General Chemistry 1 Laboratory Experiment #1 (CHM11-3L / A10)

Primary laboratory procedures performed through conventional means

Michelle S. Enriquez a, Rhae Elyxis D. Estanislao a, Jan Rafael B. Eusebio a, Anna Janine G. Pereyra a, Mark Sarcilla a
a

Mapa Institute of Technology, Manila, Philippines

ARTICLE

INFO

ABSTRACT This experiment was performed to learn the basic laboratory techniques used in Chemistry. Common laboratory instruments were used in measuring the mass, length, volume, temperature and density of different materials. By using different instruments in measuring the the mass and the density of the same material, there were some percentage error in the experiment. This is due to the inexperience of using the instruments or different elements may have affected the results. And because of this, precision and accuracy were also distinguished.

Article history: Finished on January 16, 2012 Passed January 19, 2012 Keywords: - Density - Length - Mass - Temperature - Volume
1. Introduction

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2. Experimental
2.1 Chemicals and Apparatuses All materials used in this experiment were provided. Distilled water was the only chemical used in the experiment. The apparatuses used to perform the experiment are the following: Platform balance, 100-mL graduated cylinder, 150-mL beaker, thermometer, iron stand, Bunsen burner, iron ring, wire gauze, electronic balance, ruler, 50-mL graduated cylinder, 10-mL graduated cylinder, 2 test tubes, test tube rack and test tube holder. 2.2 Measurement of Mass We considered the use of a one-peso coin and a 25-centavo coin as directed in the book as the object to be weighed by the use of a platform balance and also an electronic balance. Each of us had measured the mass of the said object to give more accurate and more precise results. 2.3 Measurement of Length Given the Laboratory Manual book as an object to be measured, we used a ruler in determining the length and the width of the book in centimeters and calculated the area of the book by simply multiplying the length by its width. 2.4 Use of Bunsen burner We placed 5 mL of distilled water on a test tube to be heated in a luminous and nonluminous flame then recorded the time in seconds when it boils. 2.5 Measurement of Temperature As usual, we often make use of thermometer as an instrument to be used in getting the temperature and so we did. We

boiled a half-filled 150-mL beaker (75-mL) of distilled water then recorded its boiling point. 2.6 Measurement of Density of a solid by Geometric Measurement To get the density of the ten one-peso coins, the first thing we did was to get the mass of the ten one-peso coins with the aid of electronic balance and then get its height and diameter in centimeters. After obtaining enough values, we then calculated for the volume by using V=r2h, where is a constant value. After getting the value for the volume, we obtained the density by dividing the mass by the volume. 2.7 Measurement of Density of a solid by Water displacement In finding the density by water displacement, we were instructed to use a 50mL of tap water acting as the initial volume placed in a graduated cylinder. We used the ten one-peso coins in 2.6 and placed them inside the graduated cylinder. That resulted to the final volume. To determine the volume of the coins, subtract the initial volume from the final volume. Since we already obtained the volume, we then calculated for the density of the coins by dividing the mass (obtained in 2.6) by the volume. 2.8 Measurement of Density of Water First thing we did was we weighed the 100-mL graduated cylinder by using an electronic balance as instructed in the book. Afterwards, we placed a 50-mL of distilled water into the graduated cylinder then weighed again. We computed the density of water by just getting the mass of the water first by simply subtracting the mass of the empty graduated cylinder from the mass of graduated cylinder containing the water then upon getting the mass of the water, we divided it with the given amount of water(volume) used.

3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Measurement of Mass Values of the mass of a one-peso coin and 25-centavo coin were determined using a platform balance and their true values were determined by an electronic balance. The experimental mass results for the one-peso coin and 25-centavo coin weighed are presented in Table 1 and 2 respectively. Table 1
Measurement of Mass of a One-Peso Coin

Calculation of the summation of the obtained values and its average value of mass using equation (1) and (2).

