2/27/2002 Coil Fundamentals Satellite Broadcast Question and Answer

Chilled Water Applications Coil Circuiting Coil Selection DX Applications

Chilled Water Application I want the chilled water coils on my 100% OA air handling unit to last forever. Ive heard of using copper fins, heresite coatings, electrostatically-applied coatings, and tin-coated fins in order to reduce corrosion and degradation. How much difference is there in each of these methods and which is the most cost effective? This really depends on the application and the atmosphere that the unit will be exposed to. This question could be an entire paper itself. Each manufacturer of coatings lists the atmospheres that they can withstand. This technology is also expanding. There are now inorganic glass-like films that retard corrosion and resist mold growth because dirt and particles do not stick to the surface. Cost depends on the manufacturer. There is literature available on this topic through the coating manufacturers and professional societies. Do you have cost comparisons between the energy saved by fans, pumps and down-sized ductwork vs. higher chiller energy when EWT is reduced? Because of the cubic laws of power (power is proportional to speed cubed) for rotating components such as fans and pumps, there are tremendous energy saving opportunities for these componentswitness the increased application of variable speed drives. Overlay this with the following development in large tonnage water chillers: almost half the power consumed compared to 1970. Proportionately since pump and fan technology hasnt really changed and the chiller efficiency has greatly changed, the split of energy consumed in a chilled water plant has shifted to a greater percentage is consumed by tower fans and pumps. Thus, chilled water plants are consuming less energy because of more efficient chillers, variable speed pumps and fans, and better controls and plant-level control strategies. When the part load curves of the various components are overlayed and summed for a total chilled water plant (and then the building with the airside fans added), the case for low chilled water temperature, low flowrate, and low temperature air distribution is clear. Explained another way since the major piece of equipment has become so efficient, it now makes sense to use it to its fullest potential. Run the chiller with low CHWT and a high leaving CWT (which resulted from a high temperature difference, e.g. 85 100 F and 2

Miscellaneous Steam Systems Turbulators

gpm/ton condenser water flowrate) and use its capability to make the higher head. While the chiller did indeed consume more energy, the ancillary devices (pumps, towers) consumed such a great amount less (remember, power was proportional to flowrate times speed high temperature difference means low flowrate and hence lower velocity) that the building consumed less energy. Same result on the airside. Provide low temperature air (from that low temperature chilled water), use a higher temperature difference, and see the results in fan energy savings. To look at specific case studies with real figures, including the benefits of ductwork, piping and valve savings, link here: http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/samnunn.asp http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/hp.asp http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/jdedwards.asp http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/arizona.asp Also, refer to the following Engineers Newsletters for more detail and analysis: http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/archived_newsletters.asp#chilled

What can be done with existing chilled water coils to increase temperature difference across the coil? This is a common problem in existing systems, and it contributes to low temperature difference at the chiller plant. Eliminate three way valves and provide colder chilled water. While a lot of articles have been written in industry about this topic, many have conflicting and erroneous information. Focus on the valves and colder waterits that simple. For further related reading, reference Trane Applications Engineering Manual MultipleChiller-System Design and Control, SYS-APM001-EN. We often have projects using the same coil for heating and cooling. Our heating performance is always way to high. Do you have any advice for 2-pipe systems? Reduce hot water temperature. Consider this Engineers Newsletter for issues including the dangers of oversizing hot water terminal units and using lower temperature hot water. http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/vol261/en_26-01.pdf Please comment on low delta T and help dispell the myth with designers about the dreaded laminar flow issue. Low delta T occurs when we pump too much water; laminar flow occurs when we pump too little water. Low delta T consumes assets and waste energy. Laminar flow does not consume assets or waste energy. See Q&A online for further discussion from related questions: http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/CoilFundamentalsENLQandA.pdf

