Jawhar and Ramnagar. The Marathas conquered and annexed these territories to their kingdom. By and large, this treaty was signed only to the extent that the Portuguese will only collect the revenue in compensation for their loss of a warship called Santana which had earlier been captured by the Marathas but not surrendered to the Portuguese in spite of their many entreaties. The area of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is spread over 491km2, landlocked between Gujarat to the north and Maharashtra to the south. It was liberated from its Portuguese rulers on 2 August 1954. The people of the territory established free administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which was finally merged into the Union of India in 1961

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Geography
The Union Territory comprises two distinct geographical units - Dadra and Nagar Haveli. It is situated on the Western coast of India between the parallels of 20 0 and 20 25 of latitude North and between the meridian 72 50 and 73 15 of longitude East. It occupies an area of 491 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi),[2] comparatively equivalent to the Phillippines' Biliran Island.[3] It ranks 4th among the Union Territories and 32nd including the states.[4] The territory is surrounded by Valsad District of Gujarat on the West, North and East and by Thana District of Maharashtra on the South and South-East.[5]

Topography
The stretch of the geographical area is hilly terrain specially towards the north east and east where it is surrounded by ranges of Sahyadri mountains (western ghats). The central region of the land is almost plain and the soil is fertile and rich. The river Damanganga rises in the Ghat 64km from the western coast and discharges itself in the Arabian Sea at the port of Daman after crossing Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Its three tributaries viz. Varna, Pipri and Sakartond join Daman Ganga within the territory.[6][7]

Flora and Fauna

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About 43% of the land is under forest cover. However the reserved forest cover is about 20359 hectares (unknown operator: u'strong'acres) in this territory constitutes about 40% of the total geographical area. The protected forests constitute 2.45% of the total land area. According to the satellite data taken in the year 2008, UT has roughly about 114 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' acres) of moderately dense forest and 94 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' acres) open forest. As per Forest Survey of India, DNH has two major forest types viz. Tropical Moist Deciduous forest and Tropical Dry Deciduous forest. The major produce is Khairwood and timber. Teak, Sandra, Khair, Mahara and Sisam are the major tree species in the region.[7] Tree Cover has been estimated around 27 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' acres) from the six year data (200208), which is around 5.5% of the total geographical area of DNH.[8] The rich bio-diversity makes it an ideal habitat for a variety of birds and animals. This makes it a perfect spot for eco-tourism. Silvassa is an incredible eco-tourism spot for wildlife enthusiasts.

Climate
The climate of Dadra and Nagar Haveli is typical of its type. Being situated near the coast, it has a maritime climatic conditions. The summers are hot and humid with temperatures reaching as high as 39 in the month of May. The monsoon starts in the month of June and extends till September and is equally humid. The rainfall is brought by South West monsoon winds. It is known as the Cherrapunji of the western India receiving annual rainfall of about 200250cm. Winters are generally pleasant with temperatures ranging from 14 to 30.[9][10]

History
The profound history of Dadra and Nagar Haveli begins with the defeat of the Kohli chieftains of the region by the invading Rajput kings. It was the Marathas that retrieved the region from the rule of the Rajputs in the mid 18th century. In 1779, the Maratha Peshwa formed an alliance with the Portuguese allowing them to collect revenue from the 79 villages of Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The rule of the Portuguese in the region continued till the region gained independence on 2 August 1954. The region was merged with the Union of India in the year 1961.[11]

Portuguese era
The Portuguese occupied Nagar Haveli on 10 June 1783 on the basis of Friendship Treaty executed on 17th Dec.1779 as compensation towards damage to the Portuguese frigate by Maratha Navy.[12] Then, in 1785 the Portuguese purchased Dadra. It was administered by the Portuguese Governor of Daman until 1954

Liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

After India attained Independence in 1947, the residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with the help of volunteers of organisations like the United Front of Goans (UFG), the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, the National Movement Liberation Organisation (NMLO) and the Azad Gomantak Dal liberated the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portuguese rule in 1954.[13]

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Integration into India

Although it enjoyed de facto independence, Dadra and Nagar Haveli were still recognized internationally (e.g., by the International Court of Justice) as Portuguese possessions.[14] The residents of the former colony requested the Government of India for administrative help. Mr. K.G. Badlani, an officer of the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) was sent as the administrator. From 1954 to 1961, the territory was administered by a body called the Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[15][16] In 1961 when Indian forces took over Goa, Daman, and Diu, Mr. Badlani was, for one day, designated the Prime Minister of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, so that, as Head of State, he could sign an agreement with the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, and formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India.

Old map of the territory.

Administration
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 Pop. 42000 58000 74000 104000 138000 220000 342853 % 38.1% 27.6% 40.5% 32.7% 59.4% 55.8% [17]

Source:Census of India

A Lieutenant Governor administers the territory, which covers an area of 188 sqmi or 487km and consists of two talukas: Dadra Nagar Haveli Dadra is the headquarters of Dadra taluka, comprising Dadra town and two other villages. Silvassa is the headquarters of Nagar Haveli taluka, comprising Silvassa town and 68 other villages.

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Economy
Dadra and Nagar Haveli's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $218 million in current prices. Its nominal GDP increased to $360 million in the year 2009 with a per capita GDP of $1,050. The economy of DNH relies on five major activities viz. Agriculture, Industries, Forestry, Animal Husbandry and Tourism.[5][7][18][19]

Agriculture
The basic economic activity of the territory is agriculture involving about 60% of the total working popualtion. The total land area under cultivation is 236.27 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' acres) i.e. 48% of the total geographical area. The main food crops cultivated in this area are paddy (40% of the net sown area), ragi,small millets, jowar, sugarcanes, tur,nagli and val. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, cabbage and brinjal are also grown. Agriculture sector has given a major boost to the economy of DNH. The local population is also involved in forestry, animal husbandry. There is a full-fledged veterinary hospital and nine veterinary dispensaries. Mass vaccination against various diseases is done regularly free of cost by the Animal Husbandry Department.[5]

Industry
Another major contributor to the economy are the manufacturing industries. Due to heavy industrialisation in the region owing to various tax stops for industries in the union territories, a steady growth in employment has been observed. The employment generation is increasing at the pace of 5% per annum. Industrialisation in the area began in 1965 when the first industrial unit in the UT was started at Piparia, Silvassa in the cooperative sector by Dan Udyog Sahakari Sangh Ltd, following which three industrial estates were established at Masat(1978), Khadoli(1982) and Silvassa (1985). Earlier (before 1965) only traditional craftsmen who made clay pots, leather items, viz., chappals, shoes and some other items of bamboo were present. Since there was no sales tax in the UT, it attracted many entrepreneurs. Around 30 new units comprising Engineering, fabric weaving units and dyeing and printing units were established till 1970. In 1971, UT was declared as industrially backward area by Government of India and increased the cash subsidy to 15 to 25% for the industrial units on their capital investment which resulted in the speedy industrial development. The scheme was however terminated from 30 September 1988. Sales Tax Act was implemented from January 1984 till 1998 under which industries enjoyed sales tax exemption for 15 years from the start up date. VAT was introduced in 2005. At present the newly established units get Central Sales Tax exemption which will continue till 2017.[18] Currently there are more than 2710 units functioning providing employment to about 46000 people with a capital investment of 37783.10 crore (US$6.84 billion).[5]
Type Small Scale Industries Number 2118

