AS 4436—1996

IEC 815:1986

Australian Standard
This is a free 6 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

Guide for the selection of insulators

in respect of polluted conditions
 This Australian Standard was prepared by Committee EL/10, Overhead Lines. It was
approved on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 27 September 1996 and
published on 5 December 1996.

The following interests are represented on Committee EL/10:

Australasian Railway Association
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Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry

Australian Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Association
Australian Porcelain Insulators Association
Electricity Engineers Association of New Zealand
Electricity Supply Association of Australia

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest edition, and any
amendments thereto.
Full detail s of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australi a
Catalogue of Publi cations; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian
Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editi ons
and amendments, and of wit hdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australi a,
are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate acti on taken.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 96250.

 AS 4436—1996

Australian Standard
This is a free 6 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

Guide for the selection of insulators

in respect of polluted conditions

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA

(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7337 0808 0
 ii

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/ Standards New Zealand Committee EL/10
on Overhead Lines.
The objective of this Standard is to give general rules, based on experience in service and tests in
naturally and artificially polluted conditions, that help in choosing insulators that give satisfactory
performance under polluted conditions.
This Standard is the result of a consensus among Australian and New Zealand representatives to
produce it as an Australian Standard.
This Standard is identical with and has been reproduced from IEC 815:1986, Guide for the selection
of insulators in respect of polluted conditions .
Users of this Standard are advised by Standards Australia, under arrangements made with ISO and IEC,
This is a free 6 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

and certain other Standards organizations, that the number of this Standard is not reproduced on each
page, its identity is shown only on the cover and title pages.
For the purpose of this Australian Standard the source text should be modified as follows:
(a) The words ‘this Australian Standard’ should replace ‘this International Standard’ wherever they
appear.
(b) References to international Standards should be replaced by references to the following equivalent
Australian Standards:
References to International Standard Australian Standard
IEC AS
71 Insulation co-ordination 1824 Insulation coordination
71-2 Part 2: Application guide 1824.2 Part 2: Application guide
273 Characteristics of indoor and outdoor 1137 Insulators
post insulators for systems with nominal 1137.3 Part 3: Porcelain and glass indoor and
voltages greater than 1000 V outdoor station post insulators (for
voltages greater than 1000 V a.c.)
305 Insulators for overhead lines with a 2947 Insulators — Porcelain and glass for
nominal voltage above 1000 V — overhead power lines — Voltages greater
Ceramic or glass insulators for a.c. than 1000 V a.c.
systems—Characteristics of insulator 2947.2 Part 2: Characteristics
units of the cap and pin type
433 Characteristics of string insulator units 2947 Insulators — Porcelain and glass for
of the long rod type overhead power lines — Voltages greater
than 1000 V a.c.
2947.2 Part 2: Characteristics
507 Artificial pollution tests on high-voltage —
insulators to be used on a.c. systems
720 Characteristics of line post insulators 2947 Insulators — Porcelain and glass for
overhead power lines — Voltages greater
than 1000 V a.c.
2947.2 Part 2: Characteristics
 iii

CONTENTS
Page
Clause
1. Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Object . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3. Pollution severity levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Relation between the pollution level and the specific creepage distance .... .. ... .. ... 4
5. Application of the “specific creepage distance” concept .... .. ... .. ..... ..... .... 4
5.1 Parameters characterizing the profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5.2 Influence of the position of insulators .... .. ... .. ..... ..... ............. 5
5.3 Influence of the diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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6. Determination of the creepage distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

7. Evaluation of pollution severity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

APPENDIX A — Example of a questionnaire to collect information on the behaviour

of insulators in polluted areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
APPENDIX B — Greasing and washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
APPENDIX C — Relation between pollution levels and artificial pollution tests . . . . . . . . . . . 12
APPENDIX D — Parameters characterizing the insulator profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

(PAGE iv IN THE HARD COPY IS BLANK.)

First publi shed as AS 4436— 1996.

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 1

AUSTRALIAN STANDARD

GUIDE FOR THE SELECTION OF INSULATORS IN RESPECT

OF POLLUTED CONDITIONS

1. Scope

This guide is mainly applicable to three-phase systems up to 525 kV (phase-to-phase). For higher
voltages the possible non-linear performance of insulators is still under study.
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This guide is applicable to outdoor ceramic and glass insulators, used in a.c. systems, of the
following types:
— long-rod and traction line insulator;
— cap and pin insulator;
— pedestal type post and rigid pin insulator;
— substation and line post insulator;
— hollow insulator;
— bushing.

This guide cannot directly be used for special types of insulators such as insulators with
conductive glaze, or covered, during the manufacturing, with any insulating material, for surge
arresters and also for longitudinal insulation for open circuit-breakers. This guide does not deal with
radio interference voltage, television interference voltage and audible noise, the intensity of which
may be increased on some polluted insulators.

2. Object

The performance of insulators in polluted conditions has been the subject of many studies that
permit the specification of the required insulation when the site pollution is known, or by experience
of insulator performance in the same region which has been operating at the same or at a different
system voltage. The approach based on laboratory simulation of natural pollution consists
consequently of the following steps:

1) evaluation of type and severity of the pollution at the site;

2) specification of a laboratory test as representative of the pollution of the site as possible (in
particular, see I E C Publication 507 : Artificial Pollution Tests on High-voltage Insulators to
be Used on A.C. Systems);
3) selection of insulators which would show a good behaviour under this test.

This method of selection and specification of the required insulation should be adopted whenever
circumstances permit.

Obviously, this approach has some limitations, for instance, when a natural site cannot be
represented in a satisfactory way by an artificial pollution test in the laboratory.

The aim of the present guide is to give, on the basis of the experience in service and numerous
test results in naturally and artificially polluted conditions, simple general rules that should assist in
choosing the insulator which should give satisfactory performance under polluted conditions.

COPYRIGHT
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AS 4436-1996, Guide for the selection of insulators

in respect of polluted conditions
This is a free 6 page sample. Access the full version at http://infostore.saiglobal.com.

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