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NewLife Media
NewLife Media
F-56, Shewsabei 5th, FMI City, Hlaing Tha Yar Township,
Yangon,Myanmar.
G.P.O.Box 539
Office: 01-680455; Mob: 0943-135826
F-56, Shewsabei 5th, FMI City, Hlaing Tha Yar Township,

Yangon,Myanmar.
G.P.O.Box 539
Office: 01-680455; Mob: 0943-135826
www.bawathit.org
newlifemyanmarmedia@gmail.com
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l m; [mrkeaf wmifxyd w
f 0du
k f a&rsm;cJ
qD;ESi;f jzLjzLazG;azG; wdu
Yk t
kd wdik ;f om;jrifawGaY e&ygonf/wpfEikd if v
H ;kH wGif
&SdaomIcif;onf tvGefom,m pdkajyvSonf/ ajrMoZmaumif;aom
csdKih0f rS ;f a'o toD;tESrH sdK;pH?k &moDra&G; aygufa&mufonf? tjcm;aom
EdkifiHrsm;wGif oJuE& awmifwef;ESihf yifv,fwdkYjcm;em;aeaomfvnf;
ygvufpwdik ;f Edik if o
H nf wdu
k Mf uD; (3) wdu
k \
f tv,fA[dw
k iG f wnf&adS eay
onf/urmw0Srf;vHk;\ tcsuftjcmusaom xdke,fajronf tuRwf
w&m;vrf;udk cif;ay;awmfrrl nfh c&pfawmfb&k m;udk tpysdK;arG;zGm; oefpY if
ay;vdkufonf/ c&pfawmf\vlUZmwdcH,l arG;zGm;&ma'oBuD;aywnf;/
c&pfawmf\a'opm&D vSnv
fh nfc&hJ ma'oBuD;aywnf;/
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
csif;vnf;? a,Ic&pfawmf wpfqw

l nf; aombk&m;ocif\ om;o;D
jzpfMuaMumif;? om;OD;a,Ic&pfawmfEiS fh nDtpfuakd rmif?ESrrsm; tjzpfukd
wOD;ESiw
fh OD; cspfcifjrwfE;kd &rnht
f aMumif;jzpfvmav\/wdw
k Ekd iS fh vd&k if;
qd&k aomf wdu
k &f u
kd b
f &k m;ESiv
fh l udjk yefvnfqufpyf qufo,
G af y;vdu
k o
f ?l
olu
Y o
kd l vrf;cif;ay;vdu
k o
f jl zpfonf/ xdv
k rf;udk avQmufvu
kd vlwikd ;f
avQmufEikd yf gonf/ ravQmufvu
kd vnf; zefqif;&myg vGwv
f yfpmG a&G;cs,f
ydik cf iG t
fh & vlwikd ;f \qEyif/ c&pfawmfonf ygvufpwdik ;f Edik if w
H iG f ay:xGe;f
cJo
h nf/ ud,
k af wmfonf ygvufpwdik ;f Edik if o
H m; *sL; (0g) tpa&; vlrsdK;
wpfO;D jzpfygonf/
oufawmfpOf wckv;kH onf a&S;ya0oPDacwftqufqufryS if
Asm'dwaf wmf? tem*wuwdawmfrsm;xm;&Scd NhJ yD;?xdx
k m;&Sad om Asm'dwf
awmftwdik ;f rSeu
f efjzpfvmcJyh gonf/ ESpaf ygif; 2000 ausmfu ygvufpwdik ;f
Edik if o
H nf pwk&ef; rdik af ygif; wpfaomif;cefo
Y m jzpfonf? tvQm; 150 rdik ;f ?
teHtus,fq;kH awmifyikd ;f 75 rdik ;f om&Syd gonf/ xdaYk Mumihf xdEk ikd if o
H nf
qGpvefEdkifiH xufi,fjyD;? paumwvefEdkifiH xuf0ufrQom&Sdonf/
jrefrmEdik if H taemufyikd ;f wdik ;f {&d,meD;yg;cefo
Y m&Syd gonf/xdEk ikd if \
H ajrmuf
zuf&dS vufbEGeEf ikd if H jrihrf m;aom [m&frek af wmifxyd Ef iS fh awmifaMum
MuD;rsm;&So
d nf/ ta&Sb
Y ufwiG rf u
l m; a*smf'efEikd if &H o
dS nf/ awmifyikd ;f wGif
,k'awmifuek ;f ajrjrih&f o
dS nf? taemufbufwiG f ajrxJyifv,f&o
dS nf/
ajrxJyifv,furf;pyfrS ta&SYbuf 15 rdkifcefYtxd ajrjyefYjzpfonf/
tD*spfEikd if EH iS fh awmufavQmufvo
l mG ;vrf;aygufonf/ 'kw,
d rsOf;jydKif
pyfMum;ajrmufbufrS awmufbufwpfavQmufv;kH wGif xH;k ausmufrsm;ESifh
twdjyD;aom awmifuek ;f ajrjrihaf 'ojzpfonf/ xdx
k ;kH ausmufausmMuD;
onf ausm&d;k ozG,f *gvdveJ ,f? &Srm&de,f? ,k'e,fw0du
k o
f Ykd oufqif;
- 11 -
- 12 -
ormusrf;pmawmfjrwf tjrif (Biblical View)

(1)/]]ndK;i,faMumihMf updwEf iS rfh b
d wko
Yd nf armihu
f kd &SmMuNyD[k
qdkaomf a,&Iu rdbonf tb,hfaMumihftuRefyfudk &Smygo enf;/
tuREfyk o
f nf tb\tdrf ae&onfukd rodygoavm[k ajymqdv
k Qif olwYkd
onf xdpk um;udek m;rvnfMu/ xdaYk emufa,&Ionf rdbwdEYk iS t
fh wl oGm;
ojzihf emZ&ufjrdKo
Y Ykd a&muf olwpYkd um;udk em;axmifvQufaeav\/xdk
h
taMumif;t&m tvH;k pHw
k u
Ykd kd r,fawmfonf ESv;kH xJ rSwu
f sHK;av\/ a,&I
onfvnf; tpOftwdik ;f MuD; ynmwd;k yGm;vQuf bk&m;ocifa&SU vlwYkd
a&SUrSm rsufEmS &awmfr\
l }}(vkum 2;49)/
txufygusrf;yd'k t
f & od&onfrmS (u) tbtdraf wmfjzpfaomAdrmefawmf/
a,&IuAdrmefawmfukd ]]tbtdr}f } [kac:qdo
k jzihf touf 12
ESpo
f m &Sad o;ol? rdbESpyf g;udyk if oltb&Sad Mumif;? xdAk rd mefawmfonf
yif tb\tdrfawmfjzpfaMumif; ajymqkdvdk ufjcif;onfol\tbrSm
aumif;uifbkH &Sad wmfral om tbxm0&bk&m; ocifjzpfaMumif; azmfjy
vdu
k jf cif;jzpfonf/ wdAufjynfrS jyefvmjyD; towfc&H rnfp;kd bk&m;om;[k
vdrv
f nfjyD;w&m; a[mcJo
h nfqjkd cif;rSm txufygt& vH;k 0rjzpfEikd af wmh
acs/ jynfyc&D;rqdx
k m;ESifh jynfwiG ;f rSmyif AdrmefawmfoYkd 0wfjyKaom 12
ESpo
f m;t&G,u
f yif ol\tbrSmxm0&bk&m;jzpfaMumif;? olonf bk&m;
om;jzpfaMumif;azmfjyxm;ESiafh csjyD/
(c) ol\tbonf vly*k Kd vf a,moyfr[kw/f
xdaYk Mumifh c&pfawmfonf vlZY mwdukd cH,al wmfrcl phJ Of? tysdKunm
rm&dEiS hf a,moyfwu
Ykd t
kd oH;k jyKawmfrcl ahJ omfvnf; trSepf ifppf c&pfawmf
bk&m;\ Zmpfjrpfonf a,moyf? rm&dtm;jzifh jzpfwnftpjyKcJo
h rl [kw?f
vlom;rsm;udu
k ,fwifprd ahf omiSg vlUZmwdc,
H cl jhJ cif;omjzpfonf/
(*) emZ&ufjrdKY ae BuD;jyif;aMumif;xif&mS ;aeonf/
ae&mwGif c&pfawmfb&k m;onf tpOftwdik ;f BuD;jyif;aMumif;
awGU&aomaMumifh wdrjf rKyfomG ;aom ZmwfaMumif;ESihf tjcm;t&yfa'oodYk
udk roGm;cJah Mumif;awGU&ygonf/
(C) bk&m;ocihaf &SUvlwaYkd &SUrSm rsufEmS &/
- 13 -
- 14 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
tajzrSef aI xmihf ( 7 )rsKd ;