Medium Scale Industries 564 Large Scale Industries 28

Demographics
According to the 2011 census Dadra and Nagar Haveli has a population of 342,853,[20] roughly equal to the nation of Belize.[21] This gives it a ranking of 566th in India (out of a total of 640).[20] The district has a population density of 698 inhabitants per square kilometre (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi) .[20] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 55.5 %[20] which is the highest percentage growth among all Indian states and Union Territory.[22] Dadra and Nagar Haveli has a sex ratio of 775 females for every 1000 males,[20] and a literacy rate of 77.65 %.[20]

Dadra and Nagar Haveli Tribals make up a large part of the population - 62%. The most prominent are Dhodia (16.90%), Kokna (16.85%) and Varli (62.94%), with small groups of Koli, Kathodi, Naika and Dubla scattered across the territory, collectively representing 3.31% of the population. Dhodias and Dubles mainly populate the Northern part, whereas Koknas and Varlis are found all over the Union Territory. They worship the primary deities of Dis (Sun) and Chand (Moon), and Narandev, Kanasari, Himai, Hirva, Veer, Rangtai and Vagdev. One prominent feature of this union territory is that people from all over India form a part of non-tribal residents. Though Gujaratis have a prime influence in the area. The same is reflected by the fact that Gujarati is a part of one of the three official language. Others being Hindi and English. Besides Gujaratis, one can find Marathis, Rajasthanis, Biharis, Tamilians, Uttar Pradeshis, and people from several other states. The prime reason for such diverse population is the industrial hub. Employment opportunities, good climate and the landscape is highly appealing. As per Census 2001, out of the 137,225 ST persons of the UT, except 3,796 (2.8 per cent) Christians, the remaining all are Hindus. At the individual tribe level, Kokna have the highest 6.7 per cent Christians population in 2001. Jains also form an important part of the non-tribal population. Recently the Digambara Jains constructed a temple in the capital city Silvassa. Swetambara sects also have a temple in Dadra and Silvassa - two important towns of the union territory. The influence of Swaminarayana has also grown especially in Silvassa. Their temple is under construction and will supposedly be the biggest and most expensive in the area.

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Tribes
Tribals make up a large part of the population - 62%. The most prominent are Dhodia (16.90%), Kokna (16.85%) and Varli (62.94%), with small groups of Koli, Kathodi, Naika and Dubla scattered across the territory, collectively representing 3.31% of the population. Dhodias and Dubles mainly populate the Northern part, whereas Koknas and Varlis are found all over the Union Territory.

Varli
Although commonly associated with Maharashtra, and found in Gujarat too, Varlis(Warlis) actually consider Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli to be their original home. A tribe of non-Aryan origin, they are the largest tribal group in the territory and constitute 62.94% of the total tribal population. Rituals are extremely important to the Varlis - they are nature worshippers who regard the Sun and the Moon as the eyes of God. Their main deities are Naran dev, Hirwa, Himai and Waghio, and stone images of these deities are found in tree groves. A Bhagat plays the Ghangal (a musical instrument made from gourd, bamboo and iron strings) and performs the rituals.

Warli Painting at Saskriti Kendra, New Delhi

Traditionally the Varlis wear a loin cloth with a small waist coat and a turban. The women wear a knee length, one yard saree - Lugde - and adorn themselves with silver and white metal ornaments.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

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Dhodia
The term Dhodia seems to be derived from Dhundi, which means a small thatched hut, and the Dhodias are primarily hut dwellers. They reside mostly in the northern part of Dadra & Nagar Haveli. They are known to be the most educated among all the tribes and are good cultivators. Some own enough farm land to be able to earn a decent livelihood. Traditionally the men wear a white knee length dhoti with a shirt or waist coat, white or coloured caps and ornaments like earrings and silver chains around their waist. The women wear a knee length dark blue saree with an aanchal worn from the front and left loose at the back. Popular accessories include colourful bead necklaces, and metal ornaments such as bangles or thick kadas around their ankles

Kokan
The Koknas derive their name from the Konkan region in West India. They haveland of their own, produce paddy and are better cultivators than the Varlis. With the introduction of formal education many of them have moved up the social ladder. Koknas well built and both men and women often tattoo their bodies, especially their foreheads. The men wear a dhoti up to the knees, with a waist coat or shirt and a turban. The women wear traditional colourful sarees that are either knee length or full length.

Kathodia
The Kathodis, called Katkari in the Thane district of Maharashtra, make up 0.08% of the total tribal population of Dadra & Nagar Haveli. Their name is derived from their profession of kattha or catechew making. They are considered to be at the bottom of the tribal social ladder. They usually live in forests, in semi-permanent settlements. Most of them cut wood and collect charcoal. The government has tried to improve their standard of living by engaging them in permanent professions. They wear minimal jewelry; what is worn adorns the women only.

References
[1] Dadra Nagar Haveli tourism (http:/ / dnh. nic. in/ Home Page_files/ Tourism/ silvassa. pdf) [2] Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) (2010). "States and Union Territories: Dadra and Nagar Haveli". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp.1213. ISBN978-81-230-1617-7. [3] "Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area" (http:/ / islands. unep. ch/ Tiarea. htm). United Nations Environment Program. 1998-02-18. . Retrieved 2011-10-11. "Biliran Island 501km2" [4] "India.gov Site Map" (http:/ / www. india. gov. in/ sitemap. php#). . Retrieved 15 June 2012. [5] Singh, A.K. (2008). Socio Economic Development of Dadra and Nagar Haveli since its Liberation.. 24. [6] "Dadra and Nagar Haveli - Land, Climate and transport" (http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ Territories/ DADRANAGARHAVELI/ land/ land. htm). . Retrieved 2012-06-12. [7] Tourism Perspective Plan for Dadra & Nagar Haveli. Government of India. 2002. [8] Forest and Tree Resources in States and Union Territories. Forest Survey of India. 2011. pp. 255257. [9] "Silvassa | Climate" (http:/ / www. hotelssilvassa. com/ Silvassa-info/ silvassa-climate. aspx). . Retrieved 12 June 2012. [10] "SILVASSA Weather, Silvassa Weather Forecast, Temperature, Festivals, Best Season:" (http:/ / www. mustseeindia. com/ Silvassa-weather). tourism. . Retrieved 13 June 2012. [11] "History & Geography of Dadra & Nagar Haveli" (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ dadra-nagar-haveli/ history-geography/ ). . Retrieved 25 February 2012. [12] NAIR, RAJESHWARY (1). "STUDY OF ETHNOBOTANICAL PLANTS OF DADRA AND NAGAR HAVELI AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE TO THE TRIBES" (http:/ / api. ning. com/ files/ L*EC3kOB8rEqeDrTd-zaT3pnMEknAzeJwJoj61eEXX7WuoM2BcxLQoDxNf-lOY8ZEqP7DyPt7CGtyD1vdEB9gqFCmjHwO6MT/ 872. STUDYOFETHNOBOTANICALPLANTSOFDADRAANDNAGARHAVELIANDTHEIRSIGNIFICANCETOTHETRIBESByRAJESHWARYNAIR. pdf). Life sciences Leaflets: 7. ISSN0976-1098. . Retrieved 25 February 2012. [13] P S Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,

