Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
in Horses
By Jean Hofve, DVM
Introduction
Horses, for all their size and power, are delicate, sensitive animals. For
sport horses and other equine athletes, the difference between a great
performer and a disabled pasture pet can be a very fine line. While
physical injuries, and ailments like colic, are easily recognizable, signs
of respiratory disorders can be very subtle, especially in the early
stages. Yet, respiratory disease can have as much or even greater
impact on the horse’s wellbeing and performance than many more
obvious problems.
Table of Contents
1. The Equine Respiratory System
2. Which Horses Are at Risk?
3. How Airway Disease Develops
4. Extreme Airway Disease – COPD
5. Conventional Treatment
6. Environmental Management
7. Is There a Holistic Alternative?
8. Funtumia elastica
9. Preventing Respiratory Disease
10.Glossary
11.References
12.Copyright Information
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1. The Equine Respiratory System
The intake of air starts at the nostrils and moves through a network of
thin bones called turbinates. From there, it moves through the sinuses
and into the main airway, the trachea. The lower end of the trachea
splits into two branches (one to each lung), which then subdivide many
times until reaching the air sacs in the lungs where oxygen can be
transported into the bloodstream.
The respiratory system resembles an upsidedown tree, where the
nostrils are the roots, the trachea is the trunk, and the branches
(airways) multiply and get smaller (from large bronchi to tiny
bronchioles) until reaching the leaves (air sacs), where gas exchange
with the air takes place.
Figure 1. The horse’s airways are lined with mucous membranes
and small hairs called cilia. The cilia move, or “beat,” upwards
and outwards to propel small particles away from the depths of
the lungs. These normal defenses help keep the lungs safe and
healthy.
The respiratory tract is lined with specialized cells that perform many
functions. The nostrils are lined with skin, which becomes a moist
mucous membrane as it progresses inward. Olfactory cells that sense
odor are numerous in the turbinates. Much of the tract is also lined with
cilia (tiny hairlike projections; see Figure 1). The nasal passages and
sinuses warm and moisten the air as it flows toward the lungs, while the
mucus and cilia trap small particles. The cilia move rhythmically to move
mucus and particles upward and outward. The horse will then blow
(snort) or cough to force these particles out of the system.
Infectionfighting white blood cells are also found along the respiratory
tract as well as deep inside the lungs. These cells are crucial for
defense against viruses, bacteria, and other organisms. However, they
also cause inflammation that, left untreated, can lead to development of
serious lung disease.
2. Which Horses Are at Risk?
The classic picture of risk is a mature horse (usually 6 or older) who is
stabled during the winter. However, any horse can develop airway
inflammation that can progress to serious disease over time.
While it is always essential to watch your horse
for subtle signs of illness, it is also important to
understand that significant airway disease may
be present long before obvious symptoms occur. In
one study, 100% of sport horses of all ages,
housed in a conventional stable—although
they appeared perfectly healthy, were
performing well, and had no outward signs
of lung problems—had microscopic evidence of inflammatory
airway disease.1
This suggests that any horse can develop respiratory problems.
Housing, feed, bedding, weather, and activity are all factors that
influence the risk for any individual horse. Horses involved in high
intensity activities are particularly susceptible, especially if they live,
train, or work in coldweather conditions.
Breeds and activities that are at risk include:
Sport/Working HighIntensity
Breeds Activities
Cold Andalusian Dressage
weather Arabian Driving
itself may Friesian Endurance
be a Hanoverian Equitation
significant
Holsteiner Fox Hunting
problem for
Morgan Jumping
many
Oldenburg Racing
horses.
Peruvian Paso/Paso Rodeo
Exercising
Fino
in frigid
Standardbred Roping
Thoroughbred Steeplechasing
Trakehner ThreeDay Eventing
Warmblood Western Riding
temperatures has been shown to cause inflammation in the lungs and
airways, and may be a large factor in the development of respiratory
infections and asthma.2 3 4
Signs of respiratory problems include poor performance, tiring more
easily, taking longer for breathing to return to normal after exercise,
increased breathing rate or effort, increased nasal mucus, increased
snorting, coughing, and wheezing.