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 Sum Average

Mass (g) OnePeso Coin 5.6 g 5.55 g 5.65 g 5.5 g 5.56 g 27.86 g 5.57 g

Mass (g) 25Centavo Coin 3.70 g 3.76 g 3.76 g 3.74 g 3.75 g 18.71 g 3.74 g

*Calculated from equation (1) and (2).

Mass of a One-Peso Coin (Platform Balance) Trial Mass (g) 1 5.6 g 2 5.55 g 3 5.65 g 4 5.5 g 5 5.56 g Mass of a One-Peso Coin (Electronic Balance) True Value 5.35 g Table 2
Measurement of Mass of a 25-Centavo Coin

Table 4 illustrates the absolute deviation of obtained values of the mass in onepeso coin and in 25-centavo coin. To determine the absolute deviation of each coin, the formula is expressed as 3 Absolute Deviation = |average i| where i is equal to the mass obtained in each samples. Table 4
Calculation of the absolute deviation of each obtained values using equation (3).

Mass of a 25-Centavo Coin (Platform Balance) Trial Mass (g) 1 3.70 g 2 3.76 g 3 3.76 g 4 3.74 g 5 3.75 g Mass of a 25-Centavo Coin (Electronic Balance) True Value 3.61 g The summation of the obtained values of the mass, using the platform balance, in onepeso coin and in 25-centavo coin was divided by the number of samples to get their average value of mass as shown in Table 3.
1

Trial 1 2 3 4 5 Trial 1 2 3 4 5

One-Peso Coin Absolute Deviation (g) 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.08 g 0.07 g 0.01 g 25-Centavo Coin Absolute Deviation (g) 0.04 g 0.02 g 0.02 g 0.00 g 0.01 g

Sum of the values of mass = Mass in Trial 1 + Mass in Trial 2 + + Mass in Trial 5
2

Notes: -Calculated from equation (3). -Mass obtained in each sample is shown in Table 1. -Average is shown in Table 3.

Average = Sum / Number of Samples To calculate the precision of the measurements, get the sum of the absolute

Table 3

deviation then divide it with the number of sample to calculate the relative deviation of the obtained values of mass in one-peso coin and in 25-centavo coin as shown in table 5.
4

Percent Error One-Peso coin 25-Centavo coin

Notes: -Calculated from equation (6). -True Value is shown in table 1 and 2. -Average Value is shown in table 3.

4.11% 3.60%

Sum of the absolute deviation = Absolute Deviation Trial 1 + Absolute Deviation Trial 2 + + Absolute Deviation Trial 5
5

Relative Deviation = Sum of the Absolute Deviation / No. of Samples Table 5

Calculation of the relative deviation using equations (4) and (5).

Trial

Absolute Deviation (g) One-Peso Coin 0.03 g 0.02 g 0.08 g 0.07 g 0.01 g 0.2 g 0.04 g

1 2 3 4 5 Sum Relative Deviation

Absolute Deviation (g) 25-Centavo Coin 0.04 g 0.02 g 0.02 g 0.00 g 0.01 g 0.09 g 0.02 g

As shown in table 6, the set of measurements that are more accurate are that of the 25-centavo coin. Compared to the onepeso coin, 25-centavo coin has a lower value of percentage error which indicates that the set of measurements obtained in a 25-centavo coin are more accurate or closer to the true value of its mass than the set of measurements obtained in a one-peso coin. 3.2 Measurement of Length Values of the length of the book were determined with the use of a ruler. Table 7 presents the experimental length obtained from the measurements. Length (cm) Width (cm) 27.15 cm 21.21 cm

*Calculated from equation (4) and (5).