Dadra and Nagar Haveli

[14] "Case cing Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Merits), Judgement of 12 April 1960" (http:/ / www. icj-cij. org/ docket/ files/ 32/ 4521. pdf). International Court of Justice Reports 1960: 6. . Retrieved 2011-04-01. [15] Constitution of India, 10th Amendment [16] Umaji Keshao Meshram & Ors v. Radhikabhai w/o Anandrao Banapurkar AIR 1986 SC 1272 (http:/ / www. austlii. edu. au/ ~andrew/ CommonLII/ INSC/ 1986/ 43. html): this judgment mentions the Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in this period [17] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [18] Industries in Dadar and Nagar Haveli (http:/ / www. dnh. nic. in/ industry. html) [19] "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Industries Association" (http:/ / www. ut-dnhindass. org/ Facts_Figure. html). . Retrieved 23 June 2012. [20] "District Census 2011" (http:/ / www. census2011. co. in/ district. php). Census2011.co.in. 2011. . Retrieved 2011-09-30. [21] US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ rankorder/ 2119rank. html). . Retrieved 2011-10-01 Belize 321,115 July 2011 est.. [22] "State Census 2011" (http:/ / www. census2011. co. in/ staest. php). .

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External links
Government website (http://dnh.nic.in/) Dadra and Nagar Haveli travel guide from Wikitravel

Daman and Diu

Daman and_Diu
union territory

Daman and_Diu Coordinates: 2025N 7250E Country State Established Capital Government Administrator Shri Narendra Kumar, IAS Area Total Area rank 112km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 6th(among u.t.) India Daman and Diu 1987-05-30 Daman

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Population Total Rank Density Languages Official Time zone ISO 3166 code No. of districts HDI HDI Category Marathi, Gujarati, English, Hindi IST (UTC+5:30) IN-DD 2 0.754 (2005) high 242911 6th(among u.t.) unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi)

Daman and Diu /dmnanddi/ (locally; Hindi: , Gujarati: , Marathi: , Portuguese: Damo e Diu) is a union territory in India. For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Goa, Daman, and Diu were incorporated into the Republic of India on 19 December 1961, by military conquest; Portugal did not recognize the Indian annexation of these territories until 1974. Goa, Daman, and Diu were administered as part of a single union territory until 1987, when Goa was granted statehood, leaving Daman and Diu as a separate union territory; each enclave constitutes one of the union territory's two districts. English, Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi are the official[1] and main languages.[2][3] The use of Portuguese goes on declining because it is no longer official nor taught at school, though a number of elderly people can still understand it, some even preferring it for discourse at home. In addition to standard Portuguese, there are also two shrinking Portuguese-based creole languages in Daman (known as Lngua da Casa, "Home Language") and Diu (Lngua dos Velhos, "Elders' Language"). English is increasingly accepted for official purposes.

Daman and Diu

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St. Paul's Church in Diu

Districts
Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Pop. 49000 37000 63000 79000 102000 158000 % -24.5% 70.3% 25.4% 29.1% 54.9%

Source:Census of [4] India

Diu District, an area of 40 km. The main settlement is the town of Diu. Daman District, an area of 28 sqmi or 72 km. The main settlement is the city of Daman.

Daman and Diu

637

Economy
Daman and Diu's gross state domestic product for 2005 is estimated at $156 million in current prices.

Demographics
In 2011 census, lowest sex ratio in India, 618 females per thousand males, was recorded in Daman and Diu.[5] Daman district with a sex ratio of 533 is found to be the worst among all the districts in India.

Notes
[1] [2] [3] [4] The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 (http:/ / india. gov. in/ allimpfrms/ allacts/ 419. pdf) Tourism of India: Daman and Diu (http:/ / www. tourism-of-india. com/ damananddiu. html) Daman & Diu (http:/ / www. whereincity. com/ india/ daman/ ) "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 2008-12-18. [5] "Ranking of States and Union territories by population size : 1991 and 2001" (http:/ / www. censusindia. gov. in/ Data_Products/ Library/ Provisional_Population_Total_link/ PDF_Links/ chapter3. pdf). Government of India (2001). Census of India. pp.56. . Retrieved 2012-05-12.

External links
Daman Administration's Official Website (http://www.daman.nic.in/) Daman Online Website (http://www.damanonline.com/) Daman and Diu Tourism's Official Website (http://www.damandiutourism.com/) Daman and Diu at wikitravel (http://wikitravel.org/en/Daman_and_Diu) Commissioner Linguistic Minorities; 42nd Report; July 2003 to June 2004 (http://nclm.nic.in/shared/ linkimages/35.htm) Diu Tourism (http://www.diutourism.com/)

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Lakshadweep
Lakshadweep
union territory

A beach at Kavaratti

Seal

Lakshadweep Coordinates: 1034N 7238E Country State Established Capital Government Administrator Amar Nath IAS Area Total Area rank Population 32km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) 1 India Lakshadweep 10 November 1956 Kavaratti

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Total Density Languages Official [1] Malayalam, English Mahl (Dhivehi) is spoken on Minicoy Island. 64429 unknown operator: u'strong'/km2 (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi)

Ethnicity Ethnic groups 84.33% Malayali 15.67% Mahls Year of data Time zone ISO 3166 code No. of districts Largest city HDI 0.796 HDI Year HDI Category Website 2005 high [www.lakshadweep.gov.in www.lakshadweep.gov.in] IST (UTC+5:30) IN-LD 1 Andrott

Lakshadweep /lkdwip/ (Malayalam: Lakadvp, Mahl: Lakshadb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /lkdavmnkandmndivi/,[2] is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440km off the coast of the South West Indian state of Kerala. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group. The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India. The total surface area of the islands is just 11 sqmi or 32km2.[3] However, the lagoon area is about 4200 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi), the territorial waters area is 20000 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong'sqmi) and the exclusive economic zone area is 400000 square kilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' sqmi). Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile Lakshadweepa. The islands are the northernmost among the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are actually the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, in the Indian Ocean, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.[4] Ten of the islands are inhabited. The permanent population of Lakshadweep exceeds 60,000 and the capital is Kavaratti (population 10,000) on the island of the same name. The islands are served by an airport on the Agatti island.

