UNIT I PART A 1. Define spinning reserve.

(Nov 07) Extra amount of power is available to meet the change in load 2. What is meant by load frequency control? (Nov 07) to change the control valve or gate opening of the prime movers as a function of load variations in order to hold system frequency constant. 3. What is the necessity for frequency constancy in power system? (Nov 09) To maintain synchronism, to control active power 4. Why the frequency and voltage to be regulated in a power system? (Apr 08) To maintain synchronism, to control active power Because the loads are operating in a particular rated voltage. 5. Define load factor. (Nov 08) Load factor = (average load)/ (maximum demand) 6. What is load factor? (Apr 11) 7. Define Connected load. (Nov 11) Connected load is the sum of continuous ratings of all the equipments connected to supply systems. 8. What do you understand by load curve? (Apr 10) It showing the variation of load on the power station with respect to time. It can be plotted on a graph taking load on Y-axis and time on X-axis 9. What is a Load Curve? (Nov 11) 10. What is the need for load forecasting? (Nov 08) To know about the future demand 11. Compare the functions of speed governor and speed changer in a speed governing system of a turbine generator set. (Apr 08). Speed governor directly responsive to speed and whose positions influence the action of the other elements in system. Speed changer adjusts the speed of the system or power output of the turbine. 12. State the function of speed governing system.(Nov 2010) To change the control valve or gate opening of the prime movers as a function of load variations in order to hold system frequency constant. 13. What is base load? (Apr 08) Constant load during the entire duration.

14. State the purpose of system generation control. (Nov 09)

 To meet variable load demand. 15. What is the need for voltage regulation in power systems? (Apr 09). To maintain the voltage at the load terminals within prescribed limits under fluctuating load conditions by employing suitable voltage control equipment. 16. Draw the response of a generating unit with a governor having speed droop characteristic.(Nov10)

17. Define diversity factor. (Apr 11) Diversity factor = (sum of individual maximum demand)/(maximum demand).

PART B 1. Define the following: (1) Hot reserve (2) cold reserve (3) diversity factor. (6) 2. Discuss the various reserve requirements in power system operation.(6) 3. Explain the following terms: Installed reserve, Spinning reserve, Cold reserve and Hot reserve.(8) Installed reserve Generating capacity which is the power intended to be always available It can be kept low by the achievement of diversity factor Spinning reserve Extra amount of power is available to meet the change in load Cold reserve Reserving generating capacity which is available for service but is not in operation. Hot reserve Power intended to be always available (Emergency condition) Difference between the rated capacity and actual loading the generator.

4. Discuss about the recent trends in real time control of power systems. (8) Facts devices used for control

 Online monitoring system SCADA Energy control centre Load dispatch centre Load frequency control Load forecasting 5. What is load forecasting? Also state its classification and importance. (8) (Apr 11).
6. Write short note on load forecasting (4) (Nov 08)

7. Explain Load forecasting (8) 8. Write short note on Load Forecasting. (8) Load on their system should be estimated in advance. Planning of future expansion of the system. Short term forecasting(Half an hour to few hours) Medium term forecasting(Few days to few weeks) Long term forecasting(Few months to few years) Needed to predicted monsoon acting and hydro availability To plan economic generation scheduling and load dispatching. 9. Define load factor and diversity factor. Explain the importance of these factors in connection with economic operation of a power system.(8)
10.Define diversity factor. Discuss the practical ways to improve the diversity factor (6

Ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a certain period of time. Load factor is always greater than unity. Load factor is used to determine the overall cost per unit generated. Ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of all the consumers to the maximum demand of the power station. Diversity factor is always greater than unity. Diversity factor is more, the cost of generation of power is low. 11. What is spinning reserve and does this reserve help in operating power system efficiently? How is cold reserve different from hot reserve? Extra amount of power is available to meet the change in load is spinning reserve. Generating capacity which is the power intended to be always available It can be kept low by the achievement of diversity factor Cold reserve is reserving generating capacity which is available for service but is not in operation. Hot reserve is Power intended to be always available (Emergency condition) Difference between the rated capacity and actual loading the generator.

12. Why is the load on a power station variable? What are the effects of variable load on the Operation of the power station? (10) Due to uncertain demands of the consumer Residential load has peak during evening

 Commercial load has two peak morning and evening Industrial load is constant throughout the day. Agricultural load during day time. Municipal load is peak from 6am to 6pm Need of additional equipment Increase in production cost. 13. Highlight the importance of regulating frequency and voltage of the power system (8)
14.Give reasons why the system frequency must not be allowed to deviate from a chosen constant value.

15. Explain the need for voltage and frequency regulation in power system.(8) Need for voltage control. Variation of supply voltage detrimental in various aspects. Below normal voltage reduce the output of a device. Above normal voltage reduce the life of the device. Due to variation of voltage instability may occur in generator. To maintain synchronism. Need for frequency control. The generator turbines, designed to operate at very precise frequency. To maintain synchronism. Electrical clocks are operated based on the frequency. Most of AC motors run at a speed that are directly related to frequency 16. With a neat sketch describe the p-f and Q-V control structure.(8)

QV loop is used for voltage control. QV controller controls the voltage corresponding to the reactive power. Pf control loop is used to control the frequency Speed governing mechanism. Integral controller used to reduce the steady state frequency.

17. What are system level and plant level controls? (6)
18.Explain the system level and plant level control with neat diagram.(6) Plant level control

 Governor control or Prime mover control Automatic voltage control

System level control Load frequency control Economic dispatch control System voltage control.

19. Explain how the following components are modeled in power system operation and control/ (a) Generator (6) (b) Turbine (4) (c) Governor (6). Modelling of governor

Modelling of Turbine

Modelling of generator