LCD & DLP Projectors

Programmable Solutions for the Broadcast Industry

LCD Projector Anatomy

Projection Optics Mirror Mirror Mirror High Intensity White Light Source (a Super Backlight!)

Red LCD

Green LCD

Blue LCD

Condenser Optics

Transmissive Full Image Grayscale LCD Arrays

Lens

Lens

Lens

Mirror Mirror Dychroic Mirror (wavelength selective) Dychroic Mirror (wavelength selective)

LCD Projection Pixel Structure

Cross Sectional View
Thin Film Transistor Polarizer Pixel Electrode Polarizer Scanning Electrode

Wavelength Filtered Glass Substrate Projection Beam

Liquid Crystal Slurry

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

Wavelength filtered projection light enters the back of the pixel (Green case shown)

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

The light proceeds to the polarizing filter unimpaired.

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

At the polarizing filter only a portion of the light is able to pass through. This light is properly aligned for the LCD slurry to affect its transmission.

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

Light passes through LCD slurry in proportion to twist imposed on matrix by driver circuit. In this example no twist is applied and all of the light is able to pass.

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

Light then proceeds out of LCD and continues along optical projection path.

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

By controlling the LCD slurry twist through the driver circuit, intensity of light escaping can be controlled.

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

By controlling the LCD slurry twist through the driver circuit the intensity of light escaping can be controlled.

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

By controlling the LCD slurry twist through the driver circuit the intensity of light escaping can be controlled.

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

By controlling the LCD slurry twist through the driver circuit the intensity of light escaping can be controlled.

How the LCD Projector Pixel Works

Cross Sectional View

No Light at All

Until no light is emitted at all.

DLP & Digital Micromirrors

The Heart of Digital Light Processing
Micro Electro-Mechanical (MEM) devices
The structure is capable of a physical motion Manufactured using semiconductor technology

Digital Micromirrors feature and control small aluminum mirrors

16m in size +/-10 degrees of rotation Switch in 15s physically, 2s optically
Image courtesy of Texas Instruments

Digital Micromirror Device (DMD)

An array of digital micromirrors packaged in single device Digital images created by reflecting a light off the device

TI DLP - Single DMD System

Color images can be made by shining colored light onto DMD greyscale image Light from source bulb is filtered using spinning color wheel Combination of red, green or blue light is then reflected to optics from DMD

TI DLP - 3 DMD System

Light from source bulb is diffracted using filtering prism Each RGB color component is reflected from its own dedicated DMD Reflected R,G and B light combined (reflected along same axis) and passed through optics to display Reduced mechanics (no spinning wheel) means system more reliable Dedicated mirrors also mean higher quality pictures

DLP Projector Anatomy

High Intensity White Light Source Projection Optics Mirror Mirror Mirror

Condenser Optics
Selective Red Reflection Selective Green Reflection Selective Blue Reflection

Mirror

Dychroic Mirror

Dychroic Mirror

Mirror

Light Trap

Light Trap

Red DMD

Green DMD

Blue DMD

Light Trap

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mirror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mir ror A

Mir ror

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mirror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mir ror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mirror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mir ror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mirror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mir ror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mirror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mir ror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mirror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mir ror A

Mir ror

High Intensity Light Source

Intensity is Controlled by Pulsing the Output Cross Sectional View

Low High Intensity Intensity

Mirror A

Mirror B

High Intensity Light Source

Projection Display Systems

Projection System Data Flow

Source File
- RGB - MPEG, JPEG, etc.

Input transport
- External: USB 2.0, IEEE 1394, Home Networking options, etc. - Internal: IDE, LVDS, AGP, PCI, FLASH, SDRAM, etc. DCT/IDCT, color space conversion, decryption, etc.

Raw RGB

(Decompress/decrypt)

Decoding

System transport Display Technology Optimization

- HSTL, LVDS, AGP, PCI, etc. Scaling, gamma/color correction, dithering, brightness, contrast, sharpness, etc.