Etymology
Lakshadweep comes from Lakshadweepa, which literally means one hundred thousand ( laksha) islands ( dweepa) in Sanskrit. It is the least populous Union Territory of India.

History
The earliest references to the islands is made in Puranuru as part of the ancient (Dravidian) country. There are references to the control of the islands by the Cheras in the Sangam literature Pathitruppaththu. A Pallava inscription of 7th century AD refers to the islands as Dveepa Laksham and lists them as part of the Pallava domain. Local traditions and legends attribute the first settlement on these islands to the period of Cheraman Perumal, the last Chera

Lakshadweep king of Kerala.[5] The oldest inhabited islands in the group are Amini, Kalpeni Andrott, Kavaratti and Agatti. However, recent archaeological evidence has established that Buddhist settlements also had existed in the islands as early as the 6th or 7th century. According to popular tradition, Islam was brought to Lakshadweep by an Arab named Ubaidulla in 41 (661 AD). His grave is located in the island of Andrott. Muslim grave stones dated to 139 (756 AD) have also been discovered here. During the 11th century, the islands came under the rule of the Late Cholas. In the 17th century, the islands came under the rule of Ali Rajahs/Arakkal Bheevi of Kannur, who received them as a gift from the Kolathiris. The Portuguese took control to exploit coir production until the islanders expelled the Portuguese. The islands are also mentioned in great detail in the stories of the Arab traveller Ibn Batuta.[6] The Amindivi group of islands (Amini, Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlat and Bitra) came under the rule of Tipu Sultan in 1787. They passed to British control after the Third Anglo-Mysore War and were attached to South Canara. The rest of the islands came under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family of Cannanore in return for a payment of annual tribute. The British took over the administration of those islands for non-payment of arrears. These islands were attached to the Malabar district of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj.[7]

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Independent India
The inhabitants of these islands, remote from the mainland of India, heard the final news of the Partition and Independence of India some days after it occurred on 15 August 1947. As the islands were then British possessions and part of the Madras Presidency, in accordance with the Indian Independence Act 1947, enacted by the British parliament a month before, the islands transferred automatically to the new Union of India. However, considering that they also had a Muslim majority, it seemed possible that the new dominion of Pakistan might seek to lay claim to them. On the orders of Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, known as the Iron Man, a ship of the Royal Indian Navy was sent to the Laccadives (as they were then called) to hoist the Indian national flag and ensure the islands' integration into the new Union of India, aiming to thwart any similar attempt by Pakistan. Hours after the arrival of the Indian ship, vessels of the Royal Pakistan Navy were seen near the islands, but after observing the Indian presence they returned to Karachi.[8] In 1956, during the reorganization of Indian states, the Lakshadweep islands were organized into a separate union territory for administrative purposes. To safeguard India's vital shipping lanes to the Middle East, and the growing relevance of the islands in security considerations, an Indian Navy base, INS Dweeprakshak, was commissioned on Kavaratti island.[9]

Lakshadweep

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Geography
Lakshadweep is an archipelago of twelve atolls, three reefs and five submerged banks, with a total of about thirty-nine islands and islets. The reefs are in fact also atolls, although mostly submerged, with only small unvegetated sand cays above the high water mark. The submerged banks are sunken atolls. Almost all the atolls have a northeast-southwest orientation with the islands lying on the eastern rim, and a mostly submerged reef on the western rim, enclosing a lagoon. It has 10 inhabited islands, 17 uninhabited islands, attached islets, 4 newly formed islets and 5 submerged reefs. The main islands are Kavaratti, Agatti, Minicoy, and Amini. The total population of the territory is 60,595 according to the 2001 census. Agatti has an airport with direct flights from Kochi . Tourists need a permit [10] to visit the islands; foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands. According to the current Alcohol laws of India, consumption of alcoholic beverages is not permitted in the Lakshadweep Archipelago except on Bangaram Island.

Lakshadweep Islands map

India's Coral Islands

The Amindivi group islands (consisting of Amini, Keltan, Chetlat, Kadamat, Bitra and Perumal Par) and the Laccadive group islands (comprising mainly Androth, Kalpeni, Kavaratti, Pitti and Suheli Par), both have a submarine connection between them. Together with Minicoy Island, located at the southern end of the 200km broad Nine Degree Channel, they form the Coral Islands of India in the Arabian Sea. All these islands have been built up by corals and have fringing coral reefs very close to their shores.[11] Two banks further north are not considered part of the group: Angria Bank Adas Bank The atolls, reefs and banks are listed from north to south in the table:

One of the uninhabited islands in Bangaram Atoll, Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep

642

Satellite picture showing the atolls of the Lakshadweep except for Minicoy

Worms-eye view of the lighthouse in Minicoy Island

Atoll/Reef/Bank (alternate name)

type

Land Lagoon Area Area (km2) (km2)

No. Pop. of Census islets 2001

Location

Amindivi Islands Cora Divh Sesostris Bank Bassas de Pedro (Munyal Par, Padua Bank) bank bank bank 339.45 388.53 2474.33 - 1342N 7211E - 1308N 7200E - 1307N 7225E

Cherbaniani Reef (Beleapani Reef) reef Byramgore Reef (Chereapani) reef

0.01 0.01

172.59 57.46

2 1

- 1218N 7153E - 1154N 7149E

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643
Chetlat Island Bitr Island Kiltn Island Kadmat Island (Cardamom) Elikalpeni Bank Perumal Par Amini Island 1) atoll atoll atoll atoll bank reef atoll 1.14 0.10 2.20 3.20 0.01 1.60 45.61 1.76 37.50 95.91 83.02 1 2 1 1 1 1 2,289 1142N 7242E 264 1133N 7209E 3,664 1129N 7300E 5,319 1114N 7247E - 1112N 7358E - 1110N 7204E 7,340 1106N 7245E

2.59 155.09 1)

Laccadive Islands Bangaram Island (Bangaram) 2) Agatti Island 2) Pitti Island 1) Androth Island (Andrott) Kavaratti Island Kalpeni Island Suheli Par atoll atoll islet 1) atoll atoll atoll atoll 2.30 3.84 46.25 17.50 4 4 1 - 3) 1056N 7217E 7,072 1050N 7212E - 1050N 7238E

0.01 155.09 1) 4.90 4.22 2.79 0.57 Minicoy 4.84 4.96 25.60 78.76

1 10,720 1050N 7341E 1 10,113 1033N 7238E 7 2 4,319 1005N 7338E - 1005N 7217E

Investigator Bank Minicoy Island Lakshadweep

bank atoll

4.80 32.69

141.78 30.60 4203.14

- 0832N 7317E 9,495 0817N 7302E

32 60,595 0816'-1358'N, 7144-7424'E

1)

Amini Island and Pitti Island are both on Pitti Bank, a largely sunken atoll with a lagoon area of 155.09km2
2)

Bangaram and Agatti Islands are connected by a shallow submarine ridge

3)

new international tourist resort, otherwise uninhabited, but with a population 61 at the 1990 census

Politics
Lakshadweep forms a single Indian district and is governed by an administrator appointed by the central government of India. The union territory comes under the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court at Ernakulam. The territory elects one member to the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Parliament of India). There is no local government at the moment but the administration plans to introduce a two-tiered system based on the Panchayati raj. There will be ten island councils for the inhabited islands (with a total of 79 members).

