thermodynamics exam 1

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1.

1st law facts

a. This law tells us that the net difference of the heat transfer and work is impendent of the path and only depends on the initial and final states. b. In other words, the difference between the change and heat and work is an exact differential of the system. if a closed system undergoes a change in state involving energy transfer in various amounts of heat and work, the net sum of the heat and work, that is the energy transfer, will be the same for all processes or sequences of processes from 1 to 2 if any system is carried through a cyclic process, then the net heat transfer during the cycle is equivalent to the net work during the cycle atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure based on data and postulates from experiments work done at the moving boundary of a simple (no external forces) compressible (varying density) system by a quasiequilibrium process a. Expressed by P = zpRT i. Z is the compatibility factor in complex form a liquid whose temperature is lower than the saturated temperature at the existing saturation pressure entire surface of the control volume process in which a system in an initial state goes through a change in state and returns to its initial state the ability to produce an effect the conditions of a system such that the system can undergo no spontaneous or unaided changes one that depends on the size or total mass of the system (volume and mass) an observation involving the relationship between the system and its surroundings absolute pressure - atmospheric pressure energy transferred from one body to another due to a change in temperature a form of energy which is transferred from one body to another due to a temperature difference

18.

heat convention ideal gas conditions

a. Q is positive when added to system. b. Q is negative when transferred to surroundings a. Temperatures double the critical temperature or above. Ideal gas behavior is accurate to pressure only if pressure is on the order of 105 or 10 MPa. b. Temperature is less than twice the critical temperature, and the pressure is above negligible value at ambient. c. Low pressures on the order of .1MPa are unimportant. (look up) a. Pv = RT b. P = pRT a. Path functions have inexact differentials. b. State functions have exact differentials. independent of the extent or the total mass of the system They are characteristics of the total system as a whole or any part of it (density, temperature, pressure) The internal energy of the system is that energy which it possesses by virtue of, by the presence of, and the relative position and movements of its molecules, atoms, and subatomic units an observation of the system that is obtained without reference to the surroundsings quantity of matter than is homogenous throughout if two independent intensive properties are specified, the state of a pure substance is determined a. Absolute zeroes. b. Local atmospheric pressures. path followed by a system undergoing a change in state a. The amount of heat transferred during a change in state depends on the path the system follows. b. Heat is not a property; it is a path function. an observation that is a measurement that depends only on the state of the system a function that depends only on the initial and final states of a system, not the path followed one that has a homogenous and invariable chemical composition even if there is a change of phase

19.

2.

1st law of thermodynamics

20.

ideal gas law inexact/exact differentials intensive property

3.

1st law of thermodynamics (alternate) absolute pressure classical thermodynamics classification of work

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4.

5.

23.

6.

internal energy of the system

7.

compatibility factor compressed liquid control surface cycle

24.

intrinsic observation phase phase properties pressure reference points process properties of heat

25.

8.

26.

9. 10.

27.

11. 12.

energy equilibrium

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29.

13.

extensive property extrinsic observation gauge pressure heat heat

30.

property property (alternate definition) pure substance

14.

31.

15. 16.

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33.

quality

the ratio of a mass of vapor to the total mass X = mv/mt

53.

zeroth law of thermodynamics

when two bodies have equality of temperature with a 3rd body, then they in turn have equality of temperature with each other

34.

quasiequilibrium process

one in which all the states the system passes through may be considered as equilibrium states. This implies the process is done very slowly and that the gas pressure is uniform throughout the system a. At low pressures, real gases are more compressible than ideal gases. b. At high pressures, real gases are less compressible than ideal gases. a process that can be reversed so that both and system and surroundings return to their initial conditions a pure substance that exists as a liquid at saturation temperature and pressure a substance that exists as a vapor at the saturated temperature and pressure temperature at which vaporization has taken place at a given pressure conditions of a system that is fixed by specifying values of the properties of the system a vapor whose temperature is greater than the saturation temperature everything external to the system that may affect system behavior device or combination of devices containing a quantity of matter that is being studied (mass being studied) the science that deals with heat and work, and those properties of solutions that bears a relationship to heat and work convection, conduction, radiation closed, open, adiabatic, isolated PV, electric, magnetic Specific Gas Constant = R'/ Molar Mass the quantity obtained by force * distance product of a force and the distance through which it acts a. W is positive if done by system. b. W is negative is done on system. a. Work is not a property because it is a path function. b. Differentials of properties are called exact differentials.

35.

real gas deviation

36.

reversible process saturated liquid saturated vapor saturation temperature state

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41.

superheated vapor surroundings system

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43.

44.

thermodynamics

45. 46. 47. 48.

types of heat types of systems types of work universal gas constant (R') work work work convention work properties

49. 50.

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52.