c&pfawmfb&k m;\ oufawmfpOf 12 ESprf o
S nf 30 ESpt
f Mum;
ocifa,&I\ oufawmfpOftrSeu
f kd aMuvnfatmiftwwfEikd q
f ;kH MudK;pm;
atmufygtwdik ;f wifjy&Si;f vif;oGm;ygrnf/
1/ yXr&Iaxmih-f ormusrf;pmawmfjrwf tjrif (Biblical View)
2/ 'kw,
d &Iaxmih-f "avhx;kH wrf;tjrif (Customary View)
3/ wwd,&Iaxmih-f omoemordik ;f aMumif;tjrif (Historical View)
4/ pwkw& aI xmih-f a'oE& yx0Dtjrif (Geographical View)
5/ yOr&Iaxmih-f pufrv
l ufrt
l jrif (Technological View)
6/ qXr&Iaxmih-f pmay&Iaxmiht
f jrif (Litracy View)
7/ owr&Iaxmih-f taxGaxG&aI xmihf (Miscellaneous View)
yXr&Iaxmihf
h
tBuHawmft& emZ&ufNrdKY aexdik jf cif;jzpfaMumif;od&onf/
(C) tNrJaeawmfro
l nf/
c&pfawmfonf emZ&ufNrdKw
Y iG t
f NrJ[yk g&Sad omaMumihf AufvifNrdKU
rSajymif;a&TUNyD; emZ&ufjrdKY tNrJaexdik af Mumif;od&onf/ emZ&ufjrdKUom;
a,&I[yk if trnfwiG cf o
hJ nf/
(3)/]] a,&Iuvnf; ya&mzufrnfonfum; rdrjd rdKUrdrt
d aqG
ae&m? rdrt
d rd f rSwpfyg;tjcm;aomt&yf toa& &So
d nf[k xdo
k w
l t
Ykd m;
rdeaYf wmfr\
l }} (rmuk 6;4)/
(u) vuform;om;/
c&pfawmfonf vuform;om;? ud,
k af wmfwikd v
f nf; vuform;
jzpfaomaMumihf ol\ ae&yfwiG f rdrt
d aqGtrsdK;rsm;Mum;ESifh rdom;pk
toa&r&S/d txifBuD;rcH&? rsufEmS r&aMumif;? vlw\
Ykd pdwaf eoabm
xm;? obm0 w&m;udk az:jyxm; ygonf/ olta[mtajym raumif;
r[kwyf g? &Gmem;jruf&mG EGm; rpm;jcif;rsdK;udk azmfjyjcif;yifjzpfygonf/
rSwcf suf/ / c&pfawmfonf vuform;b0 cH,jl cif;jzihf ol\
zefqif;&Sib
f 0 udk yk
d cdik v
f x
kH if&mS ;aponf/ zefqif;&Sijf zpfaMumif;udk
oufaoxljyaejcif;jzpfonf/ vuform;[lonf jyKrnhft&mwdkif;udk
OD;aESmuf t&ifpw
d u
f ;l MuHqjyD;rS ]]vufawG}Y }taumiftxnf azmfwnf
aqmuf&olrsm; r[kwyf gvm;/ bmrSr&Sad omt&mudk &Sv
d matmif zefqif;
cJah ombk&m;\ zefqif;&Sijf zpfjcif;udu
k vlweYkd m;vnfEikd af om taetxm;
tjzpf vuform;tjzpf touf&SifaexdkifawmfrlcJhjcif;omjzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumihv
f nf; pepfus aooyfwu
d spGm pMum0Vm MuD;udk zefqif;cJo
h nfrmS
obm0us vuf&majrmufvaS yonf/
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
xdkodkYrsufESm&onf[kqdkaomaMumihf (bkef;BuD;a&SUr[kwf)
xm0&bk&m;ocihaf &SUrsufEmS &jyD;xm0&bk&m;\ w&m;oma[maMumif;
xif&mS ;\/
(i) tjcm;w&m;ra[mcJ/h
c&pfawmfonftjcm;tjcm;aombk&m;wd\
Yk w&m;rsm;udk ra[m
cJh?tewoufoufESifhvlwdkYodNyD;om; ocFg&oabmxm;oufoufudk
rajymcJ?h ra[mcJyh g? a[mcJv
h Qifb&k m; a&SUrsufEmS &vdrrfh nfr[kw/f
(2)/]]c&pfawmfukd emZ&ufv[
l
l ac:MuvwUH [laom ya&mzuf
wd\
Yk EIwx
f u
G Ef iS t
fh nD emZ&uftrnf&adS om NrdKo
Y aYkd &muf tjrJaeav\}}
(rJ 2;23)/
(u)csufjrKyfa'o/
vltcsdKYwdkYtwGuf csufjrSKyfESihfBuD;jyif;&m a'owlwwfaomf
vnf;? tcsdKt
Y wGurf l csufjrSKyf ESiBfh uD;jyif;&m a'ooD;jcm; jzpfaewwfonf/
xdt
Yk wl c&pfawmfonfvnf; AufvifjrdKY wGif arG; emZ&ufjrdKw
Y iG f BuD;jyif;
aexdik cf ahJ Mumif; (tjcm;a'oodrYk oGm;aMumif;xif&mS ;) xif&mS ;aeonf/
(c)emZ&ufNrdKUom;/
emZ&ufvq
l o
kd nfrmS emZ&ufNrdKw
Y iG f BuD;jyif;usifvnfaexdik f
aomaMumihf ac:qd&k jcif;jzpfonf/ emZ&uf vljzpfrnht
f aMumif;vnf;
ya&mzuftm;jzihf a&S;rqGuyif MudKwifa[mMum;csufyifjzpfonf/
a[mMum;xm;onht
f wdik ;f emZ&ufom;rSe;f vlwu
Ykd odcMhJ uonf/ xdaYk Mumihf
a,&Ic&pfawmfonf emZ&uNrdKY BuD;jyif;aexdik af Mumif; xif&mS ;onf/
(*) ya&mzufusrf;pum;/
ya&mzufEw
I x
f u
G Ef iS t
fh nD[q
k adk omaMumihf taMumif;rJh jzpfysuf
vmjcif;r[kw?f BudKwifAsm'dwaf wmf rdeq
Yf x
kd m;onht
f wdik ;f bk&m;ocif\
- 15 -
- 16 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
(4)/]]taMumif;rlum; oifwt
Ykd vd&k o
dS rQ wdu
Yk kd oifwrYkd awmif;rSD
oifwYdk tbodawmfr\
l ? xdaYk Mumihf oifwq
Ykd ak wmif;&rnfrmS aumif;uifbkH
&Sdawmfrlaom tuGEkfyfwdkY\tb? udk,fawmf\ emrawmfjrwftm;
&dkaoav;jrwfjcif;&Sdygapaomf? EdkifiHawmfwnfaxmifygapaomf?tvdk
awmfonf aumif;uifbkH jynhpf o
kH uJo
h Ykd ajrMuD;ay:rSm jynhpf ykH gapaomf/
toufarG;avmufaomtpmudk ,aeYay;oem;awmfryl g? olwyg;onf
uREfkyfwdkYudk jypfrSm;aom tjypfrsm;udk tuREfkyfwdkYonf vGwfouJhodkY
tuREkfyfwdkY\ tjypfrsm;udk vGwfawmfrlyg/ tjypfaoG;aqmif&modkY
rvdu
k rf ygapbJ raumif;aomtrIt&mrS u,fEw
I af wmfryl g/ tpd;k ydik af om
tcGiEfh iS fh bke;f wefc;kd awmftmEkabmfonf urmtqufquf ud,
k af wmf
&Syd g\/ tmrif[k qkawmif;Muavmh/ oifwo
Ykd nf olwyg;\ tjypfuv
kd w
T f
awmfrv
l Qif aumif;uifbkH &Sad wmfral om oifw\
Ykd tbonf oifw\
Ykd
tjypfukd vTwaf wmfrrl nf? oifwo
Ykd nf olwpfyg;\ tjypfukd rvTwv
f Qif
oifw\
Ykd tbonf oifw\
Ykd tjypfukd vTwaf wmfrrl}}( rJ 6;8-15) /
txufygusrf;jrwft&od&onfrmS u/ xm0&tzcrnf;awmf/
uREfyk w
f v
Ykd o
l m;rsm; tm;vH;k \tbonf crnf;awmf xm0&
bk&m;om jzpfonf/tjcm;tjcm;aom bk&m;ESihf tjcm;tjcm;aom arsmuf?
qifu
h pJ onfwrYkd jS zpfwnfvmjcif;r[kwyf g/
c/aumif;uifb/kH
uREfyk w
f v
Ykd o
l m;rsdK;EG,rf sm;\ zefqif;&Sicf rnf;awmfb&k m;onf
aumif;uifbHk&Sdawmfrlonf/ tjcm;tjcm;aomt&yfa'ownf&Sd
wnfaeawmfro
l nfr[kw/f
*/ oAnKwbk&m;/
xdkt&Sifonf uREfkyfwdkYqkrawmif;rDuyifawmif;rnhfqkudk
odEiS afh wmfrNl yD;aomoAnKwPfawmf&iS f bk&m;jzpfawmfr\
l /
C/ tajzay;aomt&Si/f
zefqif;xm;aomvlom;rsm;tm; tjypfwGif; epfrGef;um?
]]ighjrif;igqdkif; ppfudkif;a&mufa&muf}} xif&mqdkif;aeMuaomfvnf;?
aemifwjzifh txHawmfw;kd 0ifcsOf;uyfMuonfh vlw\
Ykd qkawmif;jcif;udk em;
anmif;? Mum;emawmfral ombk&m;jzpfonf/
i/jrifjh rwfaomemrawmf/
&dak oav;jrwfxu
kd Nf yD;? vlom;wdik ;f ud;k pm;,HMk unfjcif;ESit
hf wl
wdik w
f nfwrf;wac:qdak wmif;tyfaom emrawmfjrwfyikd &f iS jf zpfonf/
p/&kad oav;jrwfjcif;&S&d rnf/
xm0&bk&m;\emrawmfudk &dkaoav;jrwfjcif;&Sd&ef oGefoif
awmfrlcJhonf/ aumif;uifatmufajrBuD;ay:wGif tjcm;tjcm;aom
vly*k Kd vf? tjcm;aom bk&m;rsm;tm; wpfwef;wnf;xm;&SNd yD; tav;
tjrwfxm;&ef xyfrrH oGeo
f ifc/hJ
q/xm0&Edik if aH wmf/
c&pfawmfbk&m;rdefYawmfrlaom EdkifiHawmfonf avmu
wpfo;D wjcm;wnfaxmifaombk&m;ocif\ avmukw& m Edik if aH wmfjzpf
onf( avmuD Edik if aH &;? avmuDEikd if aH wmfr[kw)f /
Z/tvdak wmfjynfph jkH cif;/
aumif;uifbHk tvdkawmfjynhfpHkouJhodkY uREkfyfwdkY aexdkif&m
ajrBuD;ay:? avmu jynhpf akH p&ef oGeo
f ifonf/( aemifwrvGeb
f 0
tusdK;omr[kwf? ,KypKyef rsufarSmufb0\ tusdK;jynhf0jcif;udkyg
- 17 -
- 18 -
h
a[m ajym? oifjyae\/tedpbk&m;taMumif;udk c&pfawmfbk&m;
roGeo
f ifc/hJ
!/ o,rLoHt&Si/f
urmrnfrQ a0a0? urmrnfrQ topfjzpfvmvm? ud,
k af wmfonf
urmtqufquf bk&m;jzpfawmfr\
l / usih
f jzpfvmaom bk&m;r[kw?f
bk&m;tavmif;tvQmvnf; r[kwcf /hJ edpx
m0& bk&m;ocifomjzpfc\
hJ /
vlonf rnfoyYkd ifBudK;pm;vkyaf qmifaeapumrl obm0w&m;udk rnforYkd S
vGefqefjcif;iSg rpGrf;omyg/ ]]iSufonfatmfjrnfjcif;}}jyK ]]acG;onf
a[mifjcif;}} jyKrnfrmS "rwmjzpf/ bk&m;onf xm0&wnf&
dS vlonf
zefqif;jcif;jzifhwnf&Sdvmjcif;omjzpfayrnf/ urma0onfqdk&myif
xdu
k rmudk xm0&bk&m; rzefqif;xm;ygu urma0onf[al om a0g[m&
yif&v
dS mrnf r[kw/f
urma0 urmtqufqufwdkYudk xyfcgxyfcg zefqif;jyD;?
urmtqufquf\bk&m;/ urmudak 0apaombk&m;/ urmudzk efqif;
ydik o
f tkypf ;kd aombk&m;taMumif;udo
k m a,Ic&pfawmf a[majymawmfrl
onf/
/ uREfyk w
f zYkd efqif;&Si/f
xdt
k &Sio
f nf rdwaf qGuzkd efqif;jyKjyif? a&G;EIwu
f ,fwifawmf
rlaom bk&m;ocifjzpfygonf/ xdaYk Mumihf r&Sad wmhaom? aoaojyD; aemuf?
jyefr&SiMf uawmhaomavmuD ykxZk Ofr[kw?f qkawmif;vQif em;r anmif;
aom xl;jcm;em;jcif;r&So
d nfh vl(q&m? orm;? rdb? armifbmG ;) om;rQom
r[kw/f vlral &;ESiyfh gwfoufjcif; r&Sv
d akd omaMumifh ausmcdik ;f rsufu,
G f
jyKaomolvnf;r[kw/f toufawmfxif&mS ;&Sv
d Quf wnf&w
dS nf aeawmf
rlaombk&m;? u,fwifaomt&Sif aumif;uifb&Hk iS f xm0&bk&m; ocif
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
wpfNydKifwnf; oGeo
f ifonf)/
ps/apmifrauR;arG;jcif;/
vl o m;wd k Y t m;aeY p Of p m;aomuf & ef ? jyif q if a y;aom
bk&m;jzpf\? tb,frnfaom odyyH nm&SiEf iS fh awmifov
l ,f orm;wdu
Yk
pyg;yif trsdK;rsdK;udk zefqif;onf[k Mum;jrifob
d ;l ygovm;? bk&m;&Siu
f
om '0d "d Pfawmfjzihf zefqif; vlwu
Ykd rsdK;pyf? rsdK;yGm;pdu
k yf sdK;Mujcif;
rQom jzpfayonf/ bk&m;&Sio
f nfvo
l m;wdt
Yk m;auR;arG;? apmifrMunf&h I
aomt&Sijf zpfawmfro
l nf/
n/ tjypfvw
G af omt&Si/f
vlom;wdt
Yk m;zefqif;awmfrNl yD;? aemifw&aom vlom;wd\
Yk
arwmawmfjynf0h pGmjzifv
h Ul tjypfukd vTwaf y;ydik ?f pD&ifyikd af om bk&m;jzpf
onf? rdwfaqGudk rnfoltjypfwif rnfolvTwfygoenf;/ rdwfaqG
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- 19 -
- 20 -
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rlonf[k odMu\/ a,&Ionf c&pfawmfjzpfaMumif;udk xdek wfq;kd wdu
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- 21 -
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- 23 -
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- 25 -
- 26 -
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- 27 -
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ay;aomolaywnf;[k rdeaYf wmfr\
l }}(a,m[ef 1;29-30?13)/
txufygusrf;yd'k w
f rYkd o
S &d onfrmS u/ avmu\tjypfukd aqmifco
hJ /l
avmuDom;rsm;\tjypfudkaqmif,lcJhaomt&Sifonfa,&I
jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ tjcm;aombmom vlwpfpw
kH pfO;D \ tjypfukd wpfpkH
wpfO;D u rnforYkd S raqmif,El ikd [
f q
k akd omaMumifh tjcm;aomvrf;pOfr[kwf
cJo
h nfukd pOf;pm;qifjcif;MunhEf ikd yf gonf/
c/ 0rf;uGn
J t
D pfu/kd
a,m[efonf c&pfawmfEiS fh wpf0rf;uGaJ wmfpyf t&ifarG;ol
jzpfaomfvnf; bk&m;Zmwdawmftm;jzihf c&pfawmfonf a,m[efr&Srd &DS EdS iS fh
aeaMumif; od&onf/
*/ AwZd u
H akd y;ol/
a,&Ic&pfawmfonf ,HMk unfow
l ynfo
h m0ursm;tm;vH;k wdu
Yk kd
oefY&Sif;aom 0dnmOfawmftm;jzihf AwdZHudk ay;aomoljzpfaMumif;
od&onf/
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
C/ a,&Iu xm0&bk&m;ocif zefqif;&Siu