If we design a low flow system, how do we ensure that we correctly select a chilled water coil such that at part load conditions the chilled water system doesnt experience low ?-T syndrome? Low flow alone will not prevent low delta T syndrome. Chilled water delta T can be protected by eliminating three way valves and avoiding warm chilled water. See Q&A online for further discussion from related questions: http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/CoilFundamentalsENLQandA.pdf What is the realistic low temperature for the chilled water? What is refrigerant type, pressure and temperature? While standard centrifugal chiller selection programs allow a minimum temperature of 36F, with some simple chiller modifications, temperatures as low as 1 C for flooded evaporators and feed forward control can be provided. 4 C is the limit for direct expansion evaporators. Colder applications require inhibited glycol. This is not dependent on refrigerant employed, but again, the type of evaporator. How do smaller coils and lower air flow and temperatures effect humidity removal, such as in a high humidity area such as here in Tampa? Rate of response is dependent on air volume, while degree of response is dependent on air temperature. The colder the air, the greater the mass of water removed. The smaller the airflow, the longer the compressor removes water. Can you briefly discuss the process of supplying cold air to an occupied space and the concern of dumping for VAV systems? Good diffusers throw the air; poor diffusers dump the air. The colder the air, the higher the velocity needed to assure proper operation of good diffusers. Fan-powered boxes should be provided on all low temperature air systems when relatively warmer supply air is needed to assure proper diffuser performance. ASHRAE Fundamentals 2002, Chapter 32, presents design guidance for room air distribution. TOP Coil Circuiting Do you have to unload the compressor on intertwined coils if you deactivate half the coil? There isnt a yes or no answer to this question. But, as a general answer, avoid unloading the intertwined coil without unloading the compressors. The answer lies in how much load is on the coil. If, for instance, the load is great enough that the suction pressures will remain high when the compressor is unloaded, then it is satisfactory. If on the other hand the pressures do drop to inappropriately low values, then the coil shouldnt be unloaded. With face-split coils, is it best to sequence from bottom up or top down? Face split coils should be loaded from the bottom to the top. This is to avoid condensate travelling over an inactive coil as it makes its way to the drain pan. What is the flow arrangement in the DX coils?

I would say thermal arrangements. In the DX coil since the refrigerant evaporates at a constant temperature, the coil surface temperature is considered uniform. Due to this, there is no distinction between parallel and counterflow arrangements. Most DX coil use counterflow thermal arrangement. What dictactes the type of coil thermal arrangement is the superheat requirement. Regarding face-split coils, can coils of different materials or different wall thicknesses be used? Theoretically the answer is: yes. However, it should be considered that those coils may not have equal capacity and performance as the heat transfer will be distinct due to different material is used or different total coil area. With interwined coil circuiting, how important is it to match compressor stages of capacity with coil capacity by using solenoid valves ? Or is it not worth the complexity in controls and cost of intertwined option to match? It is not necessary to match coil capacity with compressor capacity as long as coil capacity exceeds compressor capacity. TOP Coil Selection It appears there are two approaches to coil selection. Some engineers use temperature differential as the basis. This approach may result in a coil with more fins/ft. Some use fins/ft as the basis, which will result in higher temperature differential, such as 30F vs. 20F for hot water applications. Please advise which is the preferred approach. What are the merits of each? Most of the time the leaving water temperature is defined by the design engineer based on the system. Therefore the approach to coil selection is usually choosing the physical construction to meet the design conditions. Variables on the coil can include fins per foot, circuiting, rows, size, and materials of construction. This is something we have control over. The additional fan energy required for additional fins is usually minimal. This needs to be weighed against the boiler energy to heat the colder fluid being returned based on a higher delta T. With standard extruded coils is it better to use 0.008 is 0.006 thick fins? This depends on the type of fin surface that is used. A lower fin thickness may be able to be used on a more aggressive fin. If the fin is not enhanced, the fin thickness may need to be increased to achieve the same effect. A harsher environment may need a thicker fin for durability and external fouling concerns. If air distribution wasnt an issue, would it be better to use more or less fins per inch? If money wasnt an issue, would it be better to use copper or aluminum fins? From an airside perspective, less fins require less fan hp. However, from a refrigerant perspective, the compressor wants a coil that performs at part load conditions which means more rows or fins. The compressor should be allowed to win this debate.