Compared to the one-peso coin, the 25centavo coin has a lower value of relative deviation which indicates that the set of measurements obtained in a 25-centavo coin are more precise than the set of measurements obtained in a one-peso coin. (Table 5) Comparing the accuracy of these two measurements, measurements of mass obtained in a one-peso and 25-centavo coin, Table 6 presents the percent error of the obtained value of mass of the one-peso coin and 25-centavo coin and is it is defined by the equation
6

The area can be obtained thru the equation 7 Area = Length x Width Area = 27.15 cm x 21.21 cm Area = 575.8515 In considering the number of significant figure in the obtained value of area, the area should only have four number of significant digit. Area = 575.9 3.3 Measurement of Volume Values of the volume of the water were determined using a graduated cylinder and a beaker. The experimental mass results of the water measured are presented in Table 8. Table 8

Percent Error = [ (True Value Average Value) / True Value ] x 100% Table 6
Calculation of the percent error using equation (6).

Apparatus Graduated Cylinder Beaker

Volume (mL) 100.00 mL 100 mL

Significant figures are five when we are to use graduated cylinder, and three for the beaker. It is more preferable to use graduated cylinder for it has a greater possibility to arrive at a more accurate measurement than that of a beaker. 3.4 Using the Bunsen Burner The time to boil the water (5mL) was determined using a stopwatch in different types of Bunsen Flame (Luminous/Non-Luminous). The experimental time results for the boiling of the 5mL water are shown in Table 9. Table 9 Type of Bunsen Flame Luminous Flame Non-Luminous Flame

Table 10 Mass (g) Height (cm) Diameter (cm)

54.39 g 1.85 cm 2.39 cm (r=195)

Calculating the volume and density of the coin cylinder simultaneously in cubic centimeters and gram per cubic centimeter respectively, it is shown in Table 11, the equations are
8

Where r is the radius, h is the height and pi is approximately equal to 3.1416.

9

Density = Mass / Volume

Table11
Calculation of volume and density using equations (8) and (9).

Time to boil the water (sec) 56.44 sec 28.96 sec

Volume (cubic centimeters) Density (g/cubic centimeter)

8.30 cubic centimeters 6.55 g/cubic centimeter

It is more advantageous to use NonLuminous Flame in boiling the water, for it has a lower time frame in boiling the water than the Luminous Flame. 3.5 Measurement of temperature The temperature of boiling water is approximately 100 degrees Celsius in the experimental set-up. In measuring the temperature of boiling water, it is necessary to keep the mercury bulb of the thermometer away from the container, if it touches the container, it will give an erroneous reading. 3.6 Measurement of Density of a solid by Geometric Measurement Values of the mass, height and diameter of a one-peso coin were determined using an electronic balance and a ruler. The experimental mass, height and diameter results for the one-peso coin weighed and measured are presented in Table 10.

Notes: -Calculated using equations (8) and (9). -Radius, height and mass is shown in Table 10.

3.7 Measurement of Density of a solid by water displacement Values of the mass, initial volume and final volume of a one-peso coin and the water reading were determined using an electronic balance and a graduated cylinder. The experimental mass, initial volume and final volume results for the one-peso coin and the water reading weighed and measured are presented in Table 12. Table 12 Mass (g) Initial Volume (mL) Final Volume (mL)

54.39 g 50 mL 57 mL

Calculating the volume and density of the coin cylinder simultaneously in cubic centimeters and gram per cubic centimeter

respectively, as shown in Table 13, the equations are

10

Volume = Final Volume Initial Volume Density = Mass / Volume

11

Table 13
Calculation of volume and density using equations (8) and (9).

Volume (cubic centimeters) Density (g/cubic centimeter)

7.00 mL 7.77 g/mL

Notes: -Calculated using equations (10) and (11). -Mass is shown in Table 12.

The measurements in red shows that the volume and density obtained in the two methods differ. There might be some factors that affected the experimental set-up. 1. (Water Displacement Method) Upon filling up the graduated cylinder, droplets of water might have stayed through the wall of it, causing this excess water to join the final volume reading when the water level rises up due to the coins placed inside making the values obtained, volume and density, not accurate. Or, 2. (Geometric Measurement Method) The measurement was obtained through the use of ruler. Since, the sample is small, the graduation of the ruler might not be enough to tell the accurate value of the diameter and height making the values obtained, volume and density, not accurate.

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