f o
kd m 0wfjyKud;k uG,f
&rnf[k a&S;"ra[mif;usrf; oGeo
f ifcsufuykd if ud;k um; jyefvnfred q
Yf kd
ajzMum;cJhonfudk awGY&onf/tjcm;bk&m;udk udk;uG,f0wfjyK&ef roGef
oifcyhJ g/ tjcm;aom bmom w&m;wdrYk S bk&m;rsm;udv
k nf; ud;k uG,&f ef
vnf; roGeo
f ifcyhJ g?/usrf;pmudk om tajccHu;kd um;ajzqd&k jcif;onf/
(11) /]]ynwu
d srf;? tem*wu
d srf;rsm;udk y,fzsufjcif;iSm igvm
onf[k rxifMuESi?fh y,fzsufjcif;iSg igvmonfr[kw/f jynhpf akH pjcif;iSg
igvmownf;/ igtrSet
f uefqo
kd nfum; aumif;uifEiS afh jrMuD; rysufp;D
rSw
D ikd af tmif; ynwu
d srf; ti,fq;kH aom pmvH;k AdEK wpfv;kH rQ jynf;pHjk cif;
odYk ra&mufrrDS ysufp;D &}}(rJ 5;17-18)/
txufygwdrYk o
S &d onfrmS u/ <uvm&jcif;/
c&pfawmfonf avmuodYk <uqif;vmaomtcg taMumif;rJ?h
tajccHrJh<uvmawmfrlcJhonfr[kwf? bDpD 500-600 rqdkxm;bdESifhOD;
a&S;ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGmuyif "ra[mif;usrf;yg Asm'dwjf yKa[mMum;xm;onhf
twdik ;f tem*wu
d srf;? ynwu
d srf;rsm;ESifh tnDjynhpf akH p&ef <uqif;awmfrl
vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/
c/ uwdawmfpum;/
aumif;uifEiS afh jrMuD; rysufp;D ao;aomaMumihf ynwu
d srf;
ti,fq;kH aom pmvH;k AdEK wpfv;kH rQ tuket
f pif rjynhpf akH o;aMumif;? quf
vuf urmv
Y o
l rdik ;f aMumif;BuD;wGif bk&m;a[mESit
fh nD jynhpf kH vmayOD;
rnfjzpfaMumif;od&onf/odUk jyD;rS aumif;uifEiS afh jrMuD; ysufvw?YH aumif;
uifopfEiS fh ajrBuD;opfjzpfvmvwUH [ktwdtvif;rdeaYf wmfrcl o
hJ nf/
(12)/ ]] avmu\ tjypfuakd qmifomG ;aom bk&m;ocif\
- 29 -
- 30 -
]]"avhx;kH wrf;tjrif }}(Customary View)

(1)/]]olonf vuform;om;r[kwaf vm/rm&d\ om;r[kwf
avm/,muky?f a,mao? &Srd ek w
f \
Ykd tudk r[kwaf vm/ olEY rS rsm;wdo
Yk nf
igwdEYk iS t
hf eD;tyg;aeMuonfr[kwaf vm}} (rmuk 6;3)/
txufygusrf;yd'k w
f rYkd o
S &d onfrmS u/ rdbvufiw
k v
f uform;/
a,&Ionf vuform;om;jzpfonf? ,k'xH;k pH om;orD; wdw
Yk iG f
tBuD;qH;k aom om;onf rdr0d goemyg&m? MudKufEpS o
f uf&m vkyif ef;udk
vkyfudkifa&G;cs,f toufarG;0rf;aMumif;jcif;trludkrjyK&/ BudKuf
onfjzpfap? rBudKufonfjzpfap? 0goemygonfjzpfap? 0goemrygonf
jzpfap? zcif\vkyif ef;udk 0dik ;f ul vkyu
f ikd f toufarG;&onf/ tarGcv
H yk f
udik &f onf? usefom;orD;rsm;uom rdrpd w
d Mf udKuf? ESpo
f uf&m? 0goemyg&m
wdu
Yk kd vTwv
f yfpmG vkyu
f ikd cf iG &Yf Muonf/
c/ nDtpfuEkd rS rsm;/
igwdt
Yk eD;tyg; olEY rS rsm; &Sad eMuonfr[kwv
f m;[k qdak om
aMumihf c&pfawmfonfr&Scd o
hJ a,mif jzpfaeonf/ trSepf ifppf vuf
orm;b0jziho
f m tcsdeu
f ek v
f eG cf
hJ vlral &; rvIy&f mS ;? ryg0iftm;cJ?h y&d
abm*? opfom;? ud&,
d m rsm;wdjYk zihf om tcsdeu
f ek v
f eG cf ahJ Mumif;od&onf/
vloed nf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/
(2) touf 30 jynhrf o
S m vl&moGi;f bmoma&; vkyu
f ikd cf iG Yf
ay;onf/ touf oH;k q,f ESpf rjynhrf csif; bmoma&; 0ifa&mufO;D pD;
acgif;aqmif yg0ifciG ,
fh 'k xH;k pHr&S/d cGirfh jyK obm0vnf;usonf? touf
h
30 &Syd gu tawGt
Y MuHK &ihu
f sufrUI ? A[kow
k tawmftwef pHv
k ifr&l NdS yD
jzpfaMumif; em;vnfEikd yf gonf/ xdaYk Mumihf a,&Ionf touf 30 jynhrf S
pwif trIaqmif&jcif;jzpfygonf/
(3) ]]touf wq,hEf pS Ef pS t
f &G,w
f iG f ,k'yocgwdx
Yk ;kH pH &So
d nhf
twdik ;f a,&I&v
S ifNrdK&Y AdS rd m efawmfoo
Ykd mG ;Mu\/ yJjG yD;tjyef c&D; aysmuf
rdbwdYk &SmawGaY omtcg oH;k &uf&adS yjyD/ xdjk yefawGpY OfwiG f rdbonf tb,hf
aMumihf tuREfyk u
f kd &Sm&ygoenf;/ tuREfyk o
f nf tb\ tdrf ae&onfukd
rodygoavm/ olwo
Ykd nf xdpk um;udk em;rvnf Mu[kyg &S&d m ]]tb\tdr}f }
[k qdo
k jzihf xm0&bk&m;udk omaz:jyae\/ (vk 2;40-52) /
xdk 12 ESpf t&G,f vlrr,fonf wdAufbek ;f BuD;wdEYk iS fh vdu
k yf goGm;
vQif 12 ESpo
f m &Sad o;aomaMumihf i,f&,
G v
f eG ;f ayonf/ rsOf;ajzmiht
f wdik ;f
3850 rdik f a0;aom c&D;udk vdu
k yf goGm;&ef cufcv
J aS yrnf( ,kw,
d w
k r &S?d
ynm&Srd qef)/ vuform; b0jzihf 30 jynho
f nhw
f ikd af tmif vuform;om
vkyu
f ikd cf yhJ gonf/ tjcm;odYk c&D;roGm;cJyh g vuform;b0jzihf rdcif ESiafh rmif
ESrwdkYudkauR;arG;apmihfa&Smufwm0ef,lcJhonf/ tdrfaxmifrIwm0efudk
xH;k pHEiS t
fh nD wm0efauscJo
h yl g/
(4) 12 ESpf t&G,f 3 &uf rQom uav; aysmufomG ;&Hjk zihf acgif;rD;?
&ifrD; awmufatmif y&da0' avmifjrdKufcJhMu&Smaom rdbESpfyg;wdkY\
tjzpfupkd Of;pm;Munhyf g/ wdak wmif;vSaom 3 &ufavmufrQ twGuyf if
xdkrQ&ifylcJhMuaom rdbESpfyg;tbdkY 18 ESpfumvygwfvHk; 12 ESpfrS 30
ESpt
f Mum; cGcJ mG cJ&h onfqv
kd Qif rdbrsm;\ ylyefru
I kd tus,fw0ihf wcrf;
wem;ESifh rdbESio
fh m;orD;wd\
Yk arwmbGrYJ sdK;? vGr;f aw;uAsm? Zmwfeyd gwf
rsm;tjzpf ormusrf;pm rSww
f rf; wiftyfayonf/ rQavmufaom
*E0ifajrmuf c&D;Murf;MuD;udk rSww
f rf;xm;&St
d yfayonf/ rdbESpyf g;ESifh
- 31 -
- 32 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
'kw,d &Iaxmihf
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
rcGrJ cGg &Scd ahJ omaMumihf rSww

f rf;r&Scd yhJ g/
xdaYk Mumih-f
u/ rdbarmifbmG ;wdEYk iS fh cJcG gG jcif; rSww
f rf;usrf;pmr&S/d
c/ *sL;ordik ;f aMumif;rSww
f rf;vnf;r&S/d
*/ cGcJ gG ygu jyefawGaY Mumif;? jyefvmaMumif; rSww
f rf;r&S/d
C/ jyif;xefMuyfwnf; tElpw
d v
f aS om ,k'bmomxH;k wrf;t&
tjcm;ol wyg;vufov
Ykd t
JG yfay;0Ho
h nhf rdbrsm;vnf;r[kwcf /hJ
i/ ukeo
f nfrsm;tm; vGaJ y;vdu
k &f onhw
f ikd af tmif ypfawmif;
qefcgaexdik
f &aom bmomrJv
h w
l ef;pm;rsdK;r[kwcf /hJ
p/ olo
Y abmESio
fh mG ;onfqv
kd Qifyif *E0ifajrmuf &J0phJ eG pYf m;
oufpeG q
Yf zH sm;jzpf&ayrnf/ odrYk [kwu
f vnf; ]] t&Snq
f ;kH oGm;aom ti,f
qH;k aomvluav;}} tjzpfrw
S w
f rf;&S&d ayrnf/
q/ 18 ESpf umv tvGr;f bG&YJ &dS rnf/
rdcifonf? um;pifwifcsdef yif&cdS o
hJ nf/ rdciftaejzihf 18 ESprf Q
cGcJ gG cJah om om;jzpfygu xdt
k vGr;f bGu
YJ v
kd nf; id,
k jkd rnfwrf;aom xnf;oGi;f
rSww
f rf;&S&d ayrnf/
ps/ *E0ifajrmufc&D;oGm;rSww
f rf; tawGt
Y MuHK &Si;f vif;csufr&S?d
rawG&Y /
n/ toGm;c&D; rSww
f rf;r&S/d
#/ tjyefc&D; rSww
f rf;r&S/d
xdkYaMumihf taxmuftxm; uif;rJhaomtaMumif;t&m
rsm;aMumihf c&pfawmfonf wdAufjynfodkY ra&mufEdkifaMumif; od&SdEdkif
ayonf/
(5) By H.E.Dana. A life of Christ, pg. 18
This experience, however, brought no expression of

arrogance of agonistic on the parts of the boy Jesus. He returned
with Marry and Jeseph to Nazareth, subject to them as in the past.
Of his experience from that time to the begining of his public
ministry we know nothing in detail, but only in a general way that
he led a normal but pure and benevolent life. It is generally believed
that Joseph died in the early years of Jesuss manhood and that
Jesus then became the head of the Nazareth household.
- 33 -
- 34 -
c&pfawmfonf AdrmefawmfrSjyefvmNyD;aemufudptm; ZmcsJU

aep&mrvdktyf/ a,&Ic&pfawmfonf,ciftwdkif;rdbrsm;ESifh twl
jyefvmNyD; emZ&ufNrdKo
Y aYkd &muf&cdS MhJ uonf/ xdAk rd mefawmfrmS pwifchJ aom
vlxk a[majymjcif;udu
k REkyf w
f Ykd tao;pdwrf od&EdS ikd cf ahJ omfvnf; c&pfawmf
onf omref twdkif;tpOfBuD;xGm;vQuftjypfw&m;rS pifMu,fpGm
&Sad ecJo
h nf/ ordik ;f "avht& a,moyfonfapmpD;pGmqH;k yg; oGm;cJah om
aMumifh c&pfawmfb&k m; \oufawmfpOftpydik ;f onf om;aumif;wpfO;D
yDopGmjzifh rdom;pkta&;udk wm0ef,al qmif&u
G af wmfrcl o
hJ nf/
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
wwd,&Iaxmihf
]]omoemordik ;f aMumif;tjrif}}(Historical View)
c&pfawmfonf wdAufjynfoYkd oGm;a&muf&m Ak'b
mom t,l
0g'udk wdAufjynfreG f bke;f awmfMuD;ausmif;wGif wynhcf ?H rcHoEd ikd &f ef wdAuf
jynfoYkd Ak'b
momomoem a&muf&jdS yefyY mG ;aom ckEpS o
f u&mZfukd wGucf suf
aomfum; vltaygif;tm; ]]tuRwfw&m;rS a0;uGmap&ef}} rd;k vH;k jynf?h
r[kwrf rSe?f rlrrSeaf omvkyMf uHZmwfreS ;f aumif;aumif;odEikd af yonf/
wifjycsuf (1)
tdycf sf*sD0v
J f qdo
k l ordik ;f ynm&SiMf uD;u wdAufjynfoYkd Ak'b
mom
pwifa&muf&cdS ahJ om ckEpS rf mS at'D 500-600 wGijf zpfonf/
wifjycsuf (2)
c&prwfwefz&dqo
kd \
l ordik ;f t& wdAufjynf odYk Ak'b
momonf
at'D 7 &mpk tv,f at'D 700 cefY odrYk [kwf 650 cefY a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf/
wifjycsuf (3)
&efuek f 0Zm? odyw
H uov
kd &f dS pmayt& Ak'b
momonf wdAufoYkd
a&mufonfrmS at'D 650 ? 700 cefY odrYk [kwf at'D 640 cef[
Y ak zmfjyonf/
wifjycsuf (4)
rmCjrefrmjyefaom &m[kvmoHupd n
;f \ wdAuf Ak'o
moem
pmtkyt
f & 640 rwdik rf D wdAufoYkd Ak'b
mom rjyefyY mG ; ra&muf&dS ao;
aMumif; od&onf/
wifjycsuf ( 5)
Kenneth W. Morgan jyKYpkaom Buddhism Interpreted by
- 35 -
Buddhists pmtkyt
f &/
Although only the Himalayas separat Tibet from India
and there had been several attempts by Indian monks to introduce
Bubbhism into Tibets it was not until the twnty century after the
Buddha ( Seventh Century A.D) That Buddhism was officially
introduced into Tibet, making it the last of the Modern Mahayana
countries to accept Buddhism.
Ak'a *gwr\ aESmif;ydik ;f 12 &mpkjzpfaom c&pfou&mZf (7)

