PROJECT OF OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT TOPIC:

COMPARISON OF MANUFACTURING AND SERVICE INDUSTRY.

SUBMITTED TO:
Madam raana.

SUBMITTED BY:
Hurrah javed Anum ehsan Sohaib hassan Umair qayyum 8055 8064 8051 8045

SESSION:
Bba 7th morning

DEPARTMENT:
Business administration

Table of contents Manufacturing

1-Reason to chose 2-Mission 3-Vission 4-Introduction 5-Historical perspective 6-Product range 7-Dicision framework 8-transformation 9-management skills 10-total quality policy 11-value analysis

services
1-History of organization 2-Product history 3-Decisional Framework 4-Process Selection 5-Management Skills 6-Total quality Management 7-value analysis comparison of manufacturing and service industry

THE CRESENT TEXTILE MILLS LTD

Reason to chose:
The share of textile industry in the economy along with its contribution to exports,employment, foreign exchange earnings, investment and value added makes it the single largest manufacturing sector for Pakistan. It contributes around 8.5 percent to GDP, employs 38 percent of the total manufacturing labor force, and contributes between 60-70 percent to total merchandise exports.

Mission:
We will make investment in new technologies for increase in production resources and consequently the profitability of the company for the benefit of its shareholders. It will create new and exciting textile based products.It will continue to train and retain of professionals to uphold a strong and healthy organizational setup. While retaining the traditional customer base it will continue to explore new customers and markets too.

Vission:
To be the 1st Choice of customers and achieve a leading role in the economy through enhancement of quality of life style for stakeholders.

Introduction:
The Crescent Textile Mills Ltd is a public limited company incorporated in Pakistan under the Companies Ordinance 1984. Registered office of Crestex is located at 40-A, Off: Zafar Ali Road, Gulberg-V, Lahore. Its shares are quoted on all the Stock Exchanges in Pakistan. The Crestex is engaged in business of textile manufacturing comprising of Made ups, Processed fabric, Greige fabric and Yarn made from raw cotton and synthetic fiber(s). Crestex also operates a cold storage and a power generation house.

Historical perspective:
The foundation stone of The Crescent Textile Mills Ltd was laid by Mr Muhammad Shafi on May 01, 1950. Under his leadership Crestex, in1956, started exporting majority of its products to USA, Europe, Middle East, and Japan. After the demise of Mr. Muhammad Shafi, Mr. Muhammad Anwar and Mr. Nasir Shafi took over the charge of Crestex as CEO and DCEO respectively. Progressive and futuristic

approach of Mr. Muhammad Anwar and Mr. Nasir Shafi enabled Crestex to become the 1st composite textile company of Pakistan which received the ISO 9002 certification on July 07, 1997. Crestex has also been awarded Oeko-Tex Standard 100 certification, President of Pakistan Export Trophy for three consecutive years in mid 90s, the Highest Sale of Yarn and Cloth award in 1987-88, 1993-94 and 199495, and highest sales of the home textiles award in 2008.The enormous contributions of Mr. Muhammad Anwar toward textile industry has been acknowledged by Pakistan Federation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry in the form of most prestigious award Businessman of the year in 1987-88, 1993-94, 1994-95.

Products range:
They have establish broad range of fabrics which covers all sectors in garments need for denim. They produced fabrics from b-oz/yd2 to 16-oz/yd2 in different colors and cracter options. the color spectrum varies from very dark indigo to light blues, dark black to gray, and blends of blue and different stretch ability and fiter options like spandex /lycra, t-400 and xla.

Products:
1) cotton 2) polyester 3) blended 4) bleached 5) dyed 6) printed

The Crescent Textile Mills Ltd produces yarn/ gray cloth and high quality fabric. These products play an important role in building the goodwill of CTM . CTM exports more than 60% of its products and remaining they sell in the local market. They sell those products in the local market, which produce in cross quality than the export order. Main products of the CTM are yarn, Gray-cloth, Bed sheet and Fabric.

decision framework:
process:
the crescent textile ltd using spinning, weaving, deying and home textile processes to produce its fabrics products and they are using advance technologies to produce these products in short period of time. The production facilities are fully equipped with professional teams and state of the art manufacturing equipments. Products are produced in accordance with agreed terms & conditions.