Copper has a better thermal conductivity than does Aluminum. Everything else being equal, copper would make a better fin surface. With the effort by all manufactures to increase EERs and SEERs there has developed an effect of providing less rows deep coils and an increase in suction temperatures. At the same time there are code requirements that demand more outside air. With these two directions there has been many moisture problems because the coils are doing less latent cooling and more sensible in unitary type equipment, taking less moisture out of the air. Can you tell us how we can address this problem? The first concern is that the loads NOT be overstated. No good solutions exist for oversized equipment. For properly sized equipment, at design condition, the leaving air temperature needs to be considered, not just the capacity. This will limit the dew point of the leaving air and an efficient (or inefficient) system can be designed to maintain space temp and humidity. The real concern is a constant volume system, at part load, when the system cycles. The new vs old coils are again not the concern -neither work well. Instead the answer lies in the psychrometrics, and the choice of product and controls. For a more thorough discussion of this, please access Engineers newsletter Volume 29, number 4. Will coil efficiency be increased by reducing refrigerant superheat for example by using an electronic expansion valve? In theory, the efficiency of a DX coil should increase slightly as the superheat decreases. But, in reality, refrigerant that leaves the coil which we say has 12F superheat - in fact has no superheat. This fluid is a mixture of liquid refrigerant, gaseous refrigerant and oil. This mixture is somewhere in refrigerant dome. By the time the refrigerant gets to the compression device, almost all of the refrigerant will have turned to vapor. Allowing the superheat to be lower than 12F at the evaporator will cause more liquid to reach the compression device, and this should be avoided. My understanding is when we have less airflow at a given condition and across a same coil-compressor pair, this decreases the air velocity. Therefore the air will have more contact with the coil surface, so the capacity would be increased. Why did your chart shows less capacity? Don discussed the coil heat transfer process. What happens is that the increased air-coil surface contact, (which can be analyzed by Q = A x U x LMTD), does not compensate for less air mass flow: (Q = m x c x Delta T), so the unit capacity will be lower. When you showed the chart comparing refrigerant coil capacity at different entering air conditions, you only indicated the wet-bulb temperature. Why didn't you indicate both dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures? Recall on the psychrometric chart, wet-bulb lines are nearly parallel to the enthalpy lines. When discussing the generalized performance of a cooling-dehumidifying coil, the wetbulb temperature of the entering air is a good indication of the capacity with regards to the refrigerant suction temperature. When selecting a specific coil, you would want to know both the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures. Can you comment on coil selection for the following applications :

1) tight temp control ( 0.2 F) 2) tight humidity control ( 0.5%) clean air application (ease of coil cleaning) Close tolerance applications or precise control are more easily accomplished with chilled water. In a simple chilled water system precise temperature control is now equivalent to the precision of the chilled water control valve. Temperature and humidity control precision as well as stability can be enhanced even further with a decoupled air side system. This system has two fans; one for the controlled space and one for the cooling coil. If the space cfm is ten times the coil cfm, temperature swings on the cooling coil are diluted by a factor on ten on space cfm. Staging compressors on DX systems makes precise temperature control a very trying challenge. The decoupled system approach may be mandatory. An electronic hot gas bypass valve is a useful tool in the task of trying to stabilize a DX system. An electronic HGBP valve is a digital valve that can be controlled by discharge air temperature instead of highly erratic suction pressure. Coil cleaning products and techniques are available for coils of any fin spacing or number of rows. Important considerations for coil cleanliness must include coil accessibility and frequency of cleaning. When selecting refrigerant coils, how do we obtain the saturated suction temperature vs. gross capacity curves at different CFMs without making dozens of coil selections? For each cfm, the evaporator entering air condition will be different. So, two selections at this condition will define a coil curve. These curves can then be plotted against the condensing unit curve to get the actual capacity and suction. One major mfg. utilizes a bypass factor for coil analysis. The terms bypass factor and ADP apparatus dewpoint were established in the 1920s. Since this is over 80 years old, should this concept still be used? Also, a common HVAC load program uses a default 0.1 bypass factor which affects the psychrometrics of a required coil. How should an engineer address this assumed 10% of the air is unaffected by the coil? It took 20 years for the manufacturers to all agree to this common method and to publish ARI Standard 410 in 1964. Bottom line: The method used to describe the performance of cooling and dehumidifying coils in the current version of ARI 410 is basically the same as was included in the 1964 version. Coil manufacturers have been using the ARI 410 method for nearly 40 years, and this method does not use a simplified method of predicting cooling coil performance using apparatus dew points and coil bypass factors. Regarding the load program using 0.1 bypass factor, other programs use a set of coil curves than approximate the performance of a cooiling coil (using ARI 410 methods). In either case, this just approximates the leaving coil condition. A coil selection program, using the ARI 410 methods, should then be used to select the actual cooling coil to be used. Regarding part load performance, what actually happens to leaving air temperature when coil water tube velocity drops into laminar flow? Does it become unstable or is it just unpredictable and therefore not certifiable by ARI?

