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Basic needs and requirements (food, water, shelter etc.) are usually fulfilled in animal husbandry, however, higher vertebrates have also some psychological needs related to exploration and coping with their environment (Poole, 1992) Proper stimulation from environment is necessary for fulfilment of all animal needs.
Environmental enrichment and its role in animal welfare
These factors lead to abnormal behaviours in form of: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. stereotyped behaviour, bar biting or object eating / licking, feather pecking, tail biting crossucling etc.)
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2. The study of enrichment preference deliver information what objects animals prefered as environmental enrichment. 3. The calves for example prefer devices rewarding them with food (Braden bottle) and providing substitute for sucking (toys).
Environmental enrichment and its role in animal welfare
2. The rewarding schedule should enable the most effective reinforcement of the behaviour. Therefore, time, space of rewarding and the quantity of food should be randomized. (Young, 1995)
Environmental enrichment and its role in animal welfare
12. Literature
1. 2. 3. 4. Beattie V.E., Walker N., Smeddon I.A., 1995: Effect of environmental enrichment on behaviour and productivity of growing pigs. Animal Welfare 4, 207-220. Mc Greevy P., 2004: Equine Behavior.Saunders, Edinburgh, London ,New York, Oxford, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Sydney, Toronto. Morrow-Tesch J., 1995: Effect of environmental enrichment on group-housed dairy calves. The Second International Confernece Environmental Enrichment, Copemhaven, 299-307. O`Connell N.E., Beattie V.E., 1999: Influence of environmental enrichment on aggressive behaviour and dominance relationship in growing pigs. Animal Welfare, 8, 269-279. Poole T., 1992: The nature and evolution of behavioural needs in mammals. Animal Welfare 1, 203-220 Shepherdson D.J., 1998: Tracing the path of environmental enrichment in zoos. [In:] Second Nature. Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals.D.J. Shepherdson, J.D. Mellen and M. Hutchins (eds) Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London. Sherwin C.M., 1995: Environmental enrichment for laying hens: Spherical objects in the feed tgough. Animal Welfare, 4,41-51. Smedden I.A., Beattie V.A., Dunne I., Neil W., 2000: The effect of environmental enrichment on learning in pigs. Animal Welfare,9, 373-383. Weeks C.A., Nicol C.J., Sherwin C.M., Kestin S.C., 1994: Comparison of the behaviour of broiler chickens in indoor and free range environment. Animal Welfare, 3, 179-192. Young R.J., 1995: Designing environmental enrichment devices around species-specific behaviour. The Second International Confernece Environmental Enrichment, Copemhaven, 195-204.
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