&mpkwiG Af 'k b
momudk wdAufjynfow
Ykd &m;0if rdwq
f ufEikd cf o
hJ nf[ak wG&Y
ygonf/ 4if;pmtkyrf mS The part of the Buddha [laom pmtkyrf S pmrsuf
ESm 65 wGif Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists [k a&;xm;ojzihf
4if;pmtkyrf mS Ak'b
mom0if? usrf;wwfrsm; ud,
k w
f ikd f teufziG q
fh x
kd m;aom
Ak'0 g'[k t"dyg ,f&o
dS jzihf Ak'b
mom0if usrf;wwfynm&Sirf sm;ud,
k w
f ikd f
teufzGihfcsufpmtkyfyg&Sdaom Ak'bmom wdAufodkYa&mufaMumif;
ou&mZf jzpfojzihf xdak t'D 700 cefY qdo
k nfrmS vGepf mG rS taxmuftxm;
cdik v
f akH om ou&mZfjzpfawmhonf/ 4if;pmtkyu
f kd Kenneth W. Morgan
jyKpkco
hJ nf/
wifjycsuf (6)
c&pfawmfonf oufawmf 30 rwdik cf if jynfyodYk tjcm;c&D;
oGm;cJh onfqakd om tqdjk yKcsuf rawG&Y ? rMum;od&? rSww
f rf;rSw&f mr&Syd g[k
yg&Sd onf/ R.W.F. Wootton \ Christian Worship pmtkyrf aS zmfjy&vQifThe Lord Jesus was offered in the Temple according to
the ancient law as a child six weeks; he went there again at the age
of 12, when a boy became a member of the community of Israel.
(But we do not know of any other visit in the first 30 years of His
life).Synagogue worship chapter 8. Christian Worship of God.
]]c&pfawmftm; ,k'wd\
Yk xH;k pHtwdik ;f &ufowygwf ajcmufygwf
- 36 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
odaYk &mufaomtcgAdrmefawmfoaYkd c:aqmifomG ;cJMh uonf/wpfzef ouf

awmf 12 ESpt
f &G,w
f iG w
f pfzef ,k'vlw\
Ykd bmom "avh twdik ;f Adrmefawmf
odo
Yk mG ;cJjh yefonf/ xdaYk emuf oufawmfo;kH q,ftwGi;f Adrmefawmfoo
Ykd mG ;
vmcJjh cif; udrk u
l m; uREfyk w
f rYkd od&cdS MhJ u}}[kqo
kd nf/
wifjycsuf ( 7)
rmCjrefrmjyefaom &m[kvmoHudpnf;\ wdAufAk'bmom
pmtkyw
f iG f 12?10?74 &ufpyJG g yg&*la&;om;aom &m[kvm oHupd n
;f ESifh
wdAufA'k b
mom pmtkyf pmrsufEmS 10 wGif c&dq&dv
k a'usefb&k if ( 755 ?
797) eef;wufaomtcg ol\toufrmS 13 ESpcf efrY Qom &Sad o;onf/ xkd
tcsdeu
f wdAufoYkd Ak'b
mom a&mufco
hJ nfrmS ESpS w
f &mcefY &Sad eNyD[q
k o
kd nf/
xdaYk Mumihf ESpf 100 udEk w
k v
f Qif 655 cefyY if &Syd gojzihf &m[kvmoHupd n
;f
wifjycsuft& wdAufjynfodkY Ak'bmom a&mufcsdefrSmvnf; 655 cefY
wGiyf ifjzpfaMumif;od&onf/
odjYk zpf cspfaom"rrw
d af qG y&dwo
f wfwYkd wdAufjynftaMumif;
udyk g ydrakd vhvmod&cdS iG fh &&SEd ikd yf g&ef &m[kvmoHupd n
;f \ wdAufA'k b
mom
pmtkyu
f kd rmCbmomjyefqx
kd m;aom pmtkyf 12?10?74 aeYpyJG g yg&*l
a&;om;xm;aom &m[kvmoHupd n
;f ESifh wdAufA'k b
mom pmtkyrf S a&;
om;csufrsm;udk apwemt&d;k jzihf rl&if;twdik ;f wifjytyfygonf/
- 37 -
pwkw& aI xmihf
]]a'oE& yx0Dtjrif}}(Geographical View)
wdAufjynfonfum; vQdKU0Sut
f odcufaom wkid ;f jynfjzpfonf/
wdAufEikd if u
H kd pwifwnfaxmifaom ]]q&d*sefq*efy}kd }bk&ifjzpfonf/ 7
&mpk rwdik rf u
DS wdAufvrl sdK;wdo
Yk nf wpfae&mwnf;wGif owfowfrw
S rf w
S f
raebJae&mtESYH oGm;vmaexdik Mf uaomajcovH;k tdrw
f ikd rf sm;jzpfMuonf/
xdt
k csdeu
f ]]jA[mykMw}} jrpf\ tedryfh ikd ;f &Sad om ]]v[dck g}} t&yfrl
,Ofaus;rl a&mufoiho
f avmuf a&mufvmNyD;? v,f,mxGe,
f uf pdu
k yf sdK;
onhf tvkyu
f kd vkypf jyKaeMujyD xdak 'o c&pfEpS f 615 ckEpS w
f iG f ya'o&mZf
wpfO;D \ tdrf ]]c&du
k sefq*efykd }} udzk mG ;jrifavonf/
]]q&du
k sef}} onf 7 &mpk\ MuD;rm;qH;k aom ppfEikd b
f &k ifwOD;
vnf;jzpfonf/ toufq,ho
f ;kH ESpt
f &G,f ( 628) wGif zcifu,
G v
f eG af om
tcg olonf zcift&du
k t
f &m xD;eef;udk qufccH NhJ yD; ,ckacwf (vmqm) \
teD;w0du
k f &Sad om ( rmyd&k )D t&yf tajcpdu
k af ecJah vonf/ xdt
k csdeu
f
wdAufvlrsdK;wdkY onf wpfpnf;wvHk;wnf; r&SdbJ udk,hftkyfpkESihfudk,f
aeMuavonf/ ]]q&du
k sef}}onf wpfppk u
D jJG ym;aeaom wdAufvrl sdK;wdt
Yk m;
tm;vH;k pkpnf; NyD; wdAufvrl sdK;wrsdK;wnf;jzpfatmif zefw;D vdu
k af vonf/
xdjYk yif wdAuf ppfwyf wcku
k kd wnfaxmifNyD; tmoH (tmqrf) rS uoQrD;,m;
txd [dr0Em e,fajr wpfcv
k ;kH ESifh w&kwjf ynf; jynfe,fo;kH ckukd odr;f ydu
k f
vdu
k af vonf/ 650 ckEpS w
f iG f uG,v
f eG af omtcg ol\Edik if H tus,ft0ef;
onf [dr0EmrS tm&Stv,fyikd ;f &Sd x&efqefawmifwef; txd jzpfavonf/
ta&SUtaemuf? awmifajrmuf? rnfonhef ,fpyfukd jzpfomG ;oGm;
- 38 -
wdAufb&k ifonf Ak'b

mom ESiafh wGq
Y &kH avonf/ xdt
Yk jyif wdAufjynf\
awmifbufwiG f Ak'b
mom pwifjzpfxeG ;f &m tdE,
d Edik if &H adS eonf/ xdt
Yk jyif
Ak'bmomudk ,HkMunfudk;uG,fonhf eDaygESihf uoQrD;,m;wdkY&Sdaeonhf
ajrmufbufEiS fh ta&SUbuf&dS tm&Stv,fyifkd ;f ESifh w&kwjf ynfww
Ykd iG u
f m;
[dem,eESifh r[m,e Ak'b
momESpcf pk vH;k xGe;f um;jyefyY mG ;aeavonf/
odjYk zpf wdAufb&k ifonf Ak'b
momudk pdwyf g0ifpm;onfrmS txl;tqef;
r[kwaf wmhay/ q&du
k sefb&k ifonf ol\ us,fjyefaY om Edifk if aH wmftwGuf
aejynfawmfwckukd vdv
k m;onfjzpf (vmqm) udk wdAufEikd if \
H NrdKaY wmf
tjzpf a&G;cs,f owfrw
S v
f u
dk af vonf/
wdAufEikd if o
H nf ynma&; ESifh ,Ofaus;rI xGe;f um;a&;twGuf
tdEd,ESihf w&kwfjynfu tultnDay;avonf/ ,if;tultnD\
txdr;f trSwf tjzpf wdAufb&k ifonf eDaygbk&if\ orD;awmf ]]c&Dusef}}ESifh
w&kwb
f &k if\ orD;awmf ]]uke*f sd}}udk vufaqmify@m tjzpf&&Sad vonf/
w&kwb
f &k if\ orD;awmfonf vufzyYJG pn;f w&yftaejzihf Ak'& yk yf mG ;awmf
wpfqu
l kd wdAufjynfoYkd yihaf qmifvmcJah vonf/ xdek nf;wlpmG eDaygbk&if
\ orD;awmfonfvnf; Ak'E iS fh pyfvQOf;onhf vufaqmifypn;f rsm;udk
aqmifMuOf;cJah vonf/wdAufb&k ifonf tdref ;D em;csif;Edik if rH sm;odYk tv,f
tygwfa&mufaomtcg ,if;EdkifiHrsm;&Sd ,Ofaus;aom vlaerIb0udk
awGYjrif& tvGeftm;usrdonf/ odkYjzpfolonf(vmqm)udkwdAuf
,Ofaus;rI tcsuftjcmNrdKaY wmfwpfck tjzpfzefw;D vdu
k o
f nf/ ,if;NrdKaY wmf
\ tv,f eDaygbk&if orD;awmfu awmif;yefonfjzpf ]]*sdKcef }}trnf&dS
Ak'b
momausmif;wausmif;udk aqmufvyk v
f KI 'gef;vdu
k af vonf/ wdAuf
jynf\ a&S;tusqH;k jzpfonh,
f if;Ak'b
mom bk&m;ausmif;onf,ck acwf
txdxif&mS ;&Sad eonf/ ]]q&du
k sef}}bk&if uG,v
f eG af omtcg w&kwb
f &k if
h
orD;awmf\trdet
Yf & olw&kwjf ynfrS o,faqmifvmaom &kyyf mG ;awmfukd
,if;bk&m;ausmif; a&TUajymif; ud;k uG,x
f m;avonf/
q&du
k sefonf wdAufbmom\ tu&mpmvH;k rsm;udk wDxiG &f ef
]]okerf }D }trnf&dS yk*Kd vf wpfO;D tm; vTt
J yfavonf/okerf o
D nf xdt
k csdeu
f
tdE,
d ajrmufyikd ;f tu&mpmvH;k ESifh tm&Stv,fyikd ;f wGif acwfpm;aeaom
tu&mpmvH;k rsm;udk tajccHNyD; wdAuftu&m pmvH;k udk wDxiG jf yKvkyf vdu
k f
avonf/xdt
k csdeu
f Ak'b
momusrf;tcsdKu
Y kd wdAufbmom jyefchJ onfrmS
rSeaf omfvnf;aemufyikd ;f wGif ]]uef*s}} ESifh ]]wef*s}}trnfjzihf xif&mS ;aom
wdAuf Ak'p mayusrf;*ef ouwbmom jyefrsm;rSmrl ]]oGerf }d }ESifh ]]q&du
k sef}}
wd\
Yk acwfaemufyikd ;f usrS ay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ okerf o
D nf wdAuf o'gudk
wDxiG af &;om;onhf yxrOD;qH;k aomynm&Siyf *k Kd vfvnf;jzpfonf/
]]q&du
k sef}}\ajr; ]]c&dva'uswef}}( at'D-704 -742)onf
wdAufEdkifiH\ tus,ft0ef;udk xyfrHwdk;csJUvdkufavonf/ xdktcsdef
w&kwb
f &k ifonf ,cifu wdAuford ;f ,laom e,ftcsdKu
Y kd jyefvnf&&Sad &;
twGuf MudK;yrf; tm;xkwaf vonf/ od&Yk mwGif wdu
k yf JG ta&;edrcfh o
hJ nf/
odkYjzpf rdrd\ orD;awmfudk olYMuif,mawmfa[mif; w&kwfbk&ifxH
orD;awmfudkjyefoGm;ap c&D;pOf Muif,mawmfrSm&kwfw&uf uG,fvGef
oGm;onf[o
k &d onf / xdt
k cg bk&iho
f rD;awmfukd wdAufb&k if ]]c&dva'}}u
yif odr;f ydu
k v
f u
kd cf o
hJ nf/ xdt
k csdef Pukr&onhf Ak'u
srf;rsm;pGmudk
wdAufbmomodYk jyefqckd hJ avonf/
]]c&Dq&dkva'usef}}( 755-797) eef;wufaomtcg ol\
toufrmS 13 ESprf scefo
Y m&Sad o;onf/ xdt
k csdeu
f wdAufoYkd Ak'b
mom
a&mufchJ onfrmS ESpw
f &mcef&Y adS ejyD/ bk&if\ i,fjcif;udk tcGiafh umif; ,ljyD;
ewfu;kd uG,o
f nhf wdAufbmom t,l0g'a[mif; ]]bGeb
f mom}}udk ud;k uG,f
- 39 -
- 40 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
onhf trwfrsm;u Ak'b