Quality:
The cresent textile mills emphasis on quality of there products on every stage of manufacturing they ensure quality of febric , printing , stitching, finishing, packaging. through quality management system decisions they win quality certificates. they use CAD CAM System Ink Jet Screen Engraving System. Quality Audit Teams comprising of trained professionals carry out pre shipment audit of all the consignments. Shipments are made subject to issuance of satisfactory report by the Quality Audit Team

Capacity:
The spinning capacity in 20s count based on 3 shifts per day is 48 million kgs/yr. weaving capacity in 60 picks based on 3 shifts per day is 53 million sq. meters/yr. Crescent Textile Mills Ltd has the capacity to process/finish 42 millions mtrs/yr. In home textile Crestex is capable of converting 24 Million Meters of fabric into made-ups annually

inventory:
Cotton is a natural fiber used primarily as a raw material in textile industry. Punjab and Sindh are the major cotton growing provinces and their share in total cotton production is estimated at 76% and 23% respectively. Cotton primarily used as raw material in fiber production. purchase department of crescent textile mills is responsible of purchasing raw material from different cities of Punjab. procurement department of cresent mill provide timely and good quality cotton and procurement depart is also responsible for availability of material in bad season of cotton crop.

Transformation:
Ginning:
Cotton value chain starts from Ginning that adds value to it by separating cotton from seed and impurities

Spinning:
Spinning is the process of converting fibers into yarn. The fibers may be natural fibers such as cotton or manmade fibers such as polyester. Crescent Textile Mills Limited is capable of producing yarn Count Range from Ne 10 count to Ne 100, carded and combed in 100% cotton, 100% polyester (different synthetic and regenerated fibers) as well as blends with cotton. These qualities of yarn are produced by using local as well as imported short & long staple cotton in accordance with customer specifications. Our Spinning units are equipped to produce Regular Ring Spun Yarn, Compact Ring Spun Yarn, Stretch (Lycra and Spandex) Yarn, Slub Yarn and Multi count & Multi twist Yarn. All manufacturing facilities are located under one roof.Crestex has 120,000 spindles, 288 MJS (Murata Jet Spinning) drums,1,568 spindles TFO (Doubling & Twisting).The spinning capacity in 20s count based on 3 shifts per day is 48 million kgs/yr.Uster Classimate tester for yarn fault investigation Yarn Hairiness Tester from Zweigle Splice Strength Scanner from Mesdan

Weaving:
Crescent Textile Mills Ltd has 240 Air jet Looms to convert its own yarn into customer specified cloth.Fabric weaving capacity in 60 picks based on 3 shifts per day is 53 million sq. meters/yr. Over & above in house weaving capacity we out-source approx 60 Million sq. meters per year of greige fabric in Air Jet, Shuttle less, Auto Loom and Power Loom fabric as per customer Requirements.

Processing:

Crescent Textile Mills Ltd has the capacity to process/finish 42 millions mtrs/yr. Our Product & Design Development department use state of the art technology and software to develop new products with different fabrics and designs to meet the emerging trends across the globe. Bleaching upto 126 upto 126 (Max. Printing Colors) Automatic color dispensing system Dyeing: Thermosol upto 126 Pad Steam upto 108 Stenters upto 126 Sanforizer upto 120 Mercerizing upto 126

16

Home textile:
Crescent Textile Mills Ltd has a well-equipped Stitching Division where a vast range of home textile & hospitality products are made. These include Quilted Bed-in-a-Bag Items, Bed Linen, Table Linen, Kitchen Linen, Furnishings, etc. All orders are planned through Product Planning & Control and Industrial Engineering departments so that right quality of product and timely shipment of the orders is achieved.Crestex is capable of converting 24 Million Meters of fabric into made-ups annually.

Management skills:
Hierarchi of crestex:
M Ikram Haider Vice President Spinning B.Sc Tex.+ MBA Shaukat Nazar Vice President Services B.E Engineering Sadiq Saleem Vice President Finance Chartered Accountant Shehzad Haider Vice President Engineering B.Sc. Engg.

