SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR BY PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

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Goutam padhy

Roll # 201018162

My project is speed control of dc motor by pulse width modulation.its true that there are many methords of controlling the dc motor but I have choosen the most economic way to control the speed of dc motor.in this I have used two ic 1.555 timer ic and 2.l293d ic the work of 555 ic is to generate pulse and the l293d ic works as motor driving ic,this helps to drive the motor in this project I did all the things in a very economic way and with the help of these two ic and some resisters,I have controlled the speed od dc motor by pulse width modulation.

1.abrastract 2.acknowledgement 3.introduction 4.descreption of different features. 5.circuit diagram 6.working principle 7.operations 8.advantages 9.disadvantages 10.implimintations 11.conclusion 12.reference

1.1 Project Objective: The project given to us is the speed control of d.c motor by pulse width modulation(pwm).in this,we control the speed of a 12 volt d.c motor by modulating the width of the pulse this is achieved with the help of two ic 1.555 timer ic & 2.l293d motor driving ic.

1.2 Features of the Project: When a wire that carries current is placed in a region of space that has a magnetic field, the wire experiences a force. The size of the force, which determines how fast the motor spins, depends on : o the amount of current in the wire o the length of the wire o the strength of the magnetic field The direction of the force, which determines which direction the motor spins, depends on: o the direction of the current in the wire o the direction of the magnetic field

The Physiology of the Motor: (How does it work?)

The ceramic bar magnet provides the magnetic field in this simple DC motor. With the magnet in position, the magnetic field is directed vertically (out of or into the magnet depending on which side of the magnet is exposed). When the rotor sits in the paperclip supports so that the plane of the loop is oriented vertically, the top and bottom sections of the loop act as current carrying wires in the region of a magnetic field. Q: Why only the top and bottom sections? Doesnt the rest of the loop matter? A: Only the sections of wire oriented perpendicularly to the magnetic field experience forces. Since the magnetic field is oriented vertically here, only the sections of wire where the current runs horizontally matter (experience forces). The current only runs horizontally in the top and bottom sections of the loop. Clockwise Current Counterclockwise Current Top = current travels right Top = current travels left Bottom = current travels left Bottom = current travels right One loop of wire carrying current in the region of a magnetic field would experience a force. Two loops of wire carrying a similar current would experience twice the force. If the rotor contains 12-15 loops of wire, it experiences 12-15 times the force of one loop. Q:What about the direction of the force? As mentioned above, the direction of the force on a current carrying wire in a magnetic field, and thus the direction that the Bar Magnet Bar Magnet Bar Magnet Bar Magnet

motor turns, can be determined by the Right Hand Rule. Lets apply the Right Hand Rule to the simple DC motor.

Sorry it l293d not 33..i have done this with paint so got the mistake sorry.for more details can contact me.

WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLE DC MOTOR:

When a wire that carries current is placed in a region of space that has a magnetic field, the wire experiences a force. The size of the force, which determines how fast the motor spins, depends on : o the amount of current in the wire o the length of the wire o the strength of the magnetic field The direction of the force, which determines which direction the motor spins, depends on: o the direction of the current in the wire o the direction of the magnetic field

The Right Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of the force when the direction of the current and the direction of the magnetic field are known. Motors convert electrical energy (from a battery or voltage source) into mechanical energy (used to cause rotation). Force = (current) x (wire length) x (magnetic field) Thumb = direction of current Fingers = dir. of magnetic field Palm = direction of force

OPERATION OF DC MOTOR:
Typical DC Motor Cutaway View1-3 Principle of Alternative Current Motor Operation Structure of AC Motor By energy the stator windings with proper AC currents, a rotating magnetic field will be generated in the air gap. Air gap Rotor Stator The stator is constructed by laminated iron core with slots, and the coils are placed in the slots to form a single or multi phase windings. Depending on the AC motor types, various rotor structures can be constructed,either with current in the associate windings or not

ADVANTAGES OF SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR BY PULSE WIDTH MODULATION:

Load efficiency is almost always a critical factor in renewable energy systems. An additional advantage of pulse width modulation is that the pulses are at the full supply voltage and will produce more torque in a motor by being able to overcome the internal motor resistances more easily. A resistive speed control will present a reduced voltage to the load, which can cause stalling in motor applications. Finally, in a PWM circuit, common small potentiometers may be used to control a wide variety of loads, whereas large and expensive high power

DISADVANTAGES OF SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR BY PULSE WIDTH MODULATION:

The main disadvantages of PWM circuits are the added complexity and the possibility of generating radio frequency interference (RFI). RFI may be minimized by locating the controller near the load, using short leads, and in some cases, using additional filtering on the power supply leads. This circuit has some RFI bypassing in the form of a capacitor (C3) across the load, and produced minimal interference with an AM radio that was located under a foot away. Radio interference was undetected at greater distances. If additional filtering is needed, a car radio line choke may be placed in series with the DC power input. Be sure not to exceed the current rating of the choke.

1 Using a function generator with a small motor, we can test this: This solution can also work in other situations, such as 7-segment LEDs: 1 Using National Instruments LabVIEW development software, integrate with the NIELVIS to produce a working function generator capable of generating square waves with a modifiable duty cycle, as well as being able to control the function generator through the LabVIEW software.

In this project I have used two ic inwhichone is 555 timer ic and another is l293d ic which is a motor driving ic .here I have connected the cicuit first tested on the bred board,then found that working and then hense have did soldering on the all purpose board,now my project is a fully working project.hense in this way I have controlled the speed of dc motor by pulse width modulation.

For some more details you can contact me. thank u