momudk qefu
Y sifwu
kd zf sufMuavonf/ od&Yk mwGif
Ak'b
momonf wdAufjynfow
l \
Ykd twGi;f cdik rf mpGmtjrpfw,
G f aeavjyD/
bk&if\yihfzdwfcsufaMumihf tdEd,EdkifiH ]]emvEwuodkvf}}rS ynm&Sd
oE&uw
d rax&fonf jA[yMk wjrpf\ ajrmufbufEpS rf ikd cf efY tuGmwGif Ak'
bmom ausmif;wdu
k f wpfwu
kd af qmuf&ef a&G;cs,fowfrw
S f vdu
k af vonf/
xdak e&m tkwjf rpfcsjyD; tdE,
d jynf&dS ]]"rygv}}bk&if aqmufvyk o
f nhf
]]pEy&l }D } ausmif;wdu
k Mf uD;\ yHpk t
H wdik ;f ausmif;wdu
k Bf uD; wpfaqmufukd
aqmufvyk af vonf/ 12 ESpMf umrS ausmif;aqmufjcif;tjyD; owfonf/
ausmif;p aqmufonht
f csdef yif wdAufb&k ifonf wdAuf
vlrsdK;xJrS yk*Kd vftcsdKw
Y u
Ykd kd yOi;f cHay;vdo
k nhq
f Ejzpfay:vmavonf/
odkYjzpf ausmif;aqmufonhfudp tawmftwefjyD;pD;oGm;aomtcg
oE&uw
d rax&fonf rdrw
d pfO;D wnf; &[ef;cHray;vdo
k nht
f wGuf tdE,
d
jynf emvE ausmif;wdu
k rf S (omAw0d g') *dP
k ;f om; &[ef;tcsdKu
Y kd yihzf w
d f
avonf/ ,if;&[ef;rsm; a&mufvmaomtcg wdAuftrsdK;om; ]]7}} OD;udk
&[ef;cHay;vdu
k af vonf/ oE&uw
d rax&fonf wdAufvrl sdK; ]]7}} OD;udk
&[ef;cHay;jcif;tm;jzihv
f nf;aumif;? ausmif;waqmif wnfaqmufjcif;
tm;jzihv
f nf;aumif; wdAufwiG f Ak'b
mommtkwjf rpf csay;cJah vonf/
at'D804 ckESpfwGif eef;wufaom ]]c&da'vusefydk}} bk&if
vufxufwiG f wdAufA'k b
mom\ tajctaeonf ydrk w
kd ;kd wuf vmav
onf/ c&dva'usefyo
kd nf wdAufA'k b
momausmif;wdu
k u
f kd xyfrw
H nf
aqmufNyD; Ak'u
srf;pmrsm;udk wdAufbmomjzihf bmomjyefqakd pcJo
h nf/
Ak'usrf;pmrsm;udk pepfwus wdAufbmomjyefqdkjcif;rSm xdkacwfusrS
tpjyKavonf/ wdAufynm&Sirf sm;ESifh tdE,
d jynfrS <ua&mufvmonhf
ynm&Sirf sm; yl;aygif;NyD; bmomjyefqMkd ujcif;jzpfonf/
h
od&Yk mwGif 817 ESpw
f iG f eefwufaom ]]&rusef}}bk&if vufxuf
wGifum; Ak'bmomonf ndK;rIdeftm;avQmhoGm;avonf/ xdkrif;onf
Ak'b
momudk qefu
Y sifonf/ Ak'b
mom &[ef;rsm;tm; vl0wfvaJ ponf?
xdrk if;vufxufwiG f Ak'b
momonf enf;vrf;rsdK;pHjk zihf zdEydS jf cif;cH&av
onf/ 11 &mpkk ESpf tdE,
d jynf omoemjyK&[ef;awmf ( 'DyuFm&oD&
d P)
a&muf&jdS yD;onhf aemufrS wdAufjynfwiG f Ak'b
momonf jyefvnfxeG ;f um;
vmavonf/ xdt
k csefwiG f Ak'u
srf;pm rsm;udv
k nf; wdAufbmomjzihf
trsm;tjym;jyefqckd ahJ vonf/
wdAufjynf Ak'b
mom ordik ;f udk avhvmMunh&f v
I Qif wdAufjynf
Ak'b
mom a&muf&o
dS nht
f csderf S tpjyKjyD;? Ak'b
momonf toGit
f rsdK;rsdK;
ajymif;vJ vmonfukd awG&Y avonf/ ,aeYwAd ufjynfwiG af cwfpm;ae
onhf Ak' bmomrSmrlum; r[m,evmrm0g'Ak'b
mom[k ac:qdEk ikd o
f nhf
bmom jzpfonf/
vmrm0g'DA'k b
mom &[ef;rsm;onf wdAufjynf (3 )rsdK; oH;k pm;
uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aeonfuakd wGY &avonf/
1/ OD;xkyef aD qmif; r[m,me*dP
k ;f 0ifvmrm?
2/ OD;xky0f gaqmif; ausmif;xdik f vmrm?
3/ t0&0g'DvmrmwdjYk zpfonf/
,if;Ak'bmom *dkPf;0ifrsm;tjyif Ak'bmom ra&mufcifu
wdAufwiG f acwfpm;aeaom wdAufa'ocH ]]bGe}f }trnf&dS ewfu;kd uG,f
aom bmomw&m;wpfcv
k nf;&Sad o;;onf? 4if;bmom0ifrsm;urlum;
Ak'bmom0ifrsm;udk txl;yifqefYusifavonf/ 4if;bmom0ifrsm;u
OD;xkyef ufaqmif;Muonf? *gxmrE&m;rsm;udk txl;toH;k jyKMuavonf/
,if;bmomw&m;udk ud;k uG,q
f nf;uyfaom olwrYkd mS um; ,cktcgwGif
- 41 -
- 42 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
ta&twGuf tvGef enf;yg;oGm;avjyD/