Muhammad Ilyas Tahir Vice President Processing B.Sc Tex.+ MBA Tahir Rasheed Vice President Marketing Wasim Hyder Zaidi Assistant Vice President Home Tx MBA,MA Imran Latif Rawn Assistant Vice President HR MBA

Chain Of Command:
The Crescent textile Mills limited is a vertical organization. The employees and managersare connected by chain of command/the unbroken line of authority that extends to the top level of the organization and defines who report to whom here employees report to manager who in turn report to higher level managers, and so on until the reporting link reaches the top managers. It is based on two underlying principles, the first is unity of command, the idea that each employee should report to one, and only one direct supervisor .the second is the scalar principle, which states that there should be a clearly defined line of authority that extends through layers of manager and employees from higher to the lowest level.

Delegation of Authority:
They use the chain of command to delegate authority among other organizational members to ensure that work is completed. It gives the right to make decisions, to perform or supervise activities and to allocate resources in order to accomplish tasks that will achieve organizational goals.

Decentralization:
The Crescent Textile Mills Ltd. has been delegated authority for tactical and operational decisions but the top management makes strategic decisions

Span Of Management:
The span of management is a key determinant of how closely manager can interact with and supervise their employees, in CTM/all the activities are divided indifferent heads and under one head, there are a

few people working under it. Due to this, departmental heads can check and control the work effectively. Although the managers with few employees are able to work closely with each and intensely interfering with the way employees complete their tasks.

Total Quality policy:

The Crescent Textile Mills has established, implemented, and maintained systems in compliance with the requirements of international standards and achieved third party certifications for the following products/ management systems standards; ISO 9001:2008 ISO 14001:2004 SA 8000:2008 Oeko-Tex100 Quality Management Systems Environment Management Systems Social Accountability Product Standards for Fabric, Human

Fabric quality is looked after at different stages. Spinning,weaving, ball warping, dyeing and finishing etc.

Value analysis:
value analysis is a method for improving the usefulness of a product without increasing its cost or reducing the cost without reducing the usefulness of the product.value analysis is a ratio between usefulness and cost. Crescent value analysis: Objective: convert cotton into febric. Primary function: febric production. Secondary function: use advance machinery and skilled human resource. Crescent textile ltd using advance machinery and technology in there transformation processes but there is still a place for new machineries.China textile machinery industry association, European textile machinery group company produce advance machineries for textile sector.crescent textile should purchase advance machinery for cost reduction of textile products following machineries should crescent textile mill purchase;

ginning:
Automatic Cotton Ginning Machine Roller Type Cotton Ginning Machine

Spinning:
1)Polyamide/Polypropylene FDY Complete Line. 2)Bottle flake POY spinning machine

Weaving:
1)Smart Air Jet Loom, Air jet loom, lowest cost, suitable for weaving single fabric such as cotton polyester and blend fabric. 2)Braiding Machine for Textile Factory, Double Nozzle Cam Opening Water Jet Loom with the best electronic system control 3)High-Speed No-Shuttle Ribbon Loom (XH2-110/XH4-70)

Other:
Auto Cutting & Sealing Machine (QF850)

Muslim Cambridge Academy

History of organization:
We have selected Muslim Cambridge Academy as our service industry.It was started on 13th March 1999 with seven teachers,80 students and 8 rooms.At that time,education was provided upto middle level.Whole project was looked after by Javed Akbar,who is the managing director of the project.

Product history:
After 20 years,current situation is amazing and appreciable having 3 branches in Khushab,Nawabpur and Shahpur with a committed staff of 112 teachers and 2480 students.Making remarkable progress in academics and extracurricular activities.Infrastructure and all other basic requirements like water coolers,canteen and sports goods are available.Principas help the managing director to manage the work of schools and control the activities within the each branch.Making vigorous improvement and achieving their benchmarks,their brilliant and shining students got positions in primary,middle and matriculation in board examinations,winning 3 gold,5silver and 9 bronze medals. In 2010 Muhammad arslan got 1st position in matriculation exams.Along with this,they are also achieving heights in co-curricular activities by participating in quiz,debate,PT,trips,annual days,sports days,bait baazi competitions tahetulafz,camping,cookng day for home,class decoration competition,art and craft exhibition,science exhibition, plantation day and clay and mud days.Participants are awarded with certificates and those taking distinction are awarded with shields.The students are given the opportunity to compete at district and divisional levels and win positions and add to the pride and glory These heights of success are accompined with hardships,struggle,endless hard work dedication,commitment and loyalty to the cause and unidirectional efforts.

