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MEASUREMENT Objective: To measure length and time Theory : For a set of n repeated measurements, the best value is their

average value.

Where

n=the number of measurement Xi=the ith measurement

Apparatus: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. A travelling microscope A micrometer screw gauge A vernier calliper A meter rule Ball bearing of 4 different sizes(with diameter of 0.5cm,1.0cm,1.5cm, and 2.0cm) A coin(20cent) A metal rod(10.0cm) A capillary tube(1.0cm long) A glass rod Stopwatch

Procedure: i. The diameter of each ball bearing and coin is measured by using micrometer screw gauge and vernier caliper. ii. The length and diameter of the metal rod is measured using micrometer screw gauge and metre rule. iii. iv. The internal diameter of the capillary tube is measured using a travelling microscope. The external diameter of the glass rod is also measured by using micrometer screw gauge.

v.

The time taken for a ball bearing with diameter of 1.0cm to fall onto the floor from heightof 50.0cm.It is then repeated with height of 30.0cm and 10.0cm of meter rule.

vi. vii.

A table was tabulated for all the readings. The best value for each product is determined.

Observation: The data was tabulated as follows: Table of diameter of the ball bearing : The diameter of ball bearings measured(mm) Ball bearing 1 2 3 4 1st reading 15.07 11.50 10.50 5.50 2nd reading 15.06 11.50 10.49 5.49 3rd reading 15.07 11.49 10.49 5.49 Average reading 15.07 11.50 10.49 5.49

Table of diameter of 20cent coin: The diameter of coin 20cent(mm) 1st reading 2.36 2nd reading 2.36 3rd reading 2.36 Average reading 2.36

Table of length and diameter of metal rod: Length of metal rod(cm) 1st reading 9.8 1st reading 3.19 2nd reading 9.7 2nd reading 3.22 3rd reading 9.8 3rd reading 3.25 Average reading 9.8

Diameter of metal rod(mm) Average reading 3.22

Table of internal diameter of capillary tube: Internal diameter of capillary tube(mm) 1st reading 0.10 2nd reading 0.12 3rd reading 0.10 Average reading 0.10

Table of external diameter of glass rod: External diameter of glass rod(mm) 1st reading 4.53 2nd reading 4.56 3rd reading 4.53 Average reading 4.53

Table of time taken for a ball bearing with diameter of 1.0cm to fall onto the floorfrom different heights,h: Time taken for the ball bearing to fall onto the floor(tick) Height,h(cm) 10.0 30.0 50.0 1st reading 18 28 41 2nd reading 22 27 40 3rd reading 20 28 36 Average reading 20 28 39

Discussion: 1. The readings are recorded at least 3 times to obtain average reading. 2. Random error occurs during the measurement of the diameter of ball bearing.This is because there is error during applying different pressures when closing the gap of micrometer screw gauge. 3. During the measurement of the length of metal rod,the readings obtain are constant because there is no random error occurred. 4. Different readings are recorded when the time taken for a ball bearing with diameter of 1.0 to fall onto the floor from different heights,h ,which are 50cm,30cm and 10cm due to random errors when obtaining the time from stopwatch and releasing the ball bearing from different height of meter rule. 5. Some precaution that we need to highlight while doing the experiment.Repeat the recording at least 3 times to get the average reading. 6. We need to make sure the temperature of surrounding are constant.Whwn the temperature of surrounding increases,then the measurements made would be less than the actual value. 7. Conversely, when the temperature decreases,the length of the ruler or vernier caliper would decreases and the measurement made would be greater than the actual value. Conclusion:

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