vmrm0g'onf ,cktcgwdAufjynfomvomru eDayg? blwef?
vm[l?w&kw?f rGe*f v
kd ;D ,m;? qdu
k af A;&D;,m; jynfrsm;txdjyefEY aYHS eonf/
yxrtrsdK;tpm; vmrm0g' wdAufjynf pwifjzefaY 0 rdwq
f uf
olrmS oE&uw
d wdAufjynfoaYkd &mufaecsdew
f iG f tdE,
d rS wdAufoaYkd &muf
&So
d mG ; aom ( y'ror0) trnf&dS &[ef;jzpfonf[t
k qd&k o
dS nf/ y'ror0
onf oo&D ESifh tmz*efepweftMum;&Sb
d w
G f (O'sef) jynfom;jzpfonf/
olonf wdAufoGm;jyD; Ak'bmomudk jzefYjzL;avonf/ oljzefYjzL;onhf
Ak'bmomudkum; *gxmrEmefrsm;jzifh a&maESmvQuf&Sdonf/ wE&Ak'
bmom jzpfonf/ wdAufvrl sdK;rsm;onf ]]z'ror0}}tm; bk&m;tavmif;
trSwjf zihq
f nf;uyfu;kd uG,Mf uavonf/
'kw,
d trsdK;tpm; vmrm0g'rSmrlum; tdE,
d a&mufomG ;aom
Ak'bmom\ ajymif;vJoGm;aom yHkpHjzpfonf/ tpyxrwGifrltawmf
twef oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,faom Ak'b
momjzpfco
hJ nf/ od&Yk mwGif aemufyikd ;f
usaomtcgwGif xdAk 'k b
momxJwiG v
f nf; a'ocH *gxmrE&m; 0g'rsm;udk
tm;ay;csD;ajrmufrl&Sdojzihf wdk;wufMuD;yGm;cJhavonf/ wdAufjynf&Sd
BuD;rm;aomausmif;wdu
k Mf uD;rsm;ESifh ynmoifMum;&m tcsuftjcm Xme
rsm;rSm ,if;vmrm*dP
k ;f 0ifrsm;omvQif jzpfMuonf/
wwd, trsdK;tpm;rSm tvGex
f ;l jcm;qef;Mu,fMuvSayonf/
,if;*dP
k ;f 0g'pwif jyefyY mG ;jcif;rSm 13 &mpkEpS f jzpfonf/ ,cktcgwGif
,if;vmrm;0g'onf wdAuf? blwef? v'wf? rGe*f v
kd ;D ,m;wdik ;f jynfwYkd
txl;ojzihf MunfndKav;pm;rludkcH&avonf/ tjcm;bmomw&m;
tm;vH;k vdv
k \
kd ausmif;wdu
k rf sm; tMuD;qH;k odrYk [kwf tawmfq;kH wynhu
f kd
uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;rnhf q&m\ t&du
k t
f &mcHtjzpfowfrw
S Mf uonf/ od&Yk mwGif
h
,if;vmrm0g'um; wdu
k o
hJ rYkd [kwaf y/ uG,v
f eG o
f \
l t&du
k t
f &mcH wynhf
[lr&Sad y/ uG,v
f eG o
f \
l t&du
k t
f &mudk qufcrH nho
f rl mS uG,v
f eG o
f \
l
]]vl0ifpm;t0wm&D}}yif jzpfonf/
yxr wvdik ;f vmrm (1474) uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;NyD;aemufyikd ;f wGif
vl0ifpm;uav; oli,frsm;udk &SmazGNyD; vmrm t&du
k t
f &mudk qufcaH p
onhf tavhtxacwfpm;aeavonf/
vl0ifpm; (t0wm&D) vmrmudk txl;ojzihf av;pm;jrwfE;kd Muav
onf/ v'wfjrdK &Sad om ]]a[rd&*dS eG yf gaumvfwu
kd }f } rS vmrmonf touf
20 ESpu
f yif v'wf tMuD;qH;k yk*Kd vftjzpf ylaZmfcrH cl aH e&avonf/ wdAuf
jynf\ ,ckvuf&dS ]]wvdik ;f vmr}} ESifh ]]yefcsefvmrm}}wdo
Yk nfvnf; i,fpOf
uyif t0wm&Dvmrm tjzpf tylaZmfcH aeMu& aom vmrmrsm;jzpfMuonf/
vl0ifpm; ]]t0wm&D}}vmrmrsm;udk &SmazGawG&Y ydS rkH mS trsdK;rsdK;
tzHzk ykH ifjzpfavonf/ tcsdKUtcsdKUaom vmrmrsm;onf rdrrd uG,v
f eG f rDu
yif rdrw
d u
Ykd ,
G v
f eG jf yD;aemuf vl0ifpm; ]]t0wm&D}}vmrmtjzpf jyefvnf
arG;zGm;rnhf ae&mXmersm;udn
k eG jf yajymjyoGm;cJMh uonf/ xdn
k eG Mf um;ajymjy
csuft& olwu
Ykd ,
G v
f eG af omtcg olwt
Ykd &du
k t
f &mudk qufcrH nhf vl0ifpm;
t0wm&Dvmrmrsm;udk &SmazGMuavonf/ tcsdKaY om vl0ifpm; t0wm&D
vmrmrsm;udrk u
l m; nGeMf um;ajymjycsuft& &SmazGMu avonf/ tcsdKaY om
vl0ifpm; t0wm&Dvmrm rsm;udrk u
l m; olw\
Ykd xl;jcm;aom tjyKtrlrsm;
udMk unhjf yD; owfrw
S Mf u\/,if;t0wm&Dvmrm xH;k wrf;pOfvmonf tjcm;
rnfonhf Ak'b
mom Edik if w
H iG rf S r&Sad y/
wdAufEikd if H omvQif acwfpm;aeavonf/ ,if;xH;k wrf;pOfvm
rSm rnho
f nh,
f w
k ad A'?rnfoaYkd om taMumif;tusdK; qufpyfjcifrrl sdK; ESirfh S
y,fzsufr&bJ tcdik t
f rm tjrpfw,
G af eonhf xH;k wrf;jzpfaeayonf/
- 43 -
- 44 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
]]xdo
k w
Ykd Ad ufjynf taMumif; a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyrf sm;xJwiG f
]]&m[kvmoHupd n
;f }}\ pmtkyrf mS um; pHjyKxdu
k q
f ;kH aom pmtkyjf zpfonf[k
qdv
k Qif rSmtHrh nfrxif/ wdAufjynfoYkd Edik if jH cm;rS yk*Kd vf wpfo;D wpfa,muf
tvnftygwf a&mufomG ;bdv
Yk nf; rvG,af y/ Edik if u
H vQdK0Suf todcuf
oavmuf Edik if \
H bmomw&m;rSmvnf; axGjym;qef;Mu,fvaS yonf}}
(yg&*l)/
txufygwdrYk S od&aomtcsuf[rl u
l m;wifjycsuf ( 8)
wdAufwikd ;f jynfonfyifvQif (7) &mpkusrSom wdik ;f jynftjzpfoYkd
ay:ayguf vmcJah Mumif;? q&du
k sefq*efyb
kd &k ifu pwifwnfaxmifaMumif;
od&onf/ c&pfawmfonf touf 30 ESpo
f m avmuwGif r*fvrf;w&m;
udk zGi&fh ef omoemhtrIuakd qmifcNhJ yD;aomaMumihf at'D 30 0ef;usif\
aESmif;ydik ;f umvwGif r&Sad wmhNyD/ at'D 30 rS 700 tMum;wGijf zpfaom
aMumihf r[m;',m; uGmjcm;aeayNyD/ ]]qifBuD;v,fjyifrSmoGm;onfh
tvm;}} txif;om;t&Si;f om;jzpfaeonf/
wifjycsuf (9)
]]c&dq&du
k sef}}bk&if eefwufaomtcg (at'D? 755-797)
Ak'b
momomoemrSm ESpf 100 cef&Y NdS yD[k qdak omaMumihf at'D 655 0ef;usif
om Ak'o
moem a&muf&adS Mumif; wGu
f &onf/ xdt
k csde?f xdu
k mv?
xdt
k wdik ;f twmwGiu
f m; c&pfawmfonf r[mtrIjyKNyD; aumif;uifoYkd
odr;f qnf;jcif;udk cH,al wmfrNl yD;jzpfonf/
wifjycsuf ( 10)
oE&urd ax&fukd tdE,
d Edik if &H dS ]]emvEwuov
kd }f } rS &Sib
f &k if
]]c&dq&dv
k a'usef}} yihzf w
d
f a[mMum;aomESpw
f iG f wdAufjynf Ak'
h
bmoma&mufonfrmS ESpaf ygif; 100 cefY &SNd yDqakd omaMumihf ( at'D? 755797) twGi;f wGiyf ifyihzf w
d cf &H onf/ xdaYk Mumihf Ak'o
moemonf at'D 600
? 700 0ef;usifa&mufaMumif; aocsmonf/ xdt
k csdef c&pfawmf bk&m;\
]]r[mu,fcRwfjcif;}} vrf;onf twdtvif;zGiahf y;awmfrcl NhJ yD;jzpfonf/
wifjycsuf (11)
wdAufjynfuw
dk nfaxmifjyD; Ak'o
moem vrf;cif;ay;olonf
at'D 615 wGiaf rG;zGm; 650 wGif uG,v
f eG o
f nf[k qdak omaMumihf wdAufoYkd
615-650 twGi;f Ak'o
moema&mufaMumif; od&avonf/ xdt
k csdef
c&pfawmf bk&m;\ ]]r[mu,fcRwfjcif;}} vrf;onf twdtvif;zGiahf y;
awmf rlcNhJ yD;jzpfonf/
wifjycsuf (12)
wdAufjynfawmifyikd ;f rGeb
f ek ;f awmfMuD;ausmif;rS ausmif;xdik f
q&mawmf ]]t&Sit
f &d,ykwr [max&f}}xHoYkd a&mufco
hJ nfqjkd cif;rSmvnf;
,kwdr&SdaMumif; txift&Sm;vDq,frIomjzpfaMumif;odjrifEdkifonf/
]]oE&uw
d rax&f}}tm; wdAufoyYkd ihaf qmifaomtcg Ak'o
moemawmf
onf ESpaf ygif; 100 cef&Y NdS yD jzpfaomfvnf; wdAufvrl sdK; &[ef;oHCmvnf;
r&Sad o;? Ak'b
mom bke;f awmfMuD;ausmif;wdu
k v
f nf;r&Sad o;? bk&if\ tvdk
t& oE&udwrax&fonf jA[ykw&jrpf\ ajrmufydkif;ESpfrdkiftuGm&Sd
ae&mudk Ak'b
mom ausmif;wdu
k w
f pfwu
kd af qmuf&ef a&G;cs,fowfrw
S f
vdu
k Mf uavonf/ xdaYk Mumif-h
u/ rGefbkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;wnfaqmufaMumif;udk ordkif;
taxmuftxm;rsm;r&S/d ]]oE&uw
d rax&f}} omvQif tdE,
d rSvmaom
bke;f awmfMuD;jzpfavonf/
c/ rnfonhaf usmif;wdu
k rf Qvnf; r&Sad o;aMumif;od&onf/
- 45 -
- 46 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
*/ ]]oE&uw
d rax&f}}ae&ma&G;om wnfaqmufxm;aom
ausmif ; wk d u f o m&S d a Mumif ; od & onf / xd k Y a Mumih f ausmif ; wd k u f
wnf a qmuf a omtcsd e f xd k t csd e f c&pf a wmf bk & m;\
]]r[mu,fcRwfjcif;}} vrf;onf twdtvif;zGiahf y;awmfrcl NhJ yD;jzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh ]]ynm&So
d wdjzpfc}J }[krqdak p&atmif txl;owdjyKoifah om
ordik ;f rsm;jzpfaeonf/
wifjycsuf (13)
trsdK;om;ynma&;0efBuD; OD;zd;k usm;a&;om;aom ajrmufyidk ;f
Ak'b
mom r[m,e *dP
k ;f [laom pmtkyt
f & Ak'b
momonf tdE,
d rS
wdu
k &f u
kd f wdAufoYkd a&mufvmonfrmS at'D 650 avmufwiG o
f m jzpfonf
[kyg&So
d nf/pmrsmufEmS 141 wGif atmufygtwdik ;f zwf&EI ikd yf gonf/
]]wdAufjynfodkY a&mufvmaom Ak'bmomr[m,me*dkPf;rSm
w&kwfjynfu wqihfvmonfr[kwf/ tdEd,uyif wdkuf&dkufa&mufvm
onf/ a&mufvmonfrmS omoemou&Zf 1194 ? c&pfou&mZf 650
avmufwGifomjzpfavawmhonf/a&mufvmaom r[m,e *dkPf;rSm
xdt
k cgqDjzpfaom omoem 110 ausmfrS 1700 ausmftxd ( 7th century
to 12nd century) tdE,
d wGijf zpf&adS eaom r[m,ersdK;jzpfavonf/
xkrd [m,ersdK;rSm ,m*pm&0g'? 0dZm ,me? wE&0g'? pke;f ?ewf?
ya,m* wdjYk zihjf yGr;f oD;aeavonht
f wGuf twefysufp;D aeaom trsdK;
tpm;rsdK;jzpfavonf/ wdAufjynfoYkd a&mufvmaomtcg &S&d if;jzpfaom?
pke;f ?ewf? ya,m*? *gxm? rEef t,l0g'wdEYk iS fh xyf a&maESmoGm;av&m
rsm;pGmajymif;vJysufp;D ? wpfusyfwiG f wpfrwfavmufom Ak'b
mom
t,l0g' usefavawmhonf/
- 47 -
rSwcf suf/ (1)