The transition from turbulent flow to laminar flow does not produce a step change in coil performance. Laminar flow does not cause control instability. It does however, produce a lower heat transfer coefficient. Laminar heat transfer is predictable but to lower tolerances. ARI excludes laminar flow from certification to reduce the cost of providing certification. Regarding part load performance, what actually happens to leaving air temperature when coil water tube velocity drops into laminar flow? Does it become unstable or is it just unpredictable and therefore not certifiable by ARI? A good coil selection has a high enough fluid velocity to wipe the boundary layer in the tube to aid in heat transfer, decrease fouling, and aid in air removal. If the flow is laminar, the coil will not be as effective but will still transfer heat. ARI has defined acceptable ranges for fluid velocity. For example, the cold water velocity range is 1-8 ft/s. ARI defines that the Reynolds number must be above 3100 at low fluid velocities (turbulent flow). This is because low fluid velocities can lead to excessive tube fouling and air entrapment. At what tube flow velocity does flow go from laminar to turbulent? Turbulent flow begins to transition at Reynolds numbers as high as 10000. less we would define the flow as completely laminar. At 2100 or

Please elaborate further on the benefits of reducing face velocity to increase heat transfer. As Q=U*A*LMTD, it would seem that the reduction in heat transfer value U would be offset, a least partially, by the increase in area. Can you provide a specific example? A reduction in face velocity is the least costly method of significantly increasing heat transfer surface area. Lower face velocity will increase the airside film coefficient. However, airside film coefficient is less critical than waterside film coefficient. The best example would be to review coil selections at 550, 500 & 450 fpm on any job. In cooling coil applications, reduction of supply air temperature to 50F supply air temperature, does it lead to occupant discomfort? Any system can lead to discomfort when we fail to select diffusers properly. Supply air temperatures below 50 F increase comfort by providing better humidity control. Grandma was right, Its not the heat; its the humidity!! Colder leaving air temperature (LAT) is not always a cost-savings. Hospitals require air changes per hour and ignore air temperature. In fact, lower LAT requires more reheat. Any thoughts or observations? Also, are you referring to discharge air temperature at 50F, or coil LAT at 50F ? How unfortunate that those facilities that have the greatest need of humidity control to prevent mold and mildew (schools and hospitals) are the first to establish codes preventing workable solutions. I find no evidence that air changes alone provide comfort or health.

The saving grace is BAS systems that can control dewpoint and supply air temperature intelligently; cold during humid seasons and warmer during reheat seasons. How is the coil sized for two pipe, fan coil applications when air side flows and water coil flows are quite different for heating and cooling requirements. Given the high LMTD of 180 F water, a chilled water coil will always have too much UA when applied as a heating coil. Our only recourse is to lower LMTD with lower hot water temperatures. Discuss benefits and problems in using large delta-T heating coils 50, 60, and 70 delta-Ts in lieu of 20delta-T standards. Main benefit is a drastic reduction of distribution pipe size. Second benefit is a more linear control of coil disadvantages are ? You have identified two significant benefits of high delta T on heating coils. One potential disadvantage of high delta T on heating coils is conflicts with heat recovery schemes. Additional information may be found at http://www.trane.com/commercial/library/archived_newsletters.asp TOP DX Applications What would be an ideal suction temperature for compressor performance in low humidity, high altitude conditions? The saturated suction temperature should be at least 6F lower than the desired leaving air temperature (in dry climates), and should be at least 15F lower than the entering coil dry bulb temperature. This will allow stable operation of the TXV. How should we apply DX equipment in a humid climate? First we should analyze full and part load conditions using the psychrometric chart. Then, match a DX unit to these conditions. If this match fails to provide adequate control throughout the full and part load operating envelope, perhaps a different system type is required. The manufacturer will help determine which equipment will be proper to meet the job requirements. Can you define the Happy zone for DX coils? It is the region in a suction temperature vs. capacity on which evaporator and condensing unit have the balance points for different conditions (which allow non-frosting conditions and reliable application), for instance at full load and part load conditions. If we properly analyze the system balance points for each condition, these points establish the boundaries in which the system will operate well, and will be happy. How can you control the discharge air temperature at part load conditions without extreme cycling of the valve? All valves can hunt when the controlled load is less than valve rangibility. Valve rangibility can be increased by reducing supply water pressure. Hunting can be reduced by increasing the throttling range or other means of establishing less stringent control parameters.

