PROBLEM 1.

60
KNOWN: Thickness and thermal conductivity, k, of an oven wall. Temperature and emissivity, , of front surface. Temperature and convection coefficient, h, of air. Temperature of large surroundings. FIND: (a) Temperature of back surface, (b) Effect of variations in k, h and . SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state, (2) One-dimensional conduction, (3) Radiation exchange with large surroundings. ANALYSIS: (a) Applying an energy balance, Eq. 1.13, at an instant of time to the front surface and substituting the appropriate rate equations, Eqs. 1.2, 1.3a and 1.7, find

T T 4 4 k 1 2 = h ( T2 T ) + T2 Tsur . L
Substituting numerical values, find
T1 T2 = W W 4 4 8 20 2 100 K + 0.8 5.67 10 ( 400 K ) ( 300 K ) = 200 K . 0.7 W/m K m K m2 K 4 0.05 m

Since T2 = 400 K, it follows that T = 600 K. 1

<

(b) Parametric effects may be evaluated by using the IHT First Law Model for a Nonisothermal Plane Wall. Changes in k strongly influence conditions for k < 20 W/mK, but have a negligible effect for larger values, as T2 approaches T and the heat fluxes approach the corresponding limiting values 1
10000
600

Heat flux, q''(W/m^2)

8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 100 200 300 400 Thermal conductivity, k(W/m.K)

Temperature, T2(K)

500

400

300 0 100 200 300 400 Thermal conductivity, k(W/m.K)

Conduction heat flux, q''cond(W/m^2) Convection heat flux, q''conv(W/m^2) Radiation heat flux, q''rad(W/m^2)

Continued
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PROBLEM 1.60 (Cont.)

The implication is that, for k > 20 W/mK, heat transfer by conduction in the wall is extremely efficient relative to heat transfer by convection and radiation, which become the limiting heat transfer processes. Larger fluxes could be obtained by increasing and h and/or by decreasing T and Tsur . With increasing h, the front surface is cooled more effectively ( T2 decreases), and although q rad decreases, the reduction is exceeded by the increase in q conv . With a reduction in T2 and fixed values of k and L, q cond must also increase.

30000
600

Heat flux, q''(W/m^2)

20000

Temperature, T2(K)

10000

500

0 0
400 0 100 Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K) 200

100 Convection coefficient, h(W/m^2.K)

200

Conduction heat flux, q''cond(W/m^2) Convection heat flux, q''conv(W/m^2) Radiation heat flux, q''rad(W/m^2)

The surface temperature also decreases with increasing , and the increase in q exceeds the reduction rad in q cond to increase with . conv , allowing q
10000
Heat flux, q''(W/m^2)
575

8000 6000 4000 2000 0

570 Temperature, T2(K)

565

560

555

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Emissivity
550 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 Emissivity

Conduction heat flux, q''cond(W/m^2) Convection heat flux, q''conv(W/m^2) Radiation heat flux, q''rad(W/m^2)

COMMENTS: Conservation of energy, of course, dictates that, irrespective of the prescribed conditions, q cond = q conv + q . rad

Excerpts from this work may be reproduced by instructors for distribution on a not-for-profit basis for testing or instructional purposes only to students enrolled in courses for which the textbook has been adopted. Any other reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.