Decisional Framework:
Centralized form of decision making is used.Decisions are made by the managing director in collaboration with three principals.Then principals demonstrate the decisions to teachers and class_4 employees.Teachers are meant for persuading the studeManaging director also makes decisions about administrative staff that includes head clerk,office assistance,watchman.security guards and female servants.At any point or time,if problem rises,teaching staff reports to principal while administrative staff reports to head clerk.Principal and head clerk inform the managing director about the flaws arising in the

organization.

DECISION MAKINGS: Process:

The latest method of teachings and technology are used to demonstrate the students science laks and upto date equipped computer lab is available for student. Every student is given the right to take benefit of laks. Sitting arrangements and infrastructure all add to the process to run smoothly. Generator is on stand by 24 hours due to loadshedding issue water cooler is also installed. Process Flows The delegation of authority is as follows

Layout of facility Infrastructure Generator Science Laboratory

Computer labs Black boards Chairs Assembly and play ground Microphone and speakers for assembly Sports items are provided like bat, ball, rockets, football etc. Skilled & dedicated teachers. Efficient administrative staff Provided equal opportunity to every individual to show full participation in cocurricular activities Hidden talents of students are discovered and polished Canteen is available having necessary items. Job design As shown in process design that all the work centerally controlled by managing director, while there is a team work at administrative and teaching level as all lie at the same level i.e. principles, head clerks etc, mutual meetings are settle down as a result more reliable and trust worthy information is generated. While keeping in view your financial statements and requirement of quality services. Principles are meant for managing the resources and providing the best facilities & services to the arranging time tables and source of flow of information to managing direction. Students while vice principle manage the problems of the teachers and students and communicate it with the principles also asset her in appointing the teaching staff. Vice principle also allocate the resources and point out the deficiencies. Teachers are answerable for their lectures, maintaining dairies, scheduling their whole course, checking of copies, maintenance of discipline in the class, make assurance of full participation by each and every student and prove to be a role model for students that influence them for good deeds and for good performance in academic career. Head clerk is meant for making and maintaining financial statements of all branches. Give the composite business of all three branches. Toke basic information from the office assistant of each branch. Security guards are hired from security point of view while female servants for maintaining cleanliness, sewing teachers, for transfer of registers etc. Workforce Policy For Nursery to two class, F.A. And F.Sc. qualified teachers are preferred. While form two class to sixth class, B.A. and B.Ed. are on priority. Upto 7th & above (i.e. maximum F.Sc) M.Sc., M.A. along with B.Ed. are hired. For principle ship and vice principle ship Master is must along with management capabilities. Having the ability to perform best under stress. Administration o Head Clerk Specialized in accounts o Office Assistant B.Com, M.Com o Security Guard Retire Army personal having weapon license

o Female workers

Good moral character. Primary passed

Quality:
For quality assurance, following steps are taken. Managing Director controls all flow of information, resources and services. At every step, as shown in flow chart ensurance of quality is checked by the head next to them. In case of any loop hole the problem arised in sort out immediately. An every person is given full chance to participate in decision making process, so, they come out with creative ideas. Innovative ideas are basis for new style of coaching and service formulation. The objectives and goals are demonstrated to the employees at the first day of appointment. A goals are clear, so uni directional efforts are made. Incentives and rewards are given to those who perform well, it provides stimulation to student as well as teachers to show the best outcome. Best teacher award is awarded on the basis of o Diary maintenance o Number of absentees o Syllabus division o Outcome of students o Associated activities are conducted o Mannerism Best student is awarded on the basis of o Academic record o Class behavior o Class interest o Obedience o Cleanliness o %age of absentees

Capacity:
Keeping in view the number of students in a class infrastructure was made. The number of class rooms, Managing director office, principle office, vice principal office, head clerk, office assistant room and staff room was constructed to hold maximum numbers of people. In Khushab branch 32 rooms, shahpur branch, 31 room and nawab pur 12 rooms were made. The rooms are spacious and well equiped. The chairs with handle are made for Khushab 1300 eats, shahpur 1000 seats and nawab pur 300 seats are available. The Faheem furniture house are given the order for seats. Water cooler is available in every school.

Teachers are hired as much as comparable with the no of students and their qualification. For Khushab 64 teachers (4 male rest female), 35 for Shahpur all female and 13 for nawab pur.

Inventory:
Managing directors manage all the tasks along with principles and vice principle, Invenstory includes chalks, duster, stationary, teacher diaries, copies with school monogram, books ordered for library and course book from specific publisher on discount.