Demographics

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Population Growth
Census 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 Pop. 21000 24000 32000 40000 52000 61000 % 14.3% 33.3% 25.0% 30.0% 17.3% [12]

Source:Census of India

According to the 2011 census Lakshadweep has a population of 64,429,[13] roughly equal to the nation of Marshall Islands.[14] This gives it a ranking of 627th in India (out of a total of 640).[13] The district has a population density of 2013 inhabitants per square kilometre (unknown operator: u'strong'/sqmi).[13] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 6.23%.[13] Lakshadweep has a sex ratio of 946 females for every 1000 males,[13] and a literacy rate of 92.28%.[13]

Languages
Languages of Lakshadweep in 2001[15] Malayalam (85.00%) Others (15.00%) The principal languages of Lakshadweep are Malayalam, Jeseri (Dweep Bhasha) and Mahl.[16] The people of all the northern islands speak a dialect of Malayalam with Tamil and Arabic influences, due to extensive trade activities of these people. The people of Minicoy, the southernmost atoll, speak Mahl, a variant of Divehi language spoken in the Maldives. Malayalam with Malayalam script was introduced as the official language of Lakshadweep during the British raj. Previously a type of Arabic script (Arabi Malayalam) was used for the language. The policy was continued by the Indian government. Malayalam serves as a link language on the islands including on the Mahl dominated Minicoy Island.[17]

Ethnicity
The islanders are ethnically similar to coastal Kerala's Malayali people, and were influenced by Arab traders. Inhabitants of Minicoy, the southernmost and second largest island, are ethnically Dhivehis native to the Maldives. This group of Dhivehis form a subgroup of Dhivehis, sometimes referred by the name Mahls. Most of the indigenous population is Sunni-Muslim. The locals of all the islands except Minicoy call themselves the Div-i or the Aminidivi ("from the mother island"). Lakshadweep's ethnic groups can be classified as 84.33% Malayali, and 15.67% Mahls.

Ecology
The Lakshadweep Archipelago forms a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Maldives and the Chagos.[18] The Lakshadweep lagoons, reefs and banks are very rich in marine species with many types of living corals, sea urchins, seaweeds, sea cucumbers, starfish, cowry, clams and octopus, including many types of fish, such as butterfly fish, moray eels and the lagoon triggerfish, to name a few. Uninhabited atolls like Cherbaniani, Byramgore Reef and Perumal Par, as well as Pitti Island, are important as a breeding place for sea turtles and for a number of pelagic birds such as the Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus), Lesser Crested Tern (Sterna bengalensis) and Greater Crested Tern

Lakshadweep (Sterna bergii)[19] Different species of tuna, wahoo and swordfish, as well as dolphins, are common in the pelagic waters off the islands. Owing to the wealth of marine life surrounding Suheli Par there was a proposal to declare the waters of this atoll a Marine National Park.[20] Native flora includes small trees and bushes typical of littoral zones, such as Pandanus, Heliotropium foertherianum, Scaevola taccada, Tournefortia argentea and Pemphis acidula.[21]

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Economy
Lakshadweep's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at US$ 60million at current prices. There is little economic inequality in Lakshadweep and the poverty index is low. Coconut fibre extraction and production of fibre products is Lakshadweep's main industry. There are five coir fibre factories, five production demonstration centres and seven fibre curling units run by the government of India. These units produce coir fibre, coir yarn, curled fibre and corridor mattings.[22]
A beach side resort at Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep

Tourism
Due to its isolation and scenic appeal, Lakshadweep was already known as a tourist attraction for Indians since 1974.[23] This brings in significant revenue, which is likely to increase. Since such a small region cannot support industries, the government is actively promoting tourism as a means of income in Bangaram and Kadmat islands. Bangaram is projected as a major destination for international tourism.[24] The rich marine fauna is a delightful treat to the eyes of visitors. Water sports activities such as scuba diving, wind surfing, snorkelling, surfing, kayaking, canoeing, water skiing, yachting and night-voyages into the sea are quite popular activities among tourists. Tourists flock to these islands throughout the year except during the South-west monsoon months when seas are extremely rough.

Fisheries
Being rich in marine life and mineral resources, fishing is the main livelihood of the islanders. Though numerous varieties of fish are available in the lagoons, tuna is available in abundance around the Lakshadeep Sea. Fresh tuna caught is processed by drying it in the sun after cooking and smoking. The resultant product, known as `mas`, as well as tuna-pickle are popular products exported from these islands worldwide. Sharks, crabs, shrimp, lobsters, etc. are also plentifully available.

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Other products
The worlds first ever low temperature thermal desalination plant (LTTD) was opened in Kavaratti, one of the Indian Lakshadweep islands. The plant cost about 50million (922,000) and will produce 100,000litres/day of potable water from sea water. Production costs, currently 220-250/m (4.1-4.6/m), are expected to go do down to 30-60/m (0.55-1.11/m) as the capacity is increased. LTTD technology involves flashing relatively warm sea water (28-30 deg Celsius) inside a vacuum flash chamber and condensing the resultant vapour using deep sea cold water (7-15 C). The cold water for the Kavaratti plant is drawn at a depth of 350m some 400m from the shore. The technology was developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). It can be used not only to produce drinking water but also for power generation and air conditioning. In addition, the deep sea water contains extra nutrients for fish, an important source of food and income for the local population. The government plans to set up desalination plants with a capacity of 10million litres/per day on all islands and coastal areas. Source: Gov of India Press Information Bureau, 23 May 2005

Agriculture
Coconut is the main crop cultivated in the islands. Lakshadweep is India's largest producer of coconuts. About 2,598hectares are under coconut cultivation and the productivity per hectare is 22,310. Coconuts cultivated in the Lakshadweep are also rich in coconut oil.

