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Trigonometric Formulas
1. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 12.
2. 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ cos 2θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 θ
sin θ 1
3. 1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ 13. tan θ = =
4. sin( −θ ) = − sin θ cosθ cot θ
cos(−θ ) = cosθ cosθ 1
5. 14. cot θ = =
6. tan(−θ ) = − tan θ sin θ tan θ
1
7. sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + sin B cos A 15. secθ =
8. sin( A − B ) = sin A cos B − sin B cos A cosθ
1
9. 16. cscθ =
cos( A + B ) = cos A cos B − sin A sin B sin θ
10. π
17. cos( − θ ) = sin θ
cos( A − B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B 2
11. sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ π
18. sin( − θ ) = cos θ
2
Differentiation Formulas
d n d
1. ( x ) = nx n −1 10. (csc x ) = − csc x cot x
dx dx
d d x
2. ( fg ) = fg ′ + gf ′ 11. (e ) = e x
dx dx
d f gf ′ − fg ′ d x
3. ( )= 12. (a ) = a x ln a
dx g g2 dx
d d 1
4. f ( g ( x)) = f ′( g ( x )) g ′( x) 13. (ln x) =
dx dx x
d d 1
5. (sin x) = cos x 14. ( Arc sin x ) =
dx dx 1− x2
d d 1
6. (cos x) = − sin x 15. ( Arc tan x) =
dx dx 1+ x2
d d 1
7. (tan x ) = sec 2 x 16. ( Arc sec x) =
dx dx | x | x2 −1
d
8. (cot x ) = − csc 2 x dy dy du
dx 17. = × Chain Rule
dx dx dx
d
9. (sec x ) = sec x tan x
dx
Integration Formulas
1. ∫ a dx = ax + C
x n +1
∫ x dx = + C , n ≠ −1
n
2.
n +1
1
3. ∫ x dx = ln x + C
∫ e dx = e + C
x x
4.
ax
∫ a dx = +C
x
5.
ln a
6. ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C
7. ∫ sin x dx = − cos x + C
8. ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
9. ∫ tan x dx = ln sec x + C or − ln cos x + C
10. ∫ cot x dx = ln sin x + C
11. ∫ sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x + C
12. ∫ csc x dx = ln csc x − cot x + C
∫ sec x d x = tan x + C
2
13.
x3 + 2x
Example: lim =∞
x → ∞ x2 − 8
f ( x)
iii). lim is finite if the degree of f ( x) = the degree of g ( x)
x → ±∞ g ( x )
2 x 2 − 3x + 2 2
Example: lim =−
x → ∞ 10 x − 5 x 2 5
6. Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes
1. A line y = b is a horizontal asymptote of the graph y = f (x) if either
lim f ( x) = b or lim f ( x) = b .
x→∞ x → −∞
2. A line x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph y = f (x) if either
lim f ( x) = ±∞ or lim = ±∞
.
x → a+ x → a-