jrefrmtrsdK;om; uav;? vli,f? vl&,
G ?f vlvwfEiS fh Edik if jH cm;
om;rsm;uyifoad omtjzpfomru tausmftarmf ynma&;0efMuD;uyif?
650 at'DrS wdAufjynfoYkd Ak'b
momomoemawmf a&muf&adS Mumif;
a&;om;xm;onfuakd wGU&onf/
rSwcf suf/ (2)
xdw
k Ad ufEikd if o
H Ykd a&muf&adS eaom Ak'b
momrSmvnf; ,aeYjrefrm
Edik if w
H iG f txift&Sm;wnf&adS eaom ax&0g'Ak'b
mom omoemawmf
r[kwb
f J r[m,eAk'b
momomjzpfaMumif;od&onf/
- 48 -
h
wdik o
f \
l twKywd udak &;om;&ef tb,frmS vQif puLpm&Guu
f kd &&SEd ikd yf g
tHeh nf;/c&pfawmfvufxuf wpfurmvH;k puL? pm&Gurf ay:&Sad o;/
C/c&pfawmfb&k m;\vufa&;rl/
c&pfawmfonf ol\vufawmfjzifph mrsufEmS aygif; 100 ausmf
wGif a&;om;xm;onfqykd gu vufa&;rlEiS fh xdpk m&Gurf sm;;udk ,ckacwfwiG f
vlxt
k m; acwfreDS nf;pepfjzihf &dw
k u
f ;l jzefaY 0wifjytyfayonf/ txl;ojzihf
c&pfawmftm; bk&m;rSe;f rodaom 'dXad wGtwGut
f mCtcGit
fh a&;MuD;yif
r[kwyf gvm;/
,aeYacwfwGif rdkufu,f*sufqif? rGef&dk;ponfhomref &kyf&Sif
tEkynm&Sif rsm;\ ypn;f rsm;udyk if a':vmoef;csDay;NyD; 0,f,al eonfh
acwfwiG f c&pfawmfb&k m;\ vufa&;puLudt
k rSeaf wGU&Syd gu tb,frmS
wd;k wd;k wdww
f w
d jf zifh aeEdik Mf uygrnfenf;/
i/ 0doravmborm;rsm;/
tqd;k taumif;rSm tvGepf yfpNk yD; ausmfMum;rlwiG f olx
Y ufigom
&Sad omolwu
Ykd vnf; ,aeYxt
kd rlut
kd aotcsm ppfxw
k jf zefaY 0Muayrnf/
txl;ojzifx
h pkd uLom&Scd yhJ grl ]]ql;av;vrf;qH}k } ESihf ]]0if;armfO;D }} pmtkyf
wdu
k o
f nf? xdpk mtkyu
f kd rwifra&mif;yJaernfvm;/
p/ puLordik ;f aMumif;/
puLay:aygufonfrmS w&kwjf ynfwiG f at'D 200 tpydik ;f
wD x G i f E d k i f c J h a Mumif ; tajccH ynmtxuf w ef ; ausmif ; English
'rwef;wGif oifMum;aom pmrsufEmS 27 wGif atmufygtwdik ;f azmfjyyg
&Sad vonf/
]]Paper, one of the most useful materials of this modern
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
yOr&Iaxmihf
]]pufrv
l ufrt
l jrif}}(Technological View)
]]tm;wufoa&m BudK;yrf;jyD; vdkufvHpHkprf;awmh aemufqHk;
wdAuf jynfawmifyikd ;f rGeb
f ek ;f awmfMuD;ausmif;&Sd ausmif;xdik q
f &mawmf
jzpfaom rax&fjrwfukd c&pfawmfb&k m; ud,
k af wmfwikd u
f pm&Guaf ygif; 100
ay:rSm olu,
kd w
f ikd f 18 ESpt
f wGi;f awGMY uHKcJ&h aom b0tawGt
Y MuHKrsm;udk
rSww
f rf; wifjyD; MudK;eJY ususeecsKyfaESmifum olu
Y w
kd &m;"rrsm; a[majym
oGefoif ay;cJhwJhtaeeJY uefawmhcJhwJhrSwfwrf;udk&cJhw,f/xdkxm;awmf
rlaom rSww
f rf;rsm;xJrmS c&pfawmfb&k m;ud,
k af wmfwidk f atmufygtwdik ;f
a&;om; xm;wm awG&Y &dS w,fvYkd }} &d&k pfpu
f a&;om;xm;onf/
u/ puLacwf/
ocifa,&I c&pfawmfvufxufwu
kd f puLrsm;ray:r&Sad o;yg/
ay&Gu?f usL&d;k ? tkwcf syf? &GYH cJrsm;jzih4f if; om;a&usrf;pmvdyrf sm;om&Scd hJ
ayao;onf/ c&pfawmfu,
dk af wmfwikd f ok"rmZ&yfwiG o
f \
l twKywrd sm;
udk tem*wH0H usrf;a[majymAsm'dwfjyKxm;onhf a[&Sm,tem*wd
usrf;pmvdyu
f kd zwfcb
hJ ;l onf/ ,aeY usrf;rsm;yifvQif yifv,fe?D yifv,f
aoukr&ef*lrsm;? pOftdk;ajrtdk; tp&SdonfwkdYrS &&Sdaomusrf;pmvdyf
rsm;yifjzpfMuonf/ aemufq;kH ul;,l acwfr&DS w
kd Ef ydS f Mu&avonf/
c/ wdAufEiS hf puLacwf/
xdt
k csdeu
f mvwGiv
f nf; rnfoyYkd if wGucf suf? oH;k oyf aeapum
rl? trSeyf ifc&pfawmfomG ;cJah omfrS wdAufjynfvnf; c&pfawmfu,
kd af wmf
- 49 -
world, was invented in China at the beginning of the second
- 50 -
]]pmay&Iaxmiht
f jrif}} (Litracy View)
c&pfawmfu,
kd af wmfwikd f a&;om;xm;vQif xdpk mayESiv
fh ufa&;
rlonf vGepf mG ta&;MuD;vSayonf/ ,aeYurmph mayynm&SiMf uD;rsm;\
twKywrd sm;/ vufa&;pmrlrsm;? tmabmfrsm;? 0goemrsm;? tusdK;jyKrl
rsm;udk xkwaf zmfaepOfrmS xdrk S Ak'b
mom ynm&yfuq
kd nf;yl;cJah om ynm&Sif
wOD;jzpfaecJyh gvQif? ,aeYxykd *k Kd vfEiS fh ol\pmrlvufa&;wdo
Yk nf urmph may
avmurSm ae&m,lxm;aeayawmhrnf/txl;ojzihx
f ifwikd ;f usJaeaom
bk&m;rJ0h g'Dorm;wdo
Yk nf &ufaygif;&maxmifrsm;pGmjzifh ]]xrif;a&acsmif;
pD;}} omru ]]xrif;a&jrpfp;D }} onfw
h ikd af tmif tvILMuD;ay;umjy oaeay
vdrrfh nf/
pmayqdo
k nfrmS vlw\
Ykd toufaoG;aMum? yifrtm;jyK&mBuD;
r[kwyf gvm;? wenf;jrefrmenf;t& ]]Edik if aH wmf\ pwkwr @dKif}}yif/
c&pfawmfb&k m;u usrf;pmudyk if zwf&EkH iS fh u,fwifjcif; r&Edik ?f usrf;pm
onfig\oufaorQomjzpfonf[q
k rkd ed cYf yhJ gonf/ ESv;kH om; omrSiEf iS fh
ra&;? 0dnmOfEiS afh &;aom c&pfawmfyg/
1/ *sL;ordik ;f /
ocifa,&Iu,
kd af wmfwikd f pma&;om;rSww
f rf;wifonf[k *sL;
rsm;\ordik ;f aMumif;wGirf awG&Y yg? usrf;pmvnf; rawG&Y yg? pmyifra&;
cJyh g? pmayra&;wdik ;f ynmr&S[
d k rqdv
k ykd g? Ak'a *gwrud,
k w
f ikd v
f nf; pmr
a&;cJyh g vlwu
Ykd om olt
Y a[mtajymudk rSww
f rf;wifcMhJ ujcif;yg? xdt
Yk wl
h
c&pfawmfonf Ekwfawmfjzihfa[mawmfrl\/ vlwdkYurSwfwrf;wifjy\?
ausmif;yifraecJah omaMumihf ESrd af jymjcif;jzihf vuform;om; r[kwaf vm
[kyif wdik ;f xGmajymcJMh uygonf/
2/ usrf;pmordik ;f /
&Siaf ,m[ef 8;6 wGif a,&Ionf atmufoiYkd v
YkH Quf vufnKd ;awmf
ESifh ajra&;om; aeawmfr\
l / usrf;yd'k f od&onfrmS vdiu
f pd
rSm;,Gi;f azmufjyefaeaom rde;f rtm; a,&Ixo
H Ykd ac:vmNyD; axmifacsmuf
qifar;jref;cef;rSjzpfonf/ c&pfawmfonf ol\oufawmfpOf wpfavQmuf
vH;k rnfonhpf mayudrk Q a&;om;jzefaY 0jcif;r&Scd yhJ g/ ,ckvkd ajrMuD;ay:rSm
rdrv
d ufnKd ;awmfEiS fh ESpMf udrrf Q a&;jcpfcb
hJ ;l onfuo
kd m usrf;pm zwf&&I
ygonf/ ay? pm&Gu?f ausmufxuftu&m rwifcb
hJ ;l yg/
,k'wdx
Yk ;kH pHt& tdraf xmifqo
kd nfrmS rdom;pk\ yxrqH;k aom
ynmqnf;yl;&m? ynm&SmazGoo
l nf rS;D ck&d m jzpfonf/ tdraf xmif;onf
vufO;D ausmif;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;u bk&m;ociftaMumif;ESifh odrw
S zf ,
G &f m
wdkYudk om;orD;wdkYtm; tvTwfusufrSwfap oifMum;ay;cJhMuonf/
wuov
kd ?f aumvdyaf usmif; ynm&yfrsm;udk a,&IroifMum;cJah omfvnf;
tdraf xmifwiG ;f yif rdbynma&;awmh&adS yonf/
&Siv
f u
k m 4;16-22 BuD;yGm;awmfr&l m emZ&ufjrdKo
Y Ykd a&mufjyef
vQif xH;k pHawmf&o
dS nht
f wdik ;f Oyk'af eY w&m;Z&yf od0Yk if usrf;pmzwf&w
G f
jcif;iSgxawmfr\
l / Z&yfapmiho
f nf ya&mzuf a[&Sm,\ usrf;pmvdyu
f kd
ay; usrf;pmudk zGiafh wmfrv
l Qif awGaY omtcsufum; xm0&bk&m;ocif\
0dnmOfawmfonf ightay:wnfawmfr\
l taMumif;rlum; qif;&Jom;
wdt
Yk m; 0rf;ajrmufp&m owif;udk Mum;ajymapjcif;iSm ighub
kd o
d yd af y;awmf
rljyD/aMurGaomolw\
Ykd temudak ysmufapjcif; iSgvnf;aumif; vGwjf cif;
- 51 -
- 52 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
century AD.}}
qXr&Iaxmihf
h
wrsdKK;awmfMumwrsdK;ajymygutb,frmS vQif aumif;ygtHeh nf;/ a,&I
c&pfawmfb&k m;onf ]]vufz0g;vdk arSmufcsnfveS cf snf}} jyKonft
h &Sif
r[kw/f
4/ vlxt
k v,fwiG &f adS wmfrcl o
hJ nf/
c&pfawmf\ w&m;a'oemawmfonf wdAufjynfro
S ifMum; cH,l
vmaomw&m;a'oemaMumifh vltaygif;wdkYu axmufcHrIjyKMuonf
r[kw/f xm0&bk&m;ocif\tvdak wmf w&m;awmfjrwftwdik ;f a[maz:
jynTeaf wmfral omaMumifh vlx\
k axmufcrH u
l kd xdt
k csdeu
f yif&&Scd o
hJ nf/
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
taMumif;ESihf rsufpduef;aom olwdkYtm; jyefjrifapjcif;taMumif;

iSgvnf;aumif; xm0&bk&m;\ r*FvmESpu
f mvudk Mum;ajymapjcif;iSg
vnf;aumif; ighuakd pvTwaf wmfrjl yD [kvmownf;/ usrf;pmvdyu
f kd w&m;
Z&yfapmiht
f m;ay;NyD;rS xdik af wmfr\
l / w&m;Z&yf&Sad om oltaygif;wdYk
onf ud,
k af wmfukd aphaphMunh&f v
I QufaeMu\/ a,&Iuvnf; ,aeYyif
usrf;pmcsufonf oifwMYkd um;&onhf twdik ;f jynhpf akH vjyD [kred aYf wmfr\
l /
xdkoltaygif;wdkYonf udk,fawmfudk0efcH wihfw,favQmufywfaom
EIwfawmfxGufpum;udk tHhMocsD;rGrf;vQuf? olonf a,moyf\om;
r[kww
f akH vm[kqMkd u\/
txufyg usrf;pmawmfjrwfro
S &d onfrmS ? a,&Ic&pfawmfonf1/ emZ&ufNrdKw
Y iG &f o
dS nf/
emZ&uf N rd K Y t m;BuD ; yG m ;awmf r l & mt&yf [ k q d k a omaMumif h
emZ&yfjrdKY tjrJaexdik af Mumif;od&onf/ tjcm;jynfyodo
Yk mG ;cJah Mumif;
t&dyt
f aiTUyifrawGU&/
2/w&m;Z&yfwiG &f o
dS nf/
c&pfawmfonf xHk;pH&Sdonhftwdkif; Oyk'faeY w&m;Z&yfwGif
usrf;pmvdyu
f o
kd m zwfMum;aMumif; od&\/ tjcm;aombk&m;\pmay?
tjcm;aombk&m;\w&m;ra[m? rzwfrMum;? rnfonfph uLrQvnf;
roH;k cJah Mumif; usrf;pmvdyu
f Mkd unfjh cif;tm;jzifah wGU&onf/
3/ tem*wpd um;awmf/
c&pfawmfb&k m;zwfMum;awmfral omusrf;yd'k o
f nf a,&Itm;
nGe;f qdak om usrf;pmvdyjf zpfjyD;/ a,&Iu ]],aeYyif usrf;pmcsufonf
oifwMYkd um;onht
f wdik ;f jynhpf akH yNyD[k rdeaYf wmfr\
l }}/ tarmcH? tyifyef;cH
vdrv
f nfZmwfvrf;qifaeygrnfvm;/ w&m;orm;? bk&m;w&m;wdu
Yk tck
- 53 -
- 54 -
]]taxGaxG&aI xmih}f }(Miscellaneous View)