Transport
Agatti Aerodrome on Agatti Island is currently the only airport in Lakshadweep. Air India Regional, a subsidiary of the state-owned carrier, serves Agatti and flies to Kochi on the mainland, as well as private carrier, Kingfisher Airlines, has commenced flights to and from Agatti. Kingfisher connects Kochi and Bangalore to Agatti. The other islands are linked by the Pawan Hans helicopter or boat service.[25] Between 1956 and 1962 there was no ship, but now ships are the major means of transportation for the islanders. Ships are operated from Passenger ship M.V. Amindivi of the either Kochi, Mangalore or Beypore (Calicut). There are around 6 Lakshadweep Islands administration docked at passenger ships, they are 1) M.V. Kavaratti, 2) M.V. Minicoy, 3) M.V. Old Mangalore port Bharat Seema, 4) M.V. Amindivi, 5) M.V. Lakshadweepsea, 6) M.V. Arabiansea, but generally four at a time operate. Advance bookings are required. Sailing schedules are arranged so that each island gets priority at some time of the year. There are high speed vessels operating between some of the larger islands like Kavaratti, Androth, Kalpeni etc., but sailings are affected by weather conditions.[26]

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References
[1] The Muslim tribes of Lakshadweep Islands By Makhan Jha (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC& pg=PA134& dq=Lakshadweep+ malayalam& hl=en& ei=YeJ4TZS4F4rMswbl7vjZBw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=7& ved=0CEgQ6AEwBjgy#v=onepage& q=Lakshadweep malayalam& f=false) [2] "The Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration Of Name Act), 1973" (http:/ / theindianlawyer. in/ statutesnbareacts/ acts/ l2. html). The Indian Lawyer. 26 August 1973. . Retrieved 9 May 2012. [3] Srivastava, Dayawanti et al. (ed.) (2010). "States and Union Territories: Lakshadweep: Government". India 2010: A Reference Annual (54th ed.). New Delhi, India: Additional Director General, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India), Government of India. pp.1219. ISBN978-81-230-1617-7. [4] Origin and compensation of Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, Indian Ocean (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science/ article/ pii/ 0012821X91901193) [5] Lakshadweep & It`s People 1992-1993 Planning Department, Govt. Secretariat, Lakshadweep Administration, Kavaratti. Page: 12. [6] Sources towards a history of the Laccadive Islands (http:/ / www. tandfonline. com/ doi/ abs/ 10. 1080/ 00856407908722989) [7] Logan, William (1887; Reprint 2004). Malabar Manual (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=9mR2QXrVEJIC& lpg=PP1& pg=PA2#v=onepage& q=Palghat& f=false). New Delhi: Asian Education Services. pp.2. ISBN81-206-0446-6. . [8] Gopal K. Bhargava, S. C. Bhatt (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories: in 36 volumes. Lakshadweep (http:/ / books. google. co. in/ books?id=eLSqp6EMxWAC& dq=). Gyan Publishing House. pp.232. ISBN81-7835-391-1. .Page 29 [9] "Navy commissions full-scale station in Lakshadweep" (http:/ / www. thehindu. com/ news/ states/ kerala/ article3370886. ece). The Hindu. 1 May 2012. . Retrieved 9 May 2012. [10] http:/ / lakshadweep. nic. in/ [11] `INDIA: A Physical Geography`(ISBN 81-230-0656-X),1968,Publications Dn, Ministry of I&B, Govt. of India. page:74. [12] "Census Population" (http:/ / indiabudget. nic. in/ es2006-07/ chapt2007/ tab97. pdf) (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. . Retrieved 18 December 2008. [13] "District Census 2011" (http:/ / www. census2011. co. in/ district. php). Census2011.co.in. 2011. . Retrieved 30 September 2011. [14] US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison: Population" (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ rankorder/ 2119rank. html). . Retrieved 1 October 2011. "Marshall Islands 67,182 July 2011 est." [15] "Commissioner Linguistic Minorities (originally from Indian Census, 2001)" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071008113359/ http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 35. htm). Archived from the original (http:/ / nclm. nic. in/ shared/ linkimages/ 35. htm) on 8 October 2007. . [16] About Lakshadweep on india.gov.in (http:/ / india. gov. in/ knowindia/ ut_lakshadweep. php) [17] The Muslim tribes of Lakshadweep Islands By Makhan Jha (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=b_a4G_Tw2ycC& pg=PA13& dq=Lakshadweep+ malayalam& hl=en& ei=KuV4TeqwIszHsgb53oTlBw& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q=Lakshadweep malayalam& f=false) [18] Terrestrial Ecoregions - Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests (IM0125) (http:/ / www. worldwildlife. org/ wildworld/ profiles/ terrestrial/ im/ im0125_full. html) [19] Birds of Lakshadweep Islands (http:/ / www. orientalbirdclub. org/ publications/ forktail/ 10pdfs/ Kurup-Lakshadweep. pdf) [20] A.G.K. Menon, Marine Park of Lakshadweep, a report submitted to the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, 1976 [21] Rao, T.A. & J.L. Ellis, Flora of Lakshadweep Islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 19:235-250. 1995 [22] Report of the working group on improvement of banking services in Lakshadweep (http:/ / rbidocs. rbi. org. in/ rdocs/ PublicationReport/ Pdfs/ 84466. pdf) [23] Tourism in Lakshadweep (http:/ / lakshadweeptourism. nic. in/ ) [24] Bangaram Islands (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ lakshadweep/ tourism/ bangaram-island. html) [25] Kochi to Agatti Flight Schedule (http:/ / www. mapsofindia. com/ flight-schedule/ kochi-agatti. html) [26] Means of Transport - Lakshadweep (http:/ / lakshadweep. nic. in/ howtoreach. html)

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External links
Official website (http://www.lakshadweep.gov.in) A Picture Essay of Lakshadweep (http://www.nswamy.com/dawn/2011/i-speak/ agatti-kavaratti-lakshadweep/) Hydrographic Description (Indian Ocean Pilot) (http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/websites/pollux/pollux. nss.nima.mil/NAV_PUBS/SD/pub173/173sec05.pdf) Lagoon sizes (http://www.india9.com) Bangaram Island Resort (http://www.cghearth.com/bangaram_island/index.htm) List of Atolls (http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/4897/1/00019.pdf) An ornithological expedition to the Lakshadweep archipelago (http://www.indianbirds.in/pdfs/An ornithological expedition.pdf) Sources towards a history of the Laccadive Islands (http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/ 00856407908722989)

Article Sources and Contributors

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Article Sources and Contributors