TOP Miscellaneous What is the typical life (year) of the following coils? 1) chilled water 2) DX 3) Steam This is a tough question that totally depends on the environment and conditions. Items that affect a chilled water coil are fluid velocity, freezing, internal fouling (water used), and piping. A lot of these items are common among all coils. The fins need to be protected if the coil is in a harsh environment. As long as the coils are properly installed and maintained they are designed for a 20 year life cycle. Trane has water coils in air-handlers, at the Lexington, KY plant, that were installed in 1965 and are still in operation. What do you mean by "off-design" conditions? Is this the same as part load? "Off-design" conditions are those that result in less cooling load, or part load. Usually the "design" condition is based on the outdoor dry-bulb temperature which results in the peak sensible cooling load. ASHRAE provides other weather points based on peak wet-bulb (related to the enthalpy of OA) and peak dew point (related to the humidity ratio). These different conditions will result in different space sensible heat ratios and supply air conditions, and the psychrometric "loop" will be different. The cooling coil must perform adequately at "design" and "off-design" conditions. TOP Steam Systems A typical energy savings retrofit would reduce steam system supply from 100 psi to 15 psi. Whats the points/faults to watch for? If the boiler is being reduced I would be concerned with the entire system, mostly about condensate management. Does the line sizing, traps, and piping need to be changed? Is a condensate return pump now required? The entire system needs to be designed for 15 psi. How do you recommend piping the steam lines and condensate lines for a 100% outside air unit in a cold environment to prevent freezing? In a cold environment steam lines must be insulated. Depending on the length of piping, superheat may need to be evaluated to make sure that no condensing occurs before the coil. Do not oversize the trap. Try and keep the discharge lines as short as possible. Gravity drainage is important. The trap should be insulated with a steam jacket. In 100% outside air, make sure that the condensate return lines are properly sized based on the lb/h of condensate. If the return line is piped overhead, run vertical discharge line adjacent to drain line to top of return header and insulate drain line and trap discharge together. Steam Economies is a good resource and they are steam system experts. They use Armstrong products, whom Trane often recommends. Armstrong has a document called

"Steam Conservation Guidelines for Condensate Drainage". It gives freeze information and main and condensate return line-sizing charts. What changes has steam been through in these years? Not much has changed. There is excellent literature from the 1960s that is completely valid today. The main thing is understanding what is going on, proper system design and control, and maintenance. Following the manufacturers IOMs and maintaining the equipment will make it last for many years. How do you physically protect coils from freezing? USA Coil & Air provides freeze protection using pressure relief inserts that rupture and can be replaced. (Sentry Guard) What does Trane offer? Regarding Sentry Guard, each return bend has a removable brass fitting attached. The plug in the brass fitting has a flat disc that is weaker than the return bends. The theory is that the disc will rupture before the return bends or tubes relieving the pressure and protecting the coil. The relief valves are designed for failure. Also, many times a coil will rupture in the middle of the tube as water is being compressed by ice that is being formed. The relief valves would provide no protection in this case. Even if the valves do activate the tubes may still be damaged from freezing in the tube. Also, after a coil is installed, a question may be,How do I get to the valves?. Coils are usually maximized in surface area. You would either need a door on the coil section or a removable coil section to replace an insert. Good system design, control, and glycols are a better solution. What is the recommended velocity of steam in piping? Does it change with steam pressure? Does it change for saturated vs. superheated steam? The recommended velocity range depends on the steam pressure. For steam supplies 100 psig and less, 4000-6000 ft/min (12 pipe and less). For steam supplies 50 psig and greater, 6000-8000 ft/min (12 pipe and larger). It does change for saturated vs. superheated steam. The saturated steam tables were shown in the broadcast. If superheat were present the superheated steam tables would need to be used. Steam velocity would be determined by using the properties of steam from the proper table. In the end, consult the design engineer of the steam system for the recommended values. Does the use of deionized water for steam production require or determine the material the coil is made from? One manufacturer advised that a copper coil will have premature wear using deionized water. Yes. Deionized water is used with water humidifiers using stainless steel tubes. It would be very expensive to use deionized for steam generation. The water will try to regain ions from anywhere which can pit the metal. Therefore, I would not recommend deionized water for steam production or with copper tubes. Provide selection tips for steam coil on a 100% OA VAV unit for pre-heat: Highly variable airflow: 10% to 100% flow; 50F discharge air temperature desired; 0F minimum OA temperature. Should the tubes be horizontal or vertical? Tube within a tube? Steam control valves 50/50 or split 1/3-2/3?