Design:
Product Bundle Our service product bundle consist of Facilitating goods o School infrastructure o Administrative and teaching staff o Stationary o Water cooler o Electricity ampliances e.g. fans o Labs of science and computer o Canteen Explicit good o The things you feel e.g. the room is having an accurate temperature, light, no sarfocation and it is spacious. Implicit Goods o The students feets satisfaction and comfortable. They and their parents are having quality education in accurate money from the right place at right time. o The employees are satisfied with their pay and work burden. o Class-4 employees are enjoying good pays with respect to their job title. Cycle of services

Parents are well informed about the students through parent teacher meetings, assessment report of monthly test, warning letter in case of misbehave. Employees are trained and appreciated so they perform at their maximum.

Process Selection:
Line flow process in used for demonstrating students their course with the help of teachers. Class passed Class passed Class passed Class Process selection decision Market condition favourable due to less no of competitions. Capital requirement high Employees No. of employees as no. of students Management skills high Raw Material as per requirement Technology high requirement. Cross functional decision making is used.

Management Skills:

Following management skills are used: i) Political: used to build a power base and established connections. ii) Conceptual: used to analyze complex situations. iii) Interpersonal: used to communicate, motivate, mentor and delegate. iv) Diagnostic: the ability visualize most appropriate response to a situation.

Total quality Management:

A total commitment to continually increasing value for customers, employees and investors. Quality is defined by customers. A commitment to leading people with a bias for continuous improvement and communication. A recognition that sustained growth requires the simultaneous achievement of four objectives all the time forever. i. Customer satisfaction ii. Cost leadership iii. Effective human resources iv. Integration with supplier base A commitment to fundamental improvement through knowledge, skills, problems solving and team work.

Value analysis:
\ Value-added analysis makes it possible to evaluate and compare the quality of schools and teachers that have widely different student populations. This is a marked departure from conclusions drawn from studies that claimed to show that a students socioeconomic status and demographics, rather than teachers and schools, have the most impact on his or her achievement (Bracey, 2004). With that said, methodological value-added analysis challenges remain. Should

value-added models: (a) include or exclude socioeconomic and demographic variables at the student and/or classroom levels? (b) include or exclude missing data? (c) measure the effects of summer learning loss on spring-to-spring testing cycles? (d) include data pertaining to after school tutoring and enrichment? (e) measure the residual effects of good and poor teachers on future and past progress? (f) report estimates in a way so that they are transparent to teachers and the public? These are just a handful of issues that providers who apply value added statistical models in school settings should consider. In spite of these challenges, there is reason for optimism in terms of adopting value added analysis approaches for school and teacher accountability. Concluded that as policymakers evaluate alternative models for school or teacher accountability, [the value-added model] should be given serious consideration even in light of its limitations Central to all valueadded analysis statistical models is the estimation of expected growth. That is, based on where each student starts each year, how much learning or value is the school expected to produce. At the end of the year, if the student has achieved expected growth, he or she has made valueadded. If the student shows more than expected growth, he or she has received a highly effective education. Conversely, a student that exhibits less than expected growth has received a less effective education .

Comparison of manufacturing and service industry

manufacturing Introduction: service
We have selected Muslim Cambridge The Crescent Textile Mills Ltd is a public llimited Academy as our service industry.It was started on 13th March 1999 company incorporated in Pakistan under the Companies Ordinance 1984.

Product range:
They have establish broad range of fabrics which covers all sectors in garments.

Product history:
started on 13th March 1999 with seven teachers,80 students and 8 rooms.At that time,education was provided upto middle level.Whole project was looked after by Javed Akbar, who is the managing director of the project. After 20 years,current situation is amazing and appreciable having 3 branches in Khushab,Nawabpur and Shahpur with a committed staff of 112 teachers and 2480 students.

Products:
1) cotton 2) polyester 3) blended 4) bleached 5) dyed

6) printed

Making remarkable progress in academics and extracurricular activities.Infrastructure and all other basic requirements

Decision framework: Process:

the crescent textile ltd using spinning, weaving, deying and home textile processes to produce its fabrics products. The latest method of teachings and technology are used to demonstrate the students science laks and upto date equipped computer lab is available for student.