Uttar Pradesh Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503916440 Contributors: (jarbarf), *drew, 10 000 thundering typhoons, 25 Cents FC, A3RO, AAA!, Aaroncrick, Aashishk29, Ab 18, Abecedare, Abhay352, Abhishek203, AbhisheksinghWIKI, Abhisinghal, Abundela76, Acred99, Acsenray, AgarwalSumeet, AgniKalpa, Ahoerstemeier, Ahuitzotl, Ajay50111, Akshaymarwah, Akshayrastogi, Akv, Al Silonov, Aleenf1, Alexander.somma, Alltimemail, Alokmishra, Altes, Amanaqeel, AmarChandra, Amatulic, Amolakh, Amsinwala, Andycjp, Anic420, Animeshkulkarni, AnkurIndia, Anshoopandey, Ansumang, Anthon.Eff, Anujkhandelwal, Anupam, Anwar saadat, ApostleVonColorado, Apparition11, Arjun024, Arunsingh77, Arvindn, Aryavarta, Ash manit, Ashuvashu, Ashwinr, Asocall, AssistantX, Astuishin, Astute neophyte, Auric, Avataran, Awadhi, BD2412, Bakasuprman, Balwinderdeep, Basawala, BeachHome, Beao, Bejnar, Beland, Ben Ben, Bentley4, Best Friend, Bhadani, Bigbenboa, Biglovinb, Bikehorn, BilCat, Bill william compton, Billinghurst, Bkell, Bmkamath2000, Bobblewik, Bobby H. 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B., AJ.iitm, ARJ, Aa2-2004, Adroit09, Akashiii, Al Silonov, Amit Dhruv, Amorim Parga, Andylkl, Anubis2, Anwar saadat, Aravind V R, Arisimandi, Arunsingh77, BPositive, Bobblewik, Buaidh, CambridgeBayWeather, Chanakyathegreat, Chanheigeorge, Charlesdrakew, Chrism, Deepak D'Souza, Dinesh smita, Dn9ahx, Eldumpo, Ermanon, Explendido Rocha, Falcon8765, FeatherPluma, FilipeS, Frietjes, Ganeshk, Gopalagarwal11, Gppande, Hede2000, Hibernian, Isnow, JHunterJ, JamesBWatson, Japanese Searobin, Jauhienij, Jethwarp, Joaopais, Jorge Stolfi, Jorunn, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jovianeye, Jsobral, Kanags, Kelisi, Kesangh, Kimdime, Kintetsubuffalo, Kiril Simeonovski, Ko'oy, Kordas, Kwamikagami, Leandrod, Logicalthinker33, Luisfrois, MCB, MER-C, Manojb, Manuel de Sousa, Marek69, MatthewVanitas, Moonraker12, Morwen, Mr Accountable, Mrugesh, Nichalp, Niteowlneils, Ohnoitsjamie, Ourique1139, PURVI DIILI resident, Pan.avii, Patel24, PedroPVZ, Pibwl, Pjacobi, Prishcom, Ravichandar84, Rfl, Ricardo monteiro, Rich Farmbrough, Rick Block, Roy.samarendra, Rsrikanth05, SEVEREN, Sainath468, Sangjinhwa, Sanjeeth, Sanketholey, Saravask, Sardanaphalus, Shivap, Shushruth, Shyamsunder, Spencer, Splee, Spundun, Squids and Chips, Srikeit, Tdamania, Template namespace initialisation script, The Ogre, Tobias Conradi, Tom Radulovich, Tommy2010, Tuncrypt, Ulric1313, Umbugbene, Unyoyega, Utcursch, Varlaam, Waxwing slain, Woohookitty, Y, YellowMonkey, Zack Holly Venturi, Zaslav, 123 anonymous edits Lakshadweep Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=503599317 Contributors: 777sms, ARUNKUMAR P.R, Ahmed27, Ahoerstemeier, AjaxSmack, Al Silonov, Alai, Alren, Amire80, Amog, Andrew K. 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Moonraker, MrOllie, Mushroom, Mysid, Nataraja, Naveen Ramanathan, Navin Shetty Brahmavar, Neutrality, Nichalp, Nnemo, Nobunaga24, Noorul, Olivier, Opus88888, Para, PhnomPencil, Pratulkalia, Premkudva, R'n'B, RJFJR, Rajeshseo, Rama's Arrow, Rameez pp, Ranveig, Rao Ravindra, Ratzer, Ravedave, Ravichandar84, RedWolf, Regancy42, Remus Lupin, Rich Farmbrough, Rick Block, Rickard Vogelberg, Rif Winfield, Rivatphil, Rje, Rjwilmsi, Robert1947, Robocoder, Roisterer, Romit3, Rudolf 1922, Rupankar, Rmih, SDC, Sadathmp, Sadeeshbala, Saga City, Salvio giuliano, Samarkhand, Sanketholey, Saravask, Sarvagyana guru, Schzmo, Sgeureka, ShivNarayanan, Shushruth, Shyamsunder, Siddhartha Ghai, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, Skcpublic, Skier Dude, Spencer, Spundun, Sriharis, Srikeit, Stepheng3, Stopthenonsense, Sumanbabud, Super cyclist, Supermaniwalia, TShilo12, TacitusIndicus, Team4Technologies, Template namespace initialisation script, Thaejas, Thingg, Thunderboltz, Toussaint, Tsagar, UniReb, Utcursch, Vegetator, Visu1178, Vyzasatya, Wangond, Wayland, Woohookitty, World8115, XPTO, Xufanc, YellowMonkey, Yono, Yunshui, , 277 anonymous edits

