01 Intro To Database

Introduction to Databases
1 PA S C A S A R J A N A STMIK NUSA MANDIRI
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.
Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri
Lecture 1
2 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O D ATA B A S E S
Objectives
3
Some brief definitions and common uses of database systems. Characteristics and problems of file-based systems. Meaning of the term database and Database Management System
(DBMS).
Components of DBMS Environment Roles in the Database Environment Advantages and disadvantages of DBMSs
Some Definitions
4
Database
A collection of related data.
Database Management System (DBMS)
A software that manages and control accesses to the database.
Database Application
A program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution.
Database System
A collection of application programs that interact with the database.
Examples of Database Applications

5
Purchases from the supermarket
Bar code reader app prog DB (update stock number)
Purchases using your credit card
Card reader app prog customer DB & stolen DB
Booking a holiday at the travel agents
Ensure not to overbook the seat
Using the local library
Bar code reader app prog book DB (borrow & return)
Examples of Database Applications

6
Taking out insurance A broker accesses several insurance company databases Using the Internet Bookstore to buy books and purchase by using a credit card (both uses DB) Studying at university Student database
File-Based Systems
7
Collection of application programs that perform services
for the end users (e.g. reports).

Each program defines and manages its own data.
File-Based Systems
8
Limitations of File-Based Approach

9
Separation and isolation of data Each program maintains its own set of data. Users of one program may be unaware of potentially useful data held by other programs. Duplication of data Same data is held by different programs. Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for the same item. It costs time & money to enter data more than once. Loss of data integrity.
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri
Limitations of File-Based Approach

10
Program Data dependence

File structure is defined in the program code. It is difficult to change the file structure. Need to change both the file and accessing programs. e.g., change PropertyForRent address field from 40 to 41. Creating one-off program & modify all accessing programs
Incompatible file formats
Programs are written in different languages (e.g., COBOL & C), and so cannot easily access each others files.
Fixed Queries of application programs

Programs are written to satisfy particular functions. Any new requirement needs a new program.
Database Approach
11
The file-based approach limitations arose:
Definition of data was embedded in application programs, rather than being stored separately and independently. No control over access and manipulation of data beyond that imposed by application programs.
Result: The database and Database Management System (DBMS).
Database
12
Definition: shared collection of logically related data and a description of
this data, designed to meet the information needs of an organization.
Shared large repository of data with metadata (self-describing). This enables programdata independence.
Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an
organizations information.

Entities: branch and staff. Property: branchNo and staffNo. Relationship: a branch has staff.

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A software system that enables users to define, create,
maintain, and control access to the database.

(Database) application program
A computer program that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate request (SQL statement) to the DBMS.

14
Figure 1.5
DBMS Functionalities
15
Data Definition Language (DDL).
Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints. All specifications are stored in the database.
Data Manipulation Language (DML).
General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
DBMS Functionalities
16
Controlled access to database may include:
A security system An integrity system
A concurrency control system

A recovery control system A user-accessible catalog.
Views
17
Allows each user to have his or her own view of the
database.
e.g., contract department wants to see for a rental property shown in Figure 1.5
A view is essentially some subset of the database.
Views - Benefits
18
Reduce complexity.
A view based on necessities.
Provide a level of security.
Excluding data that some users should not see.
Provide a mechanism to customize the appearance of the database.
Call field rent as Monthly Rent.
Present a consistent, unchanging picture of the structure of the database,
even if the underlying database is changed.
Field added or removed, relationships changed, renamed etc.

Components of DBMS Environment

19

20
Hardware
Can range from a PC to a network of computers. Client-server architecture (backend & frontend).
Software
DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the application programs (3GL such as Java, VB etc. & 4GL such as SQL embedded in 3GL).

21
Data
Operational data used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.
Procedures
Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use of the database and DBMS. Log in, start/stop DBMS, backup etc.
People
Roles in the Database Environment

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Data Administrator (DA)
Manage the data resource (DB planning, conceptual/logical DB design etc.)
Database Administrator (DBA)
Physical realization of DB (physical DB design & implementation, security and integrity control etc.)

23
Database Designers (Logical and Physical)
Conceptual/logical DB
Identifying
the data (entities & attributes), and their relationships & constraints Understand the data and business rules (main characteristics of the data as viewed by the organization)
Physical DB design
Deciding
how the logical DB design is to be physically realized e.g., mapping logical DB design into a set of tables and integrity constraints
Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng. Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

24
Application Programmers
Creating program to access the DB (retrieve, insert, update & delete data)
End Users
Nave: unaware of the DBMS Sophisticated: familiar with the structure of the database and the provided database facilities
Advantages of DBMSs
25
Control of data redundancy
Can be duplicated for performance reason
Data consistency
Store data in one place
More information from the same amount of data
Data integration
Sharing of data
The database belongs to the entire organization; not to departments
Advantages of DBMSs
26
Improved data integrity (constraints) Validity and consistency of stored data Improved security Usernames and passwords for authorization Access by operation types: retrieval, insert, update & delete Enforcement of standards Data formats, naming conventions, document standards, update procedures and access rules Economy of scale Combining operational data into one database and managing them can result in cost savings
Advantages of DBMSs
27
Balance conflicting requirements
The database is under control of a DBA that can make best decisions base on user needs
Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
The integrated data is directly accessible to the end users by using program, query language and report writers
Increased productivity

DBMS provides all the low level file-handling routines (typical in application programs) Also provides 4th generation environment
Advantages of DBMSs
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Improved maintenance through data independence DBMS separates data descriptions from the applications Increased concurrency DBMS manages concurrent database access Improved backup and recovery services Minimize the amount of processing that is lost following a failure
Disadvantages of DBMSs
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Complexity
Database design, access policy etc.
Size
A large piece of software requiring substantial memory to run
Cost of DBMS
Depends on the user number, maintenance cost etc.
Additional hardware costs
Disk storage, dedicated machines for DBMS servers etc.
Disadvantages of DBMSs
30
Cost of conversion

Converting existing apps to run on new DBMS & hardware Staff training
Performance
DBMS is developed for general application compared to a file-based system
Higher impact of a failure
Centralization of resource increases the vulnerability of the system.


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Introduction to Databases

1 PA S C A S A R J A N A STMIK NUSA MANDIRI

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

A collection of related data.

Database Management System (DBMS)

A software that manages and control accesses to the database.

A collection of application programs that interact with the database.

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Examples of Database Applications

Purchases from the supermarket

Bar code reader app prog DB (update stock number)

Purchases using your credit card

Card reader app prog customer DB & stolen DB

Booking a holiday at the travel agents

Ensure not to overbook the seat

Using the local library

Bar code reader app prog book DB (borrow & return)

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Examples of Database Applications

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Collection of application programs that perform services

for the end users (e.g. reports).

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Limitations of File-Based Approach

Limitations of File-Based Approach

Program Data dependence

Incompatible file formats

Fixed Queries of application programs

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

The file-based approach limitations arose:

Result: The database and Database Management System (DBMS).

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Definition: shared collection of logically related data and a description of

this data, designed to meet the information needs of an organization.

Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Database Management System (DBMS)

A software system that enables users to define, create,

maintain, and control access to the database.

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Database Management System (DBMS)

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.

Pascasarjana STMIK Nusa Mandiri

Data Definition Language (DDL).

Data Manipulation Language (DML).

General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.

Dr. Said Mirza Pahlevi, M.Eng.