10

What is the desired steam pressure range? Should the control valve go to shutoff or some minimum pressure? With such a wide range of conditions I would recommend an integral face and bypass coil or a steam distributing coil with bypass. A face and bypass coil would modulate the dampers on the face of the coil depending on the heating requirements. It would easier to use airside control vs. steam pressure control. Also, an integral face and bypass coil provides constant steam to prevent freezing vs. a widely swinging modulating valve. Please address the problem of operating a steam coil at part load and flooding due to pressures operating in a vacuum. Vacuum breakers can admit more air than the auto air vent can eliminate and send air throughout the system. Yes, the vacuum breaker does add air, but the thermostatic vent releases air. It allows the condensate to drain such that there is no cooling condensate for CO2 to react with (and potentially form carbonic acid). When the steam valve closes due to light heating load or no heat load, steam in the coil condenses. This creates a vacuum in the coil. The vacuum prevents condensate from leaving the coil. We have a potential water hammer or coil freezing problem if we can't get the condensate out of the coil. The vacuum breaker allows the condensate to drain, but now we have air in the coil. However, this air is cool. The cool air allows the thermostatic vent in the F&T trap to open. This vent will stay open until it senses hot steam. When the steam valve reopens the hot steam (lighter than air) pushes the air down and out of the coil. The air is vented into the condensate line. Air venting continues until all the air is removed and the bellows on the thermostatic vent sense live steam and closes the vent. If you want high flow for distribution and low flow at the coil, does this imply using pressure regulator stations? Yes, a pressure regulating valve (PRV) would need to be used to reduce the steam pressure. Doesn't a vacuum breaker add air to a system? Yes, the vacuum breaker does add air, but the thermostatic vent releases air. It allows the condensate to drain such that there is no cooling condensate for CO2 to react with (and potentially form carbonic acid). When the steam valve closes due to light heating load or no heat load, steam in the coil condenses. This creates a vacuum in the coil. The vacuum prevents condensate from leaving the coil. We have a potential water hammer or coil freezing problem if we can't get the condensate out of the coil. The vacuum breaker allows the condensate to drain, but now we have air in the coil. However, this air is cool. The cool air allows the thermostatic vent in the F&T trap to open. This vent will stay open until it senses hot steam. When the steam valve reopens the hot steam (lighter than air) pushes the air down and out of the coil. The air is vented into the condensate line. Air venting continues until all the air is removed and the bellows on the thermostatic vent sense live steam and closes the vent. Can you provide any information on carbonic acid? What causes it and what can get rid of it?

11

Carbonic acid forms when CO2 reacts with cool condensate. Carbonic acid often indicates poor de-aeration of make up water. Acid problems are compounded by poor condensate removal. Proper de-aeration of make up water and proper removal of condensate should solve most problem with acids. TOP Turbulators Are turbulators recommended when flow is turbulent throughout full load range? Turbulators increase waterside heat transfer coefficient even when the flow is turbulent. Increased heat transfer can reduce the cost of the coil as well as chilled water cost. What is the velocity range for optimal tube use of turbulators? Turbulators will increase waterside pressure drop but perhaps not as much as other circuiting options, like half-circuited coils. Turbulators consistently provide sound economic returns, unless the pressure drop is unaffordable. Do turbulators provide a hidden benefit at part load as well as at full flow? It would seem that with low flow/high delta T chilled water systems we would need turbulators to keep us away from laminar flow longer. Any other advantage to turbulators? Both laminar flow and turbulent flow provide good heat transfer and healthy water temperature rise. The higher the heat transfer coefficient the higher the water temperature rise. Variable flow systems and series chillers both benefit from higher chilled water delta T at full load and part load. Turbulators help maintain high chilled water delta T. TOP

12