3. How Airway Disease Develops
Equine respiratory diseases are usually environmentally based.
Allergies to dust, mold, mites, or other airborne particles frequently
occur. Hay and straw are the most common sources of these particles.
When mold spores, pollens, mites, or other particles are inhaled, the
respiratory lining cells secrete mucus to try to lift and discharge the
particles, thus stimulating the horse to blow them out (snort) or cough.
Respiratory allergies develop when the horse inhales certain particles,
including dust and storage mites, molds, and pollens, and the immune
system reacts extrastrongly to them. Some allergies are present from
birth, but others develop over time, with chronic exposure. This is why
problems are seen most often in older horses.
When airborne allergens get down into the airways, they irritate the cells
and cause mucus secretion, which will trigger a snort or cough.
However, if the horse is allergic to one or more of these particle types,
inhaling them will also cause inflammation. Large numbers of white
blood cells move into the area. Some of these cells secrete chemicals
that cause swelling. Others produce antibodies to the allergen(s); this
causes even more inflammation. Because of the mucus and
inflammation, less air can get through. To make matters worse, smooth
muscles in the walls of the lower airways constrict to prevent the
allergens from passing further down into the lungs. This reduces the
amount of total air space in the airways and lungs. Wheezing and
coughing occur, which then worsen the irritation and inflammation in the
lungs. It is a vicious circle in which the body’s own defenses ultimately
cause the most harm. (See Figure 2.)
Figure 2. A normal airway is a tube with a smooth inner surface
where the air passes through. An inflamed airway’s lining
swells, small muscles constrict the tube—creating an uneven
surface that causes disruption of air flow—and mucus
accumulates, making the diameter even smaller, with less room
for air to reach the body.
With mild allergies, symptoms may seem minor (or may not even be
noticeable), and not affect the horse’s performance; but the problem
tends to get worse over time. Therefore, it’s best to take preventive
action early—before the allergic reaction gets worse.
It’s worth noting that every exposure to the allergen causes
inflammation that lasts for days, so horses that are outside during the
day and only exposed to dust and allergens in the stable at night or in
the arena are still at risk.5
4. Extreme Disease – COPD
A very serious equine lung disease is “Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease” (COPD), also called “heaves” or “broken wind” due to the
labored breathing that occurs as the disease progresses. It is often
called “Equine Asthma” because it is similar to asthma in people. Other
terms for the same syndrome are “Reactive Airway Disease” (RAD)
and “Recurrent Airway Obstruction” (RAO). COPD accounts for half of
all lung diseases seen in performance horses.6
COPD is on the extreme end of the respiratory allergy scale. It is most
likely to develop in colder climates, and in horses over age 6 that are
stabled in the winter rather than pastured. A stable is usually a dusty
place, and that dust can contain many allergens. Straw bedding and
hay are primary sources of a wide variety of allergens. When a horse is
breathing this dust for hours at a time, problems can arise. The most
commonly implicated allergens in COPD include Aspergillus,
Penicillium, and other molds.7 Even clean hay contains small amounts
of mold, dust mites, pollen, and other debris; moldy hay, of course, is
even more contaminated. If conditions are humid or damp, bacteria and
mold in the hay can grow. (See Figure 3.)
Figure 3. U.S. mold spore distribution on a typical June day.
In COPD, the allergic reaction is extreme and chronic. Massive numbers
of white blood cells accumulate, and the airways become clogged by
swelling, cells, and mucus. Eventually, the airway walls and air sacs
become so thickened and scarred that they lose their flexibility, and can
no longer expand and contract normally. The bronchial muscles go into
spasm. Mucus, cells, and particles collect in the airways, shrinking the
air passages even further. The lungs lose elasticity, function, and
volume. The horse has a hard time getting air in and out of his lungs,
and must use his abdominal muscles to force air out during exhalation.