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File:Varanasiganga.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Varanasiganga.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Babasteve File:Seal of Uttar Pradesh.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Uploader: Faizhaider File:India Uttar Pradesh locator map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg License: unknown Contributors: Mentifisto, Planemad, 2 anonymous edits File:Uttar Pradesh locator map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uttar_Pradesh_locator_map.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Faizhaider at en.wikipedia File:Flag of India.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_India.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter File:Increase2.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg License: Public Domain 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File:Darjeeling from above St. Paul's School.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Darjeeling_from_above_St._Paul's_School.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: University of Houston Digital Library File:IIT KGP Main Building.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:IIT_KGP_Main_Building.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Saikat Sarkar File:Iimc audi.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Iimc_audi.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Rgt18 at en.wikipedia File:Salt Lake Stadium - Yuva Bharati Krirangan , Kolkata - Calcutta 5.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Salt_Lake_Stadium_-_Yuva_Bharati_Krirangan_,_Kolkata_-_Calcutta_5.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Arindam Ghosh - Rana Dimpy - lovedimpy File:Eden Gardens Kolkatta.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eden_Gardens_Kolkatta.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Partha Bhaumik File:Magnify-clip.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Erasoft24 File:Andhra_Pradesh_montage.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Andhra_Pradesh_montage.PNG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Srikarkashyap File:Seal_of_Andhra_Pradesh.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_Andhra_Pradesh.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: unbekannt. 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File:WKshatrapas.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WKshatrapas.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Electionworld, Roland zh, Sankalpdravid, Zaccarias File:Khajuraho5.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Khajuraho5.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Airunp, Sfu, 1 anonymous edits File:Mp vidhansabha.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mp_vidhansabha.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Amcanada File:Satpura1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Satpura1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Original uploader was LRBurdak at en.wikipedia. Later version(s) were uploaded by Acather96, Manoij at en.wikipedia. 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Burn, Richard, Sir, (1871-1947) joint ed. Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, (1860-1922). joint ed. New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908-1931 [v. 1, 1909] Image:Bombay Prov south 1909.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bombay_Prov_south_1909.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, (1840-1900), Cotton, James Sutherland, (1847-1918) ed. Burn, Richard, Sir, (1871-1947) joint ed. Meyer, William Stevenson, Sir, (1860-1922). joint ed. New edition, published under the authority of His Majesty's secretary of state for India in council. 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File:Mandvi Beach.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mandvi_Beach.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Meena Kadri from Edge of Paradise, New Zealand File:Kabagandhidelo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kabagandhidelo.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: Rajkot City Guide File:Bhavnath Mahadev.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bhavnath_Mahadev.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Nileshbandhiya File:Sun Temple Sabha Mandap.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sun_Temple_Sabha_Mandap.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Contributors: Uday Parmar / Parmar uday at en.wikipedia File:Tarnetar01.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tarnetar01.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Harsh.dattani Image:AMD2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AMD2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Htrapj File:Bhavnagar Airport airside.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bhavnagar_Airport_airside.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Trinidade File:AHMEDABAD AMTS BUS yohaan.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AHMEDABAD_AMTS_BUS_yohaan.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Yohaan Image:Autorickshaw.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Autorickshaw.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Germany Contributors: User:Deepak File:Seal of Orissa.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_Orissa.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: After Midnight, Cloudbound, Dn9ahx, Faizhaider, Kintetsubuffalo, Magog the Ogre, Nagy, Siddhartha Ghai, Skier Dude, Utcursch, 3 anonymous edits File:India Orissa locator map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Orissa_locator_map.svg License: unknown Contributors: Abhijitsathe, Planemad File:Orissa_State_map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Orissa_State_map.svg License: unknown Contributors: Jayanta Nath File:Jagannath Temple, Puri.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jagannath_Temple,_Puri.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Amartyabag File:Narendra Pokhari One of the significant Ancient Pond of Holly city Puri..jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Narendra_Pokhari_One_of_the_significant_Ancient_Pond_of_Holly_city_Puri..jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Aditya Mahar File:Gudahandi.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gudahandi.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Digpatra File:Kalinga battlefield daya river dhauli hills.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kalinga_battlefield_daya_river_dhauli_hills.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Cheeni File:Hatigumfa.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hatigumfa.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Amitava Original uploader was Windrider24584 at en.wikipedia File:Konark Temple.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Konark_Temple.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Sujit kumar File:Chilka lake.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Chilka_lake.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: User:gppande / User_talk:gppande File:Raghurajpur .jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Raghurajpur_.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Carla Antonini File:Mahanadi River.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mahanadi_River.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Sujit kumar File:Human Development Index for Indian states in 2001.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Human_Development_Index_for_Indian_states_in_2001.png License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: User:Nichalp File:GhumuraDance.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:GhumuraDance.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Digpatra File:Westindischer Maler um 1550 001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Westindischer_Maler_um_1550_001.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Ekabhishek, Ranveig, Roland zh, Tsui Image:Rasgulla - 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File:Common Lime Butterfly Papilio demoleus by Kadavoor.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Common_Lime_Butterfly_Papilio_demoleus_by_Kadavoor.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Jkadavoor File:Kerala density map1.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kerala_density_map1.PNG License: unknown Contributors: Roland zh, Saravask File:Kozhikode city.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kozhikode_city.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Bryce Edwards from Dunedin, New Zealand File:.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Rajeev Nair@flickr.com File:Thiruvananthapuram Appartments.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Thiruvananthapuram_Appartments.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Binoyjsdk File:Kochi India.jpg Source: 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File:Punjab district map.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Punjab_district_map.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Wikigringo File:MotiBaghPalace.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MotiBaghPalace.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: Rohit Markande / Markande at en.wikipedia File:Harminder sahib5.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Harminder_sahib5.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Real Jsu File:Amritsar Airport Entrance.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Amritsar_Airport_Entrance.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: jliptoid File:India Train.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Train.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: FlickreviewR, Indianhilbilly, NVO, Roland zh, 1 anonymous edits File:India Haryana locator map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Haryana_locator_map.svg License: unknown Contributors: Planemad, Roland zh, 3 anonymous edits File:Haryana locator map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Haryana_locator_map.svg License: unknown Contributors: Cwbm (commons), Planemad, Roland zh, Utcursch, 2 anonymous edits File:Kurukshetra.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kurukshetra.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dbachmann, Man vyi, Mentifisto, Ranveig, Redtigerxyz, Roland zh, Titodutta, Vadakkan, 9 anonymous edits File:YamunaRiver.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:YamunaRiver.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Thorsten Vieth from Bangalore, India File:Egptian Vultures I2-Haryana IMG 8921.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Egptian_Vultures_I2-Haryana_IMG_8921.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: J.M.Garg File:BJP Party leader Sushma Swaraj2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BJP_Party_leader_Sushma_Swaraj2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BJP_Party_leader_Sushma_Swaraj.jpg: U.S. Embassy New Delhi derivative work: Materialscientist (talk) File:Gen. 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File:Jageshwar main.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jageshwar_main.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Amrit. Original uploader was Apalaria at en.wikipedia File:Tehga.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tehga.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Robert Alfers File:United Provinces 1903.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:United_Provinces_1903.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Roland zh, Taichi File:Nanda devi.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nanda_devi.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Anirban c8 File:Himalaya Panorama Alok Prasad.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Himalaya_Panorama_Alok_Prasad.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: www.flickr.com/alokprasad. 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File:Tripurarice (44).JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tripurarice_(44).JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: User:Soman File:Agartala Palace, Tripura.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Agartala_Palace,_Tripura.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: Koshy Koshy File:Agartala (27).JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Agartala_(27).JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Soman File:Traditional dress of Tripura.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Traditional_dress_of_Tripura.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Cecilia Debbarma File:Seal of Meghalaya.gif Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_Meghalaya.gif License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Dn9ahx at en.wikipedia File:India Meghalaya locator map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:India_Meghalaya_locator_map.svg License: unknown Contributors: Abhijitsathe, Planemad File:Meghalaya locator map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Meghalaya_locator_map.svg License: unknown Contributors: Abhijitsathe, Planemad, Roland zh, Utcursch File:Cachimbo- Khasi.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cachimbo-_Khasi.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Frank C. 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File:Baptist church, Alichen, Nagaland.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Baptist_church,_Alichen,_Nagaland.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Releaseme2 File:Nagalandmap.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Nagalandmap.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike Contributors: Wikigringo File:Terrace cultivation, Pfutsero, Nagaland.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Terrace_cultivation,_Pfutsero,_Nagaland.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Releaseme2 File:Seal of Goa.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Seal_of_Goa.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Nichalp at en.wikipedia. Later version(s) were uploaded by Beao, Dn9ahx at en.wikipedia. 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