(Image adjustment)

Adjusted RGB

Driver transport
- LVDS, AGP, PCI, etc. XY timing and output waveform generation XY array driver circuit

Display Driver

LCD/DLP Projector
Digital Image Processing Board (Wireless)
5-GHz IEEE 802.11a/ HiperLAN2
Video In Wireless LAN Chipset I/O Control MPEG Decoder Scan Conversion Color Space Conversion Scaling

DMD / ILA / LCD / GLV Red Display Device Green Display Device Blue Display Device

Frame Buffers SDRAM

Degamma

SDRAM

Memory Controller

SDRAM

Projection Design Challenges

System and Component Connectivity

Which interface options should you support? Can you support more options to increase the accessible market? How do you integrate the best selection of components to address your application?

Video and Image Processing

formats and standards?

How do meet the performance challenge? How do you maintain compatibility with geographically divergent and continuously evolving

User Interface

How do you implement the best possible user interface to your design?

System Control

How do you control the system?

Display Driver circuitry

How do you best implement the driver circuit to get to market quickly and achieve supplier
flexibility for this high dollar BOM component?

General System Challenges

Integrating different standards
Broadband access Home networking System interfaces

Supporting new and evolving specifications Supporting different memory and storage types

EMI signal management Power management Competitive pressures to bring new features rapidly to market Supply chain management Overall cost management

Each can be addressed with Xilinx solutions

Peripheral Interfacing and System Glue

Ethernet Ethernet USB USB Memory Memory Memory Memory Card Card Modem Modem HDD HDD

Main Processor Main Processor or or Embedded uP Embedded uP

Bluetooth Bluetooth

A/D A/D

Interface features to the host processor Quickly add new capabilities to existing products

Component Integration
Design Flexibility
I/O Standard A

FPGA Logic Integration Resources

Controllers
UserSelect I/O I/O Designed UserSelect I/O I/O Designed
PCI-X AGP SDRAM SRAM PCI-X AGP SDRAM SRAM

Buffers & Memories

Block RAM

Controllers

PCI

DLL Clock DLL DLL Mgmt. DLL

PCI

I/O

IDE

RAM

Xilinx Select I/OTM Technology

Chip to backplane PCI 33MHz 3.3V PCI 33MHz 5.0V PCI 66MHz 3.3V GTL, GTL+, AGP Chip to Memory HSTL-I, -III, -IV SSTL3-I, -II SSTL2-I, -II CTT Chip to Chip LVTTL LVCMOS LVDS LVDS BLVDS LVPECL

I/O

FLASH

Distributed

FLASH IDE

I/O Standard B

Storage Reference Designs

PCMCIA
Card-side (Spartan & CPLD) Host-side (Spartan only)
Memory Stick PCMCIA

CompactFlash+
Card-side (Spartan & CPLD) Host-side (Spartan only)

SD/MMC
Card-side (Spartan & CPLD) Host-side (Spartan only)

SD Card Hard Disk Drive

IDE/ATA
Host-side only (Spartan)
Multimedia Card Compact Flash

Memory Controller Reference Designs

DRAM reference designs
64-bit DDR DRAM controller 16-bit DDR DRAM controller SDRAM controller

Embedded memory reference designs

CAM for ATM applications CAM using shift registers CAM using Block SelectRAM Data-width conversion FIFO 170MHz FIFO for Virtex High speed FIFO for Spartan-IIE

SRAM reference designs

ZBT SRAM controller QDR SRAM controller

Flash controller (FPGAs/CPLDs)

NOR / NAND flash controller

Download from Download from xilinx.com/memory xilinx.com/memory

Experimenting with Tradeoffs

It would be nice to have a fully flexible device to use for video processing designs
Allows changing of parameters like colour depth, bit accuracy (truncation) Allows exploration of new compression techniques or acceleration of existing algorithms to improve throughput Supports various frame rates and resolutions Implements a wide range of new or existing filters for enhancement or noise reduction

Welcome to Xilinx FPGAs

FPGAs are a key enabling technology for digital video processing Allow experimentation for prototypes leading to differentiation for production And still enable higher level of system integration with support for:
video interfaces, LAN/WAN technologies, other DSP, simple glue, memory control and state machines, backplane protocols the list is only limited by the imagination

FIR Filters for Xilinx FPGAS

Most audio, image and video processing can be done based around finite impulse response (FIR) filters
Programmability allows experimentation with different coefficients, filter windows etc to get the best quality
256 Tap FIR Filter Example

IP Core or Reference Design XAPP219 Transposed Form FIR Filters MAC FIR Serial Distributed Arithmetic FIR Filter Parallel Distributed Arithmetic FIR Filter Distributed Arithmetic FIR Filter

See www.xilinx.com/ipcenter for more details

Why FPGAs for A/V Processing?