This is what causes the classic “heave line” seen in severe cases of
COPD (see Figure 1). In this phase, it is similar to human emphysema.
Airway constriction, irritation, inflammation, and mucus all contribute to
COPD.
However, even horses on pasture can sometimes become allergic to
certain molds or pollens and develop “Summer Pasture Associated
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (SPAOPD).” About 10% of COPD
horses also have SPAOPD.
Excessive nasal mucus and coughing are classic signs of equine
asthma. However, one of the most common early signs is decreased or
poor performance.8 A horse with advanced COPD may suffer
considerable respiratory distress. The typical asthmatic cough sounds
long, deep, and hollow. Breathing is often labored and wheezy. The
nostrils may be flared to draw in more air. In severe cases, even the
slightest activity can bring on an episode of coughing and wheezing.
Obviously, these horses can no longer work.
5. Environmental Management
Environmental management is the first step
in treatment. Make sure the barn has
excellent ventilation, and keep doors, half
doors, and windows open as much as possible. If the weather is cold, it
is better to blanket the horses than to close off sources of fresh air.
Good hygiene (frequent removal of damp or soiled bedding) is also
important.
A horse with COPD may need to be fed pelleted feed rather than hay.
Some studies suggest that silage may be a good alternative to hay, but
silage molds easily due to its moisture content, and there have been
cases of botulism in horses from silage. One study showed that hay that
was thoroughly soaked in water produced less dust and appeared safer
to feed. Rolled grains should be limited due to their high dust levels.9 All
feeds should be as clean and as high quality as possible.
While stalls are being cleaned, the horse should be removed to an
outdoor run or other secure area until the dust settles. Hay for other
horses in the barn should be stored away from the stables and kept as
dry as possible. Hay stored in the same barn with COPD horses was
shown to rapidly cause heaves symptoms and worsening of lung
function. Wood shavings, shredded paper, or rubber mats should be
used for bedding instead of straw, to minimize dust; good quality straw
may also be less dusty.10
Indoor riding arenas can be extremely dusty.11 Exercise in cold weather
should also be avoided. Although some exercise is good for these
horses, dusty conditions or extreme cold can severely aggravate
symptoms after even moderate exercise.12
6. Conventional Medical Treatment
Conventional medical treatment generally includes antiinflammatory
steroids and bronchodilators to reduce the muscular spasms in the
lungs. While symptoms may resolve temporarily, these drugs have
serious side effects including laminitis (founder), and they suppress the
immune system, making the horse more susceptible to viruses and
other infectious diseases. Inhaled steroids deliver a smaller dose to a
more focused area, but require daily or twicedaily administration using
a special mask. Conventional drugs may not be suitable for longterm
management of the problem because of potential side effects, or
because they contain prohibited substances under the rules of various
equine sport governing bodies.
7. Is There a Holistic Alternative?
Fortunately, there are holistic treatments that are safe and gentle.
Essential fatty acids, with their antioxidant and healing properties, are
one such option.
Herbs can be a safe, effective alternative to drugs for COPD. Properties
of the ideal herb for this condition would include:
• Antioxidant, to reduce inflammationcausing molecules in the body
that contribute to asthma13
• Antifungal, to inhibit mold particles that commonly cause COPD14
• Immunemodulating, to decrease the overreactive immune
response to allergens
• Antiinflammatory, to protect the lungs from the harmful effects of
inflammation
• Free from heavy metal contamination, to prevent toxic buildup
• Contains no prohibited substances
• Safe—of course!
8. Funtumia elastica, a Traditional Asthma Remedy
Funtumia elastica is a mediumsized African rubber tree with glossy
leaves, milky sap, and long woody seedpods. The bark is the medicinal
portion. Scientists studied Funtumia extensively in the 1960s, but only
recently have its medicinal properties recaptured the interest of science.