1/ c&pfawmfb&k m;\toufpeG v
Yf LS jcif;/
c&pfawmfb&k m;\ ]]u,fcRwfjcif;}} w&m;ESihf ]]u,fwifjcif;}}
]]tjypfa<u;ay;qyfjcif;}} ]]udk,fpm;,MwmjyKjcif;}} ]]tysdK unmrS
zGm;jrifjcif;}} ]]aojcif;rm&fuakd tmifawmfrjl cif;}} ]]cEmrm&fukd atmifjcif;}}
ponfwo
Ykd nf ,aeYrjS AKef;pm;MuD; jzufysufvmjcif;r[kwaf y/ MudKwiftem
*wjd yKxm;jcif;? Asm'dwaf y;csuf? a[mxm;csufrsm;twdik ;f wpfcNk yD;wpfck
jzpfysufjynhpf v
kH maejcif;omjzpfonf/ yd
k tHMh obG,af umif;aom t&m
um; olu
Y kd rke;f wD;jyD;? twdu
k t
f cH? r[kww
f rf;w&m;jyKMurnf/ tao
owfMurnf? oifwYkd (c&pf,mef)vnf; ighemraMumih?f vlrsdK;wumu rke;f wD;
Muvdrrfh nfqo
kd nht
f csufyifjzpfonf/tem*wH0ifusrf;yg twdik ;f trsm;
olig ud;k uG,cf sdeaf &muf vQuf&ydS gNyD/
2/ *dP
k ;f csKyftjzpfwifjcif;/
c&pfawmfb&k m; oufawmf 12 ESpf t&G,f &[l'D q&mawmf
rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;&m rajzEdik Mf u olt
Y m; q&mwif*P
kd ;f csKyf&mxl;udk ay;cJh
Muonf[q
k Mkd uaomfvnf; odv
Yk ,
G v
f ihw
f ul ay;Mujcif;rSmvnf; xH;k pH
r&Sdyg/ trSefrSm,k'bmomw&m;onf tjcm;bmomw&m;rsm;xuf
wif;usyfvo
S nfh xdaYk Mumifh *dP
k ;f csKyftjzpfwif onfq&kd mwGif atmufygwdYk
udk rodaomaMumifjh zpfonf/
h
(1) ,k'wdo
Yk nf bmoma&; uspfvpfcikd rf m *&kpu
kd v
f eG ;f olrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ *dP
k ;f csKyf&mxl;udk odv
Yk ,
G v
f ,
G af y;&d;k xH;k pHr&S/d
(2 ) c&pfawmftm; *dP
k ;f csKyf&mxl;ay; wifajrmufaMumif;
usrf;pmESifh *sL;ordik ;f wGif r&S/d bk&m;&Siu
f om c&pfawmftjzpf bdoyd af y;
cJo
h nf/ vluray;/ vlwu
Ykd rlum; 0efc&H \/
(3) c&pfawmfb&k m;tm; olw\
Ykd *dP
k ;f csKyf&mxl;ay;rdaMumif;
q&mwifrad Mumif;[lajymqdMk ucsuf rSww
f rf;rSw&f mr&S/d jrefrmjynf&dS
pmaywpfcsdKEY iS hf rdpm taygif;tygwdw
Yk iG o
f m&So
d nf/ odaYk omf wdik ;f odjynfod
az:jyEdik &f ;kd um;r&S/d ]]bk&m;tm;jypfrmS ;}}[lom pGypf cJG MhJ uonfukd usrf;pm
wGiaf wGU&onf/
(4) taqmifta,mif/
c&pfawmfbk&m;tm; olwdkY\*dkPf;csKyf&mxl;? x,f0gvSonhf
0wf&EkH iS fh txdr;f trSwv
f ufpyG w
f u
Ykd v
kd nf;aumif; ay;tyfcahJ omaMumifh
a,&Ic&pfawmf 0wf&q
kH ifjref;awmfrcl o
hJ nf[v
k nf; rzwfrMum;cJb
h ;l yg/
3/ bmompum;/
c&pfawmfonf *sL;bmompum;ESihf a'ooH;k tm&rdwf bmom
pum;rsm;rSvUJG ormusrf;pmwGiaf omfvnf;aumif;? wynfah wmfrsm;
jzpfMuaom &Siaf yw&k? &Siaf ygvk? &Siaf ,m[ef ponfwrYkd 4S if; ajymjy onfh
]]c&pfawmfonfwdAufbmompum;? rGefbmompum;? wwfonf}}[k
vnf;rawGU&yg/ rSww
f rf;rSw&f mvnf;r&Syd g/
4/ ZD0ud&#d &[ef;awmf (od)Yk a,&Ic&pfawmf/
a,&Ic&pfawmfonf oufawmf 20 wGif &[ef;awmfjzpfonfqkd
vQiftxGwt
f jrwfjzpfaom xd&k [ef;tm; rud;k uG,Mf ubJ tb,haf Mumihf
rvdw
k rm ]]uJ&h UJ oN*K[f}}jyKaeMuygoenf;/
- 55 -
- 56 -
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
owr&Iaxmihf
h
w&m;awG r[kwyf ?J Ak'u
,
kd af wmfjrwf&hJ w&m;awGom jzpfw,fvq
Ykd jkd yD;
a,&Iukd 0dik ;f jyD; ykwcf wfajymqdMk uw,f[}k } a&;om;Muonf/
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k af wmfjrwf&UJ
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a,&Iajymonfh a,&Itjzpfawmf
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f avm[kar;jyefvQif? a,&Iu
rSef\aemifumv vlom;onf wefcdk;awmf\vuFsmbufxdkifvQuf
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xdt
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f sL; ajymaom pum;udo
k ifwUkd onf
Mum;&MuNyD[q
k akd vonf/ ( &Sirf muk? 14;61-64)/
pum;tm; Mum;em&olwUkd onf c&pfawmfa,&Ib&k m;\ qdv
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arma&Sukd trIawmfjrwftwGuf ac:awmfrcl ahJ ombk&m;tjzpf rdrd ud,
k u
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rdrad jymqdn
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bk&m;tjzpf jyqdak eonfukd &Siv
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vnf; bk&m;udv
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aeMuonf/
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om;wdUk onf oifwUkd udw
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olrnfonfum;? bk&m;0wfudkigjyKNyD[krdrd xifrSwfaomtcsdefumv
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q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
r&Sdaom trIrsm;jzpfMuonf/a,&Ibk&m;onfyifv,fESifhavjyif;udk
trdefUay;wm;jrpfawmfrlaom tcgwGif wr[kwfjcif; &yfwefUoGm;cJhyg
onf/ taMumif;rSm zefqif;cH oufrw
hJ Ukd onf zefqif;&Sit
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f tkypf ;kd jcif;
tmPmpufawmfudk4if;? c&pfawmf\ tjzpfawmfwdkUudk awGUjrif&ef
avmuDom;wdUk twGut
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hf ;l yif jzpfonf/
&Sirf muk c&pf0if 4;41 wGif ]]xdo
k w
l Ukd onf tvGeaf MumufvefU
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ygonfwum;[k tcsif;csif; ajymqdMk u\}}[lrSww
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awGU&ygonf/ xdUk aMumifh jyKawmfral om edrw
d v
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bk&m; aumif;jrwfawmfro
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h aMumif;udk jrnf;prf; odrw
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ud,
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k aHI omolonf r*Fvm&S\
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awmfESifhtnD a,&Ibk&m;\ bk&m;*kPfESifhtjzpfawmfudk ;qdk az:jy
aejcif;rsm; yifjzpfawmfro
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d nf r&So
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um; um,uH &Sif avmuDvo
l m;wdik ;f twGuf jrnf;prf;odrw
S f Edik af om
wpfcw
k nf;aom tajzjzpfayvdrrhf nf/
5/ bk&m;jzpfaMumif;rdeUf awmfrcl /hJ
a,&Ic&pfonf rdrdudk,fawmfwdkif bk&m;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif;ESihf tav;xm;um xyfwvJ vJred Uf awmfrcl yhJ gonf/ tu,f
c&pfawmfa,&Ionf bk&m;r[kwcf yhJ gu bk&m;tm; jypfrmS ;&ma&mufNyD;
ynmwfawmfq,fyg;wGif yXr ynmwfawmftm; csdK;azgufveG u
f sL;jcif;
omjzpf&ayrnf/ c&pf,mefrsm;\ jyKjyifajymif;vJ oGeo
f ifrrI sm;aMumifh
a,&Io
S nf bk&m;jzpfvm&jcif; r[kwyf g? ppfreS af om bk&m;jzpfaMumif;
c&pfawmfa,&Iudk,fawmfwdkif rdefUawmfrlcJhaomaMumifh c&pf,mefrsm;
- 65-
- 66 -
h
aocsmaomtrIudkjyqdk&ygvQif? a,&Ic&pfawmfonf bk&m;
pifppf jzpfaMumif;twGuf oufaoawmif;cHjcif;twGuf tjiif;tcHk jyKawmf
rrlc?hJ xdt
k pm; c&pfawmfa,&Ib&k m;\ pum;wdUk onf rSeo
f nf rrSeo
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pGmjzifhyif a,&Ic&pfawmfbk&m;jzpfawmfrlaMumif;udk aumif;pGmodjrif
em;vnfcMhJ uygonf/ xdak eU acwftcgumv or,rSmyif bmoma&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;tMum; a,&Ionf bk&m;jzpfawmfral Mumif;udk tod
trSwjf yKcJMh uonfom/ xdUk twGuv
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d nf bk&m;
r[kwaf Mumif;vnf; awmif;yefpum;ESihf jiif;qefjcif; rsdK;vnf; jyKawmf
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a,&Ionf jyKrdaomtjypf?rjyKrdaomtjypftvH;k pHrk S uif;vGwf
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l nf/
ordik ;f wGiMf unfyh gu ]]um,uH? 0pDu?H raemuH wnf;[laom
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l
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ocifonf tjypfEiS u
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q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
&Siaf ,m[ef? 10;30-31 wGif ]]igonf crnf;awmfEiS hf wpfv;kH

wpf0wnf;jzpf\}}[k rdeUf awmfral omtcg *sL;vlrsdK;wdUk onfu,
kd af wmfukd
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c&pfawmfonf ]]igonf crnf;awmf\ tcGiEhf iS hf aumif;aomtrIrsm;wdUk udk
oifwUkd tm;jyNyD? xdt
k rIwUkd wGif tb,frnfaomtrIaMumifh ighukd cJEiS yhf pf
Murnfenf;}} [kar;awmfrlcJhygonf/ xdktcgwGifum; ]]aumif;aom
trIaMumifh cJEiS yhf pfrnfr[kw?f oifonf vljzpfvQufyif bk&m;ocif jzpfa&mif
aqmif bk&m;ocifudk vGefusL;aom pum;aMumifh cJESifhypfrnf}}[k
qdck MhJ uonf/ (&Siaf ,m[ef? 10;30-33)/
6/ bk&m;jzpfaMumif; tjcm;olrsm;tm;oufaojyawmfrcl /hJ
c&pfawmfa,&Ionf bk&m;jzpfawmfral Mumif;udk rdef >rwfawmf rlchJ
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w&m;a&at; tNrdKufaq;udk wdu
k af uR;awmfrv
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w&m;vrf;awmfoUkd Tejf yawmfrcl yhJ gonf/
r? 26;63-65 ]]a,&Ionfww
d q
f w
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rSeo
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wdik w
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vQuf rd;k wdru
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kd ;D vQuf <uvmonfukd oifwUkd jrifMu&vwH[
h k rdeaf wmfrl
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udk vGeu
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- 67 -
- 68 -
]]igwdkU,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;onfigwdkUcH&aomqif;&J 'kursm;
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pHpk rf; aESmif&h u
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l / odUk &mwGi?f 'kp&du
k f
tjypfEiS u
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xko
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rqkid b
f aJ y:xGe;f awmfr\
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odUk aomfa,&Ic&pfawmfonf avmuwGif toufxif&mS ; &Scd MhJ u
aom vlom;rsm;xJwiG f pm&dwa &;&m? ud,
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vlom;tqifo
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jyqdjk cif;oufoufom jzpfawmfrl ygonf/ xdrk Qru trIawmfjrwfukd zsufvkd
zsufq;D jyKolrsm;tm; a,&Ic&pfawmfonf &J&ifph mG jzifyh if ]]igtjypf&dS
aMumif;udk oifwUkd wGif tb,foal z:jyoenf;?opmpum;udk igajymonf
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rdeUf >rwf awmfrcl yhJ gonf/
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a,&Ic&pfawmfonf vlomref? olawmfpOf? xl;jrwfaomyk*K v
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wpfyg; tjypfEiS hf uif;pifaomol wpfpkH wpfO;D rQ r&Sad om aMumifjh zpf onf/
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igajymonfreS v
f Qif tb,fah Mumifh oifwUkd r,HMk uoenf;}} ( a,m? 8;46)/
h
xdo
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S pfyg;
tb,frnfaomyk*Kd vf? tb,frnf odUk aomolwpfO;D wpfa,mufrQr&Scd yhJ g?
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avmuwGif vkyfaqmifudkifwG,f&m BuHKqHkaeMu&aom
'kut
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qif;&Jjcif;? ylyefaomu ponfwUkd yifjzpfonf/ odUk wdik af tmif tjypfw&m;
twGuf cGiv
hf w
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xdUk twGuf bmomw&m;tcsdKUu taumif;qH;k ajzaq;taejzifh
aumif;aomtrIrsm;udk jyKvkyjf cif;tm;jzifh cGiv
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ay;qyfjcif; wnf;[laom ed&nf;udk toH;k jyKMu aomfvnf; ppfreS af om
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jzpfMu&onf/
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jynf0h aeaom trsdK;orD;tm; tjypfrS aemifw &&ef rdeUf qdak wmfrcl o
hJ nf/
- 69 -
- 70-
q,fjrL&,fp;kd vGif
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rnfom/ odUk aomf a,&Ic&pfawmfb&k m;um; ]]awmif;Muavmh? awmifvQif
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zGirhf nf}}(r? 7;7) qdo
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-79-
-80-

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c&pfawmfESifhwdAuf'@m&D

F-56, Shewsabei 5th, FMI City, Hlaing Tha Yar Township,

b0opfr'D ,D mrSwwf rf;

pdwaf pwemtrSm; wckcjk zpfEikd jf yefayonf/ rnfoaYkd ompdwt

ar;cGe;f &Sirf sm;

a&G;cs,fu;kd uG,Ef ikd cf iG &fh adS om c&pf,mefwu

csif;vnf;? a,Ic&pfawmf wpfqw

ormusrf;pmawmfjrwf tjrif (Biblical View)

tajzrSef aI xmihf ( 7 )rsKd ;

wnf;[laom qkawmif;oH em;anmif; tajzay;awmfrlaom bk&m;

apvTwjf cif;r[kw?f a&G;cs,fc&H jcif;r[kw/f

C/ a,&Iu xm0&bk&m;ocif zefqif;&Siu

]]"avhx;kH wrf;tjrif }}(Customary View)

rcGrJ cGg &Scd ahJ omaMumihf rSww

This experience, however, brought no expression of

c&pfawmfonf AdrmefawmfrSjyefvmNyD;aemufudptm; ZmcsJU

Ak'a *gwr\ aESmif;ydik ;f 12 &mpkjzpfaom c&pfou&mZf (7)

odaYk &mufaomtcgAdrmefawmfoaYkd c:aqmifomG ;cJMh uonf/wpfzef ouf

wdAufb&k ifonf Ak'b

onhf trwfrsm;u Ak'b

ta&twGuf tvGef enf;yg;oGm;avjyD/

rSwcf suf/ (1)

world, was invented in China at the beginning of the second

taMumif;ESihf rsufpduef;aom olwdkYtm; jyefjrifapjcif;taMumif;

]]taxGaxG&aI xmih}f }(Miscellaneous View)

jzpfaMumif; rkom;ESihf tvdrt

&Siaf ,m[ef? 10;30-31 wGif ]]igonf crnf;awmfEiS hf wpfv;kH

udak y;awmfrcl NhJ yD; ]]igonf vrf;c&D;? ormw&m;? toufvnf;jzpf\/ ighukd

rvdrrf nm? tjypfuif;onf? rkomESiu

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