High Computational Workloads
Conventional DSP Processor - Serial

1 GHz 256 clock cycles

= 4 MSPS

FPGA-based DSP - Parallelism

500 MHz 1 clock cycle

= 500 MSPS

Xilinx Programmable Solutions Provide Several Benefits

Accelerating time-to-market
Consumer devices require fast time-to-market ASICs & ASSPs take 12-18 months to spin out
Immediate production upon design release

Fast design iterations Rich, IP portfolio and efficient tools for design and synthesis

System integration Testing and verification

Re-programmable allows risk aversion/reduction Solutions are built on a proven FPGA technology with preverified silicon and IP that guarantees performance

Time-to-Market Value
Fastest Time-to-Market Additional Profit from Field Upgrades 1st to Market Profit Reduced Profit for Late Introduction

Revenue

Longest Time-in-Market

Time

Quicker time-to-market and reprogrammability provide the best chance of achieving full product profit potential

Xilinx Programmable Solutions Provide Several Benefits

Increased flexibility
Product customization to meet customer needs Accommodate multiple standards & spec updates/changes Feature upgrades through field upgradability
Remote update of software and hardware Increased lifetime for a product (time-in-market) and allows new, interesting applications Enable product features per end-user needs

Broad product line Broad IP and tools solutions

Xilinx Projector Solutions

Issues in creating a stand-alone ASIC/ASSP

Which standards and formats will win in which geographies? Choosing the right solution: over-design, under-design Product customization Development cost and amortization Flexible and customizable solutions possible in reprogrammable logic Multiple sourcing for key high $ BOM components Reduced support costs via reconfiguration over networks Commodity component flexibility Programmable logic solutions are standard parts

System cost management and assured source of supply

Low cost!

Xilinx in the Broadcast Chain

Gamma Correction Codecs Scaling/Resampling Colour Space Network Interfacing Chip Interfacing Video Filtering Effects (Wipe/Key) Memory Control FEC/Modulation System Control

Real Time HD/Multichannel DSP

Highest performance on-chip DSP blocks, multipliers and memory Reduce size of DSP farms Support real time HD processing Support multiple channels of SD processing through resource sharing Reduce cost-per-channel for FEC and modulation

DVB-S2 FEC & Modulation

Mode Adapt Stream Adapt
FEC

BCH

LDPC

Interleave

Mapper

Framing

Modulator

Medium Access Controller (PowerPC) Gigabit Network Interface

Cost Effective Connectivity

Significant cost-per-channel reductions Portfolio of audio/video connectivity solutions
SDI, HD-SDI and DVB-ASI Video-over-IP
SDI Equalizer $10 SDI Equalizer $10 SDI Equalizer $10

XC3S1000-5 $40

Wide range of general telecom, datacom and backplane solutions available

Ethernet, PCI Express, ATM, Fibre Channel, SONET, SPI RapidIO, HyperTransport

SDI Equalizer $10

~70% cheaper than ~70% cheaper than ASSP SDI solutions! ASSP SDI solutions!

Flexible Embedded Processing

8-bit Microcontroller Simple state-machines and localised on-chip control Pixel processing & display control

32-bit Microprocessors Cost/performance tradeoffs Extensive peripherals, RTOS & bus structures Networking & wireless comms, control & instrumentation

GbE MAC GbE MAC

Buffer

Filter

Remapper

LVDS Backplane I/F

Baseband Processing

VxWorks O/S Data Path Ctrl

Xilinx in Broadcast
Programmable Solutions for the Broadcast Industry

Interfaces & Connectivity

Codecs

Video & Audio Processing

Transmission & Reception

End Applications

More info on a wide range of applications and technologies www.xilinx.com/broadcast