Funtumia elastica has important antioxidant, antifungal, anti
inflammatory, and antibiotic properties. It is traditionally used in its
native environment, tropical Africa, to treat asthma, allergies, and other
respiratory issues, as well as malaria. It has no known toxicity, and is
not barred by any equine sport governing body.
Natural compounds found in Funtumia elastica include:
• Anthocyanins : plant pigments that give berries their color (such as
blueberries, blackberries, and cherries). Anthocyanins have been
called “the mother lode in a gold mine of antioxidants.”
Unprocessed Funtumia elastica powder is distinctly blue—a clear
indication of its high anthocyanin content. Anthocyanins are
powerful antioxidants that have beneficial effects on the heart,
brain (enhancing learning and memory), and eyes. They have
good antiinflammatory effects and appear to protect against DNA
damage, cancer, and many degenerative diseases. Anthocyanins
have shown specific benefit in reducing immunestimulated
inflammation, and are thought to be valuable in preventing the
development of asthma.15 16 17
• Flavonoids : Vitamin C is the most familiar member of this class of
plantderived antioxidant compounds. Flavonoids are natural
antihistamines and posses strong antiallergic properties.
Flavonoids are useful in both preventing and treating COPD,
asthma, and other chronic lung diseases.18 19 20
• Steroid alkaloids, plant sterols (phytosterols), and
brassinosteroids: natural plant steroids are safer than synthetic
steroid drugs like prednisone and dexamethasone. One
compound (conessine) found in Funtumia also has strong anti
bacterial properties.21 Phytosterols have immunomodulating
effects—normalizing an overreactive antibody response—as well
as antiinflammatory and anticancer properties. Interestingly, in a
study of marathon runners using a blend of phytosterols, volunteer
runners taking the blend had a smaller inflammatory response
and less immune suppression during recovery. Their effects on
immune system balance are thought to be beneficial in treatment
of allergies and other autoimmune conditions. 22 23 24 25
• Natural antifungals : Funtumia specifically inhibits growth of many
molds, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Candida, as well as the
fungi that cause ringworm.26
• Tannins : These compounds, found also in coffee, tea, and red
wine, have shown promise in the treatment of allergic
inflammation and asthma. Tannins affect the body’s production of
prostaglandins (a group of hormonelike substances) by inhibiting
proinflammatory molecules known to be associated with COPD in
horses and promoting antiinflammatory production. 27 28 Tannins
may also help break down foreign proteins, which could reduce
the allergic response.29
Funtumia elastica has demonstrated good safety (low toxicity) in
multiple laboratory experiments, and has tested negative for heavy
metals including cadmium, zinc, lead, chromium, and nickel. It does not
contain any substances that are prohibited by any equine sport
authority.
9. Preventing Equine Respiratory Disease
Many factors contribute to the development of respiratory problems in
horses. If your horse is stabled—even with plenty of turnout time—the
risks are higher. Smart barn management, such as storing hay away
from the horses; abundant ventilation; using minimally dusty bedding
and feed; and appropriate use of herbs and supplements; can all reduce
your horse’s risk.
Equine sports are stressful to the horse’s body, and the immune system
in particular, even if the horse enjoys the sport. You want to keep your
horse balanced, and ready to handle any stresses that may be lying in
wait, whether at the home barn, or at the next stop down the road
(especially if you are unfamiliar with their barn practices). After all, an
“ounce of prevention” is far better than a lifetime of symptom
management and the loss of your horse’s health and athletic abilities.
This Paper is Presented by:
For more information on using Funtumia elastica in horses,
Please visit http://www.ojibwatea.com and click on Horses.
10.Glossary
Pulmonary: having to do with the lungs.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a chronic disease of
the lungs that results in decreased airflow, decreased lung capacity, and
increased effort in breathing.
Respiration: breathing
Respiratory system: the organs functioning in breathing, including the
nose, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
11.References
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© 2008 Jean Hofve, DVM. All rights reserved. No reprints or reproductions,
including but not limited to printing, photocopying, online posting, and excerpts,
without prior written permission.