Quality:
The cresent textile mills emphasis on quality of there products Managing Director controls all flow of information, on every stage of manufacturing they ensure quality of resources and services. febric ,printing , stitching, finishing, packaging . Through At every step,ensurance of quality is checked by the quality management system decisions they win head next to them. In case of any loop hole the problem quality certificates. they use CAD CAM System Ink arised in sort out immediately. Jet Screen Engraving System. Quality Audit Teams comprisingevery person is given full chance to participate in An of trained professionals carry out pre shipment audit decision making process, so, they come out with creative of all theconsignments. Shipments are made subject ideas. Innovative ideas are basis for new style of toissuance of satisfactory report by the Quality Audit coaching and service formulation. Tea The objectives and goals are demonstrated to the employees at the first day of appointment. A goals are clear, so uni directional efforts are made. Incentives and rewards are given to those who perform well, it provides stimulation to student as well as teachers to show the best outcome. Best teacher award is awarded

Capacity:
The spinning capacity in 20s count based on 3 shifts per day is 48 million kgs/yr. weaving capacity in 60 picks based on 3 shifts per day is 53 million sq. meters/yr. Crescent Textile Mills Ltd has the capacity to process/ finish 42 millions mtrs/yr. In home textile Crestex is capable of converting 24 Million Meters of fabric into made-ups annually Inventory: Keeping in view the number of students in a class infrastructure was made. The number of class rooms, Managing director office, principle office, vice principal office, head clerk, office assistant room and staff room was constructed to hold maximum numbers of people.

Managing directors manage all the tasks along with principles and vice principle, Inventory includes chalks, Cotton is a natural fiber used primarily as a raw duster, stationary, teacher diaries, copies with school material in textile industry. purchase department of monogram, books ordered for library and course book crescent textile Mill ls is responsible of purchasing from specific publisher on discount. raw material from different cities of Punjab. procurement department of cresent mill provide timely and good quality cotton

Inventory:

Transformation:
Ginning: Cotton value chain starts from Ginning that adds value to it by separating cotton from seed and impurities Spinning: Spinning is the process of converting fibers into yarn Weaving: Crescent Textile Mills Ltd has 240 Air jet Looms to convert its own yarn into customer specified cloth. Processing: Crescent Textile Mills Ltd has the capacity to process /finish 42 millions mtrs/yr. Home textile:

Process selection:
Line flow process in used for demonstrating students their course with the help of teachers.Class passed Class passed Class passed Class Process selection decision Market condition favourable due to less no of competitions.Capital requirement high Employees No. of employees as no. of students Management skills high Raw Material as per requirement Technology high requirement. Cross functional decision making is used

Crescent Textile Mills Ltd has a well-equipped Stitching Division where a vast range of home textile & hospitality products are made.

Management skills: Chain Of Command:

The Crescent textile Mills limited is a vertical organization.The employees and managers are connected by chain of command.

Following management skills are used:

Political: used to build a power base and established connections. Conceptual: used to analyze complex situations. Interpersonal: used to communicate, motivate, mentor and delegate. Diagnostic: the ability visualize most appropriate response to a situation.

Delegation of Authority:
They use the chain of command to delegate authority among other organizational members to ensure that work is completed.

Decentralization:
The Crescent Textile Mills Ltd. has been delegated Authority for tactical and operational decisions.

Span Of Management:
manager can interact with and supervise their employees,in CTM/all the activities are divided indifferent heads and under one head, there are a few people working under it. Due to this, departmental heads can check and control the work effectiveness

Total quality policy:

The Crescent Textile Mills has established ,implemented, and maintained systems in compliance with the requirements of international standards Muslim Cambridge Academy provider quality education to students and they appoint the Teachers which are highly qualified they ensure the quality in every step which of education.

Value analysis:
Objective: convert cotton into febric. Primary function: febric production. Secondary function: use advance machinery and skilled human resource. Crescent textile ltd using advance machinery and technology in there transformation processes but there is still a place for new machineries

The value-added model should be given serious consideration even in light of its limitations Central to all value-added analysis statistical models is the estimation of expected growth. That is, based where each student starts each year, how much learning value is the school expected to produce. At the end of the year, if the student has achieved expected growth, he or she has made value-added.If the student shows more than expected growth, he or she has received a highly effective education. Conversely, a student that exhibits less than expected growth has received a less effective education

d on or